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HVAC Technical Data Booklet.
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10/2/2002
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GRUNDFOS
TECHNICAL GUIDE
HVAC
HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd
10/2/2002
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CONTENTS
Mission
Technical Data
Centrifugal Pumps
page
Pump Performance
page
Power Efficiency & Energy
page
10
Viscosity
page
13
Affinity Laws
page
14
Speed Torque Relationships
page
16
System Head Curve
page
17
Parallel & Series Operation
page
18
Min Flow - Temperature Raise
page
18
Axial Thrust - Max Flow
page
20
Power Consumption and Cost
page
22
Frequently used Formulas
page
24
and Boiling Point of Water
page
30
Elevations for Various Municipalities
page
30
Aqueous Solutions
page
32
page
34
page
35
Copper, Brass & S.P.S.
page
39
New Steel Pipe
page
47
Friction Losses
page
56
Hydronic Water Flow Calculator
page
57
Heat Losses from...
page
58
Typical Symbols
page
59
Affinity Laws
page
60
Freezing & Boiling Point
page
61
ANSI Steel Flange Dimensions
page
62
Gasket & Machine Bolt Dimensions
page
63
Unit Conversion Tables
page
64
Altitude VS. Barometric Pressure
Velocity Chart
Feet per Second
Pressure Loss Charts
Velocity Charts & Friction of Water
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MISSION
- to successfully develop, produce, and sell high quality

pumps and pumping systems worldwide, contributing to a
better quality of life and healthier environment
Bjerringbro, Denmark
Fresno, California
Monterrey, Mexico
Olathe, Kansas
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Oakville, Ontario
One of the 3 largest pump companies in the world with over 11,000 employees worldwide
World headquarters in Denmark
North American headquarters in Kansas City - Manufacturing in Fresno, California
60 companies in 40 countries
More than 10 million pumps produced annually worldwide
North American companies operating in USA, Canada and Mexico
Continuous reinvestment in growth and development enables the company to
BE responsible, THINK ahead, and INNOVATE
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TECHNICAL DATA
Centrifugal Pumps. In a centrifugal pump, pumping action is generated by means of centrifugal force. The
essential components of a centrifugal pump are the pump volute, impellers and pump/shaft; all driven by an
electric motor prime mover. A simplified pump diagram is illustrated in Figure 2-3 below:
Centrifugal Pump Theory of Operation

As the impeller rotates, liquid
is taken in at the eye of the
impeller and forced out along
vanes to its tips. The liquid
moves faster at the tips of the
impeller than at the eye. The
fluid is then gathered in the
pump volute, where velocity
energy is converted to
pressure energy in
progressive stages until
discharge. The rapid outward
movement of fluid from the
eye of the impellers creates a
low pressure region within
the eye, which pulls more
fluid into the intake at the
same rate as discharged.
Pressure and flow
performance of a centrifugal
pump is a function of
impeller diameter, speed,
width of internal
impeller/pump house water
passages and vane
configuration.
Figure 2-3
Impellers are generally

classified as open, semi-open
or enclosed. Enclosed
impellers can be of the
floating or fixed type based
on the industry or application
requirements.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Pump Performance Characteristics and Curves
HEAD
General. Centrifugal pumps have head-flow characteristics, just as motors have speed-torque characteristics. At a
fixed speed, the head developed by a pump will decrease as the flow is increased. Different pump designs will
produce different characteristics, as illustrated in Figure 2-5 below:
Reading a pump
Figure 2-5: Pump Characteristic Illustration
curve is fairly
straight forward.
Pump/performance
curves consist of a
simple graph with
flow rates (Q) along
the horizontal axis
and pressures/head
(H) along the vertical
axis. The data
graphed on the curve
is typically based on
a fixed speed.
Pump A
Pump B
FLOW
Performance Characteristics. Performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps are described in curves developed
by pump manufacturers. Typical performance curve presentations are illustrated in Figure 2-7 and describes the
relationships between (1) capacity and total dynamic head, (2) capacity and efficiency, (3) capacity and brake
horsepower, and in some cases, (4) capacity and net positive suction head (NPSH). Individual curve parameters are
discussed below.
Performance Curves
1. Total dynamic head- capacity curves show the total head developed by the pump at a given capacity. Figure 2-6
shows that a pump will operate over conditions ranging from shutoff (no flow) to maximum flow. Maximum
total head usually occurs at shutoff. As capacity increases, total head developed decreases. Maximum flow will
occur with minimum head.
2. Efficiency-capacity curves describe the relationship between pump efficiency and capacity. Efficiency is
maximized at the design capacity where hydraulic, mechanical, and leakage losses within a pump are
minimum. These losses included leakage between impeller and pump house; fluid friction losses in all flow
passages such as rotor chamber, impeller, pump house and thrust bearing friction. If the pump operates at
capacities greater or less than at the design capacity, pump efficiency will decrease.
3. Brake horsepower-capacity curves show the brake horsepower required by the pump at a given capacity within
its performance range. They can be used to select and properly size a motor, as well as quantify the impeller
loading characteristic as nonoverloading or overloading. In the nonoverloading case, BHP varies slightly over
the pump s operating range with the maximum BHP occurring at or near the point of maximum efficiency.
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TECHNICAL DATA
A change in operating conditions will not overload the

motor if the motor is sized for maximum efficiency
conditions. Overloading curves are characterized by large
changes in BHP over a pump's operating range such that a
motor selected for one set of operating conditions may
become overloaded if changes in these conditions occur.
Figure 2-6: Elementary H-Q of Performance

35
30
Head (Feet)
25
20
4. Net Positive Suction Head - Capacity curves show the

required NPSH (NPSHR) for a particular pump design to
operate without cavitation. Pump NPSH requirements
increase as capacity increases. Pump NPSH requirements
are determined by the manufacturer.
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Flow (GPM)
Figure 2-7: LM2.5LM6 Performance Curve

H [m] H [ft]
2.5 LM 6
50%
55
60%
60 Hz
1750 RPM
65%
16
68%
50
65%
14
45
60%
12
40
55%
55%
35
63%
10
/6.9
30
8
25
50%
20
/6.2
15
NPSH
[ft]
10
4
10
2
5
5
NPSHR
0
0
20
40
60
10
80
15
100
20
120
25
140
30
160
35
P2 [hp]
2.4
Q [US GPM]
40 Q [m/h]
/6.9
2.0
/6.2
1.6
1.2
0.4
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Q [US GPM]
TK02 4967 1902
0.8
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TECHNICAL DATA
Shape of Pump Curve. There are three types of H-Q curves steep, flat and drooping. Steep curves are
characterized by a large change in total head between shut off and capacity at maximum efficiency, while a
small change occurs for flat curves. Drooping curves are characterized by an increase in total head to some
maximum value as capacity increases, then a decrease as capacity continues to increase; maximum head does
not occur at shutoff.
Figure 2-9: Pump Characteristic Curve Shapes
Steep drooping
HEAD
Steep rising
Flat rising
DISCHARGE
Steep and flat curves are called stable

