Hepatitis B virus
Introduction
Hepatitis B virus infects the liver of hominoidae, including
humans, and causes an inflammation called hepatitis.
-It
It is a DNA virus and one of many unrelated viruses that
cause viral hepatitis.
-The
The disease was originally known as "serum hepatitis" and
has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa. Hepatitis B
is endemic in China and various other
her parts of Asia.
Transmission
1. unprotected sexual contact
2. blood transfusions
3. re-use of contaminated
needles & syringes
4. vertical transmission
Symptoms
 Half of all people infected with the
hepatitis B virus have no symptoms.
 Symptoms develop within 30-180
days of exposure to the virus. The
symptoms are often compared to flu.
Most people think they have flu and
never think about having HBV
infection.
o Appetite loss
o Feeling tired (fatigue)
o Nausea and vomiting
o Itching all over the body
o Pain over the liver (on the
right side of the abdomen,
under the lower rib cage)
o Jaundice - A condition in
which the skin and the
whites of the eyes turn
yellow in color
o Urine becomes dark in color
(like cola or tea).
o Stools are pale in color
(grayish or clay colored).
Pathogenesis
-The
The hepatitis B virus primarily interferes with the functions of the liver by
replicating in liver cell
-During
During HBV infection, the host immune response causes both hepatocellular
damage and viral clearance.
-The
The adaptive immune response, particularly virus
virus-specific cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTLs), contributes to most of the liver injury associated with
HPV infection.
- Although liver damage is initiated and mediated by the CTLs, antigen
antigen-
nonspecific inflammatory cells can worsen the CTL-induced immunopathology,
and platelet activated at the site of infection facilitate the accumulation of CTLs
into the liver.
Diagnosis
Because many people with hepatitis B don't have sign and symptoms, doctors
diagnose the disease on the basis of one or more blood tests. These tests
include:
 Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
(HBsAg).Positive means you can pass the
virus to other easily. Negative means you're probably not currently
infected.
 Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti
(anti-HBs). A positive result
means you have antibodies to HBV.
 Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen
gen (anti
(anti-HBc). Although this test
identifies people who have a chronic infection, the results can
sometimes be ambiguous. If you test positive for hepatitis B core
antibodies, you may have a chronic infection that you can transmit
to others.
Additional tests:
 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) tests
 Hepatitis B DNA test
 Liver ultrasound or CT scan
 Liver biopsy
 E-antigen test
 Liver enzymes
 Treatment

Hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment because most adults clear the
infection spontaneously. Although none of the available drugs can clear the infection,
they can stop the virus from replicating, and prevent liver damage such as cirrhosis and
liver cancer. Treatments include antiviral drugs such as lamivudine, adefovir and
entecavir, and immune system modulators such as interferon alpha.

Prevention & control

 (if carrier) Cover open wounds, don't share razors or manicure tools.
 Practice safe sex
 Don't share needles, razors, toothbrushes, manicure tools or other items that could bear
contaminated blood.
 Don't allow yourself to be pierced or tattooed with non-sterile equipment.
 Limit alcohol intake.
 Never share IV drug needles or other drug equipment.
 Avoid sharing grooming utensils.

Made by
1. Bander Hamed As-Sobhi
2. Khaled Muhammad Jambi
3. Khalid Eid Al-Harbi
4. Hamed Muhammad As-Sulami
5. Raed Ahmad Al-Malki

GROUP 1 (THE PIONEERS)