VELALAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN

TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWERS

UNIT I

1. How the design problems of an electrical machine can be classified? The design problems of an electrical machine are classified as follows 1. Electromagnetic design 2. Mechanical design 3. Thermal design 4. Dielectric design. 2. What is magnetic circuit? The magnetic circuit is the path of magnetic flux. The mmf of the circuit creates flux in the path by overcoming the reluctance of the path. The equation which relates flux, mmf and reluctance is given by, Flux = MMF Reluctance 3. What are the constituents of magnetic circuit in rotating machines? The magnetic circuit of rotating machine consists of air-gap, stator and rotor cores, and stator and rotor teeth. 4. What is loss curve? The loss curve is a graph showing the relation between iron loss and magnetic field intensity, H. It is used to estimate the iron loss of the magnetic materials and it is supplied by the manufacturers of stampings or laminations. 5. What is leakage flux? The leakage flux is the flux passing through unwanted path. The leakage flux will not help either for transfer or conversion of energy. 6. What is fringing flux? The bulging of magnetic path at the air-gap is called fringing. The fluxes in the bulged portion are called fringing flux. 7. What are the factors which modify the reluctance of air-gap? The factor which modify the reluctance of air-gap are (i) slots.(ii) radial ventilating ducts and (iii) Non-uniform air-gaps. 8. Define total gap contraction factor, Kg. (AU) The total gap contraction factor, Kg is defined as the ratio of reluctance of slotted armature with ducts and the reluctance of smooth armature without ducts.

9. Define field form factor. (AU) The field form factor, Kf is defined as the ratio of average gap density over the pole pitch to maximum flux density in the air-gap. 10. What is real and apparent flux density? (AU) The real flux density is due to the actual flux through a tooth. The apparent flux density is due to total flux pass through the tooth. Since some of the flux passes through slot the real flux density is always less than the apparent or total flux density.

11. List the methods used for estimating the mmf for teeth. (AU) The following are the three methods used for estimating the mmf for teeth are 1. Graphical method 2. Three ordinate method (simpsons rule) 3. Bt1/3 method. 12. Define specific permeance Specific permeance is defined as the permeance per unit length (or) depth of field. 13. What is unbalanced magnetic pull? The unbalanced magnetic pull is the radial force acting on the rotor due to non uniform air-gap around armature periphery. 14. List the various techniques employed to overcome unbalanced magnetic pull. The various techniques employed to overcome the unbalanced magnetic pull are 1. The length of the rotor is small and diameter is made higher. 2. Ball bearings are employed and rotor is dynamically balanced. 3. The combinations of rotor and stator slots which produce vibrations are avoided. 15. What factor decides the number of turns in a winding? The factors deciding the number of turns in the winding are (i) the emf per turn and flux density. (ii) the emf per turn depends on the type of insulation employed. 16. What is the effect of salient poles on the air-gap mmf? In salient pole machines the length of air-gap is not constant over the whole pole pitch. Hence the effective air-gap length is given by Kglg where Kg is the gap contraction factor. Also for calculating mmf, the maximum gap density Bg at the centre of the pole is considered instead of average gap density. MMF for air-gap in salient pole machine = 800,000 BgKglg. 17. What are the problems encountered in estimating the mmf for teeth? The problems encountered in estimating the mmf for teeth are 1. The flux density in different section of a tooth is not uniform. 2. The slot provides another parallel path for the flux, shunting the tooth.

18. What are the factors which modify the reluctance of air-gap? The reluctance of air-gap is modified by slots, radial ventilating ducts and nonuniform air-gaps. 19. Define leakage coefficient. The leakage coefficient is defined as the ratio of total flux to useful flux. Leakage coefficient Cl = Total flux Useful flux 20. Define gap contraction factor for ducts. The gap contraction factor for ducts, Kgd is defined as the ratio of reluctance of airgap with ducts to reluctance of air gap without ducts. Kgd = Reluctance of air-gap with ducts Reluctance of air-gap without ducts 21. Define gap contraction factor for slots. The gap contraction factor for slots, Kgs is defined as the ratio of reluctance of air-gap of slotted armature to reluctance of air-gap of smooth armature.

Kgs = Reluctance of air - gap of slotted armature Reluctance of air-gap of smooth armature

23. State any two methods of cooling of turbo alternators. (AU) The two methods of cooling of turbo alternators are (a) Air cooled (b) Direct cooled.