curves because only one capacity
exists for a particular head. Drooping
curves are called unstable curves, as
two operating capacities for given
head are possible on either side of the
maximum head point. The instability
created by the existence of two
possible discharge rates at the same
head can cause a system to hunt
back and forth between capacities.
Performance curves also may have
irregularities or flat regions which can
cause unstable performance if the
pump operates within the unstable
region.
Hydraulic Characteristic and Curve Standards. The head (in feet of liquid) developed by a centrifugal pump is
independent of the specific gravity. Water at normal temperatures (60- 70F) with a specific gravity of 1.0 is the
liquid almost universally used in establishing centrifugal pump performance characteristics. If the head for a
specific application is determined in feet, then the desired head and capacity can be read without correction as
long as the viscosity of the liquid is similar to that of water. The horsepower (BHP) curve, which is also based on
a specific gravity of 1.0, can be used for fluids other than water (if viscosity is similar to water) by multiplying the
horsepower for water by the specific gravity of the liquid being handled.
The hydraulic characteristics of centrifugal pumps usually permit considerable latitude in the range of operating
conditions. Ideally, the design point and operation point should be maintained close to the best efficiency point
(BEP); however, substantial variations in flow either to the right (increasing) or to the left (decreasing) of the BEP
are usually permissible, operating back on the curve at reduced flow, or at excessive run out may result in radial
thrust, or cavitation, causing damage.
For pumps in the centrifugal range of specific speeds the relationships between capacity, head and horsepower
with changes in impeller diameter and speed can be predicted using the affinity laws.
The most crucial application parameters to be established for the proper selection and sizing of pumping
equipment are capacity (Q), total head (H) and Power-Horsepower (HP) requirements. Additional factors to be
considered when selecting a pump and motor are:
1. Downthrust: The thrust bearing of an electric motor for pumps is designed to carry the weight of the rotating
elements of the pump and motor assembly, as well as the hydraulic thrust created by the pump while it is
operating. Each manufacturer has a specific method for determination of hydraulic thrust loads. The
maximum hydraulic thrust plus the pump rotating element weight should not exceed the thrust capacity of
the motor.
2. Upthrust: Upthrust may occur when pumps are operated at flow rates greater than those suggested by the
manufacturer. If the pump is to be operated under these conditions, consult the pump or motor manufacturer
for recommendations.
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TECHNICAL DATA
This is not an attempt to present a course in Hydraulics, but rather a review of the terms and formulae commonly
encountered in the centrifugal pump industry. The science of hydraulics is the study of the behavior of liquids at
rest and in motion. We are interested in the information and data necessary to aid in the solution of problems
involving the flow of liquids commonly pumped by electrically driven centrifugal pumps.
The fluid of primary interest is water in the temperature range of 32 -300F, other selective fluids are glycol/water
mixtures. In most hot water pumping applications, variations in water viscosity and density associated with
temperature variations must be accounted for if proper system sizing and pump/system operation is expected.
In order to move (pump) water against gravity or to force it into a pressure vessel, and/or to simply overcome pipe
friction and associated losses, work must be expended. The various hydraulic and pumping application principals
relative to this objective are discussed throughout this section.
Density, Specific Gravity and Specific Weight
Density. The density of a liquid is its weight per unit volume. Fresh water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic
foot (lbs./cu. ft.) or 8.34 pounds per gallon (lbs./gal.). A liquid has many different numerical terms to describe its
density but only one specific gravity (sg).
Specific Gravity. Specific gravity (sg) is a relative measure of a fluid's density as compared with water at a
standard temperature (most often 60F). The sg of water at 60F is 1.0. If the density of the fluid is greater than
water, its specific gravity will be greater than 1. A sg of 1.2 means its density is 20% greater than water. The sg of
liquid does not affect the performance of a pump except for the horsepower which is required.
Specific Weight. The specific weight of a fluid can be determined by multiplying the fluid density by the sg of
the fluid relative to the density of water (8.34 lbs./gal.). Gasoline with a sg = .72, weighs approximately 6.0
lbs./gal. (.72 x 8.34 lbs./gal.)
Pressure and Head
Pressure. Pressure is a force per unit area and is commonly expressed in terms of pounds per square inch (psi).
The pressure existing at any point in a liquid at rest is caused by the atmospheric pressure exerted on the
surface, plus the weight of liquid above the point in question and/or any externally applied pressurization. The
pressure is equal in all directions and acts perpendicularly to any surface in contact with the liquid.
Head and pressure are related in a very simple and direct
Figure 8-F: Relationship between head & pressure.
manner. Since water has known weight, we know that a 231
foot long, one-inch square pipe holds 100 pounds of water.
At the bottom of the one-inch square pipe we refer to the
pressure as 100 pounds per square inch (psi). For any
diameter pipe 231 feet high, the pressure will always be 100
psi at the bottom. Refer to Figure 8-F.
Head. Is usually expressed in feet and refers to the height, or
elevation, of the column of water. In Figure 8-F we see that a
column of water 231 feet high creates a pressure reading of
100 psi. That same column of water is referred to as having
231 feet of head. Thus, for water, 231 feet of head is
equivalent to 100 psi. Or, 2.31 feet of head equals 1 psi.
It should be noted that head and pressure readings for nonflowing water depend on the elevation of the water and not
on the volume of water nor the size or length of piping.
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TECHNICAL DATA
In the vernacular of the pump industry, when the term pressure is used it generally refers to units in psi;
whereas, head refers to feet of the liquid being pumped.
Head and pressure are related mathematically by the formula: Head (ft.) = psi x 2.31 _.. specific gravity
The head (expressed in feet) at the base of a given column of liquid will always be the same, regardless of
what liquid is used. The pressure (expressed in psi) at the bottom of the column will vary with the specific
gravity of the liquid. Pressure and head are simply a different way of expressing the same value in the
most advantages form for the hydraulic application.
Gauge and Absolute Pressure. psig and psia are the abbreviations for pounds per square inch - gauge
and pounds per square inch - absolute. Respectively Zero psig is the pressure above atmospheric pressure,
which is 14.7 psia at sea level. Zero psia is the absolute pressure above a perfect vacuum. A pressure gauge
calibrated to read in psia would show a reading 14.7 psi greater than a gauge calibrated in psig. A through
understanding of this difference is essential for calculating involving NPSH, suction lift, siphons, etc. When
the term psi is used alone, it refers to psig.
Velocity Head. Velocity head expressed by the formula V2/2g can be defined as the equivalent head,
measured in feet or meters, of a stream of liquid with velocity ( V ) , if the kinetic energy involved were
completely converted to head. Hv losses are a factor in caluculating the total dynamic head (TDH). Their
value is relatively small and in most cases can be neglected when velocity is less than 10 feet per second
(fps) (ie. Hv = .10 @ 10 fps). Hv losses are normally ignored in calculation of total dynamic head (TDH) in
most applications; however, they re often included in compiling manufacturer test data.
Fluid Flow
Water is practically incompressible with a compressibility of approximately .33% volume reduction for every
1000 psi. Because of the relative incompressibility of water, there is a definite relationship between the
quantity of liquid flowing in a conduit and the velocity of flow. The relationship is known as the continuity
equation and is expressed as follows:
Q = AV or V = Q/A = 0.410 (gpm)/(ID)
Where;
Q = Capacity in cubic feet per second (cfs)

A = Area of conduit in square feet (sq. ft.)
V = Velocity of flow in feet per second (fps)
ID = Internal diameter of circular conduit/pipe (in.)
Volume. The standard volume unit for water pumping application in the U.S. in the gallon (gal.) and to a
lesser degree the cubic foot (cu. ft.). The rate of flow is expressed in gallons per minute (gpm) and in cubic
feet per second (cfs) where large volumes of water is being moved.
Volume flow rates in gpm can be converted to a heat output rate in BTUs per hour (BTUs./hr.) utilizing the
formula:
gpm = (lbs./hr.) /* 500 (sg)
Note: 1. * One gallon of water weighs 8.43 lbs./gal. @ 60F; therefore, 60 x 8.34 = 500 BTU s
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TECHNICAL DATA
Friction Loss
When water moves through a pipe, it must overcome resistance to flow caused by friction as it moves along the
walls of the pipe as well as resistance caused by its own turbulence. Added together, these losses are referred to
as friction losses and may significantly reduce system pressure.
Figure 8-G illustrates the relationship of flow and friction loss. For any flow through a level pipe the gauge
pressure at the pipe inlet will be greater than the gauge pressure at the pipe outlet. The difference is attributed
to friction losses caused by the pipe itself and by fittings.
In general, friction losses occur or are increased under the following conditions:
1.
Friction losses result from flow through any size or length of pipe (Figure 8-G).
2.
Friction losses increase as the flow rate increases or as the pipe size decreases (if the flow rate doubles for a
given pipe size, friction losses quadruple, Figure 8-G).
Figure 8-G: As Shown in these illustrations friction losses increase

with additional flow rates and the addition of valves and fittings.
Power is required to push water to a higher

elevation, to increase outlet pressure, to
increase flow rates, and to overcome friction
losses. Good system design and common sense
indicate that friction losses should be
minimized whenever possible. The costs of
larger pumps, bigger motors, and increased
power consumption to overcome friction losses
must be balanced against the increased cost of
larger, but more efficient, system piping. In
either case, unnecessary valves and fittings
should be eliminated wherever possible.
Vapor Pressure
The best way to understand vapor pressure is to
consider a container which is completely closed
and half filled with liquid. If the container is
completely evacuated of air, a portion of the
liquid will vaporize and fill the upper half of the
container with vapor. The pressure of the vapor
in the upper half of the container, is by definition, the vapor pressure of the liquid at that liquid temperature. The
concept of vapor pressure is illustrated in Figure 2-13.
Vapor pressure is measured in pounds per square inch absolute (psia) and is generally a function of the
temperature of the liquid. It can be thought of as the pressure at which the liquid molecules begin to separate,
forming a vapor. At 60F, the vapor pressure of water is approximately 0.3 psia. At the boiling point of water,
(212F), the vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, 14.7 psia.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Figure 2-14: NPSHA and Suction Conditions
A. Flooded Suction
B. Suction Lift
NPSH = Ha + Hs - Hvp - Hf
NPSHA = Ha -Hs - Hvp - Hf
Discharge
head
Static
head
Total
head
Total
head
Suction
lift
Suction
head
Power, Efficiency and Energy

Power. Power is defined as a time-rate of doing work. Horsepower (Hp) is the most common unit used to express
power requirements for pumping equipment in the United States. One Hp is equal to the work performed over
time when a weight of 33,000 lbs. is lifted on foot in one minute (ie. 1 Hp = 33,000 ft.-lbs./min. or 550 ft.-lbs./sec.).
Water Hp (WHp). Horsepower in pumping applications is a function of the fluid density, flow (Q or m) and total
head (TH or H) or differential pressure to be developed. Taking water as the basis for calculation at 70F and
atmospheric pressure (sg = 1.0 and density = 8.34 lbs./gal.), the following formulas can be used to express
hydraulic/theoretical Hp (usually called water Hp (WHp):
WHp = m x H
33,000
or,
WHp = Q x H x sg
3960
where; m = mass flow (lbs./min.)

