Table of Contents

1.Introduction 2. Literature survey 3.Formation of the Problem 4.System specification 5.Design of solution 6.Implementation 7.Results and Discussions 8.System testing 9.Conclusion and future scope 10.References

TITLE:

DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

AIM:

The main objective of this project is to control the traffic lights based on the density of the vehicles. DESCRIPTION: In this system IR sensors are used to measure the density of the vehicles which are fixed within a fixed distance. All the sensors are interfaced with the microcontroller which in turn controls the traffic signal system according to density detected by the sensors.

If the traffic density is high on particular side more priority is given for that side. The sensors continuously keep sensing density on all sides and the green signal is given to the side on priority basis, where the sensors detect high density. The side with next priority level follows the first priority level.

By using this system traffic can be cleared without irregularities and time delays even though there is no traffic on the other side can be avoided.

SOFTWARE: Embedded C. TOOLS USED: KEIL uvision2 IDE

HARDWARE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. PCB for micro controllers 8051 controller, DB9 Connectors IR sensor pairs Red, green LEDs 11.0592 MHz quartz crystal, Resistors, Capacitors

BLOCK DIAGRAM IR - E LCD

IR-W IR-N

Traffic signal lights

Key board IR -S

89C51
Step down
T/F

Bridge Rectifier

Filter Circuit

Power supply to all sections Regulator

Introduction

1.1Overview
The overview of this project is to implement Density based traffic controlling system using IR technology and 89S52 controller. 89S52 is very efficient architecture which can be used for low end security systems and IR is widely adapted technology for communication.

1.2Purpose
Purpose of the current work is to study and analyse the counting and controlling system by using 8051 controller.

1.3 Scope
Current work focuses on how to use effectively IR and 8051 controllers for digital security systems.

Literature survey

2.1 Embedded Systems

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use today. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economics of scale. Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and mp4 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power stations. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have some element of programmability. For example, handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected

2.2 Characteristics
1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. 2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in automobiles provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself. 3. The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen.

Figure 2.1 A typical embedded system block diagram

2.3 Micro Controllers

The micro controller, nowadays, is an indispensable device for electrical/electronic engineers and also for technicians in the area, because of its versatility and its enormous application. .Born of parallel developments in computer architecture and integrated circuit fabrication ,the microprocessor or computer on chip first becomes a commercial reality in 1971.with the introduction of the 4 bit 4004 by a small, unknown company by the name of Intel corporation. Other, well established, semiconductor firms soon followed Intels pioneering technology so that by the late 1970s we could choose from a half dozen or so micro processor typThe 1970s also saw the growth of the number of personal computer users from a Handful of hobbyists and hackers to millions of business, industrial, governmental, defense, and educational and private users now enjoying the advantages of inexpensive computing. A bye product of microprocessor development was the micro controller. The same fabrication techniques and programming concepts that make possible general-purpose microprocessor also yielded the micro controller. Among the applications of a micro controller we can mention industrial automation, mobile telephones, radios, microwave ovens and VCRs. Besides, the present trend in digital electronics is toward restricting to micro controllers and chips that concentrate a great quantity of logical circuits, like PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices) and GALs (Gate Array Logic). In dedicated systems, the micro controller is the best solution, because it is cheap and easy to manage.

2.6 Communication:

Communication refers to the sending, receiving and processing of information by electric means. As such, it started with wire telegraphy in the early 80s, developing with telephony and radio some decades later. Radio communication became the most widely used and refined through the invention of and use of transistor, integrated circuit, and other semi-conductor devices. Most recently, the use of satellites and fiber optics has made communication even more wide spread, with an increasing emphasis on computer and other data communications.

A modern communications system is first concerned with the sorting, processing and storing of information before its transmission. The actual transmission then follows, with further processing and the filtering of noise. Finally we have reception, which may include processing steps such as decoding, storage and interpretation. In this context, forms of communications include radio, telephony and telegraphy, broadcast, point to point and mobile communications (commercial and military), computer communications, radar, radio telemetry and radio aids to navigation. It is also important to consider the human factors influencing a particular system, since they can always affect its design, planning and use.