22. What is optimum design? (AU) The design is said to be optimum when the following are met. (i) Min loss (or ) Max efficiency, (ii) Min cost, (iii) Min Volume, (iv) Min Weight.

23. Define stacking factor. (AU) Stacking factor is defined as the ratio of actual length of iron in stacks of assembled core plates to total axial length of stack.

24. What is rating? Rating of a motor is the power output or the designated operating power limit based upon certain definite conditions assigned to it by the manufacturer.

25. Mention the different types of duties of a machine. The following are the types of duty as per IS: 4722 -1968 (i) S1 = continuous duty (ii) S 2 = short time duty (iii) S3 = Intermittent periodic duty (iv) S4 = Intermittent periodic duty with starting (v) S5 = Intermittent periodic duty with starting and barking (vi) S6 = continuous duty with Intermittent periodic loading (vii) S7 = continuous duty with starting and barking (viii) S8 = continuous duty with periodic speed changes.

26. What is Carters gap co-efficient? The Carters gap co-efficient (Kcs) is the ratio of slot width to gap length. The formula which gives value of Kcs directly is Kcs = 1 1+ 5lg/Ws for parallel sided open slot is Kcs = 2/ tan -1 Y 1/ log (1+/2) 2lg.

] where Y = Ws/

28. Write down the expression for calculation of reluctance of air gap with slotted armature. The expression for calculation of reluctance of air gap with slotted armature is Sg = lg/ ys L = lg / 0 L (ys - Kcs Ws )

UNIT -II

1. What is the range of specific magnetic loading in D.C. machine? The usual range of specific magnetic loading in D.C. machine is 0.4 to 0.8 Wb/m2. 2. What is the range of specific electric loading in D.C. machine? The usual range of specific electric loading in D.C. machine is 15000 to 50,000 amp.cond./m. 3. What are the factors to be considered for the selection of number of poles in D.C. machine? The factors to be considered for the selection of number of poles in D.C. machine are frequency of flux reversals, current / brush arm and armature mmf per pole. 4. What are the parameters that are affected by the number of poles? The parameters that are affected by the number of poles are weight of iron and copper, length of commutator and dimension of brushes are the parameters affected by number of poles.

5. Why square pole is preferred? Square pole is preferred because the length of the mean turn of field winding is minimum. Hence to reduce the copper requirement a square cross-section is preferred for the poles of D.C. machine. 6. What is square pole and square pole face? In square pole, the width of the pole body is made equal to the length of the armature. In square pole face, the pole arc is made equal to the length of the armature.

7. Define winding pitch. The winding pitch is defined as the distance between the starts of two consecutive coils measured in terms of coil sides.

8. What is back pitch? The distance between top and bottom coil sides of a coil measured around the back of the armature is called the back pitch. The back pitch is measured in terms of coil sides.

9. What is front pitch? The front pitch is the distance between two coil side connected to the same commutator segment. It is measured in terms of coil sides.

10. Define commutator pitch. The commutator pitch is defined as the distance between the two commutator segments to which the two ends (start and finish) of a coil are connected. It is measured in terms of commutator segment. 11. What is equalizer connection? The equalizer connections are low resistance copper conductors employed in lap winding to equalize the induced emf in parallel paths. The difference in induced emf in parallel paths is due to slight unsymmetrical in flux per pole in dc machines. 12. What is the need for brushes in D.C. machine? The brushes are used in D.C. machines to collect or draw current from the rotating armature. 13. What are the effects of armature reaction? The various effects of armature reaction are reduction in induced emf, increase in iron losses, delayed communication, sparking and ring firing. 14. How the polarities of interpole are decided? The polarities of the interpole must be that of the main pole just ahead (in the direction of rotation) for a generator and just behind (in the direction of rotation) for a motor.

15. What are standard periods for short time rating of a machine? The standard periods for short time ratings are 10, 30,60 and 90mts.

16. State different losses in a D.C. generator. The different losses in a D.C. generator are (a) Copper losses (i)Armature copper loss (ii) Field copper loss (b) Magnetic losses (iron or core losses) (i) Hystersis loss (ii) Eddy current loss (iii) Mechanical loss 17. State the relationship between number of armature coils and number of commutator segments in a D.C. machine. The relationship between number of armature coils and number of commutator segments in a D.C. machine is c = D c C Where c = Commutator segment pitch C = Number of coils Dc = Diameter of commutator

18. Write the expressions for output coefficients of D.C machine. The expressions for output coefficients of D.C machine is Co = 2 Bav q x10-3 kW/m3 rps

UNIT - III

1. What are the different losses in a transformer? The different losses in a transformer are (a) Core or Iron loss (b) Copper loss. 2. State merits of 3 transformers over 1 transformers. The merits of 3 transformers over 1 transformers. (i) (ii) Less weight Less cost.

