Before choosing a lexical equivalent, look at: in the receptor language

Concepts in the source language text which are known

Concepts in the source text which are unknown in the receptor language Lexical items in the source text which are key terms Non-literal lexical equivalents Even though most of the concepts which occur in a particular text are also found in the receptor language they are expressed in different ways The secondary sense and the figurative sense of lexical items are usually completely mismatched

- Figurative vs nonfigurative - Positive vs negative How do you choose correctly? Understand that a single source language word may be translated by one word or many words in the receptor language and vice versa - Most of the time there is no literal equivalence

Concepts should also not be expected to be represented the same way in the receptor language - The lexical structures are different so concepts are expressed differently Descriptive Phrases When a signle word is translated by several words in the receptor language.

Ex: Glutton= one who eats too much Praise= it is good Using related words a equivalents -Doublets -Negating Antonyms -Reciprocal lexical items Synonyms -Lexical Items having the same or nearly the same meaning -Synonyms

-Two languages doften do not have a matching of synonyms to a given concept. -May have different connotations Ex: "cop" vs "policeman"

Doublets

-Two near synonymous words or phrases which occur as a unit.

Ex: "strangers" and "foreigners" Ex: "nice" and "clean" Ex: "Peanut butter" and "Jelly" -Emphasize the idea or modify the area of the meaning. -Use gneric-specific relationships -Not always possible or stylistically appropriate to keep both words or phrases. Negating Antonyms -Used when no direct quivalent exists

Ex: instead of bad say not good. -Be aware of collocation to make sure it is appropriate in the context Using Reciprocal Lexical Items Often performed by changing active into passive voice or vice versa. Generic Specific Words 3 problems when translating: The source language text may use a generic term but the receptor language may only have a more specific term in that semantic area. The source language uses a specific term but the receptor language only has a generic word available in that semantic area. The receptor language word used in the translation is intended to be understood in a generic sense but it is interpreted by the receptor language speakers in a specific sense. Ex: Stated specific meant to be generic "Daily bread" --Bread is used a specific word but represents a general idea, foo Taxonomies Same word, different levels

Ex: Man- mankind, women, boy Must rely on the context to determine the correct usage. Avoid ambiguity by including the collocate so the audience knows if the meaning is generic or specific. Figurative Senses (figures of speech) not be eliminated all together Will almost always need adjusted in the translation but should

 Use a non figurative equivalent Ex: English: "Get a kick out of it" in ASL: "ENJOY"

Use a different figurative equivalent in the target language EX: English: "All riled up" in ASL: "BOILING-INSIDE" Secondary and Figurative Senses source language. Will almost never be translated with an equivalent item of the