3.

Loads (1/4)

3.

LOADS

Rev A. 22 Feb 1999, units for load at the end of 3.4 corrected.

3.1

DENSITY OF MATERIALS1,2
Material Density (kN/m3) Aluminium Asphalt, paving Blockwork Lightweight Standard Brickwork Concrete Facing Cement Chalk, in lumps Clay (in lumps) Clay (dry) Clay (moist) Clay (wet) Concrete Crushed brick Crushed stone Foamed blocks Glass Gravel, clean Iron Cast Wrought Lead, cast or rolled Limestone Normal Lightweight 27.2 22.6 12.6 21.2 22.8 19.7 14.1 11.0 - 12.6 11.0 18.8 - 22.0 20.4 - 25.1 20.4 - 25.1 24.0 18 - 20 12.6 - 15.7 17.3 - 20.4 13.0 27.4 14.1 - 17.3 70.7 75.4 111.1 25.1 Water Steel Timber (Softwoods) C18 C24 C30 Shale Slate, Welsh Snow Wet compact Fresh Plaster Plasterboard Sand Dry Moist Wet Sandstones Marble Mastic Mortar, cement Mud Oils In bulk In barrels In drums Material Density (kN/m3) 25.5 - 27.8 11.0 18.9 - 20.4 16.5 - 18.8 8.8 5.7 7.1 13.3 8.6 15.7 - 18.8 18.1 - 19.6 18.1 - 20.4 12.6 - 18.8 14.1 - 18.8 28.2 3.1 0.9 78.5 - 3.8 - 4.2 - 4.6 9.8

3.2
3.2.1 C

DEAD LOADING
General1,3 In the absence of specific details, use the following: Floor finish (screed) 75mm Ceiling boards False ceiling Services: nominal HVAC Demountable lightweight partitions Blockwork partitions External walling: curtain walling and glazing cavity walls (lightweight block/brick) 1.2 kN/m2 on plan 0.4 kN/m2 on plan 0.25kN/m2 0.25kN/m2 0.4kN/m2 1.0 kN/m2 on plan 2.5 kN/m2 on plan

0.5 kN/m2 on elevation 3.5 kN/m2 on elevation

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3. Loads (2/4) 3.2.2 C Specific dead loading Composite construction4

Layer Typical Thickness (mm) Screed Normal Lightweight Slab Normal Lightweight 130 50 Typical Dead Load on plan kN/m2 1.2 0.9 2.8 - 3.3 * 2.3 - 2.6 *

The lower value is for a trapezoidal deck (Ribdeck AL), the higher value is for a re-entrant profile (Holorib).

Cladding1
Cladding Arrangement Load on Elevation (kN/m2) Cladding sheeting and fixings Steel wall framing only Framing + brick panels and windows Framing + steel sheeting Windows, industrial type Patent glazing: single double Doors - industrial wood Lath + plaster + studding Plate glass / 25mm thick Lead plywood 0.5 0.25 - 0.4 2.4 0.75 0.25 0.3 0.55 0.4 0.5 0.65

Walls
Wall type Concrete walls Composition 225 wall 12mm plaster each face Masonry wall (280 cavity) 102.5 brick 100 lightweight block and plaster Party wall Cavity wall two 102.5 brick leaves plastered both sides Internal wall 100mm lightweight block plastered both sides 102.5mm brick plastered both sides 225mm thick plastered both sides Curtain wall Acoustic wall Partition Glazing + spandrel 265 brick and block Demountable Stud with lath & plaster 1.4 2.75 4.4 1.0 2.5 1 on plan 0.76 Dead load on elevation (kN/m2) 5.4 0.2 2.25 1.15 5.0

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3. Loads (3/4) Roofs1,5 Description Dead load on plan (kN/m2) (Assuming flat)
0.29 0.25 0.41, 0.58 0.62 - 0.70 0.48 - 0.55

Bituman roofing felts (3 layers including chipping) Ceiling tray/panels Asphalt (19mm, 25mm) Tiles (clay laid to 100mm gauge) Concrete tiles interlocking

3.3
C C C

TYPICAL IMPOSED LOADING2

Be generous at scheme design stage Allow for change of use and flexibility of building. Make no allowance for imposed load reductions during the scheme design except when assessing the load on foundations.
Use of structure Intensity of distributed loading (kN/m2) Assembly areas Banking hall Bedrooms (hotels, hospitals) Book stores Churches Classrooms Communal kitchens Corridors Domestic, floor Factories (general industrial) File rooms in offices - compactus Garages (cars and light vans) Grandstands (fixed seats) Gymnasia Libraries - reading rooms - mobile racking Plant / motor rooms etc. Museum floors Rooms with mainframe computers Offices, general Shops (not stock rooms) *
2

Concentrated load

5.0 3.0 2.0 2.4 for each metre of storage height (min 6.5) 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 1.5 5.0 5.0 7.5 2.5 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.8 for each metre of storage height (min 9.6) 7.5 4.0 3.5 2.5 * 4.0
2

3.6 2.7 1.8 7.0 2.7 2.7 4.5 4.5 1.4 4.5 4.5 9.0 3.6 3.6 4.5 7.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 2.7 3.6

This may increase up to 5.0 kN/m depending on the clients requirements, add 1.0 kN/m for lightweight demountable partitions. Compact filing system (usually over a small proportion of the floor area e.g. adjacent to cores).

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3. Loads (4/4)

3.4
3.4.1

IMPOSED LOADS ON BARRIERS

The horizontal force F (in kN), normal to and uniformly distributed over any length of 1.5m of a barrier for a car park, required to withstand the impact of a vehicle is given by:

F'

0.5mv 2 *c%*b

where m v c b

Is the gross mass of the vehicle (in kg); is the velocity of the vehicle (in m/s) normal to the barrier; is the ceformation of the vehicle (in mm); is the deflection of the barrier (in mm).

Variables m v c

Mass of vehicles <2500 kg 1500 4.5 10

Mass of vehicles >2500 kg mass of vehicles 4.5 100

Note : where b = 0 use F = 150 kN for mass of vehicle = 2500 kg.

3.5

REFERENCES 1. SCI, Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950 (Vol. 4) (1991) 2. OVE ARUP & PARTNERS, Metric Handbook (1970) 3. IStructE & ICE, Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures ("Green Book") (1985) 4. RICHARD LEES Ltd, Steel Deck Flooring Systems 5. BS 6399 - Parts 1 & 2

THIS DOCUMENT IS COPYRIGHT AND IS PUBLISHED FOR DISTRIBUTION ONLY WITHIN THE OVE ARUP PARTNERSHIP. IT IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND SHOULD NOT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY THIRD PARTY. Ver 3.1/Feb 99