Wireless communication has become an important feature for commercial products and a popular research topic within the last ten years. There are now more mobile phone subscriptions than wired-line subscriptions. Lately, one area of commercial interest has been low-cost, low-power, and short-distance wireless communication used for personal wireless networks." Technology advancements are providing smaller and more cost effective devices for integrating computational processing, wireless communication, and a host of other functionalities. These embedded communications devices will be integrated into applications ranging from homeland security to industry automation and monitoring. They will also enable custom tailored engineering solutions, creating a revolutionary way of disseminating and processing information. With new technologies and devices come new business activities, and the need for employees in these technological areas. Engineers who have knowledge of embedded systems and wireless communications will be in high demand. Unfortunately, there are few adorable environments available for development and classroom use, so students often do not learn about these technologies during hands-on lab exercises. The communication mediums were twisted pair, optical fiber, infrared, and generally wireless radio.

2.7

IR Remote Theory

The cheapest way to remotely control a device within a visible range is via Infra-Red light. Almost all audio and video equipment can be controlled this way nowadays. Due to this wide spread use the required components are quite cheap, thus making it ideal for us hobbyists to use IR control for our own projects. IR sensor is the combination of IR LED with PHOTO DIODE. After this combination we are connecting the DARLINGTON PAIR TRANSISTOR. End of the IR sensor we have to connect a NOT gate for the inverting purpose means low input have corresponding low output. At last this entire connector is connected to any one external interrupt to generating the interruption of the main program.

Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular colour. We humans can't see this colour because its wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons why IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not interested in seeing it. Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefore can be very cheap.
IR LED wave length range 1.6m to 2.4m. Materials used for IR LED are InSB, Ge,Si, GaAs, CdSe . These IR s are not visible range for observation purpose we have to connect LED s are not.

Problem formulation

The problem with the traffic system is that for every minute the vehicles at the 4-way road will be heavy and the traffic lights shall be changed to each side for some fixed time. Even though there are no vehicles at particular side, the traffic signals will glow for given fixed time.Due to that there is time waste process. Due to this other side vehicles have to wait for the time to complete the process. So to reduce the wastage of time, we can implement the system that controls the traffic based on the heavy flow of vehicles at any particular side. With this system, we shall count the number of vehicles at each side at the junction and give th path to the particular side which has heavy flow of vehicles and keep remaining stop position. So that for this to count the number of vehicles at side of the junction, we shall use IR technology.

System Specification 4.1 89S52 Micro Controller

Features: Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag

Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of insystem programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highlyflexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware

reset.

Pin Description VCC: Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is + 5V. GND: Pin 20 provides ground. Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification. Port 1:Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2:Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3:Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

DARLINGTON PAIR: An emitter follower offers high impedance of 500Kohms. For applications requiring still higher input impedance, we may use what is called Darlington in place of conventional transistor. This Darlington pair basically consists of two transistors cascaded in cc configuration. In the figure shown below the input impedance of the second transistor Constitutes the load impedance of the first.

We thus conclude that in comparison with a conventional single transistor emitter follower has in higher current gain, higher input impedance and almost the same voltage gain lower out put impedances.

Fig:

Darlington Pair

Modulation
Modulation is the answer to make our signal stand out above the noise. With modulation we make the IR light source blink in a particular frequency. The IR receiver will be tuned to that frequency, so it can ignore everything else. You can think of this blinking as attracting the receiver's attention. We humans also notice the blinking of yellow lights at construction sites instantly, even in bright daylight.

In the picture above you can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of the transmitter on the left side. The detected signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side. In serial communication we usually speak of 'marks' and 'spaces'. The 'space' is the default signal, which is the off state in the transmitter case. No light is emitted during the 'space' state. During the 'mark' state of the signal the IR light is pulsed on and off at a particular frequency. Frequencies between 30kHz and 60kHz are commonly used in consumer electronics. At the receiver side a 'space' is represented by a high level of the receiver's output. A 'mark' is then automatically represented by a low level. Please note that the 'marks' and 'spaces' are not the 1-s and 0-s we want to transmit. The real relationship between the 'marks' and 'spaces' and the 1-s and 0-s depends on the protocol that's being used. More information about that can be found on the pages that describe the protocols.

