The Optimization of Reactive Power Sources Placement in Public Repartition and Distribution Systems for Power Quality Improvement

Bogdan Neagu*, Gheorghe Georgescu* * Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania E-mail: bogdan.neagu@ee.tuiasi.ro
Abstract - The important changes that occurred during the last years regarding the shifting of the consumption share from high voltage (HV) to medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV), the diversification and the increase of the number of non-linear and/or non-symmetrical consumers, the removal of the reactive power sources (shunt capacitor banks - SCB) that contained polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PBC) placed in the electricity repartition and distribution systems (ERDS), etc., led to the appearance of some complex problems related to the maintaining of the quality of electricity delivered to the consumers through ERDS. Using multi-criteria optimization processes, the paper presents mathematical models, algorithms and computation software intended for the best management of the reactive power sources, both in the nodes of the electricity repartition systems (ERS) and the electricity distribution systems (EDS). Thus, either traditional algorithms or algorithms based on possibilities offered by artificial intelligence are used.

I.

INTRODUCTION

NOMENCLATURE TUE T I a Dk Ck Ke Pmax.k k Wk Vrem q0 Ni Qi Ui total updated expenses; the study period, in years; investment cost in capacitor banks; annual update rate; damage caused to the users by improper quality of the supply voltage, during the study period the maintenance cost for the equipment at the level of the k year of the study period; price for installed kW in equivalent power plant; active power losses on load peak in the k year during the study period; electricity price of the k year during the study period; annual energy losses corresponding to the k year during the study period; remanent value of the investment at the end of the study period; reactive power of a standard compensation unit; total number of standard units placed in i network node; reactive power from i node, in the l month and characteristic day j, at the t hour; voltage from i node.

The evolution of the society is permanently linked to the increase of the energy consumption. Within different forms of energy consumed worldwide, the electricity share has increased continuously mainly due to its special qualities as compared to other forms of energy. For this reason, in a modern society, electricity, respectively the energy sector, now-a-days represents a strategic element to ensure some activities and a durable economic and social development of any country. Regarding the policy on power quality and related management methods; they represent priorities for each territorial company, and Electricity Distribution and Supply Branches (EDSB) respectively. The aforementioned priorities must be harmonized with the company general development strategy, with integrated management system Quality Environment Health and Occupational Safety [1]. Moreover, as a result of the diversification and the increase of the non-linear and/or non-symmetrical consumer supplied with electricity, the maintenance of the quality parameters related to the electricity delivered to the clients has become a real issue. For this reason, according to the present organization from our country, the Energetic Distribution Dispatch (EDD) is given important role regarding the maintenance of power quality, in its dual hypostasis, as merchandize and service. At the same time, EDD must analyze the structure and the management of the reactive power sources in ERDS from its competence area, and also the need for the MV capacitor banks (CB) existence in some 110 kV/MV stations, and on the MV/LV substations bars, in order to minimize the power and energy losses and to maintain better voltage regulation for load buses and to improve system security on all levels from ERDS [8]. Regarding the EDD, one of its important tasks that is directly responsible, consists in maintaining the admissible bands of the supply voltage amplitude on all levels of the ERDS. Moreover, it can contribute to the limiting both voltage dips and intern overvoltages. A lot of research has been made on the location of capacitors in the recent past [6]. All the approaches differ from each other by the way of their problem formulation and

978-1-4673-1653-8/12/$31.00 '2012 IEEE

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the problem solution method employed. Some of the early works could not take into account of capacitor cost. In some approaches the goal function considered was for voltage control. Many techniques have been reported in the literature [2], [6], [7] to solve the optimal capacitor placement problem in repartition and distribution systems. These techniques may be classified as analytical, numerical programming, heuristic and artificial intelligence based techniques. It should be noted that to maintain on all levels the power quality, to reduce the power and energy losses in ERDS, the EDD permanently contributes through its performed direct or indirect actions, according to the Technical Code of the Transport and Distribution Electric Networks [8].

II.

REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT IN REPARTITION AND D ISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FROM THE RESPONSABILITY AREAS OF EDSB

The maintenance of the voltage level in admissible bands, in all ERDS nodes and on all of its voltage levels, requires, first of all, the reactive power flow control, both in transport systems and ERDS. At the same time, an inadequate structure and management of the reactive power sources from ERDS can lead to an irrational reactive power flow, to major difficulties in providing the voltage level in all nodes of these systems, to an overloading of different components (lines and transformers), to additional technical losses in operation process, etc. Also, ensuring the reactive power sources, corroborated with the adjustment of the reactive power supplied in the system, represents a fundamental condition for obtaining operating safety and energy system stability in responsibility area of each EDBS. Special issues may appear in the current EDS operation if, at the hours (levels) and days of low load during a year, the existent reactive power sources remain connected, thus determining an excess of reactive power that will be injected upstream, in the National Power System (NPS) respectively [3], [4]. Regarding the optimal compensation of the reactive loads in ERDS in our country, that process started in 1975 and continued during the following years, using CB as reactive power sources, usually set up in the 110 kV/MV step-down stations, connected on their MV bars, and on the LV substations bars. Nevertheless, must emphasize the fact that a big share of those CB contained polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PBC). Presently, according to the Governments Order no. 173 of March 2000, the CB placed on the stations and substations, which contained PBC had to be disconnected and removed from those systems. That decision was adopted in order to avoid the negative effects on human health and on the environment, effects produced by PBC and by a series of similar compounds. The removal of those reactive power sources from ERDS and the shifting of electricity consumption share to MV and LV as a result of the diversification and the increase of the

number of consumers supplied with electricity from EDS, required the performance of a serious analysis regarding the need of the existence of shunt capacitor banks (SCB) set up in the substations and step-down stations, and also the introduction of some new generation equipment that observed the present environment conditions in our country and the Europe Union (EU) recommendations [1], [5]. The main objectives of the detailed analysis performed in the present paper are: Establishing the influence on the operating steady-state of a ERS, on peak and low load respectively, in different standard days, during a cycle of at least one year, in the presence of some fixed or adjustable CB; determining the SCB optimal placement on the MV bars of step-down stations as well as their optimal power in different operating steady-state, during a year. Establishing the influence on the EDS operating steadystate during a cycle of at least one year in the presence of some SCB placed on the LV substation bars, as well as the capacity and their optimal power, observing the technical restrictions imposed on the reactive loads compensation process. Usually, for accomplishing these goals, multi-criteria optimization processes for mathematical models, computation methods and algorithms and also specialized software intended for such type of analysis are used. Should be noted that besides traditional methods and algorithms possibilities offered by artificial intelligence, genetic algorithms (GA) and evolution strategies (ES), are used [4], [5]. III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR OPTIMIZATION OF THE REACTIVE POWER SOURCES PLACEMENT IN ERS FROM EDSB RESPONSABILITY AREAS

According to the present regulations from our country as specialized reactive power sources in ERS, MV and LV fixed or adjustable CB is used. They can be placed on MV stepdown stations bars, on MV and LV substations bars, and along the MV and LV distributors. Basically, the optimal reactive loads compensation in ERDS involves the solving of two main problems, i.e.: establishing the total reactive power quantity to be compensated under efficient technical and economic conditions; the optimal repartition of this quantity in the ERDS nodes. Usually, the requirement of reactive power sources for each EDSB and the optimal operating power factor is determined, based on studies performed on the power system level, within each development stage. Once the total reactive power sources quantity is established for each EDSB, based on detailed studies that focus both the repartition system and the distribution system, this quantity optimal repartition is provided to obtain the maximum technical and economic efficiency. ERS from our country are constituted of 110 kV nominal voltage aerial or cable lines, which during the steady-state operation (without incidents or failures) operate in complex