Q = flow (gpm)
H = TH = total head (ft.)
Note: (1) 3960 gal.-ft./min. = (33,000 lbs.- ft./min.) / (8.34 lbs/gal.) = 1.0 Hp
(2) WHp = (gpm x psi) / 1714
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TECHNICAL DATA
BHP. The actual or brake horsepower (BHP) of a pump will be greater than the WHp by the amount of losses
incurred within the pump through friction, leakage and recirculation. Such losses are accounted for by the pump
efficiency (PE). The BHP (shaft Hp - power delivered to the pump) can be expressed as:
BHP = WHp/PE
or
where;
PE = Pump efficiency
BHP = Q x H x sg
3960 x PE
Note: (1) PE = WHp / BHP,

(2) BHP = gpm x psi / (1714 x PE)
EHp. Electrical Hp input (EHp) to the motor is used for calculating the overall efficiency (OE) of a pumping unit and
motor.
EHp = WHp
OE
or,
EHp = BHP
Em
EHp =
or,
Q x H x sg
3960 x PE x Em
where;
Em = motor efficiency
Note: 1 Hp = 0.746 kW
Note: If a variable frequency drive (VFD) is used between the pump and motor, the VFD efficiency should be
included in the numerator. Typical VFD efficiencies range from 90-98%.
Efficiency. The efficiency concepts developed previously in the discussion of Horsepower are summarized as
follows:
PE = WHp/BHP
Pump efficiency (PE). PE is the ratio of energy delivered by the pump to the energy supplied
to the pump shaft.
OE = WHp/EHp
Overall efficiency (OE). OE is the ratio of the energy delivered by the pump to the energy
supplied to the motor input terminals, and takes into account motor and pump efficiency
(ie. OE = PE x ME).
Energy. Energy is normally expressed in terms of kilowatt - hours (kWh) per unit volume. Typical units of measure
and the associate calculations are presented as follows.
kW = Ehp x 0.746
12
or
kW = BHP x 0.746
ME
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TECHNICAL DATA
Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid (liquid or gas) is that property which offers resistance to flow due to the existence of
internal friction within the fluid.
Pumping viscous liquids can present difficult problems for centrifugal pumps. Fortunately, the viscosity changes
relative to water in the temperature range commonly encountered in hot water applications pose no problems
for centrifugal pumps.
Water is classified as Newtonial fluid, which exhibits decreasing viscosity with temperature. Viscosity changes
over the temperature range of interest do have impact on pump performance; however, pipe friction losses
decrease from a maximum value at 32F by approximately 40% over the temperature range of 32 - 212F. Piping
friction loss tables for water are typically based on a reference temperature of 60F and require correction for
viscosity for water at higher temperatures.
A fluid can be broadly classified as Newtonian, where viscosity remains constant regardless of changes in shear
rate or agitation. As pump speed increases, flow increases proportionately. Liquids displaying Newtonian
behavior include water, mineral oils, syrup, hydrocarbons and resins.
Viscosity is described in terms of absolute (dynamic) or kinematic values. Absolute viscosity is technically
described as the shear stress (force) divided by the shear rate (velocity gradient minus max fluid velocity divided
by the distance from pipe wall). Kinematic viscosity is a product of the absolute viscosity divided by density of
the fluid and is the most common viscosity reference in the pump industry.
One of the most common units of measure of kinematic viscosity is Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU) This refers
to the length of time it takes for a measured quantity of fluid at a specific temperature to drain from a container
with a measured orifice in the bottom. Water has a viscosity of approximately 31 Saybolts seconds universal
(SSU) at 60F. Kinematic viscosity is also commonly expressed in metric units as stokes or centistokes.
Pumping Viscous Liquids with Centrifugal Pumps. Centrifugal pumps are generally not suitable for pumping
highly viscous liquids. They can be used to pump liquids with viscosities less than 2000 SSU. The volume and
pressure capabilities of the pump will be reduced with increasing viscosity. Table 2-2 lists the percent increase in
power required along with the percent reduction in flow and head when pumping liquids of increasing
viscosities.
Table 2-2: Viscosity Affect on Pump Performance
Viscosity (SSU) > > > >
30
100
250
500
750
1000
1500
2000
Flow reduction (gpm) %

Head reduction (feet) %
Horsepower increase %
3
2
10
8
5
20
14
11
30
19
14
50
23
18
65
30
23
85
40
30
100
Note: Fluid should be corrected for specific gravity prior to applying viscosity corrections
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TECHNICAL DATA
Affinity Laws - Pump Speed

In a standard centrifugal pump the characteristic curve for the pump can be changed by either (1) keeping the
speed constant and varying the impeller diameter or by (2) keeping the impeller diameter constant and varying
the speed. The relationship between these variables are known as the affinity laws and can be expressed
mathematically as shown in Table 2-3 below:
Table 2-3: Affinity Laws - Speed / Diameter Relationships
(1)
Imp. Dia. Constant / Speed Variable

Q1 / Q2 = N1 / N2
H1 /H2 = (N1) 2 /(N2) 2
BHp1 / BHp2 = (N1) 3 / (N2) 3
Q1, H1, BHp1, D1 and N1 =

Q2, H2, BHp2, D2 and N2 =
(2)
Speed Constant / Imp. Dia. Constant

Q1 / Q2 = D1 / D2
H1 / H2 = (D1) 2 / (D2) 2
BHp 1 / BHp2 = (D1) 3 / (D2) 3
Initial Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.), Brake Horsepower (Hp), Diameter (in.) and
Speed (rpm).
New Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.), Brake Horsepower (Hp), Diameter (in.) and
Speed (rpm).
In certain pump applications, where the pump is driven by an electric motor, and impeller trimming (diameter
changes) are not available, speed changes are most commonly accomplished through the use of a variable
frequency drive (VFD). Frequency (Hz) can be interchanged with the speed (N) in the application of the affinity
laws, as they are directly proportional. This relationship makes it possible to calculate pump performance with
reasonable accuracy, at any speed, if the performance at the initial speed/ frequency is known. The use of
frequency in predicting pump performance is illustrated in Table 2-4 below:
Table 2-4: Affinity Laws - Frequency Performance Relationship
(3)
Imp. Dia. Constant / Frequency Variable

Q2 = (Hz2 / Hz1) Q 1
Hz2 = (Hz2 / Hz1) 2 H21
BHp2 = (Hz2 / Hz1) 3 BHp1
Q1, H1 and BHp1 = Initial Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.) and

Brake Horsepower (Hp)
Q2, H2 and BHp2 = New Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.) and
Brake Horsepower (Hp)
The affinity laws are theoretical and do not always give the same results as an actual test, as they do not take into
consideration various dynamic factors such as intake losses and motor slip. They do serve as an excellent guide for
calculating unknown performance characteristics from known values when test data is not available. These laws
(frequency variable) are summarized as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The capacity varies directly with the speed. (Q is proportional Hz)

The head varies with the square of the speed. (H is proportional Hz2)
The horse power varies with the cube of the speed. (BHp is proportional Hz3)
Efficiency remains approximately the same between the original and corresponding H-Q performance point at
the new speed.
Efficiency is assumed to remain the same for calculation purposes (variations in efficiency is likely to occur outside
the published speed rating based on actual test). The affinity law relationships are primarily applicable to
centrifugal pumps with specific speeds (Ns) of 3500 or less. Pumps utilizing impellers with Ns greater than 3500
(mixed / axial flow designs), can not be as accurately estimated using the affinity laws.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Table 2-5: Converting 60 Hz to 50 Hz Performance
50-Cycle Head
50-Cycle Capacity
= 69.44 % x 60-Cycle Head

= 83.33 % x 60-Cycle Capacity
50-Cycle Horsepower
50-Cycle Efficiency
= 57.80 % x 60-Cycle Horsepower

= Same as 60-Cycle Efficiency
Specific Speed
Impeller Specific Speed (Ns). In 1915, a European by the name of R. Cameron introduced a characteristic to describe
the hydraulic design type of turbines and pumps. This characteristic is referred to as Specific Speed and is
defined as the speed at which a given impeller would operate if reduced proportionally in size, so as to deliver a
flow of one gallon per minute at one foot of head. Specific speed (Ns) can be calculated as follows:
Ns = N Q / (H) .75
where; N = speed (rpm) @ full load (single stage)