TRANSMITTER: In the picture below we can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of the transmitter on the left side. The detected signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side.

:
FIG.3.2 IR TRANSMITTER

The transmitter usually is a battery powered handset. It should consume as little power as possible, and the IR signal should also be as strong as possible to achieve an acceptable control distance. Preferably it should be shock proof as well. Many chips are designed to be used as IR transmitters. The older chips were dedicated to only one of the many protocols that were invented. Nowadays very low power microcontrollers are used in IR transmitters for the simple reason that they are more flexible in their use. When no button is pressed they are in a very low power sleep mode, in which hardly any current is consumed. The processor when wakes up to transmit the appropriate IR command only a key is pressed

FIG.3.3 TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT USED TO DRIVE IR LED

Quartz crystals are seldom used in such handsets. They are very fragile and tend to break easily when the handset is dropped. Ceramic resonators are much more suitable here, because

they can withstand larger physical shocks. The fact that they are a little less accurate is not important. The current through the LED (or LEDs) can vary from 100mA to well over 1A! In order to get an acceptable control distance the LED currents have to be as high as possible. A trade-off should be made between LED parameters, battery lifetime and maximum control distance. LED currents can be that high because the pulses driving the LEDs are very short. Average power dissipation of the LED should not exceed the maximum value though. You should also see to it that the maximum peek current for the LED is not exceeded. All these parameters can be found in the LED's data sheet. A simple transistor circuit can be used to drive the LED. A transistor with a suitable h fe and switching speed should be selected for this purpose. The resistor values can simply be calculated using Ohm's law. Remember that the nominal voltage drop over an IR LED is approximately 1.1V. The normal driver, described above, has one disadvantage. As the battery voltage drops, the current through the LED will decrease as well. This will result in a shorter control distance that can be covered. An emitter follower circuit can avoid this. The 2 diodes in series will limit the pulses on the base of the transistor to 1.2V. The base-emitter voltage of the transistor subtracts 0.6V from that, resulting in constant amplitude of 0.6V at the emitter. This constant amplitude across a constant resistor results in current pulses of a constant magnitude. Calculating the current through the LED is simply applying ohm law. PHOTODIODES:
Unfortunately for us there are many more sources of Infrared light. The sun is the brightest source of all, but there are many others, like: light bulbs, candles, central heating system, and even our body radiates Infrared light. In fact everything that radiates heat, also radiates Infrared light. Therefore we have to take some precautions to guarantee that our IR message gets across to the receiver with out errors. Photodiodes are used for the detection of optical power (UV, Visible, and IR) and for the conversion of optical power to electrical power. The photodiode spectral response can be measured in Xray, UV, visible, or IR. X-ray photodiodes are optimized for X-ray, gamma ray, and beta radiation detection.

UV enhanced photodiodes are optimized for the UV and blue spectral regions, Photodiodes are a twoelectrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current varies with illumination. Photodiodes are used for the detection of optical power and for the conversion of optical power to electrical power. Photodiodes can be PN, PIN, or avalanche. PN photodiodes feature a two-electrode, radiation-sensitive PN junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current varies with illumination. PIN photodiodes are diodes with a large intrinsic region sandwiched between P-doped and N-doped semiconducting regions. Photons absorbed in this region

create electron-hole pairs that are then separated by an electric field, thus generating an electric current in a load circuit

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A RPS (Regulated Power Supply) is the Power Supply with Rectification, Filtering and Regulation being done on the AC mains to get a Regulated power supply for Microcontroller and for the other devices being interfaced to it. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C Power Supply

For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

An Electrical Transformer Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS Power Out= Power In VS X IS=VP X IP
Vp = Np = number Ip = primary (input) current primary of turns (input) on primary voltage coil

RECTIFIER:

A circuit which is used to convert ac to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of conversion ac to dc is called rectification

TYPES OF RECTIFIERS:

Half wave Rectifier Full wave Rectifier 1. Centre tap full wave rectifier. 2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.

Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Type of Rectifier Parameter Half wave Full wave Bridge

Number of diodes

PIV of diodes

Vm

2Vm

Vm

D.C output voltage

Vm/z

2Vm/

2Vm/

Vdc at no-load

0.318Vm

0.636Vm

0.636Vm

Ripple factor

1.21

0.482

0.482

Ripple frequency

2f

2f

Rectification efficiency Transformer Factor(TUF) Utilization

0.406

0.812

0.812

0.287

0.693

0.812

RMS voltage Vrms

Vm/2

Vm/2

Vm/2

Full-wave Rectifier:
From the above comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier circuit.

Bridge Rectifier:
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve fullwave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig (a) to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig (A)

Operation: During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased while
D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(b). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (b) with dotted arrows.

Fig (B)
During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(c). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (c) with dotted arrows.

Fig(C) Filter:
A Filter is a device which removes the ac component of rectifier output but allows the dc component to reach the load.

Capacitor Filter:
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering. (a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by pass for the ripples voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the D.C. to appear at the load. (b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the dc (due to low resistance to dc). (c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter section filter, multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier. Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies

current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value).

To calculate the value of capacitor(C), C = *3*f*r*Rl Where, f = supply frequency, r = ripple factor, Rl = load resistance Note: In our circuit we are using 1000F hence large value of capacitor is placed to reduce ripples and to improve the DC component.

Regulator:
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulators ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

Fig 6.1.6 A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

78XX:
The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,

Features:
Output Current of 1.5A Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%

 Internal thermal overload protection Internal Short-Circuit Limited Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V.

System Design
Designing of this system is possible when you select the specific controller to suite.For this we selected 89S52 controller.With the help of 89S52 controller traffic control system can be implemented successfully with the help IR technology.To the controller we connected IR transmitter and receiver circuit.Instead of IR transmitter and receiver we can go with photo diode and photo transmitters also.Here we are using four IR pairs for each side. Whenever vehicles reach the junction on each side, then IR detects the vehicle by sending signal to controller and the controller will counts the count of vehicles. And calculate the mximum count from them and give the path to side which has maximum count by glowing green LED and other three sides red LED shall be glow.

5.1 Hardware Design:

5.1.1 Schematic

J3
gnd vcc 3 RS W EN P0.0 P0.1 P0.2 P0.3 P0.4 P0.5 P0.6 P0.7 VCC GND

LCD VCC R6 CAP C7 U3 C4 2 6 P2 5 9 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 CONNECTOR DB9 J7 CON2 CAP 14 13 7 8 T1OUT R1IN T2OUT R2IN V+ VC2+ C2T1IN R1OUT T2IN R2OUT C1+ C11 3 4 5 11 12 10 9 CAP C5 VCC CAP C6 J3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 POT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

VCC

U1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CON8 CAP Y1 CRY STAL C2 19 CAP 20 CON8 RXD TXD 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 P3.0/RXD P3.1/TXD P3.2/INT0 P3.3/INT1 P3.4/T0 P3.5/T1 P3.6/WR P3.7/RD XTAL2 P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 RST EA/VPP ALE/PROG PSEN P2.7/A15 P2.6/A14 P2.5/A13 P2.4/A12 P2.3/A11 P2.2/A10 P2.1/A9 P2.0/A8 31 30 29 J2 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CON8 VCC P0.0/AD0 P0.1/AD1 P0.2/AD2 P0.3/AD3 P0.4/AD4 P0.5/AD5 P0.6/AD6 P0.7/AD7 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 J2

TXD RXD

SW1

C1 C CON8 R4 R

MAX232

1 2

C3
1 2 4 4 2

U6 t/f (4pin)

XTAL1 GND

D1 DIODE

D2 DIODE

D4 DIODE

D6 DIODE

U5 +5V VIN
GND

VOUT

2 C8 104 R5 R

AT89S52

C9 = 1000UF/25V C

LM7805/TO

Title <Title> LED D5 Size A Date: Document Number <Doc> Thursday , July 15, 2010 Sheet 1 of 1 Rev <Rev Code>

5.1.2. Schematic Description

The main aim of this power supply is to convert the 230V AC into 5V DC in order to give supply for the TTL. This schematic explanation includes the detailed pin connections of every device with the microcontroller. This schematic explanation includes the detailed pin connections of every device with the microcontroller. Let us see the pin connections of each and every device with the microcontroller in detail.