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loop configuration. For establish the influence of some fixed or adjustable CB, placed on the MV station bars, if ERS steady-state operation, at peak and low load, during a year, a multi-criteria optimization process is adopted. The goal function of the used mathematical model consists in ensuring the power quality; with special reference to the all voltage level of the ERS nodes, by minimizing the voltage irregularity and reducing the technical power and energy losses that occur in the analyzed system elements. The mathematical model is also completed with a series of technical restrictions that aim at the following aspects: supplying all consumers under safety conditions; maintaining the voltages level of all network nodes in the accepted operating limits; for any operating steady-state, the reactive power injected by the CB must not circulate in the opposite direction, towards the supply source (NPS) [4]. In order to carry out this study, the multi-criteria optimization process is developed in several different stages that shall be detailed further on using specialized software. In ERS, the analysis and calculus process corresponding to the day and the hour (level) when the annual load peak and low load is registered, for each extreme condition are performed separately, in the following stages: 9 The computation of 110 kV non-compensated repartition system steady-state operating, under normal operation scheme (complex loop configuration). For the ERS noncompensated state, all CB are considered to be disconnected from the analyzed network. 9 Determining the best sectioning points/sections of the 110 kV network and its division on sectors or areas, so that all consumers were supplied with electricity and the resulted systems, corresponding to each sector/area, had a radial or tree configuration. 9 Establishing the CB optimal nodes (MV station bars) placement and their capacity (power) for each area/sector that contains a radial or tree 110 kV network. 9 The computation of the 110 kV compensated network operating steady-state, under normal operation conditions (complex loop configuration). For compensated state, in 110 kV ERS is considered that the CB is set on the MV bars of the 110 kV/MV stations, according to the results from the previous stage. IV. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND ALGORITHMS FOR THE REACTIVE POWER SOURCES OPTIMAL PLACEMENT IN PUBLIC EDS

energy losses that occur in network elements, as well as to increase the actual transport capacity of the network. In the public distribution networks, the optimal compensation of the reactive loads in view of reducing the damages caused to the consumers by the improper quality of the supply voltage, as well as for reducing the active power losses, may be computed by helps of simulation methods or by using a combination between the principles of genetic algorithms and evolution strategies. In this context, the mathematical model of the optimization problem, using total updated expenses criteria, can be formulated as follows: y The goal function:

TUE= I + Dk (1+ a) +Ck (1+ a) +Ke P maxk (1+ a) +

k k k k=1 k=1 k=1

(1)

+ k Wk (1+ a) Vrem(1+ a)
k k=1

y Restrictions: - The voltages in the N nodes of the network in which the compensation source is to be set-up must be maintained within the admissible ranges:

U imin U i U imax , i N

(2)

- in the nodes where compensation sources are placed, the reactive power delivery towards the supply source is not accepted in any operating state, all through the year:
min min min Qi l , j ,t q0 N i , i N

l = 1,12 j = 1, 2 t = 1, 24

(3)

Usually, the MV and LV distribution networks from our country are made in loop configuration and often operate in un-looped or tree networks, due to the need for operating conditions simplification and to decrease the investments for switching, protection and automation devices. The placement of the reactive load compensation devices in EDS is an efficient method to improve the level of the supply voltage, in both normal and faulty states, to reduce the distorted state (harmonics), to reduce the power and active

The active and reactive daily load curves in the EDS nodes (LV bars of the substation), for each month of the year and characteristic day, can be monitored with the help of some specialized measurement and data storage systems or they can be modelled by means of a database that contains the typical load curves for different types of consumers, the consumption structure in the respective point and a small number of direct measurements performed in the network i.e. currents/energies and hours when the measurements were carried out [4], [5]. According to the presented mathematical model for determining the power and optimal placement of the compensation sources in EDS, a simulation method is used, that includes 2 steps: 9 the first step consists in the assignment of the maximum CB number in all nodes, respecting the imposed technical restrictions, (2) and (3); 9 the second step consists in the development of an iterative elimination process of a standard unit till reaching a global minimum of the goal function (1). After running the first stage, some reference value (TUEref) is determined, according to the number of standardized units possibly to be installed in the network nodes. The iterative process of eliminating the compensation standardized units is developed till reaching the global minimum of the goal

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function TUE. To decide which compensation unit is eliminated in a step, we run a simulation by removing one standardized unit, from each node of the network, and we estimate the TUE in the new situation for the entire network. From all Ni situations, we retain that for which was obtained a TUE minimal value and, from that node will be definitely eliminated compensation standardized units. Where the standardized capacitor banks stock is unlimited, the stopping of the iterative process is achieved when the minimum of the goal function is reached. When the total power of the reactive sources is limited, the iterative process continues till the sum of the standard compensation units placed in the network nodes reaches the value of the total power indicated for the compensation sources. For example, for the total compensation sources power that are going to be set up, it can be indicated the optimal resulted value for the step-down station level (110 kV/MT) which supplies with electricity the EDS, value that is obtained previously in the optimization process of the repartition system.
START Establishes the maxim no. of standard units that might be set up in each node and calculate TUEref MODIFICATION = false i=1 BCi = BCi 1 For the node i = index applies modification: BCi = BCi 1 Verify restrictions and calculate TUE

