Splices and connections

1/37
Splices and connections
1- Design of connections of vertical and diagonal: ECP 130
a- At the connection away from X.G.:
1 - .' _ ,-'--'' --= --=- vertical and diagonal
Number per one side = n =
P
F
s
max
/ 2 distributed on 2 flanges
F
max
= Maximum allowable stress * total area
Maximum allowable stress
= F
c
= 1.6 ( 8.5 * 10
-5
) for Compression member
= F
t
=
max
min
1
T
T
F
sr

= 0.58F
y
for tension member
2 - '--'' --= --=- .' = ,= = -=','' --'' _ ,- flange
Arrange bolts in the 2 flanges.
-,--'' --= -,=- ,-'--'' _,,- -, = ( 7 rows ) ) ,,-'' -'=-' (
,-'-`' ,-'--'' _'= -,-'' ,- -, ` _-= .
b
Fl
2*3 + t
w
case of 2 columns
b
Fl
4*3 + t
w
case of 4 columns
b
Fl
6*3 + t
w
case of 6 columns
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
3d
1.5d
Splices and connections
2/37
B
u
t
t

W
e
l
d

b
e
t
.

t
h
e

T
w
o









d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t

T
h
i
c
k
<15
Y
Y
X
X
/
o
Butt Weld
R=10 20cm
Diagonal member
Vertical
member
<
1
.
5
/
<
3
/
o
/
o
/
B
i
g

T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
5
:
1
Gusset plate with big
thickness
S
m
a
l
l

T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Splices and connections
3/37
3 - -- _''-'' -,--''- :
1- Centerline 2- Upper or lower chord
3- Vertical 4- Diagonal
4 - ,-'--'' - ) .' _ '-''= diagonal `,' ( .' _'= edge and pitch
.' .,--- ,-- ` gusset
Min e,p
Arranging bolts on min edge and pitch
Splices and connections
4/37
Formation of gusset plate according to
arrangment of bolts of diagonal (mostly critical)
Very important note:
The gusset plate has only 3 shapes no more. If there is no diagonal,
the angle of gusset plate will be 15
0
3 differnt shapes of Gusset plate
Min e,p
Min e,p
Min e,p
.' _ ,-'--'' - ,-- ` vertical =', .,' -- ,,'--- -''-- _'=
'-- _'= '--- edge = 2 d ,,'--''- -'' - _'--`' _'= ,-'--'' _'- _,,- -
Splices and connections
5/37
l member with vertica .( G . Design of connection at position of X - b
i- If the connection is not subjected to moment:
i.e. All connections of deck bridge & all connections of through bridge
except at position of end portal frame bracing.
This means that every face is designed alone.
1 - .' _ ,-'--'' --= --=- vertical and diagonal
Number per one side = n =
P
F
s
max
/ 2 distributed on 2 flanges
2 - .' = ,= = -=','' --'' _ ,-'--'' --= --=- flange
Arrange bolts in the 2 flanges.
3 - _''-'' -,--''- -- : -- '-
1- Centerline 2- Upper or lower chord
3- Vertical 4- Diagonal
4 - ,-'--'' - ) .' _ '-''= diagonal `,' ( .' _'= edge and pitch
.' .,--- ,-- ` gusset
Min e,p
Arranging bolts on min edge and pitch
Splices and connections
6/37
Formation of gusset plate according to
arrangment of bolts of diagonal (mostly critical)
5- Draw head plate and XG vertical .' _ ,-'---'' .-
(Height of XG is designed from loads on XG, while height of head plate
= h
xg
+ 4cm (2cm from each side)
a- If h
head plate
< h
gusset plate
:
Splices and connections
7/37
1 .-'' - -'-'' .' _'--' ' _--, XG .' _'--' - .' Gusset plate
.' = ' _--, '- XG .' = ,,'-, '--'- vertical , .' ,' --
,, -- -' =-- _ -'' _ '- 16
2 .' .='- `,' ,-'--'' -, head plate .' -''-- -'='- _- edge &
pitch --' .='- - .' XG ,-'--'' _'- -, ` n
1
.' _'= head
plate .' .='- ', Gusset plate
C Check n
2
of XG from drawing. From drawing in this page n
2
Connecting head plate with Gusset plate) = 16 bolt
s
XG
P
n
R