Power Supply:
In this process we are using a step down transformer, a bridge rectifier, a smoothing circuit and the RPS. At the primary of the transformer we are giving the 230V AC supply. The secondary is connected to the opposite terminals of the Bridge rectifier as the input. From other set of opposite terminals we are taking the output to the rectifier. The bridge rectifier converts the AC coming from the secondary of the transformer into pulsating DC. The output of this rectifier is further given to the smoother circuit which is capacitor in our project. The smoothing circuit eliminates the ripples from the pulsating DC and gives the pure DC to the RPS to get a constant output DC voltage. The RPS regulates the voltage as per our requirement.

Microcontroller:
The microcontroller AT89S52 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18th & 19th pins of 89S51 to make it work (execute) properly.

IR Module:
The IR transmitter and receiver are input and output devices. This is connected to the port P2 of the Microcontroller.

LCD:
The LCD data lines are connected to port 0 of the microcontroller in the schematic and the control signals like RS, EN are connected to pin2,3 of port 1.

LEDs :
Here the LEDs are connected to one of microcontroller port by using resistor.

5.2.SOFTWARE Components
5.2.1. ABOUT SOFTWARE Software used is:
*Keil software for C programming *Express PCB for lay out design *Express SCH for schematic design

KEIL Vision3
Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components: A project manager. A make facility. Tool configuration. Editor. A powerful debugger. This software is used for execution of microcontroller programs. Keil development tools for the MC architecture support every level of software developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about embedded software development. The industry-standard keil C compilers, macro assemblers, debuggers,real, time Kernels, Single-board computers and emulators support all avr derive--atives and help you to get more projects completed on schedule. The keil software development tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing embedded software developers. When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you the device database and the vision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and memory options for you. Numerous example programs are included to help you get started with the most popular embedded avr devices. The keil Vision debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals(PC, CAN, UART, SPI,Interrupts,I/O ports, A/D converter, D/A converter and PWM modules)of your avr device. Simulation helps you understand h/w configurations and avoids time wasted on setup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications before target h/w is available. When you are ready to begin testing your s/w application with target h/w, use the MON51, MON390, MONADI, or flash MON51 target monitors, the ISD51 In-System Debugger, or the ULINK USBJTAG adapter to download and test program code on your target system. Express PCB Express PCB is a Circuit Design Software and PCB manufacturing service. One can learn almost everything you need to know about Express PCB from the help topics included with the programs given. Details: Express PCB, Version 5.6.0

Express SCH

The Express SCH schematic design program is very easy to use. This software enables the user to draw the Schematics with drag and drop options. A Quick Start Guide is provided by which the user can learn how to use it. Details: Express SCH, Version 5.6.0

EMBEDDED C: The programming Language used here in this project is an Embedded C Language. This Embedded C Language is different from the generic C language in few things like a) Data types b) Access over the architecture addresses. The Embedded C Programming Language forms the user friendly language with access over Port addresses, SFR Register addresses etc. Signed char: o o Used to represent the or + values. As a result, we have only 7 bits for the magnitude of the signed number, giving us values from 128 to +127.

Embedded C Data types: Data Types unsigned char signed char unsigned int signed int sbit Bit sfr Size in Bits 8-bit 8-bit 16-bit 16-bit 1-bit 1-bit 8-bit Data Range/Usage 0-255 -128 to +127 0 to 65535 -32,768 to +32,767 SFR bit addressable only RAM bit addressable only RAM addresses 80-FFH only

Implementation
The applications as discussed in the design are implemented and the source code related to the current work is pasted in the appendix.

SOFTWARE
Vision3
Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components: A project manager. A make facility. Tool configuration. Editor. A powerful debugger. To help you get started, several example programs (located in the \C51\Examples, \C251\Examples, \C166\Examples, and \ARM\...\Examples) are provided. HELLO is a simple program that prints the string "Hello World" using the Serial Interface.

Building an Application in Vision2:

To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in Vision2, you must: 1. Select Project - (for example, 166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2). 2. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. Vision2 compiles, assembles, and links the files in your project.

