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Job No.

To determine co-efficient of contraction, co efficient of velocity and co -efficient of an orifice and calibrate it
Apparatus
o o o Orifice and Jet apparatus Hydraulic Bench Stop watch

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual

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Related Theory Orifice


It is an opening in the wall or in the bottom of the tank or in a plate normal to the axis of pipe used to measure discharge.

Types of Orifice
1) Based on shapes
Rectangular orifice Circular orifice Triangular orifice Square orifice Angled entrance and exit orifice Curved entrance orifice 2) Based on Size Small Large 3) Based on nature of the Jet Open/Simple Orifice Submerged Orifice

Angled entrance and exit orifice

Curved entrance orifice

Jet
It is a stream issuing out of the orifice and is not enclosed by solid boundaries.

Types of Jet
Free Jet Submerged Jet

Co-efficient of Velocity (

It is the ratio of actual velocity uC and ideal velocity uO through the orifice.

Co-efficient of Contraction (

It is the ratio of the cross-section of the vena contracta AC , to cross-section of the orifice AO.

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual

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Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd)


It is the ratio of the actual discharge Q to that which would take place if jet discharged at the ideal velocity without any reduction in of area Qo .The actual discharge Q is given by

Q = uC AC
And if the jet discharged at the ideal velocity uO over the orifice area ao, the discharge Qo would be

Qo = uo Ao = Ao(
So from the definition of co-efficient of discharge,

Or in terms of quantities measured experimentally

From above equations it can be derived

Procedure
a) Set the apparatus on the hydraulic bench. b) Note down the diameter of the orifice. c) Start the hydraulic bench and fill the tank, transparent part of apparatus, just below the overflow pipe. d) Adjust the vertical inlet pipe upwards so that its outlet is just below the surface of the water in the tank (to help reduce any disturbance near to the orifice). e) Allow the conditions to stabilize and use the hydraulic bench to measure the flow. Record the Head inside the tank (HO). f) Adjust the pitot so that its tip point directly upwards into the water flow and the tip is in the middle of the contracted section of the jet. g) Record the pitot manometer reading (HC). h) Measure the width of the vena contracta - at the same height as the pitot tip.

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual

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Observation & Calculations


Orifice/Nozzle Orifice Diameter D (mm) Orifice Area AO (mm2) Water Collected (liters) Time (sec) Flow Rate (m3/sec) Head (mm) Head HO (m) Pitot Reading (mm) Pitot Reading HC (m) Jet Diameter (mm) Jet Diameter D (m) Cd Cu Cc Cc x Cu

Comments

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual

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