2
=,='- :
n
1
_-'', .' '+-'-= - vertical .' _'--' _'= '+,,- -, Gusset plate ,' '+' ,',
.' _'--'- `= XG
n
1
of vertical in this drawing = 20 bolt
Splices and connections
8/37
b- If h
head plate
> h
gusset plate
1 .' _'--' ' _--, -'-'' .-'' - XG .' _'--' - -' Gusset plate
2 ,-'--'' -, .' n
1
--'' -- _ ,, 20 .' -,-= .='- '--- Gusset
plate ) '-= ' ( .' -,-= _'= --', ,-'-- ` gusset .' .='- ', head
plate ,-'--'' --, .' .-- head plate .'- vertical .'- `= ,' '+' ,',
gusset plate
3 .-= -, packing .' ,- _'--`' _ Gusset plate .', head plate
.' ,'+- -= .-=, Gusset plate .' -'= _--=- ` =--- head plate .' _'-- XG
Splices and connections
9/37
Min e,p
Draw the connection between the vertical & upper or lower chord first,
then draw X.G.
vertical member
Cross-section of Deck bridge
Cross-section of through bridge
Stringer n
2
1
n
n
2
n
1
1
n
cross girder
cross girder
lower chord
vertical
member
diagonal of X-frame
Splices and connections
10/37
ii) If the connection is subjected to moment:
i.e. All connections of Pony Bridge and connections of through bridge at
position of portal frame bracing.
The inner face of bolts is designed the maximum strength of the vertical
While the outer face of bolts designed on M & Q where Q = R
XG
M = h
C
100
+ w
2
2
h
for pony bridge where w = 0.1*0.5*S
M = h R
u
*
3
1
*
2
1
for through bridge with closed vertical frame
(Loaded case because of R
XG
Pony bridge
Through bridge
CL of upper beam
M
u
V
l

o
f

t
r
u
s
s
V
l

o
f

t
r
u
s
s
CL of XG
h
CL of XG
2h/3
h/3
CL of upper beam
R
u
M
u
R
2h/3
R /2
h/3
R /2
u
R /2
u
CL of XG
R /2
u
V
l

o
f

t
r
u
s
s
V
l

o
f

t
r
u
s
s
M = l R
u
*
2
1
for through bridge with inclined open frame
Every face is designed alone. Inner face for bolts between vertical
and gusset plate. And outer face between head plate and gusset
1 - .' _ ,-'--'' --= --=- vertical and diagonal
Number per one side = n =
P
F
s
max
/ 2 distributed on 2 flanges
2 - .' = ,= = -=','' --'' _ ,-'--'' --= --=- flange
Arrange bolts in the 2 flanges.
3 - _''-'' -,--''- -- : -- '-
1- Centerline 2- Upper or lower chord
3- Vertical 4- Diagonal
Splices and connections
11/37
4 - ,-'--'' - ) .' _ '-''= diagonal `,' ( .' _'= edge and pitch
.' .,--- ,-- ` gusset
Formation of gusset plate according to
arrangment of bolts of diagonal (mostly critical)
5- Draw head plate and XG vertical .' _ ,-'---'' .-
(Height of XG is designed from loads on XG, while height of head plate
= h
xg
+ 4cm (2cm from each side)
.-- ='-, haunch .' , ``` ,' ,'--- - XG -''- '-
Splices and connections
12/37
,--'~--' ,- n
1
J' -;-= J='- gusset plate
n
1
is number of bolts in one side (one flange) of the I-beam = 20 bolt
n
2
: check :
s
XG
P
n
R