Creating Your Own Application in Vision2

To create a new project in Vision2, you must: 1. Select Project - New Project. 2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file. 3. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device from the Device Database. 4. Create source files to add to the project. 5. Select Project - Targets, Groups, Files, Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source files to the project. 6. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target device from the Device Database all special options are set automatically. You typically only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings are optimal for most applications. 7. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.

Debugging an Application in Vision2

To debug an application created using Vision2, you must: 1. Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session. 2. Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may enter G, main in the Output Window to execute to the main C function. 3. Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar. Debug your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and so on. Starting Vision2 and creating a Project Vision2 is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the program icon. To create a new project file select from the Vision2 menu Project New Project. This opens a standard Windows dialog that asks you for the new project file name. We suggest that you use a separate folder for each project. You can simply use the icon Create New Folder in this dialog to get a new empty folder. Then select this folder and enter the file name for the new project, i.e. Project1. Vision2 creates a new project file with the name PROJECT1.UV2 which contains a default target and file group name. You can see these names in the Project

Window Files. Now use from the menu Project Select Device for Target and select a CPU for your project. The Select Device dialog box shows the Vision2 device database. Just select the microcontroller you use. We are using for our examples the Philips 80C51RD+ CPU. This selection sets necessary tool options for the 80C51RD+ device and simplifies in this way the tool Configuration

Building Projects and Creating a HEX Files Typical, the tool settings under Options Target are all you need to start a new application. You may translate all source files and line the application with a click on the Build Target toolbar icon. When you build an application with syntax errors, Vision2 will display errors and warning messages in the Output Window Build page. A double click on a message line opens the source file on the correct location in a Vision2 editor window. Once you have successfully generated your application you can start debugging.

After you have tested your application, it is required to create an Intel HEX file to download the software into an EPROM programmer or simulator. Vision2 creates HEX files with each build process

when Create HEX files under Options for Target Output is enabled. You may start your PROM programming utility after the make process when you specify the program under the option Run User Program #1.

CPU Simulation Vision2 simulates up to 16 Mbytes of memory from which areas can be mapped for read, write, or code execution access. The Vision2 simulator traps and reports illegal memory accesses being done. In addition to memory mapping, the simulator also provides support for the integrated peripherals of the various 8051 derivatives. The on-chip peripherals of the CPU you have selected are configured from the Device Database selection You have made when you create your project target. Refer to page 58 for more Information about selecting a device. You may select and display the on-chip peripheral components using the Debug menu. You can also change the aspects of each peripheral using the controls in the dialog boxes.

Start Debugging You start the debug mode of Vision2 with the Debug Start/Stop Debug Session command. Depending on the Options for Target Debug Configuration, Vision2 will load the application program and run the startup code Vision2 saves the editor screen layout and restores the screen layout of the last debug session. If the program execution stops, Vision2 opens an editor window with the source text or shows CPU instructions in the disassembly window. The next executable statement is marked with a yellow arrow. During debugging, most editor features are still available.

For example, you can use the find command or correct program errors. Program source text of your application is shown in the same windows. The Vision2 debug mode differs from the edit mode in the following aspects: _ The Debug Menu and Debug Commands described on page 28 are Available. The additional debug windows are discussed in the following. _ The project structure or tool parameters cannot be modified. All build Commands are disabled. Disassembly Window The Disassembly window shows your target program as mixed source and assembly program or just assembly code. A trace history of previously executed instructions may be displayed with Debug View Trace Records. To enable the trace history, set Debug Enable/Disable Trace Recording.

If you select the Disassembly Window as the active window all program step commands work on CPU instruction level rather than program source lines. You can select a text line and set or modify code breakpoints using toolbar buttons or the context menu commands. You may use the dialog Debug Inline Assembly to modify the CPU instructions. That allows you to correct mistakes or to make temporary changes to the target program you are debugging

Conclusion
The controller we used having the following featurtes like 8 bit 8051 architecture in a tiny 40 pin DIP package,128B RAM and 4kB on-chip Flash Program Memory. For low end applications this controller is very easy to use and at the same time IR also widely accepted protocol for mobile communication.By using IR technology and 8051 architecture based microcontroller we implemented electronic based traffic density control system.

References
[1] 8051 Architecture and Programming by Mazidi
[2] 8051

Programming by Ayala

[3] Wikipedia [4] IR theory