3. What is the range of efficiency of a transformer? The range efficiency of a transformer will be in the range of 94% to 99%.

4. What is transformer bank? A transformer bank consists of three independent single phase transformers with their primary and secondary windings connected either in star or in delta.

5. Define window space factor (AU ) The window space factor is defined as the ratio of copper area in window to total area of window. 6. What are the factors to be considered for selecting the cooling method of a transformer? The factors to be considered for selecting the cooling method of a transformer (i)KVA rating of transformer,(ii) size, (iii)application and (iv) the site condition where it has to be installed.

7. How the heat dissipates in a transformer? The heat dissipation in a transformer occurs by (i) Conduction, (ii) Convection and (iii) Radiation. 8. Why cooling tubes are provided? Cooling tubes are provided to increase heat dissipating area of the tank.

9. What are the various types of transformers? The various types of transformers based on construction are (i) Core type (ii) Shell type.

10. Mention the main function of cooling medium used in transformers. The main functions of cooling medium used in transformers are (i) Transfer the heat by convection from the heated surface to the tank surface. (ii) Create good level of insulation between various conducting parts.

11. How much heat is dissipated by radiation and convection? The heat dissipated by radiation and convection are (i) 6 watt/m2/C by radiation . (ii) 6.5 watt/m2/C by convection .

12. Why stepped core are generally used for transformer? The stepped core are generally used for transformer because of the following reason LV and HV coils are circular, for better utilization of space, for reducing the mean length of LV and HV turns and resulting in saving of copper material.

13. What are the important properties of transformer steel? The important properties of transformer steel are (i) High permeability, (ii) high resistivity, and (iii) low coercive force.

14. Why is the area of yoke of a transformer usually kept 15 20% more than that of core? The area of yoke of a transformer usually kept 15 20% more than that of core so that the flux density in the yoke is reduced, resulting into reduction in iron losses for yoke.

15. What is the cause of noise in transformer? The cause of noise in the transformer is mainly because of magnetostriction effect and also loosening of stamping and mechanical forces produced during working.

16. What are the advantages of using higher flux density in the core? The advantages of using higher flux density in the core are (i) reduction in the core and yoke section for same output,(ii) reduction mean length of LV and HV turns, resulting in saving of copper material,(iii) reduced overall size and weight of transformer.

17. List various disadvantages of using higher flux density in design of core. The disadvantages of using higher flux density in design of core (i) Increased magnetizing current and iron losses, saturation of magnetic material, lower efficiency, because of higher no-load losses,(ii) higher temperature rise of transformer. 18. Why the cross-section of yoke is taken greater than core section? The cross-section of yoke is taken greater than core section in order to reduce flux density in the yoke, thereby reducing iron losses and no-load current in the yoke section. 19. What are the types of winding, commonly used for LV winding? The types of winding, commonly used for LV winding are (i) Cylindrical winding with rectangular conductors and (ii) helical winding.

20. What are the drawbacks of sandwich winding? The drawbacks of sandwich winding are (i) Requires more labour in its maintenance, (ii) more difficult to insulate different coils from each other and from yoke.

23. Define Stacking factor Stacking factor is defined as the ratio of net iron area to the gross iron area. It is denoted by Ki.

24. Define iron space factor Iron space factor is defined as the ratio of gross core area to the area of circumscribing circle. It is denoted by Kis.