2
n
2
= 8*4 = 32bolts
M b ext
T
, ,
0.8 T where
M b ext
T
, ,
=
+
X B
f f
n
* *
2
*
1
2 1
0.8 T
n is the no. of bolts in one row
Where
1 1
y
I
M
f = , where
12
3
BH
I = ,
2
1
H
y =
2 2
y
I
M
f = ,
2
2
H
y = - x
The diagonal is designed as before
Splices and connections
13/37
Cross section of pony bridge
rail
upper chord
1
lower chord cross girder
2
n
n
bracket
n
1
vertical member
1
n
n
1
backing
cross girder
B
H
f
1
f
2
X
Splices and connections
14/37
Design of CHORD Splice
The field splice for upper and lower chord will be used each 16m (max).
There is no field splice for diagonal and vertical
The splice for vertical and diagonal is used only when number of
bolts in one row is more than 7.
The splice may be either single shear or double shear
a- Splice with plate from one side (single shear):
Key drawing
Splices and connections
15/37
(1) Dimensioning:
For flange: Take
f sp
f
b b
t t
=
=
1
For web: Take
) * { *
2
2 web web sp
web sp
t H t H
cm H H
=
=
(2) Number of bolts:
For flange:
shear) (single P
) F or (F * ) t * (b
s
c f f
1
t
n =
For web:
shear) (single P
) F or (F * ) t * (H
s
t c w web
2
= n
F
C
for upper chord and 0.58F
y
for lower chord.
If the number of bolts in one row is greater than 7, so we can use 2 splice
plates.
b- Splice with plates from both sides (double shear):
(1) Dimensioning of splice plates:
For flange:
2
1
b
f
t
f
= b
f
t
1
t
1
=
2
1
t
f
2
1
b
f
t
f
= 2 * 0.4 b
f
t
2
get t
2
For web: h
w
t
w
= 2 * h
s.pl
* t
3
t
min
= 8 mm
(2) Number of bolts:
For flange:
shear) (double 2P
) F or (F * ) t * (b
s
c f f
1
t
n =
For web:
shear) (double 2P
) F or (F * ) t * (H
s
t c w web
2
= n
F
C
for upper chord and 0.58F
y
for lower chord.
Splices and connections
16/37
1
3
t
1
n
n
2
t
2
t
c- Splice If there is stiffener in the upper or lower chord:
We must make splice for the stiffener
3
n
b2
h
b1
Splices and connections
17/37
n
3
(no. of bolts of stiffener)
s
t c st st
P
orF F t b
n
) ( * *
3
=
Look at the drawing of the stiffener
For pony & through bridges:
.' ' ==`- stiffener .' --= ---- upper chord -,=, -' ='-, X.G '--,-
.' --= _,=-- lower chord -,=,' ='-, X.G
For deck bridge: vise versa
: diagonal vertical and Splice for
'' _ -=--, diagonal = -,--'' --= -' '-' 7 '' _ ='-, vertical -= ''= _