Q = flow (gpm) @ BEP (best efficiency point)
H = head (ft.) @ BEP (single stage)
The Ns of a given pump is the same at all rotative speeds. A low specific speed indicates a pump designed for a
low capacity and a high pumping head. Conversely, a high Ns pump is one designed for a high capacity and a low
pumping head.
Ns serves to inter-relate pump hydraulic performance characteristics (flow, head, speed, etc.) and impeller physical
dimensions in such a manner to make equipment design and application more systematic. It can also be used as a
general criterion for predicting pump suitability under unusual operating scenarios, such as entrained gas and
minimum NPSH conditions.
Suction Specific Speed (S). Suction specific speed, like impeller specific speed, is a parameter for indexing hydraulic
design used to describe the suction capabilities and characteristics of a pump impeller. Suction specific speed (S)
can be expressed mathematically as follows:
S = N Q / (NPSHR) .75
where; N = speed (rpm) @ full load (single stage)

Q = flow (gpm) @ BEP
NPSHR = Net Positive Suction Head Required (ft.) @ BEP
S is a number used for labeling impellers relative to their NPSH requirement. It is independent of the pump size
and impeller (operating) specific speed (Ns). S is primarily an impeller design parameter and is not an important
factor in the application of low capacity (< 3000 gpm) submersible pumps, and is discussed for completeness.
Suction specific speeds (S) can range from 3000 - 20,000, depending on the impeller design, speed, capacity and
condition of service. Good quality commercial pump designs fall into the S range of 7,000 - 10,000.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Speed Torque Relationships

The typical speed - torque curve for most centrifigal pumps is illustrated in Figure 2-18. The relationship is valid for
all centrifugal pumps in the low to medium specific speed range (Ns = 3500 or less). A plot of pump speed torque requirements vs the driving motor speed - torque capabilities is often of interest to insure;
(1) Fixed speed applications - The motor has sufficient torque to set the load in motion at start-up.
(2) Variable speed / frequency applications - Adequate torque is available to drive the pump at various loads and
operating frequencies, when voltage is clamped.
The electric motor (pump driver) must be capable of supplying more torque at each successive speed, from zero to
full load, than required by the pump to reach full speed. This condition is seldom a problem with the typical
induction motor. Improperly applied reduced voltage starting equipment and/or improperly sized cable can create
start-up torque problem, as a result of low motor terminal voltage. Voltage is related to starting torque as follows:
(T is proportional V2).
Using a nominal 2-pole motor speed of 3500 rpm (1760 rpm for 4-pole motors) and the calculated BHP. Pump
torque can then be calculated, plugging into the formula below.
T = (5250) (BHP)/rpm
where; T = Torque (ft. - lbs.)

BHP = Brake Horsepower (Hp)
rpm = Speed (rev. per min.)
It is normally acceptable to estimate a pump s full load torque requirement using the manufacturer s published
H-Q data, where full load speed and BHP at peak efficiency is usually listed. Full load (speed) torque are typically
calculated at the best efficiency point (BEP). Torque varies with the square of the speed; therefore, when full load
torque is known - torque at other speeds can be calculated using Figure 2-18 or the following relationships.
1.33
.75
.50
.25
speed - multiply full speed torque by 1.778

At zero speed the torque is theoretically zero; but the motor must overcome rotating element inertia, bearing
friction and a static head load in order to start the pump shaft turning. This requires a torque at zero speed
ranging from 2 1/2 percent to 15 percent of the full load torque value.
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TECHNICAL DATA
System Head Curve

When a system determined operating pressure has been established, and flow requirements determined, the
system head vs capacity can be modeled through the development of a system head curve. The head losses
within a system will change based on the flow forced into it by pumping. The system head (Hspf) is typically
made up of three components and is usually estimated from the pump discharge forward. The three components
of Hspf are; (1) Static Head, (2) Pressure Head and (3) Friction Head, as illustrated in Figure 2-19 below.
Figure 2-19: System Head Curve Illustration
Static
head
Total
head
HEAD (FT.) OR PSI
Hf
Hp
System
Head
(Hspf)
Suction
lift
Hs
FLOW (GPM)
The use of a system head curve is crucial for proper pump selection in various heating & cooling applications. The
concept is particularly important, where system capacity requirements are highly variable (Q max > 1.30 Q avg and
/ or Q min < .70 Q avg.). In such cases, multiple pumps are often used in parallel or are controlled through a variable
frequency drive (VFD). Pump selection is based on matching the system head curve, with the pump(s) H - Q
performance.
In developing the system curve, static (Hs) and pressure head (Hp) stay relatively constant, within the allowable
systems operating range. Hs and Hp do not change with flow and are independent of friction head (Hf). Hf
through a piping system varies approximately with the square of the flow, making it only necessary to perform
detailed Hf loss analysis / calculation once, at one flow rate. Friction loss approximations at other flow rates can
be made by applying the square law relationship.
In a typical closed loop heating or cooling system there are no static or pressure head components. In these
systems the head loss around the piping loop depends only on the flow rate. The system curve defines the entire
piping circuit and the relationship between flow and head loss using a fluid at a given temperature.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Parallel and Series Operation

Parallel Operation. When the pumped flow requirements are widely variable, it is often desirable to install several
small pumps in parallel rather than use a single large one. When the demand drops, one or more smaller pumps
may be shut down, thus allowing the remainder to operate at or near peak efficiency. If a single pump is used at
a lower demand, the discharge must be throttled to match the system curve - wasting energy if not controlled by
a VFD. Multiple small pumps provide system flexibility and redundancy. The failure of one unit may cause an
inconvenience but does not shut down the system. System maintenance and repair is made easier and does not
create operational problems if performed during slack periods, when multiple pumps are installed in parallel or
series.
The action of centrifugal pumps operating in parallel can be predicted by the addition of their characteristic
curves. This relationship is true whether the curves are identical or not, and is illustrated in Figure 2-21.
Figure 2-21: Parallel Pumping General Characteristics
Diagram A - Two Identical Pumps
Diagram B - Two Dissimilar Pumps
One pump
Two pump
Two pumps
Pump
no. 1
H
C
C
D
Pump
no. 2
Series Operation. Multiple pumps in series may be used when liquid must be delivered at high pressure. Series
operation is most commonly required when:
1) The system head requirements can not be met at the required capacity with a single unit
2) A system with adequate capacity has been expanded beyond the original pressure design constraints,
requiring a boost in pressure to circulate water to their old and new piping at the desired flow rate for
optimum heat transfer.
Minimum Flow - Temperature Rise

Minimum Flow Limitation. All centrifugal pumps have limitations on the minimum flow at which they should be
operated. Minimum flow problems typically develop as a result of excessive throttling and or improper sizing. In
general, the head-capacity (H-Q) curve of a submersible pump has an inflection point between the best
efficiency point (BEP) and shut-off. Continuous operation of the pump between shut-off and the inflection point
will result in erosion of the impeller because of recirculation flow . The minimum flow range is typically
identified in some manner on the manufacturer's published H-Q performance curves.
The geometry of an impeller is designed for the flow capacity at BEP. When the flow rate is decreased below the
design capacity, there is excess flow area between the impeller vanes and flow separation occurs. When the flow
rate is reduced beyond the inflection point toward shut-off, eddy type flow patterns occur near the leading end
of the impeller vanes and also near the exit end of the impeller vanes. This eddy type flow pattern of
recirculation flow can cause severe erosion in the impeller.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Minimum Flow - Temperature Rise (Cont.)

The severity of the recirculation problem varies with several factors; (1) The higher the specific speed, the greater
the recirculation, (2) The higher the design head for a given impeller diameter, the greater the recirculation and
(3) The larger the impeller eye for a given design flow, the stronger the recirculation.
Pump damage as a result of continuous minimum flow operation may be noticeable within one to six months.
The minimum capacity for operating a pump continuously without noticeable erosion in the impeller is called
the minimum continuous flow of the pump. In the presence of liquids containing abrasive particles such as
sand, pump life can be reduced to weeks. The recirculation process allows for repeated abrasive attack on the
impeller by the same particles that would otherwise be discharged after one pass. In addition to erosion, other
problems associated with operation below the minimum flow limit include: increased axial thrust, noise,
vibration and temperature.
The minimum flow inflection point for a particular pump is derived from tests. Recirculation consideration are
generally used to establish the minimum flow range for a given impeller design, although other issues such as
downthrust may dictate the actual minimum flow duty point. If prolonged operation in the minimum flow
region is anticipated, the manufacturer should be contacted for specific recommendations. The minimum flow
point varies with square of the head and is directly proportional to flow.
Shut-off Operation (Closed Discharge Valve). Shut-off operation of centrifugal pumps is often necessary to
prevent water hammer at start-up and or shut down in fixed speed applications. Short duration operation at
shut-off (minutes) is normally permissible for pumps with low to medium specific speed impellers (Ns = 3500 or
less).
Prolonged operation at shut-off head will result in rapid failure of pumping equipment. The failure mode is the
same as those cited for minimum flow, but accelerated.
Many small circulator pumps have no formal minimum flow or shut off limitations except for temperature
build-up considerations.
Minimum Flow Mitigation. Pumps are frequently selected for capacities sufficient to handle maximum or
emergency requirements. In some cases, pump selection is based on future predicted flows or extremely
conservative friction head losses. When such criteria is used in the selection process and the pump(s) are run at a
fraction of the design rating, problems associated with minimum flow as a result of throttling are likely to occur.
Methods frequently employed to avoid throttling in single pump installations, where flow demands are highly
variable, include by-pass installation or variable speed (frequency) control. Energy efficiency and operational
flexibility can be maximized through the use of multiple pumps and variable frequency control.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Temperature Rise (TR). Fluid temperature rise with a centrifugal pump can be calculated. Other than a small
amount of power lost in pump bearings and seals, the difference between the brake horsepower (BHp) and
hydraulic horsepower (WHp) developed represents the power losses within the pump itself. These losses are
transferred to the liquid passing through the pump in the form of heat, causing a temperature rise (TRp) in the
liquid.
The TRp can be calculated using one of the formulas listed below:
TRp = BHp (1.00 - Ep) 42.4
where; TRp = Pump temperature rise in degrees F
Q (8.34) sg U
H = Total head in ft.
Ep = Pump (bowl) efficiency @ duty pt.
TRp = (BHp - WHp) 5.1
(expressed as a decimal)
Q
Q = Flow @ duty pt. in gpm
U = Specific heat of liquid in BTU/lb./F (1.0 for water)
sg = Specific gravity (1.0 for water)
TRp = H (1.0 - Ep)
* sg = 1.0 & U = 1.0
780 Ep
note; 1.0 Hp = 42.4 BTU/min.
specific wt water = 8.34 lbs./gal
Discharge water temperatures are higher with wet rotor pumps, as the heat dissipated by the motor is
transferred to the fluid which must pass through the pump for proper operation.
The heat transfer mode is primarily convection, actual TR will be somewhat less as a result of radiant heat
transfer. The TR issue is generally not a significant application consideration in hot water applications. The heat
transferred to the fluid is generally negligible when the pump is operated within its design range.
Axial Thrust - Maximum Flow

