Kaplan turbine

Jebba, Nigeria

D0 = 8,5 m De = 7,1 m Di = 3,1 m B0 = 2,8 m

*Q = 376 m3/s *H = 27,6 m *P = 96 MW

Machicura, CHILE

*Q = 144 m3/s *H = 36,7 m *P = 48 MW

D0 = 7,2 m De = 4,2 m Di = 1,9 m B0 = 1,3 m

Outlet draft tube

Outlet runner

Inlet runner

Outlet Inlet guide vane guide vane

Hydraulic efficiency
h

Hydraulic efficiency

Runner blade angle = constant

Flow rate Q

Hill chart

u1 c1 c2 v1 u2 v2

u 1 c u1 u 2 c u 2 h = gH

Pressure distribution and torque

c

Lift

Drag

Torque
D

Arm

1 2 FL = C L V A 2 1 2 FD = C D V A 2

FLift

FDrag

v
LChord 4

Blade profile data

CD CL

Angle of attack
Angle of attack

Average relative velocity

Pressure distribution and torque

0,24 l

Cord length, l Suction side

Pressure side Single profile Cascade The pressure at the outlet is lower for a cascade than for a single profile. The cavitation performance will therefore be reduced in a cascade.

Radial distribution of the blade profile

CL =Lift coefficient for a cascade CL1 =Lift coefficient for a single profile

The ratio t/l influences the lift coefficient in a cascade. The cord length for a blade will therefore increase when the radius becomes increase

Radial distribution of the blade profile

Flow in the axial plane

The figure shows blades with two different design of the blade in radial direction. This is because it will influence the secondary flow in the radial direction

Main dimension of a Kaplan turbine

Diameter of the runner

o

= Qn
e t)

1 .0 C 0 .5
m l m l

(tiln rm = 0 .1 2 + 0 .1 8 0

0 1 .5 2 .0 0 2 .5 3 .0

D d Qn = c1m 4
2 2

D=

Qn 4 c1m

Height of the guide vanes and runner diameter

0 .7 0 .6

ns = n
d /D

P H
54 n

d /D , B 0/D

0 .5

B 0/D
0 .4 0 .3
300 400 500

ns

600

700

800

900

Gap between hub and ring and the runner blades

Gap between the blade and ring

Gap between the blade and hub

0 .9 0

V Efficiency ir k n in g s g ra d

s = x 1 0 -3 d
0 .8 5

0 .8 0

S p a l t e pGap n in g x = 1 0 0 0 s /D

Runaway speed
2 .6
RRunaway u s n i n g s t a l l / nspeed o r m a ltu rta ll

2 .4 4 2 .2 2 6 0 0 .5 5

2 3

V o it h

k a v i t a scoefficient jo n s k o e ff is ie n t Cavitation

1 .0

2 .0

3 .0

10 H S = H
The figure shows different runaway speed at different runner blade openings. The runaway speed is dependent of the cavitation as shown in the figure

Hill chart

Example
Find the dimensions D, d and Bo Given data:
P = 16,8 MW H = 16 m Qn = 120 m3/s n = 125 rpm

Speed number:
2 g H = 2 9,82 16 = 17,7 m s

n 2 125 2 = = = 13,1 rad s 60 60 s = 0,74 m 1 = = 2 g H 17,7 m s 3 m 120 Q s = 6,78 m 2 Qn = = 2 g H 17,7 m s 13,1 rad

= Q n = 0,74 6,78 = 1,93

Diameter, D:
c1m = 0,12 + 0,18 o = 0,467 D= Qn 4 c1m 6,78 4 = = 4,3 m 0,467

Diameter, d:
ns = n
0 .7 0 .6

P
54 Hn

22826 Hp = 125rpm = 590 54 16m

d /D

d /D , B 0/D

0 .5

B 0/D
0 .4 0 .3
300 400 500

600
s

700

800

900

d = 0,45 d = D 0,45 = 1,9 m D

Height, B:
0 .7 0 .6

d /D

d /D , B 0/D

0 .5

B 0/D
0 .4 0 .3
300 400 500

600
s

700

800

900

BO = 0,41 BO = D 0,41 = 1,76 m D

Number of vanes, z:

l = 0,95 t

z=5

Number of blades z