-,=, XG -,=, ''= _ '-' XG = --'' --',- _--, 7 '' _'--' --= _'= XG ,'
'' XG ''- haunch _-' -= ,-- .
1 -,=, ''= _ '--'- ,-'--'' --= --=- diagonal ,' vertical ,-- XG -
- `' -,--'' --= 7 -- -, -,-- -' Q'~' _-- 7 ~ ~;- .' .,--, gusset
plate _-`' ,, -'' -,-- ---, '--'- .`- : -
1- Centerline 2- Upper or lower chord
3- Vertical 4- Diagonal
2 '-' _'= -'' -- 7 -, -,'=-'' ,-'--'' --= --=- -,-- --, 20 % ,,
1.2 *[n
required
7 * no of bolts in one row]
3 _-- splice plate .' _'= -,'=-'' ,-'--'' --= _'= diagonal
~';==-'- J=-' _-~;- ;--~ ;-'--' J'---' _- :
Assume after design number of bolts for D
1
= 40,
For D
2
= 18 bolts and for v = 17 bolt and 4 bolts in each row
1 - , -,'=-'' ,-'--'' --= ' '- 40 .,-, --'' ', '--- 4 ,-'--
-,'=-'' 10 -,-- < 7 -,--
2 '-' _'= -''- ,-- 7 .' -,-- diagonal .' .,--, gusset plate .' _-,,
XG --,=,- --' ,' ) -'' =-' (
Splices and connections
18/37
D
1
D
2
V
3 .' ,-'-- - vertical .', diagonal .', =`' XG - ` 7 . -,--
D
1
` 20 . '--- D
2
, 20 .' '--- vertical .' .='- gusset ` 3 ,-'--
.' _'= gusset .' haunch
D
1
D
2
V
Splices and connections
19/37
4 ,-'--'' --= --=- --', -,'=-''
n
diff
= (40 4 * 7 ) * 1.2 = 14.4 Taken 16 bolts
4 rows
5 -- Splice plate -=',' 4 .' - -,-- agonal di .' , gusset 4---; 4
')-~,; ')--'-, ;-- ----= ~;-~ '= _ .' gusset .-= _- packing
In case of using splice plate, packing will be used at the position of
connection as shown.
D
1
D
2
V
.' _ ,-'--'' --= ' ==` vertical - `' 7
Splices and connections
20/37
Example 1:
Design & draw to Scale 1:10 the given joint using H.S.B M24 (Ps = 6.29
t). L
diagonal
= 3.5m Double Track Pony bridge St 44
-985t -945t
+
1
4
4
t
-
7
6
t
16
388
16
22
376
22
10 10
480 320
45
0
Vertical Diagonal
Solution:
Since the vertical and diagonal are subjected to both tension and
compression, so we will use the bigger of F
c
and F
t
.
For diagonal:
2
3
)
2
6 . 1
2
38.8
( 6 . 1 * 32 * 2
12
8 . 38 * 1
+ + =
x
I = 46651 cm
4
12
32
* 6 . 1 * 2
3
=
y
I = 8738 cm
4
A = 32 * 1.6 * 2 + 38.8 * 1 = 141.2 cm
2
2 . 141
46651
=
x
r = 18.2 cm
2 . 141
8738
=
y
r = 7.9 cm
9 . 7
350 * 7 . 0
=
in
= 31
2 . 18
350 * 2 . 1
=
out
= 23.1
F
C
= 1.6 8.5 * 10
-5
* 31
2
= 1.52 t / cm
2
Splices and connections
21/37
Diagonal, class II, n = 200000
sr
F = 2.8 t / cm
2
144
76
1
8 . 2
max