The aforementioned algorithm corresponding to the simulation method for the optimization of the reactive power sources placement in EDS nodes, is presented in Fig 1. For some developed EDS, by using some compensation sources with different nominal powers, the number of variants which must be analyzed to establish the optimal placement, becomes extremely large. The simulation methods usage under these circumstances leads, usually, to relatively large computation times. An alternative that allows the reduction of the computation times and preserves the results precision consists in the combination usage between the principles of genetic algorithms (GA) and evolution strategies (ES), according to the algorithm from the Fig 2.
GENERATION = 1. Evaluation of solutions: m chromosomes are randomly generated (admissible solutions) and the values of the Step 2 adaptation function are computed for this generation f1 = 1/TUE, i = 1, , m. Selection: the parental chromosomes are selected by the Step 3 principle of roulette, in view of performing the crossing-over. Crossing-over of the chromosomes: the parental chromosomes are crossed-over with a certain probability Step 4 given by the operand cross-over rate, having children chromosomes as heirs. Mutations: the modification of a gene from a descendent chromosome, a randomly chosen gene, modification that Step 5 occurs with a certain probability given by the operator mutation rate. Competition: each fellow of the extended population (2m chromosomes the old generation and the children that resulted after crossing-over and mutation) take part in a competition with all other fellows to survive and get Step 6 transmitted to the next generation. All chromosomes are arranged in descending order respective to their adaptation function, and the first m chromosomes are transmitted to the next generation, together with their corresponding adaptation function, thus forming a new generation. Elitism: the best chromosome replaces the chromosome with Step 7 the minimal adaptation function GENERATION = GENERATION + 1. Step 8 Check for the stop condition (reaching the maximal admitted number of generations): if it is not fulfilled, take Step 9 over from step 3 to step 8; if it is, the (sub)-optimal solution is found in the chromosome with the maximal adaptation function from the last generation. Fig. 2. Algorithm of the method based on genetic algorithms (GA) and evolution strategies (ES) Step 1

<

TUE=TUEref

TUEref=TUE Stores the index of the node (index = i)

MODIFICATION = true

BCi = BCi +1 NO i<N YES

MODIFICATION=true

i =i + 1 YES

The initial population has a random structure, each chromosome codify in a gene a number of compensation standard units between zero and the maximum possible number to be set up in the respective node, as it is suggestively presented in Fig 3. 3 2 0 4 7 5 8
Fig. 3. Structure of a chromosome

NO

Print the results

STOP Fig. 1. Organization chart of the simulation method for the optimization of the reactive power sources placement of in the EDS nodes.

Besides the GA specific operations (cross-over, mutations), the method also introduces a competition process of an extended population composed from old generation and the new descendents resulted from crossing-over and mutations

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an ES specific process. The new generation is composed of winner chromosomes resulting from the competition, with the highest adaptation functions. The chromosome with the maximum adaptation function is called optimal chromosome. The stopping of algorithm is done when the adaptation function of the optimal chromosome no longer decreases. After running the presented algorithms (Figs. 1 and 2), the obtained results refer to the optimal reactive loads compensation presented under the power compensation sources form that are going to be placed in the system nodes and moreover to information regarding the iterative process related to the evolution of total CB number, the energy losses from the system, the damages caused to the consumers by the improper quality of the supply voltage and the total updated expenses. It should be noted that by using the proposed algorithm, based on GA and ES, the optimal solution is influenced by the population size, the cross-over and mutation rate. Thus, tests on a population made up of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 chromosomes are performed, reaching the conclusion that all these variants lead to optimal solution or to one very close to the optimal, but computation time increases proportional with the population size. On the basis of these tests, was decided that the use of a 10 chromosomes population is enough to obtain the optimal solution. Moreover, is enough to use one chromosome for each EDS feeder, so the total number of chromosomes is equal to the number of distributors multiplied by 10. The coding of the number of CB standard units placed in a system node is done with whole numbers, between 1 and the maximum number of units that is possible to be set up in the respective node. The cross-breeding and mutation operations are done of the chromosomes related to the same feeder. From the performed tests results that a 0.8 cross-over rate, combined with a 0.1 mutation rate, ensures a convergence of the algorithm towards the optimal or suboptimal solution in a time shorter than six times of the simulation method. Following the use of the mathematical model and the algorithms described above with the purpose of optimization the reactive power sources placement in EDS, specialized software is created, called COMPENSATION. The software is made in Delphi programming language, in a pronounced conversational manner, runs in Windows, being easy to be used. In order to determine the optimal solution, the user has at his disposal both presented methods, that is: simulation method and method based on GA and ES [4], [5]. V. CASE EXAMPLES