25. What is leg Spacing? The leg spacing is the distance between the centers of two adjacent limbs. It is denoted by D.

UNIT - IV

1. What are the main dimensions of induction motor? The main dimensions of induction motor are stator core internal diameter and stator core length. 2. Why wound rotor construction is adopted? The wound rotor has the facility of increasing the rotor resistance through sliprings. Higher values of rotor resistance are needed during starting to get a high value of starting torque. 3. What is rotating transformer? The principle of operation of induction motor is similar to that a transformer. The stator winding is equivalent to primary of a transformer and the rotor winding is equivalent to short circuited secondary of a transformer. In transformer the secondary is fixed but in induction motor it is allowed to rotate. 4. What type of starter cannot be used for squirrel-cage motors? The starter which cannot be used for squirrel cage motor is rotor resistance starter. 5. What are the materials used for slip-rings and brushes in induction motor? The slip-rings are made of brass on phosphor bronze. The brushes are made of metal graphite which is an alloy of copper and carbon. 6. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading? The choice of specific magnetic loading depends on power factor, iron loss and over load capacity. 7. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific electric loading? The choice of specific electric loading depends on copper loss, temperature rise, voltage rating and over load capacity. 8. How the induction motor can be designed for best power factor? The induction motor can be designed for best power factor by choosing pole pitch, = 0.18L. where = pole pitch L = length of the armature 9. What are the different types of stator windings in induction motor? The different types of stator windings are (i) mush winding, (ii) lap winding and (iii) wave winding.

10. What is full pitch and short pitch or chorded? When the coil span is equal to pole pitch (180e). the winding is called full pitched winding. When the coil span is less than the pole pitch (180e). the winding is called short pitched or chorded. 11. Why short chorded windings are employed in induction motor? For short chorded windings the length of mean tum will be lesser than the full pitch coils. Hence it results in reduction of copper. Also the short chorded windings eliminates certain harmonic magnetic fields. 12. What type of slots are preferred in induction motor? Semi enclosed slots are preferred for induction motor. It results in less air gap contraction factor giving a small value of magnetizing currents, low tooth pulsation loss and much quieter operation (less noise). 13. What is slot space factor? The slot space factor is the ratio of conductor (or copper) area per slot and slot area. It gives an indication of the space occupied by the conductors and the space available for insulation. The slot space factor for induction motor varies for 0.25 to 0.4. 14. Write the expression for length of mean turn of stator winding. The expression for length of mean turn of stator, Lmts = 2L + 2.3 + 0.24 15. Which part of induction motor has maximum flux density? What is the maximum value of flux density in that part? The teeth of the stator and rotor core will have maximum flux density. The maximum value of flux density in the teeth is 1.7 Sb/m2. 16. What are the factors to be considered for estimating the length of air-gap in induction motor? The following factors are to be considered for estimating the length of air-gap. 1. Power factor 2. Overload capacity 3. Pulsation loss 4. Unbalanced magnetic pull 5. Cooling 6. Noise 17. List the undesirable effects produced by certain combination of rotor and stator slots. The following problems may develop in induction motor with certain combination of rotor and stator slots. 1. The motor may refuse to start, (cogging) 2. The motor may run at sub synchronous speed (crawling) 3. Severe vibration may develop and the noise will be excessive.

18. What is crawling and cogging? Crawling is a phenomena in which the induction motor runs at a speed lesser than sub synchronous speed. Cogging is a phenomena in which the induction motor refuses to start. 19. Explain the phenomena of cogging. When the number of stator and rotor slots are equal, the speeds of all the harmonics produced by stator slotting coincide with the speed of corresponding, rotor harmonics. This harmonics of every order would try to exert synchronous torques at their corresponding synchronous speeds and the machine would refuse to start This is known as cogging. 20. What are the methods adopted to reduce harmonic torques? The methods used for reduction or elimination of harmonic torques are chording, integral slot winding, skewing and increasing the length of air-gap. 21. What are the different types of windings used for rotor of induction motor? The different types of windings employed in induction motor rotor are mush winding the double layer bar type winding.

UNIT V 1. Name the two types of synchronous machines. Based on construction the synchronous machines may be classified as, 1. Salient pole machines. 2. Cylindrical rotor machines. 2. What is runaway speed? The runaway speed is defined as the speed which the prime mover would have, if it is suddenly unloaded, when working at its rated load. 2. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading? The factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading are 1. Iron loss 2. Temperature rise 3. Voltage rating 4. Synchronous reactance 5. Stray load losses. 4. What are the two types of poles used in salient pole machines? The two types of poles used in salient pole machines are Round poles and Rectangular poles. 5. List the factors to be considered for the choice of number of slots . The factors to be considered for the choice of number of slots are 1. Balanced winding 2. Cost 3. Host spot temperature in winging 4. Leakage reactance 5. Tooth losses 6. Tooth flux density. 6. What is the limiting factor for the diameter of synchronous machine? The limiting factor for the diameter of synchronous machine is the peripheral speed. The limiting value of peripheral speed is 175 m/sec for cylindrical rotor machines and 80m/sec for salient pole machines. 7. Write the expression for air-gap length in cylindrical rotor machine. The expression for air-gap length in cylindrical rotor machine is Length of air-gap, lg = 0.5 (SCR)(ac) Kf x 10-6 KgBav 8. What is skewing? Skewing is twisting either the stator or rotor core. The motor noise, vibrations, cogging and synchronous cusps can be reduced or even entirely eliminated by skewing. In order to eliminate the effect of any harmonic, the rotor bars should be skewed through an angle so that the bars lie under alternate harmonic poles of the same polarity or in other words the bars much be skewed through two pitches.