= F = 1.83 t / cm
2
> 1.6 t / cm
2
design
F = 141.2 * 1.6 = 225.92 t
29 . 6
92 . 225
= n = 35.9 bolts per 2 flanges i.e 18 bolts per flange
b
flange
= 32 cm , (2 bolts) 6 d + t
w
= 6 * 2.4 + 1 = 15.4 cm < 32
(4 bolts) 12 d + t
w
= 12 * 2.4 + 1 = 29.8 cm < 32
So we have 4 bolts each row No. of rows =
4
18
= 4.5
Take 5 rows (40 bolts in 2 flanges)
For vertical:
2
3
)
2
2 . 2
2
37.6
( 2 . 2 * 48 * 2
12
6 . 37 * 1
+ + =
x
I = 88067 cm
4
12
48
* 2 . 2 * 2
3
=
y
I =40550 cm
4
A = 48 * 2.2 * 2 + 37.6 * 1 = 248.8 cm
2
8 . 248
88067
=
x
r = 18.8 cm
8 . 248
40550
=
y
r = 12.8 cm
L
vertical
= 3.5 sin 45
0
= 2.47 m
89 . 12
247 * 7 . 0
=
in
= 13.5
8 . 18
247 * 2 . 1
=
out
= 15.8
F
C
= 1.6 8.5 * 10
-5
* (15.8)
2
= 1.58 t / cm
2
sr
F as before
So
design
F = 248.8* 1.6 = 398.1 t
29 . 6
1 . 398
= n = 63.3 bolts per 2 flanges i.e 31.6 bolts per flange
b
flange
= 48 cm , (4 bolts) = 12 d + t
w
= 12 * 2.4 + 1 = 29.8 cm < 48
Splices and connections
22/37
(6 bolts) = 6*3 d + t
w
= 18 * 2.4 + 1 = 44.2 cm < 48
6 bolts per one row No. of rows =
6
6 . 31
= 6 rows < 7
USE 6 rows * 6 bolts * 2 flanges = 72 bolts
Upper
chord
4
0
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
4
0
70
70
140
140
140
140
140
480
320
g
L
Splices and connections
23/37
Example 2:
Design the given diagonal joint using H.S.B M24 (Ps = 6.29 t). L
diagonal
=
3.5m. Double Track. Pony bridge. Assume vertical as previous example.
-985t
-945t
3.6
388
16
14
Diagonal
360
45
0
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
Solution:
A = 38.8 * 1.4 + 2 * 36 * 3.6 = 313.52 cm
2
F
t
= 1.6 t / cm
2
< F
max
of fatigue
F
design
= 313.52 * 1.6 = 501.6 t
29 . 6
6 . 501
= n = 80 bolt (40 bolt each flange)
b
flange
= 36 cm , (4 bolts) = 12 d + t
w
= 12 * 2.4 + 1 = 29.8 cm < 36 cm
(6 bolts) = 18 d + t
w
= 18 * 2.4 + 1 = 44.2 cm >36 cm
Use 4 bolts per row No. of rows =
4
40
= 10 rows > 7 use Splice
Assume n
1
= 7 rows n
1
= 7*4 = 28 bolts
n
2
= (40-28)*1.2 = 14.4 bolts No. of rows = 14.4 / 4 = 4 rows
Splices and connections
24/37
Example 3:
Pony Bridge, steel 52, M 24, Maximum compression force in upper
chord is 900 t, Force is the shown vertical = 110t. h
xg
= 100cm
It is required to design & draw the connection between the vertical, lower
chord & X.G. St 52
3.6
388
16
14
Diagonal
360
A
110t
5m
5
m
Solution:
A = 38.8 * 1 + 2 * 30 * 1.6 = 134.1 cm
2
Maximum & minimum forces are not given
F
max
= 134.1 * 0.58 * 3.6 = 280 t
For M 24, steel 52, case I, P
S
= 6.94 t
h = 5 0.5 = 4.5m
2
900 4.5
*4.5 0.1*5*0.5*
100 2
M = + = 43 m t
2 /
94 . 6
280
1
= n = 20.2 bolts each side
30 cm > 12 * 2.4 + 1 = 29.8 taken 4 bolts
each row
no. of rows =
20.2
4
= 6 rows
For n
2
: take haunch 20 cm
So n
2
= 11 * 4 = 44 bolts
B = 30 cm (b
f
of X.G)
100
50
f
1
2
f
8
*
1
0
0
m
m
100
100
50
H
1
7
0
End of G.Pl.
Packing
Splices and connections
25/37
Important note: The maximum force in the vertical is the maximum
reaction of the X.G (vertical carry only X.G)
44
110
,
=
b ext
Q = 2.5 < 6.94 t
M b ext
T
, ,
= X B
f f
* * )
2
( *
4
1
2 1
+
B = 30 cm X = 2 + 5 + 10 =17 cm
H = 100 + 2 + 20 + 2 = 124 cm
12
124 * 30
3
= I = 4766560 cm
4
1
4300 124
*
4766560 2
f = = 0.055 t / cm
2
2
4300 124
*( 17)
4766560 2
f = = 0.04 t / cm
2
M b ext
T
, ,
= 17 * 30 * )
2
04 . 0 055 . 0
( *
4
1 +
= 6.06 t < 0.8 * 22.23 = 17.8 t
O.K safe we can use no haunch.
Splices and connections
26/37
cross girder
bracket
vertical member
lower chord
n = 6 row
n = 11 row
2
1
upper chord
rail
Splices and connections
27/37
Example 4:
Design & draw to Scale 1:10 the given joint using H.S.B M24 (Ps = 6.29
t). L
diagonal
= 3.5m inclined at 45
0
, Single track, deck bridge, st 52, the
section of X.G is IPE 600. The connection is at the position of X-frame.
R
XG
= 150 t
16
388
16
22
376
22
10 10
Vertical Diagonal
480 320
A
Solution:
For diagonal: as given in example 1
I
x
= 46651 cm
4
I
y
= 8738 cm
4
A = 141.2 cm
2
r
x
= 18.2 cm r
y
= 7.9 cm
in
= 31
out
= 23.1
F
C
= 1.6 8.5 * 10
-5
* 31
2
= 1.52 t / cm
2
Diagonal, class II, n = 200000
sr
F = 2.8 t / cm
2
144
76
1
8 . 2
max