the actual operation state, using in the system nodes, the average/maximum loads absorbed during the last three years, as well as a series of forecasted loads for a period of 35 years. Thus, results that the studied repartition system operate optimally in steady-state following a normal operation diagram in complex loop configuration (Fig 4).

Fig. 4. The 110 kV repartition system

In order to exemplify such an analysis regarding the optimal management of the reactive power sources from a ERDS according to presented methodologies and algorithms, first we take into account a 110 kV repartition system, from the OD responsibility area in Moldova region, whose single line diagram is presented in Fig. 4. The normal network operation diagram was determined by analyzing a large number of operating steady-state, as close to

Fig. 5. The five areas of the 110 kV system

For the optimization of the fixed or adjustable capacitor banks placement on the MV step-down station bars from the studied repartition system, the analysis and computation

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process is done separately for peak load and low load respectively, according to the methodology in stages, described above. Further on, are synthetically presented some of the significant results obtained through computation for each analyzed operating state peak load and low load on each stage of the methodology. In ERS in order to optimize the reactive power sources placement (MV capacitor banks), it is necessary to know the daily active and reactive load curves in all consuming nodes of the system for establish the peak load during the winter season. These load curves was recorded with SCADA system help during the entire 2011 cold season. The analysis of the curves, processed in 24 hourly levels, emphasize the fact that the peak load for cold season is registered on Wednesday of January, at 10 oclock (maximum load), and at 2 oclock the low load (minimum load). A. The peak load state analysis Stage 1: By using specialized software, was computed the operating steady-state of the repartition system (in complex loop configuration - Fig. 4) in non-compensated state, for the active and reactive loads corresponding to peak load. This steady-state is considered to be non-compensated because all compensation sources (CB) was deemed to be disconnected from all nodes of the repartition system. Thus, results a series of parameters that characterize this state, out of which some of them are presented, more specifically: active and reactive power injections in slack bus and the active/reactive power losses that occur in repartition system (Table I); the voltages level from the repartition system nodes, in absolute and percentage values (Table II).
TABLE I ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER INJECTIONS IN THE SLACK BUS AND POWER LOSSES IN NON-COMPENSATED STATE, AT PEAK LOAD Power injections in the N1 P[MW] Q [MVAr] 38,946 13,741 Power losses in the network P[MW] Q [MVAr] 1,964 4,734

TABLE II VOLTAGE LEVELS IN REPARTITION SYSTEM BUSES IN NON-COMPENSATED STATE, AT PEAK LOAD Node N1 N 30 M6 N 5 M20 N 34B M20 N 34A M6 N4 N5 N 08 M20 N 17 N2 N3 N 13 M20 N 12 M6 N 12 M20 N 11 M20 N 19B N 17 M20 N 35 M20 N 13 M6 N 32 A N 1A M20 N 4 M20 N 31 N 30 U [kV] 118 5.826 21.115 21.661 6.283 117.338 117.945 21.062 117.197 118.000 117.391 21.841 6.478 21.647 21.046 121.866 20.818 21.701 6.300 112.383 20.220 21.131 112.377 112.328 u [%] 100.00 92.480 100.55 103.15 99.720 99.440 99.950 100.30 99.320 100.00 99.480 104.00 102.83 103.08 100.22 103.28 99.130 103.34 99.990 95.240 96.280 100.62 95.240 95.190 Node N8 N 3 M20 N 2 M20 N 32 M6 N 32 M20 N 34A N 34 B N 32B N 13 N 12 N 11 N 35 N 47 N 19A N 48 N 15 M20 N 16 M6 N16 N 15 N 21 N 19 M20 N 23 N 31 M6 N 21 M6 U [kV] 118 20.570 21.153 5.894 19.886 122.044 121.589 122.161 121.475 121.417 117.844 121.566 6.300 117.906 10.500 20.183 5.812 112.065 112.298 117.884 21.873 122.258 5.898 6.167 u [%] 100.00 97.950 100.73 93.550 94.690 103.43 103.04 103.53 102.94 102.90 99.870 103.02 100.00 99.920 100.00 96.110 92.250 94.970 95.170 99.900 104.16 103.61 93.630 97.880