General. Standard centrifugal type pumps are subjected to axial forces which act in a direction parallel to the
pump shaft. This force is the combination of the hydraulic thrust developed by the impeller and the dead weight
of the rotating elements of the pump. The rotating element is generally only a small part of the axial load of the
pump. Accurate determination of axial thrust is crucial in the selection of a motor, establishing internal impeller
clearances and operating limits, and diagnosing pump
troubles.
Figure 2-23: Thrust Force Illustration
The hydraulic thrust developed by an impeller consists
of downward and upward components (See Figure 223). The downward force is due to the unbalanced
pressure forces across the eye area of the impeller.
Counteracting this load is an upward force (suction
side) primarily due to the change in direction of the
liquid passing through the impeller. The result of these
two forces constitutes hydraulic thrust. In the vast
majority of applications this thrust is in a downward
direction. Axial thrust characteristics for a specific
pump are generally provided by the manufacturer.
Thrust data is normally based on a fluid specific gravity
= 1.0.
Downthrust
Upthrust
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TECHNICAL DATA
Downthrust. As previously mentioned, most vertical pumping equipment operates in downthrust, which is the
preferred operational state. The impeller design is the chief factor in determining the pumps thrust
characteristics. High specific speed (Ns) impellers will have higher downthrust characteristics than will lower Ns
(radial) impellers. Under some circumstances, it is desirable to increase downthrust so that problems associated
with up - thrust can be avoided when operating to the extreme right of a pump,s BEP flow. Downthrust loading
can be increased through the use of high Ns or open impeller designs. The open, semi open impeller design
varies from standard (enclosed) designs in that there is no lower shroud or impeller skirt. Open impeller designs
can increase thrust by as much as 50% over enclosed designs at the same rating. Pump downthrust
requirements over the anticipated operating range should be checked against a motor s capacity to handle the
thrust load in high head applications.
Upthrust. In fixed speed applications where there is little or no opposition to flow in the form of a static head
load, a flow condition known as run-out will occur at start-up and will persist until system counter pressure is
established. Under run-out conditions, the pump is likely to be in upthrust. The upthrust condition is generally
momentary , lasting fractions of a second. The magnitude of the start-up upthrust is typically considered to
be approximately 30% of the downthrust value at the pumps BEP. In the case of pumps with suction (intake)
pressure, and/or in-line series operation, there can be an additional upward force across the impeller at start-up.
Upthrust Mitigation. Momentary upthrust in circulator applications is mitigated through confinement of the
impellers and/or pump shaft from excessive upward movement. A low friction upthrust stop ring built into the
pump to confine movement is typically used. Continuous upthrust can not be handled with an upthrust stop
ring alone, as they are not designed for continuous duty in standard products. Grundfos circulator pumps are
equipped with upthrust discs for added protection.
Maximum Flow. Upthrust considerations are generally used to establish the maximum continuous flow range for
a given impeller design, although other issues such as NPSHA may dictate the actual maximum flow duty point. If
prolonged operation in the maximum flow region is anticipated, the manufacturer should be contacted for
specific recommendations. The maximum flow point varies with the square of the head and is directly
proportional to flow.
Cavitation. When the NPSH requirement (NPSHR) of the pump is not met by the NPSH available (NPSHA), the
pump is likely to cavitate. Cavitation is a phenomenon which occurs when the pressure of a moving stream of
liquid is reduced to a value equal to or below its vapor pressure, boiling off the liquid. The vaporization of the
fluid (water for the purposes of this discussion) in the vicinity of the impeller eye forms small pockets of free
water vapor (bubbles) which collapse as the liquid moves to a higher pressure zone within the pump. The
collapse of these vapor pockets is so rapid and violent
that the forces generated are large enough to cause
Figure 2-25: H-Q Deterioration w/Cavitation
minute pockets of fatigue failure, pitting metal
H
surfaces that are adjacent to the collapsing
vapor/bubbles.
Performance
at full
capacity
Performance
according to
data sheet
19
The effects of cavitation vary from mild to extreme.

Under mild conditions, the pump may last for many
years with only a slight reduction in efficiency and no
noticeable noise. Extreme cavitation will result in rapid
destruction of impellers and/or diffusers in the vicinity
of attack (vane tips, etc.) and is normally accompanied
by audible (rattling) noise. In the extreme, the pump
may lose its prime as a result of internal gas lock. Other
factors associated with cavitation are reduced flow,
erratic power consumption and surging.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Figure 2-26: Cavitation - Vapor Formation
Cavitation is not confined to pumping equipment

alone. It also occurs in piping systems where the liquid
velocity is high and the pressure low. Cavitation should
be suspected when noise is heard in pipe lines, or at
sudden enlargements of the pipe cross-section, sharp
bends, throttled valves or like situations. Cavitation is
at a rare occurrence for submersibles in a water well
setting. In sleeved booster or vertical wet pit (sump)
applications, cavitation can be a problem which is best
addressed at the design stage.
Cavitation Considerations at the Design/Application Stage. Cavitation can be generally avoided by providing the
NPSHR of the pump at the maximum flow requirement and water temperature anticipated. The following
analysis should be performed during the pump selection process:
1. Determine the maximum flow requirement under all possible operating conditions and select the pump
which can handle the maximum flow requirement within the published performance curves.
2. Calculate NPSHA for the application and compare with the maximum NPSHR of the selected pump at
maximum flow point established in item 1 above. NPSHA must be greater than NPSHR to prevent cavitation.
Power Consumption and Cost

Power Consumption of Electric Motors. The two most common methods used to check power consumption are
direct measurement using electrical instrumentation and the disk constant method using the utility power
meter. The first of these requires the use of an ammeter and voltmeter or power meter. The second requires only
a stopwatch.
Direct Measurement Method. Utilizing electrical instrumentation to obtain current and voltage measurements,
the following formulas can be used to calculate motor power consumption.
kWI = (I x E x pf x C) /1000
or,
IHp = (I x E x pf X C) /746
where;
kWI = Kilowatts (electrical input power)

I = amperes (meter reading)
E = volts (meter
reading)
IHp = Horsepower (electrical input power)
pf = Power Factor (per mtr. - mfg.) .80 - .85 typ.)
C = 1 for single phase current, 1.73 for three phase current
Disk Constant Method. Utilizing the utility watt-hour meter and the exact time for a given number of revolutions of
the meter disc measured with a stopwatch, and the following formulas can be used to calculate motor power
consumption.
kWI = (3.6 x kh x M x R) /t
or,
IHp = (4.83 x kh x M x R) /t
where;
kWI = Kilowatt Input (kW)