= F = 1.83 t / cm
2
> 1.6 t / cm
2
design
F = 141.2 * 1.6 = 225.92 t
29 . 6
92 . 225
= n = 35.9 bolts per 2 flanges i.e 18 bolts per flange
So we have 4 bolts each row No. of rows =
4
18
= 4.5
Take 5 rows (40 bolts in 2 flanges)
Splices and connections
28/37
For vertical: n
1
is the same as for example 1.
I
x
= 88067 cm
4
I
y
=40550 cm
4
A = 248.8 cm
2
r
x
= 18.8 cm r
y
= 12.8 cm L
vertical
= 3.5 sin 45
0
= 2.47 m
in
= 13.5
out
= 15.8
F
C
= 1.6 8.5 * 10
-5
* (15.8)
2
= 1.58 t / cm
2
sr
F as before So
design
F = 248.8* 1.6 = 398.1 t
29 . 6
1 . 398
1
= n = 63.3 bolts per 2 flanges i.e 31.6 bolts per flange
b
flange
= 48 cm ,(6 bolts) = 6*3 d + t
w
= 18 * 2.4 + 1 = 44.2 cm < 48
6 bolts per one row No. of rows =
6
6 . 31
= 6 rows < 7
USE 6 rows * 6 bolts * 2 flanges = 72 bolts
Design of n
2
: Assume n
2
= 6 * 4 = 24 bolts
For
94 . 6
150
:
2
n = 22 bolts < 24
Upper
chord
4
0
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
4
0
70
140
140
140
170
100
480
320
L
g
Head
PL.
Stiffener
PL.
70
Splices and connections
29/37
Example 5:
Single track through bridge, R
XG
= 170 t, M 24, st 52, b = 40cm. L=80m.
For X.G. h
xg
= 100cm, t
w
= 1cm, b
f
= 30cm, t
f
= 2.5cm
Design & draw the marked connections in different views
2
1
1
0
t
8m
8
m
4
7
5
t
1
4
4
t
6
m
8m 8m
3
1
Upper plan
Solution:
For connection 1:
Estimation of diagonal:
y
F
A
58 . 0
144
= = 68.6 cm
2
A
f
= (68.6 38 * 1) / 2 = 14.3 cm
2
b
f
= 20 cm (min)
A = 20 * 2 + 38 = 78 cm
2
F
max
= 78 * 2.1 = 163.8 t
2 /
94 . 6
8 . 163
= n = 11.8 bolts each flange
10
380
10
10
Diagonal
200
Splices and connections
30/37
Use 2 bolts each row no. of rows =
2
8 . 11
= 6 rows
For upper chord: There is no difference, so it will be designed on
maximum strength.
Force = 75 cos 45 = 53 t
Assume the section is as shown
6 . 3
30 40
=
t
t = 2.6 cm
A = (60 + 2 * 40) * 2.6 = 364 cm
2
y& & =
364
) 20 6 . 2 ( * 206 * 40 * 2 3 . 1 * 6 . 2 * 60 + +
= 13.5
I
x
= 60*2.6*(13.5-1.3)
2
+2