TABLE III ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER INJECTIONS IN SLACK BUS AND POWER LOSSES FOR THE FIVE NETWORK IN NON-COMPENSATED STATE, AT PEAK LOAD Network sectors or zone Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Power injections in slack bus P [MW] Q [MVAr] 71,141 20,772 54,229 13,555 3,9490 1,6580 13,705 4,9520 22,075 8,5130 Power losses in the system sectors P [MW] Q [MVAr] 0,498 0,672 1,067 2,063 0,024 0,287 0,123 1,892 0,175 1,418

Stage 3: Another software function was used for each of the five areas/sectors that contain repartition networks in radial configuration, in order to establish the CB optimal power and placement points on the MV station bars. After this analysis the obtained results for each system sector on peak load state and a loading factor of 0.9, and 1.1 respectively, are presented in Table IV, in the form of the nodes where CB are going to be set up, the CB power, and the active power losses reduction that occur in the network elements. Stage 2: By using a software function, was established the optimal sectioning points/sections of the analyzed repartition system that, in steady-state operate in complex loop configuration. After the execution of this function and by the study of some significant contingencies, the repartition system is divided into five sectors/zones in radial or tree configuration. The single line diagram of each sectors are presented in Fig. 5. At the same time, for each sector the Table III indicates the active/reactive power injections in the supply nodes of the networks with radial configuration, as well as the active/reactive power losses, in peak load state.

TABLE IV OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND POWERS OF CB THAT ARE GOING TO BE SET UP IN THE FIVE SECTORS AND THE LOSSES REDUCTION, IN NON-COMPENSATED STATE, AT PEAK LOAD Network zone Zone 1 Loading Node/Bus factor 0.9 N 21 M6 1.1 N 21 M6 N 16 M6 0.9 N 30 M6 N 16 M6 1.1 N 30 M6 0.9 N 35 M20 1.1 N 35 M20 0.9 N 34A M6 1.1 N 34A M6 The CB power, [KVAr] 1100 1500 1800 2500 2500 3200 1700 1700 1800 3200 Loses reduction, [%] 0.040 0.070 1.630 1.240 2.480 1.850 0.070 0.090 6.740 8.780

Zone 2

Zone 4 Zone 5

TABLE V ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER INJECTIONS IN THE SLACK BUS AND POWER LOSSES IN COMPENSATED STATE, AT PEAK LOAD Power injections in the N1 P[MW] Q [MVAr] 38,270 3,906 Power losses in the network P[MW] Q [MVAr] 1,883 4,406