IHp = Input horsepower (Hp)
R = Total revolutions of watt-hour meter disc.
t = Time for total revolution of disc in seconds.
kh = Disc constant, representing watt-hours per revolution. This factor is found on the meter nameplate or
painted on the disc.
M = Transformer ratio multiplier, product of the meter current transformer (CT) and potential transformer (PT)
ratio. M = 1 when neither a CT or PT is used in power metering.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Cost of Pumping using an Electric Motor. The term Efficiency as used in pumping would be of no practical
value if it could not be reduced to terms of actual pumping costs expressed in dollars. When the efficiency of the
pump and motor is known, proportionate cost of power can be predetermined on a basis common to all pumps,
regardless of size or capacity. By using units of capacity and head, comparisons can be made in pumps having
different capacities.
Power cost of pumping varies inversely with overall plant efficiency (OPE). Thus, power cost per gallon for each
foot head on a pump of 30% OPE, is double that of a pump of 60% OPE. (Assuming power rate the same in both
cases). In order to pump one gallon of water in one minute (1 gpm) against one foot head at 100% OPE, requires
.000189 kilowatts. Pumping 1000 gpm per foot head at 100% OPE requires .189 kilowatts (kW).
The following formulas can be used for determining power requirements and associated cost when differing
pumping parameters are known.
1. Cost per hour ($/hr.) of operation
Cost/hr. = kWI x PR
Cost/hr. = .000189 x Q x TH x PR
OPE
21
Cost/hr. = IHp x .746 x PR
Cost/hr. = Q x TH x .746 x PR
3960 x PE x Em
where; kWI = kW input, PR = power rate ($/kWh), IHp = Input Hp,

PE = Pump efficiency, Em = Motor efficiency, TH = Total head (ft.),
Q = flow (gpm), Cost = $ (dollars)
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TECHNICAL DATA
HEAD AND PRESSURE:

To convert from one to the other with fluids where specific gravity is
available use the following:
Head (Feet) =
Pressure (PSI) =
Pressure (PSI) x 2.31

Specific Gravity
Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity

2.31
Example: Convert 160 0F water at 35 PSI to Feet of Head.

82.58 (Feet) =
35 x 2.31
.979
Where .979 is the specific gravity of water at 160 0F from page 30.
ALTERNATIVE FORMULA:
To convert from PSI to Head with fluids where density is known use the
following:
Head (Feet) =
Pressure (PSI) x 144

Density of Fluid
Example: Convert 140 0F 30% propylene glycol and water mixture at 20 PSI
to Feet of Head.
20 x 144
45.79 (Feet) =
62.90
Where 62.90 is the density of a 30% propylene glycol and water mixture at
140 0F from page 33.
This formula is also useful for determining the performance of a pump
when the pressure difference between the inlet and discharge ports can be
measured.
The formula then becomes:
Head (Feet) =
24
(Discharge Pressure Inlet Pressure) P x 144

Density of Fluid
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TECHNICAL DATA
Example: The inlet pressure gauge reads 12 PSI and the discharge pressure
gauge reads 19.2 PSI. The fluid is water at 180 0F. Find the head produced by
the pump.
(19.2-12) x 144
60.570
17.12 (Feet) =
Where 60.570 is the density of water at 180 0F from page 30.

Using the head value of 17.12 to horizontally intersect the pump curve, a
vertical line is dropped to establish the flow at 13 GPM. The flow and head
performance of the pump in the system is now known.
35
30
Head (Feet)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Flow (GPM)
FLOW:
Flow thru a system or boiler based on BTU requirements:
Flow (GPM) =
BTU/hr
500 x (Water Temp Out Water Temp In) T (0F)
Example: Determine the flow required for a 150,000 BTU/hr boiler with an
outlet water temperature of 170 0F and a return water temperature of 150 0F.
15 (GPM) =
22
150,000
500 x 20
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TECHNICAL DATA
HORSEPOWER:
Hydraulic (or Water) Horsepower:
The work performed in pumping or moving a liquid depends on the flow in a
given time (gallons per minute) against the total head (in feet) being
developed.
Horsepower (Water) =
GPM x Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity

3960
Example: Pumping 80 0F water the pump performance is 120 GPM and 60

Feet of head. What is the water horsepower?
1.8 HP (Water) =
120 x 60 x .998
3960
Where .998 is the Specific Gravity of water at 80 0F from page 30.

Brake Horsepower:
The brake horsepower (BHP) of a pump will be greater than the water
horsepower by the amount of losses created within the pump due to
friction, leakage, turbulence, etc. The pump efficiency will therefore be equal
to:
Water
Horsepower
Pump Efficiency =
Brake Horsepower
Water
Brake Horsepower
Horsepower
=
Pump Efficiency
OR
And therefore:
Brake Horsepower =
GPM x Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity

3960 x Pump Efficiency
Example: Using the previous example, the pump has an efficiency of 75%, so
the brake horsepower is:
2.4 BHP =
120 x 60 x .998
3960 x .75
The brake horsepower is that of the pump only. It does include the electric
motor energy losses and therefore is not the true power required to run the
pump/motor combination.
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TECHNICAL DATA
Power Input (Kilowatts):

No electric motor is 100% efficient in the conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Power input is determined by the following formula:
Kilowatt input to the motor Pump BHP x 0.7457
=
Motor Efficiency
Example: Using the previous example, the motor for the pump has an
efficiency of 85.5%, so the kilowatt input to the motor is:
2.1 Kilowatts =
2.4 x 0.7457
.855
Armed with this information annual operating costs can be determined.

OPERATING COST:
To determine annual operating cost of a pump use the following formula:
Annual Operating Cost = KW input x hours of operation per year x energy
cost
Example: A pump requires 7.5KW at the operating point. The pump will run
6 hours per day, 360 days per year. The energy cost is 15 cents per kilowatthour.
Annual Operating Cost = $2430.00 = 7.5 x (6 x 360) x 0.15
Some pumps like the Series UP and the VersaFlo UPS provide maximum
input watts in the submittal data and/or on the pump nameplate. These
values may be used to approximate the annual operating cost as a worstcase scenario.
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head):

NPSHR (Net Positive Suction Head Required):
NPSHR is dependent upon the pump design and is determined by the pump
manufacturer. NPSHR is an important value, which greatly contributes to
the successful operation of a centrifugal pump. It is the amount of positive
head in feed of liquid absolute required at the pump suction to prevent
vaporization or cavitation of the fluid. NPSHR values usually vary with pump
capacity and are based on clear water with a specific gravity of 1.0.
NPSHA (Net Positive Suction Head Available):
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TECHNICAL DATA
NPSHA is dependent upon the system in which the pump operates. NPSHA
is the amount of head or pressure that is available to prevent vaporization
or cavitation of the fluid in the system. It is the amount of head available
above the vapor pressure of the liquid at a specified temperature, and is
measured in feet of liquid absolute.
NPSHA vs. NPSHR Comparison:
To prevent vaporization or cavitation of the liquid in the suction side of the
pump and to ensure rated pump performance, NPSHA must be greater than
or equal to the NPSHR plus a two foot safety margin. That is: NPSHA >
NPSHR + 2 feet
NPSHA Basic Equation:
NPSHA = habs hvpa +- hst hfs
Where:
habs is head absolute pressure and must be converted to feet
hvpa is head vapor pressure and must be converted to feet
hst is static head
hfs is friction head
AND
habs = absolute pressure on the surface of the liquid supply level
hvpa = vapor pressure of the liquid at the temperature being pumped
hst = static height that the liquid supply level is above or below the
centerline of the pump, + for above and for below
hfs = All suction line and friction losses thru pipe, valves and fittings
NPSHA EQUATION (SIMPLIFIED)
Since the head for absolute pressure and vapor pressure are normally given
in PSI and then converted to FEET at the given water temperature it is useful
to change the equation so that pressures may be input directly:
NPSHA = (ps + pa - pv) x 144
Density of Fluid
+-hst - hfs
Where:
ps = Gauge pressure at the surface of the liquid (psig). If the system is an
open tank this value (gauge pressure) will be 0
pa = Atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the system
pv = Pressure vapor of the liquid at the temperature being pumped
Example: A radiant system is located in a two story house 1500 feet above
sea level. The fluid is a 50% ethylene glycol/water mixture at 140 0F. A
pressure gauge on the second floor tubing reads 10 PSI and is 12 feet above
the centerline of the pump. The design flow rate is 2 GPM thru PEX
tubing and there is 30 feet of return tubing from the surface of the liquid to
the inlet of the pump. Determine the NPSHA:
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TECHNICAL DATA
ps = gauge pressure on second floor = 10 PSI

pa = atmospheric pressure at 1500 ft = 13.9 PSIA from page 31
pv = vapor pressure of water at 140 0F = 2.8892 PSIA from page 30
Density = density of 50% ethylene glycol at 140 0F = 65.75 from page 32
hst = distance to liquid supply level = +12 feet
hfs = suction line losses, 30 feet PEX tubing, 2 GPM, 140 0F = .1518 feet per
foot of tubing = 4.554 feet from page 38
Substituting all data into equation and solve for the following:
53.5 Feet = (10 + 13.9 - 2.8892) x 144 12
- 4.554
+
65.75
NPSHA EQUATION (for OPERATING HYDRONIC SYSTEM)
Use the following formula if the pressure of the system can be measured
with the pump running and a pressure gauge is mounted at the inlet of the
pump. All values not shown are captured in the pressure gauge reading
itself.
NPSHA = ( pi + pa pv ) 144
D
Where:
pi = Reading from pressure gauge mounted at pump inlet with pump
running.
pa = Atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the system
pv = Vapor pressure of water at operating temperature.
D = Density of water at operating temperature.
26
29
10/2/2002
1:48 PM
Page 30
Properties of Water at Various Temperatures