+
2
3
) 5 . 13 6 . 22 ( 6 . 2 * 40
12
40
* 6 . 2 =
68177cm
4
I
y
= 2.6 *
12
60
30
+ 2*40*2.6*20
2
= 130000 cm
4
L
in
= l
out
= 0.85*8 = 6.8 m
R
x
=
364
68177
= 13.7m
in
= 7 . 49
7 . 13
680
=
F
c
= 2.1 13.5 *10
-5
* 49.7
2
= 1.77t/cm
2
F
max
= 1.77* 364= 643t
lg = 114.5cm from drawing
5 . 114 * * 4
643
S
= 0.2 * 5.2 S
min
= 1.4cm = 14mm
For vertical V
1
: No X.G but there is horizontal beam subjected to
moment.
F = 144 cos45 = 102 t (comp.)
t=2.6cm
40
40
60
Splices and connections
31/37
For the design of vertical and the connection of the vertical (n
1
)
we will use maximum force in the member, due to D + L + I, so use
loaded case of wind,
For design of horizontal beam and its connection (n
2
), we will
use unloaded case of wind, because the connection is subjected to wind
only.
Loaded case Unloaded case
4 3
.
1
5
4 4
For loaded case (for vertical): h
/
= 8 1.0 0.35 3.5 = 3.15 m
W
w
= 0.1 [0.5 * 4 + 0.5 * 3.15] = 0.36 t / m
/
R
u
= 0.36 * 80 / 2 = 14.4 t h = 8 -
2
1
= 7.5
M = h
R
u
3
2
*
2
=
14.4 2*7.5
*
2 3
= 36 m t
1h
2h
3
2 3
R
u
u
2
R
Closed frame
Estimation of vertical member: F = 102 t comp.
6 . 3
64 40
=
w
t
t
w
= 1.2 cm
Assume F
C
= 1.8 t / cm
2
12
Vertical
400
20
20
360
Splices and connections
32/37
102 36
2 0.4
1.8
flange
A
+
= = 78 cm
2
Take b = 20 t, take t = 2 cm, b = 40 cm
A = 2 * 40 * 2 + 36 * 1.2 = 203.2 cm
2
2
3
)
2
2
2
36
( * 2 * 40 * 2
12
36 * 2 . 1
+ + =
x
I = 62426 cm
4
,
12
40
* 2 * 2
3
=
y
I = 21333 cm
4
2 . 203
62426
=
x
r = 17.5 cm
2 . 203
21333
=
y
r = 10.2 cm
2 . 10
800 * 7 . 0
=
in
= 54.9 < 90
5 . 17
800 * 85 . 0
=
out
= 38.9
F
C
= 2.1 13.5 * 10
-5
* 54.9
2
= 1.69 t / cm
2
n
1
using maximum strength: 2 /
94 . 6
2 . 203 * 69 . 1
= = 25 bolts each side
n
1
(between Vl. and gusset) = 25 bolts each side
Use 4 bolts each row * 7 bolts each row.
For n
2
(between horizontal beam and gusset)
There is no shear (neglect O W). For moment, unloaded case is critical
W
w
= 0.2* 0.5 * 4 *2 = 0.8 t / m
/
R
u
= 0.8 * 80 / 2 = 32 t
M = h
R
u
3
2
*
2
=
32 2*7.5
*
2 3
= 80 m t
Horizontal beam:
8000
1.8 1.8
x
x
M
S = = = 4570 cm
3
use H E B 550
If we make beam without haunch so the arrangement of bolts will be as
shown
Splices and connections
33/37
upper chord
100
5
*
7
2
=
3
6
0
60
3
6
114.5
3
6
Without haunch
HEB550
H = 55 + 2 * 2 = 59 cm X = 2 +2.9+3 + 5 = 12.9 cm
12
59 * 30
3
= I = 513447.5 cm
4
1
8000 59
*
513447.5 2
f = = 0.46 t / cm
2
2
8000 59
*( 12.9)
513447.5 2
f = = 0.26 t /cm
2
, ,
1 0.26 0.46
( )*30*12.9
4 2
ext b M
T
+
= = 35 t > 0.8 * 22.23 t = 17.8 t
So we have to use haunch. Take 7 rows (as vertical)
Take h
haunch
= 20cm and t
f
of stiff = 2 cm
upper chord
100
5
*
7
2
=
3
6
0
3
6
80
65
60
114.5
3
6
HEB550
Packing
H = 2 + 55 + 20 + 2 + 2 = 81 cm X = 2 + 2 + 6.5 +4 = 14.5cm
Splices and connections
34/37
12
81 * 30
3
= I = 1328603 cm
4
1
8000 81
*
1328603 2
f = = 0.24 t / cm
2
2
8000 81
*( 14.5)
1328603 2
f = = 0.16 t / cm
2
, ,
1 0.16 0.24
( )*30*14.5
4 2
ext b M
T
+
= = 21.8 t > 17.8 t unsafe
Increase one or 2 rows & recheck
For connection 2:
Since force in diagonal is smaller and we designed the previous
diagonal using min. section, (use same section)
For vertical, we have to estimate new section because the force
decreases and there is no moment.
Diagonal as before (same section), 2 bolts * 6 rows
Vertical: F = 75 cos45 = 53t
6 . 3
64 40
=
w
t
t
w
= 1.2 cm
Assume F
C
= 1.6 t / cm
2
6 . 1
53
=
flange
A = 33 cm
2
A
f
= 33 40 * 1.2 = -ve
Take minimum flange 20 * 1 cm
A = 38 * 1.2 + 2 * 20 * 1 = 85.6 cm
2
in
l = 0.7 * 8 = 5.6 m
out
l = 0.85 * 8 = 6.8 m
2
3
)
2
1
2
38
( * 20 * 2
12
38 * 2 . 1
+ + =
x
I = 20697 cm
4
,
6 . 85
20697
=
x
r = 15.5 cm
2 *
12
20 * 1
3
=
y
I = 1333.3 cm
4
6 . 85
3 . 1333
=
y
r = 3.95 cm
95 . 3
800 * 7 . 0
=
in
= 142 > 90 unsafe
10
10
12
Vertical
200
380
Splices and connections
35/37
Use flange 30 * 2 cm note
6 . 3
21
7 . 6
2
2 / ) 1 * 2 2 . 1 30 (
< =