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Stage 4: During this stage, was considered the studied repartition system in complex loop configuration, and on MV station bars was set up the CB with the optimal results in the previous stage. Further on, was analyzed the operating steady-state of repartition system in complex loop configuration for the compensated state and the parameters that characterize this state are presented in Tables V and VI. By comparing the values of the active/reactive power losses in compensated state that occur in the studied ERS, on peak load with the values of the same losses corresponding to the non-compensated state, was found a reduction of active power losses of 0,081 MW, and reactive power losses of 0,328 MVAr respectively. Also, by comparing the voltage levels, in compensated and non-compensated state, we have noticed a significant improvement of the voltage level in compensated state for all ERS nodes, as well as a reduction of the voltage irregularity on the entire network.
TABLE VI VOLTAGE LEVELS IN REPARTITION SYSTEM BUSES IN COMPENSATED STATE, AT PEAK LOAD Node N1 N 5 M20 N 30 M6 N4 N 34A M6 N 34B M20 N3 N2 N 17 N 08 M20 N5 N 19B N 11 M20 N 12 M20 N 21 N 23 N 19 M20 N 30 N 31 N 21 M6 N 31 M6 N 16 M6 N 15 M20 N 48 U [kV] 118.000 21.115 6.254 119.141 6.152 21.137 119.514 120.794 120.344 21.011 117.945 118.259 21.041 21.004 117.914 118.654 21.226 118.522 118.537 6.21 6.224 6.206 21.228 10.227 u [%] 100.00 100.55 99.270 100.97 97.640 100.65 101.28 102.37 101.99 100.05 99.950 100.22 100.20 100.02 99.930 100.55 101.08 100.44 100.46 98.570 98.790 98.500 101.08 97.400 Node N 12 M6 N 13 M20 N 32 A N 13 M6 N 35 M20 N 17 M20 N 2 M20 N 3 M20 N 4 M20 N 1A M20 N 32 M20 N 32 M6 N8 N 34 B N 34A N 35 N 11 N 12 N 13 N 32B N 47 N 19A N 15 N16 U [kV] 6.277 21.192 118.543 6.106 21.443 21.377 21.653 20.942 21.456 20.22 20.976 6.219 117.715 118.649 118.447 118.6 117.818 117.809 117.865 118.543 6.233 117.928 118.109 118.166 u [%] 99.630 100.91 100.46 96.930 102.11 101.80 103.11 99.730 102.17 96.280 99.880 98.720 99.760 100.55 100.38 100.51 99.850 99.840 99.890 100.46 98.930 99.940 100.09 100.14

additional compensation, the voltage levels of the ERS nodes has continued to improve, remaining easily within the accepted voltage limit (951,05)Un, and the irregularity of the nodal voltages on the entire system has continue to decrease. At the same time, in this additional compensation variant, we have obtained a reduction of the active and reactive power losses on the entire analyzed system of 0,12 MW, respectively 0,255 MVAr, and the reactive power absorbed from NPS through the slack node has decreased from 3,906 MVAr to 1,278 MVAr. B. The low load state analysis For the analysis of this operating state, with the aim of optimizing the active power sources placement on the MV station bars, the same study stages are applied as in the case of the peak load state. Thus, first, the analyzed system is considered to have complex loop configuration, according to the single line diagram presented in Fig 4. By using the software, was computed the ERS operating state on low load in non-compensated state. For example, Table VII presents the active and reactive power injections in the slack node for studied network. Following the analysis of these active/reactive power injections in the slack node (N 1), was found that the system injects reactive power in NPS mainly due to the capacitive supply of the 110 kV aerial lines. Taking this finding into account, clearly results that on low load is an excess of reactive power and as a consequence, it is not necessary to compensate the reactive loads by setting up some new reactive power sources. After finishing the first analysis stage, the CB location and powers are determined, that are going to be set up on MV station bars in order to optimize the ERS operating steady-state.
TABLE VII ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER INJECTIONS IN THE SLACK BUS AND POWER LOSSES IN NON-COMPENSATED STATE, AT LOW LOAD Power injections in the N1 P[MW] Q [MVAr] 16,703 - 4,590 Power losses in the network P[MW] Q [MVAr] 1,397 0,167

Regarding the reactive powers absorbed from NPS through the slack node (N1), as expected, in non-compensate state on peak load is 13,741 MVAr, while in compensated state is reduced to 3,906 MVAr. Nevertheless, taking into account that in compensated state, at peak load, the network absorbs from NPS a 3,906 MVAr reactive power and aiming the two objectives mentioned in the paper, several possible variants have been additionally analyzed, variants for increasing the compensation level or degree of the reactive loads, maintaining the technical restriction regarding the reverse delivery of reactive power towards the electricity supply source and was found that the compensation degree of the reactive load can be slightly increased, by placing some additional CB as compared to the optimal resulted solution, in three nodes of the studied repartition system. In the case of the above-mentioned

During the second analysis stage, were intended the reactive power sources placement optimization (CB), on the level of the LV substation bars, using the mathematical model, algorithms and a COMPENSATION software, for MV distribution network, whose single line diagram and topological characteristics are presented in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. The 20 kV distribution network.