9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of large air-gap length in induction motor? The advantages and disadvantages of large air-gap length in induction Motor are Advantage A large air-gap length results in higher overload capacity, better cooling reduction in noise and reduction in unbalanced magnetic pull. Disadvantage The disadvantage of large air-gap length is that it result in high value of magnetizing current. 10. What are the different types of induction motor? How they differ from each other? The two different types of induction motor are squirrel cage and slip ring type. The stator is identical for both types but they differ in the construction of rotor. The squirrel cage rotor has copper or aluminum bars mounted on rotor slots and short circuited at both ends by end rings. The slip ring rotor carries a three phase winding. One end of each phase is connected to a slip ring and other ends are star connected. 11. How the slip ring motor is started? The slip ring motor is started by using rotor resistance starter. The starter consists of star connected variable resistances and protection circuits. The resistances are connected to slip-rings. While starting the full resistance is included in the rotor circuit to get high starting torque. Once the rooter starts rotating, the resistances are gradually reduced in steps. At running condition the slip-rings are shorted and so it is equivalent to squirrel cage rotor. 12. What are the ranges of specific magnetic loading and electric loading in induction motor? The ranges of specific magnetic loading and electric loading in induction motor are Specific magnetic loading = 0.3 to 0.6 Wb/m2 Specific electric loading = 5000 to 4500 amp. Cond/m.

13. What is integral slot winding and fractional slot winding? In integral slot winding the total number of slots is chosen such that the slots per pole is an integer. The integer should also be a multiple of number of phases. In fractional slot winding the total number of slots is chosen such that the slots per pole is not an integer. 14. What type of connection is preferred for stator of induction motor? Under running condition the stator of induction motor is normally connected in delta. (In delta connection the torque developed will be higher than the star connection). But for reducing the starting current, the stator can be connected in star while starting and then changed to delta. 15.What is Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)? The Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) is defined as the ratio of field current required to produce rated voltage on open circuit to field current required to circulate rated current at short circuit. It is also given by the reciprocal of synchronous reactance, Xd in p.u (per unit). For turbo alternators SCR is normally between 0.5 to 0.7. for salient pole alternator SCR varies from 1.0 to 1.5. 16. What is magnetization curve? The magnetization curve is a graph showing the relation between the magnetic field intensity, H and the flux density, B of a magnetic material. It is used to estimate the mmf required for flux path in the magnetic material and it is supplied by the manufacturer of stampings or laminations. 17. What is leakage flux? The leakage flux is the flux passing through unwanted path. The leakage flux will not help either for transfer or conversion of energy. 18. What is leakage coefficient? The leakage coefficient is defined as the ratio of total flux to useful flux. Leakage coefficient, Cl = Total flux Useful flux 19. What are the differences between leakage flux and fringing flux? The leakage flux is not useful for energy transfer or conversion. But the fringing flux is useful flux. The leakage flux flows in the unwanted path. But the fringing flux flows in the magnetic path. The effect of leakage flux on machine performance is accounted by leakage reactance. The fringing flux increases the slot reactance.

. 20. How the tertiary winding is connected? Why? The tertiary winding is normally connected in delta. When the tertiary is connected in delta, the unbalance in phase voltage during unsymmetrical faults in primary or secondary is compensated by the circulating currents flowing in the closed delta. 21. How the heat dissipation is improved by the provision of cooling tubes. The cooling tubes will improve the circulation of oil. The circulation of oil is due to more effective pressure heads produced by columns of oil in tubes. The . improvement in cooling is accounted by taking the specific heat dissipation due to convection as 30% more than that without tubes. 22. Why wound rotor construction is adopted? The wound rotor has the facility of increasing the rotor resistance through sliprings. Higher values of rotor resistance are needed during starting to get a high value of starting torque. 23. What type of connection is preferred for stator of induction motor? Under running condition the stator of induction motor is normally connected in delta. (In delta connection the torque developed will be higher than the star connection). But for reducing the starting current, the stator can be connected in star while starting and then changed to delta.