=
f
t
c
= 11
A = 36 * 1.2 + 30* 2 * 2 = 163.2 cm
2
2
3
)
2
2
2
36
( * ) 2 * 30 ( * 2
12
36 * 2 . 1
+ + =
x
I = 47986 cm
4
2 *
12
30 * 2
3
=
y
I = 9000 cm
4
2 . 163
47986
=
x
r = 17.4 cm
2 . 163
9000
=
y
r = 7.4 cm
4 . 7
800 * 7 . 0
=
in
= 75.7 < 90
18
800 * 85 . 0
=
out
= 37.8
F
C
= 2.1 13.5 * 10
-5
* 75.7
2
= 1.32 t / cm
2
F
max
= 1.32 * 163.2 = 215 t
n
1
2 /
94 . 6
215
= = 16 bolts each side
b
f1
= 30 cm, 12 * 2.4 + 1 = 29.8 (take 4 bolts each row)
No. of rows =
4
16
= 4 rows.
n
2
between X.G. and gusset plate: Only shear is affecting
n
2
= 5 . 24
94 . 6
170
= =
s
xg
P
R
taken No. of rows =
4
5 . 24
= 7 rows.
Estimation of lower chord:
Lower chord is a zero member
N truss [Although this joint is a loaded joint, but the
X.G has no effect in the horizontal direction]
For connection 2: L
3
L
2
= 110 cos 45 = 78 t
g
l * 1 * 4
78
= 0.2 * 5.2
g
l = 19 cm (min) < 100 cm ok
20
20
12
Vertical
300
360
t=2.6
40
40
25
Splices and connections
36/37
lower chord
cross girder
100cm
For connection 3:
The connection has X.G & subjected to moment because this connection
is in the vertical frame supporting the upper bracing.
The lower connection is subjected to moment & shear. The shear is the
maximum reaction of X.G = 170t
Diagonal: as before 6rows*2 bolts each row
For vertical n
1
as in connection 1: (same member)
Use 4 bolts each row * 7 bolts each row.
114.5
5
*
7
2
95
100
50
3
6
45
3
6
n
2
(for X.G): Assume n = 4 bolts per row in 7 rows (as n
1
) and add 3*4
bolts in the packing. n
2
= 4 bolts per row in 10 rows n
2
= 40 bolt
Splices and connections
37/37
94 . 6 25 . 4
40
170
2
= =
n
Q
t
B = 30 cm H = 100 + 2 * 2.5 + 2 * 2 = 109 cm
X = 2 + 2.5 + 5 + 10 = 19.5 cm
12
109 * 30
3
= I = 3237573 cm
4
R
u
(loaded case) = 11.44t M = h
R
u
3
1
*
2
=
14.4 1*7.5
*
2 3
= 18 m t
Note that: we used 1/3 because we are studying lower connection.
1
1800 109
*
3237573 2
f = = 0.03 t / cm
2
2
1800 109
*( 19.5)
3237573 2
f = = 0.019 t / cm
2
, ,
1 0.03 0.019
( )*30*19.5
4 2
ext b M
T
+
= = 3.6t <<< 0.8 T
For connection 4:
For diagonal as before (same section and the value of the actual force in
the member is not effective). n = 2 bolts per row * 6 rows
- The connection has X.G without moment
- n
1
for vertical: as before n
1
= 4 bolts per row * 4 rows