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The 110/20 kV step-down station that supplies the distribution system belongs to the previously analyzed repartition system, and at load peak state, results as the optimal solution, the set up of a 1700 kVAr CB on the MV bars (Zone 4 of the repartition system). The station is equipped with two transformers with same power (Sn=25 MVA) and supplying a sector of MV bars, these bars being longitudinally sectioned. In normal operating steady-state, the MV distribution system are in radial configuration, supplying with electricity 20 substations of 20/0,4 kV, equipped with 400 or 630 kVA transformers. Different categories of consumers, such as: apartment blocks, villas, stores, schools, thermal substations, etc. are supplied through the substations from distribution network. The planning or study duration is 5 years with an update rate of 10 % (a=0,01), and installation remanent value at the end of the study period is 10% from investment value, also taking into account an annual load increase of 1,5 %. As possible nodes for the reactive power sources placement, the LV substation bars, are chosen. In order to make the compensation of the reactive loads was use CB standard units of 10 kVAr.
TABLE VIII CAPACITOR BANKS OPTIMAL PLACEMENT IN MV DISTRIBUTION NETWORK TR 1 node CB number CB power (kVAr) TR 2 node CB number CB power (kVAr) 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 1 2 2 0 0 2 1 3 2 0 10 20 20 0 0 20 10 30 20 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 3 20 10 0 0 10 20 10 30

The results obtained following such type of optimization processes lead to a series of advantages, such as: significant improvement of the voltage quality in all nodes of the ERDS; significant reduction of the active energy losses that occur in all elements of these systems (lines, transformers); avoiding the additional transit of reactive power through the elements of the systems; increase of the operation safety and NPS stability in the responsibility area of each distribution branch. REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Chindri Mircea., Radu Ioan, Rieder Ladislau, .a., Gestiunea puterii reactive n reelele de distribuie aparinnd FDFEE ETN, Simpozionul Internaional de Eficien Energetic, Cluj, 2006. Das D., Reactive power compensation for radial distribution networks using genetic algorithm, International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems, Vol. 24, Issue 7. pp. 573581, 2002. Eremia M., .a., Electric Power Systems, Electric Networks, Ed. Academiei, 2006. Georgescu Gh., Sisteme de distribuie a energiei electrice, vol. 1, 2, Ed.Politehnium, Iai, 2007. Georgescu Gh., Varvara V., Aspecte privind calitatea energiei electrice n reelele de distribuie, Producerea, transportul i distribuia energiei electrice i termice, nr.6, Bucureti, 2004. Neelima S., Subramanyam P.S., Optimal Capacitors Placement in Distribution Networks Using Genetic Algorithm: A Dimension Reducing Approach, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 30, No.1, ISSN 1992-8645, 2011. Sirjani R., Mohamed A., Shareef H., Optimal Capacitor Placement in a Distribution Network with Nonlinear Loads Using Harmony Search Algorithm, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(6), pp.461-474, ISSN 1991-8178, 2011. *** Codul Tehnic al Reelei Electrice de Distribuie SC ELECTRICA SA, Bucureti, 2000.

[7]

[8]

Taking into account the total power of the limited reactive power sources, at 1700 kVAr, as it resulted optimal after the COMPENSATION software execution, 23 CB standard units (230 kVAr) are optimal placement in the EDS (Fig. 6), and the rest of 1470 kVAr remained on the MV bars of the station. The distribution of these reactive power sources in the MV system is presented in Table VIII, under the form of the node from the system, the number of CB standard units, as well as the power of CB in kVAr. By adopting in the MV distribution network nodes the optimal compensation solution, was obtained a significant improvement of the voltage quality at the consumers terminals, the reduction of the damages caused by the improper quality of the supply voltage, and also the active power losses reduction by approximately 9,1 %, during the entire study period, representing 0,098 % of the active energy that flow through EDS. VI. CONCLUSIONS

The mathematical models presented in the paper, based on multi-criteria optimization processes, the proposed methods, algorithms and software allow the establishment of a rational or optimal structure and management of the reactive power sources (CB) in ERDS.

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