WATER TEMPERATURE
0
32
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
212
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
30
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
0
4.4
7.2
10.0
12.8
15.6
18.3
21.1
23.9
26.7
29.4
32.2
35.0
37.8
43.3
48.9
54.4
60.0
65.6
71.1
76.7
82.2
87.8
93.3
98.9
100.0
104.4
110.0
115.6
121.1
126.7
132.2
137.8
143.3
1.002
1.001
1.001
1.001
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.998
.998
.997
.996
.995
.994
.992
.990
.987
.985
.982
.979
.975
.972
.968
.964
.960
.959
.956
.952
.948
.943
.939
.933
.929
.924
VAPOR PRESSURE
DENSITY
PSIA
FEET
lb/ft 3
0.0886
0.1217
0.1474
0.1780
0.2139
0.2561
0.3056
0.3629
0.4296
0.5068
0.5958
0.6981
0.8153
0.9492
1.2750
1.6927
2.2230
2.8892
3.7184
4.7414
5.9926
7.5110
9.3400
11.5260
14.1230
14.6960
17.1860
20.7790
24.9680
29.8250
35.4300
41.8560
49.2000
57.5500
0.204
0.281
0.340
0.411
0.494
0.591
0.706
0.839
0.994
1.172
1.379
1.617
1.890
2.203
2.965
3.943
5.196
6.766
8.735
11.172
14.178
17.825
22.257
27.584
33.983
35.353
41.343
50.420
60.770
73.060
87.050
103.630
122.180
143.875
62.400
62.425
62.420
62.410
62.390
62.370
62.340
62.310
62.270
62.220
62.170
62.120
62.060
62.000
61.980
61.710
61.560
61.380
61.190
60.990
60.790
60.570
60.340
60.110
59.860
59.810
59.610
59.350
59.080
58.800
58.520
58.220
57.920
57.600
10/2/2002
1:48 PM
Page 31
Table 2-15: Altitude vs. Barometric Pressure and Boiling Point of Water
Altitude
Feet (ft.)
Meters (m)
Barometer Reading
in.-H
Hg
mm-H
Hg
Atm. Pressure
psia
ft. Water
Boiling Point
F
1000
500
0
+ 500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
304.8
152.4
0.0
+ 152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
31.0
30.5
29.9
29.4
28.9
28.3
27.8
27.3
26.8
788
775
760
747
734
719
706
694
681
15.2
15.0
14.7
14.4
14.2
13.9
13.7
13.4
13.2
35.2
34.6
33.9
33.3
32.8
32.1
31.5
31.0
30.4
213.8
212.9
212.0
211.1
210.2
209.3
208.4
207.4
206.5
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
15000
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
4572.0
26.3
25.8
25.4
24.9
24.4
24.0
23.5
23.1
22.7
22.2
21.8
21.4
21.0
20.6
16.9
668
655
645
633
620
610
597
587
577
564
554
544
533
523
429
12.9
12.7
12.4
12.2
12.0
11.8
11.5
11.3
11.1
10.9
10.7
10.5
10.3
10.1
8.3
29.8
29.2
28.8
28.2
27.6
27.2
26.7
26.2
25.7
25.2
24.7
24.3
23.8
23.4
19.2
205.6
204.7
203.8
202.9
201.9
201.0
200.1
199.2
198.3
197.4
196.5
195.5
194.6
193.7
184.0
Table 2-16: Elevations for Various Municipalities (U.S. & Canada)
30
City
Approx. Alt. (ft.)
City
Approx. Alt. (ft.)
City
Approx. Alt. (ft.)
Albuquerque
Amarillo
Atlanta
Calgary
Cheyenne
Chicago
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Denver
Detroit
5200
3700
1100
3440
6100
600
550
700
5270
580
Edmonton
Fresno
Ft. Worth
Idaho Falls
Kansas City
Minneapolis
Montreal
Nashville
Omaha
Ottawa
2200
380
700
4700
800
900
100
500
1000
290
Phoenix
Pittsburgh
Regina
Roswell
Reno
Salt Lake City
Spokane
Toronto
Tulsa
Winnipeg
1100
800
1900
3570
4500
4250
1900
350
800
760
31
HVAC Technical Data Booklet Sec. 2.qxd
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 1
Density of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol

Concentrations in Volume Percent Ethylene Glycol
Temp.,
F
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
10%
63.69
63.61
63.52
63.42
63.31
63.19
63.07
62.93
62.97
62.63
62.47
62.30
62.11
61.92
61.72
61.51
61.29
61.06
60.82
60.57
60.31
60.05
59.77
20%
64.83
64.75
64.66
64.56
64.45
64.33
64.21
64.07
63.93
63.77
63.61
63.43
63.25
63.06
62.86
62.64
62.42
62.19
61.95
61.71
61.45
61.18
60.90
60.62
30%
65.93
65.85
65.76
65.66
65.55
65.43
65.30
65.17
65.02
64.86
64.70
64.52
64.34
64.15
63.95
63.73
63.51
63.28
63.04
62.79
62.53
62.27
61.99
61.70
61.40
40%
67.04
66.97
66.89
66.80
66.70
66.59
66.47
66.34
66.20
66.05
65.90
65.73
65.56
65.37
65.18
64.98
64.76
64.54
64.31
64.07
63.82
63.56
63.29
63.01
62.72
62.43
62.12
50%
68.12
68.05
64.98
67.90
67.80
67.70
67.59
67.47
67.34
67.20
67.05
66.90
66.73
66.55
66.37
66.17
65.97
65.75
65.53
65.30
65.05
64.80
64.54
64.27
63.99
63.70
63.40
63.10
62.78
40%
0.0132
0.0092
0.0068
0.0052
0.0041
0.0033
0.0027
0.0023
0.0019
0.0017
0.0014
0.0013
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0428
0.0271
0.0183
0.0130
0.0096
0.0073
0.0057
0.0045
0.0037
0.0031
0.0026
0.0022
0.0019
0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
Note: Density in lb/ft 3.
Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol

Concentrations in Volume Percent Ethylene Glycol
Temp.,
F
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
32
10%
0.0015
0.0012
0.0010
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
20%
0.0026
0.0021
0.0017
0.0015
0.0012
0.0011
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
30%
0.0046
0.0036
0.0029
0.0024
0.0020
0.0017
0.0014
0.0012
0.0011
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
50%
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 2
Density of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol

Concentrations in Volume Percent Propylene Glycol
Temp.,
F
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
10%
63.38
63.30
63.20
63.10
62.98
62.86
62.73
62.59
62.44
62.28
62.11
61.93
61.74
61.54
61.33
61.11
60.89
60.65
60.41
60.15
59.89
59.61
59.33
20%
64.23
64.14
64.03
63.92
63.79
63.66
63.52
63.37
63.20
63.03
62.85
62.66
62.46
62.25
62.03
61.80
61.56
61.31
61.05
60.78
60.50
60.21
59.91
59.60
30%
65.00
64.90
64.79
64.67
64.53
64.39
64.24
64.08
63.91
63.73
63.54
63.33
63.12
62.90
62.67
62.43
62.18
61.92
61.65
61.37
61.08
60.78
60.47
60.15
59.82
40%
65.71
65.60
65.48
65.35
65.21
65.06
64.90
64.73
64.55
64.36
64.16
63.95
63.74
63.51
63.27
63.02
62.76
62.49
62.22
61.93
61.63
61.32
61.00
60.68
60.34
59.99
50%
66.46
66.35
66.23
66.11
65.97
65.82
65.67
65.50
65.33
65.14
64.95
64.74
64.53
64.30
64.06
63.82
63.57
63.30
63.03
62.74
62.45
62.14
61.83
61.50
61.17
60.83
60.47
60.11
Note: Density in lb/ft 3.
Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol

Concentrations in Volume Percent Propylene Glycol
Temp.,
F
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
10%
0.0019
0.0015
0.0013
0.0011
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
20%
0.0036
0.0028
0.0023
0.0019
0.0016
0.0013
0.0011
0.0010
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
30%
0.0090
0.0067
0.0050
0.0039
0.0030
0.0024
0.0020
0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.0010
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
40%
0.0275
0.0183
0.0124
0.0089
0.0065
0.0049
0.0037
0.0029
0.0024
0.0019
0.0016
0.0013
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
50%
0.1049
0.0645
0.0412
0.0273
0.0187
0.0132
0.0096
0.0072
0.0055
0.0043
0.0034
0.0027
0.0023
0.0019
0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.0010
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
33
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 3
PEX Velocity Chart
Exceeds acceptable
velocity for PEX
(feet per second)
Pipe Diameter
Flow
gal/min
0.1
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
10.00
34
3/8"
1/2"
5/8"
3/4"
1"
0.34
0.67
1.01
1.34
1.68
2.01
2.35
2.68
3.02
3.35
4.19
5.03
5.87
6.71
7.55
8.38
9.22
10.06
10.90
11.74
12.58
13.42
14.25
15.09
15.93
16.77
17.61
18.45
19.28
20.12
20.96
21.80
22.64
23.48
24.32
25.15
25.99
26.83
27.67
28.51
29.35
30.18
31.02
31.86
32.70
33.54
0.18
0.36
0.55
0.73
0.91
1.09
1.27
1.45
1.64
1.82
2.27
2.73
3.18
3.64
4.09
4.55
5.00
5.45
5.91
6.36
6.82
7.27
7.73
8.18
8.64
9.09
9.55
10.00
10.45
10.91
11.36
11.82
12.27
12.73
13.18
13.64
14.09
14.55
15.00
15.45
15.91
16.36
16.82
17.27
17.73
18.18
0.12
0.24
0.36
0.48
0.60
0.72
0.84
0.96
1.08
1.20
1.50
1.80
2.10
2.40
2.69
2.99
3.29
3.59
3.89
4.19
4.49
4.79
5.09
5.39
5.69
5.99
6.29
6.59
6.89
7.19
7.49
7.79
8.08
8.38
8.68
8.98
9.28
9.58
9.88
10.18
10.48
10.78
11.08
11.38
11.68
11.98
0.09
0.18
0.27
0.36
0.46
0.55
0.64
0.73
0.82
0.91
1.14
1.37
1.59
1.82
2.05
2.28
2.50
2.73
2.96
3.19
3.41
3.64
3.87
4.10
4.32
4.55
4.78
5.01
5.23
5.46
5.69
5.92
6.14
6.37
6.60
6.83
7.05
7.28
7.51
7.74
7.96
8.19
8.42
8.65
8.87
9.10
0.05
0.11
0.16
0.22
0.27
0.33
0.38
0.43
0.49
0.54
0.68
0.82
0.95
1.09
1.22
1.36
1.49
1.63
1.77
1.90
2.04
2.17
2.31
2.45
2.58
2.72
2.85
2.99
3.12
3.26
3.40
3.53
3.67
3.80
3.94
4.08
4.21
4.35
4.48
4.62
4.76
4.89
5.03
5.16
5.30
5.43
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 4
TECHNICAL DATA
WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
Pressure Loss Per Foot
3/8 PEX 100% Water
1/2 PEX 100% Water
Head (Feet of Water) Per Foot of Pipe

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0029
.0091
.0191
.0362
.0472
.0659
.0879
.1097
.1360
.1657
.1942
.2277
.2646
.2993
.3396
.3834
.4242
.4710
.5214
.5699
.0028
.0080
.0181
.0309
.0457
.0624
.0832
.1053
.1289
.1570
.1858
.2158
.2508
.2860
.3220
.3635
.4048
.4466
.4945
.5387
.0027
.0082
.0173
.0295
.0427
.0596
.0795
.0993
.1232
.1501
.1759
.2063
.2398
.2714
.3080
.3477
.3848
.4273
.4731
.5154
.0026
.0079
.0167
.0285
.0412
.0576
.0768
.0959
.1190
.1451
.1700
.1994
.2318
.2623
.2977
.3362
.3720
.4131
.4575
.4984
.0025
.0077
.0162
.0278
.0402
.0561
.0749
.0936
.1161
.1415
.1659
.1946
.2062
.2560
.2905
.3281
.3630
.4032
.4464
.4864
.0024
.0076
.0159
.0272
.0394
.0550
.0734
.0917
.1138
.1387
.1625
.1906
.2217
.2508
.2847
.3215
.3558
.3951
.4375
.4767
WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

5/8 PEX 100% Water
WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0006
.0021
.0044
.0073
.0109
.0151
.0199
.0253
.0316
.0381
.0451
.0526
.0607
.0693
.0784
.0879
.0980
.1091
.1201
.1317
.1436
.1561
.1691
.1825
.1963
.0006
.0020
.0042
.0069
.0103
.0143
.0189
.0239
.0299
.0360
.0427
.0499
.0575
.0657
.0743
.0833
.0929
.1034
.1139
.1248
.1361
.1479
.1602
.1729
.1861
.0006
.0019
.0040
.0066
.0099
.0137
.0180
.0229
.0286
.0344
.0408
.0477
.0550
.0628
.0710
.0797
.0888
.0989
.1089
.1194
.1301
.1414
.1532
.1653
.1779
.0005
.0019
.0038
.0064
.0095
.0132
.0174
.0221
.0276
.0333
.0394
.0461
.0531
.0607
.0686
.0770
.0858
.0956
.1053
.1154
.1257
.1367
.1480
.1598
.1720
.0005
.0018
.0037
.0062
.0093
.0129
.0170
.0215
.0269
.0325
.0385
.0449
.0518
.0592
.0669
.0751
.0837
.0933
.1027
.1126
.1226
.1333
.1444
.1559
.1677
.0005
.0018
.0037
.0061
.0091
.0126
.0166
.0211
.0264
.0318
.0377
.0440
.0508
.0580
.0656
.0736
.0821
.0914
.1007
.1103
.1201
.1306
.1415
.1527
.1644

3/4 PEX 100% Water

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0002
.0008
.0017
.0028
.0041
.0057
.0075
.0095
.0118
.0142
.0168
.0197
.0227
.0259
.0293
.0329
.0367
.0407
.0448
.0491
.0534
.0580
.0628
.0678
.0729
.0782
.0837
.0894
.0952
.1011
.0002
.0008
.0016
.0026
.0039
.0054
.0071
.0090
.0111
.0135
.0160
.0186
.0215
.0246
.0278
.0312
.0348
.0385
.0425
.0462
.0505
.0549
.0595
.0642
.0691
.0741
.0793
.0847
.0902
.0959
.0002
.0007
.0015
.0025
.0037
.0052
.0068
.0086
.0106
.0129
.0152
.0178
.0206
.0235
.0266
.0298
.0333
.0368
.0406
.0445
.0483
.0525
.0569
.0614
.0661
.0709
.0758
.0810
.0862
.0917
.0002
.0007
.0014
.0024
.0036
.0050
.0066
.0083
.0103
.0124
.0147
.0172
.0199
.0227
.0257
.0288
.0321
.0356
.0392
.0430
.0467
.0507
.0549
.0593
.0638
.0685
.0733
.0782
.0833
.0886
.0002
.0007
.0014
.0024
.0035
.0049
.0064
.0081
.0100
.0121
.0144
.0168
.0194
.0221
.0250
.0281
.0314
.0347
.0383
.0420
.0455
.0495
.0536
.0579
.0623
.0668
.0715
.0763
.0813
.0865
.0002
.0007
.0014
.0023
.0034
.0048
.0063
.0080
.0098
.0119
.0141
.0164
.0190
.0217
.0245
.0276
.0307
.0340
.0375
.0411
.0446
.0485
.0525
.0567
.0610
.0654
.0700
.0748
.0796
.0847
WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.5
3.7
4.0

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0021
.0029
.0039
.0049
.0061
.0073
.0087
.0102
.0117
.0134
.0151
.0170
.0189
.0210
.0231
.0253
.0276
.0300
.0325
.0351
.0378
.0405
.0433
.0463
.0492
.0524
.0604
.0690
.0781
.0877
.0020
.0028
.0037
.0047
.0057
.0069
.0082
.0096
.0111
.0127
.0143
.0161
.0179
.0199
.0219
.0240
.0262
.0284
.0308
.0332
.0358
.0384
.0411
.0438
.0467
.0496
.0573
.0654
.0741
.0832
.0019
.0027
.0035
.0044
.0055
.0066
.0079
.0092
.0106
.0121
.0137
.0154
.0171
.0190
.0209
.0229
.0250
.0272
.0294
.0318
.0342
.0367
.0392
.0419
.0446
.0474
.0548
.0626
.0708
.0795
.0019
.0026
.0034
.0043
.0053
.0064
.0076
.0089
.0102
.0117
.0132
.0148
.0165
.0183
.0202
.0221
.0242
.0263
.0284
.0307
.0330
.0354
.0379
.0405
.0431
.0458
.0529
.0605
.0684
.0769
.0018
.0025
.0033
.0042
.0052
.0062
.0074
.0086
.0100
.0114
.0129
.0145
.0161
.0179
.0197
.0216
.0236
.0256
.0277
.0299
.0322
.0346
.0370
.0395
.0421
.0447
.0516
.0590
.0668
.0018
.0024
.0032
.0041
.0051
.0061
.0072
.0085
.0098
.0111
.0126
.0142
.0158
.0175
.0193
.0211
.0231
.0251
.0272
.0293
.0316
.0339
.0362
.0387
.0412
.0438
.0506
.0578
.0654
.0735
*Reference to WIRSBO
34
35
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 5
TECHNICAL DATA
3/8 PEX 30% Glycol / Water Mixture
WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0034
.0116
.0238
.0397
.0591
.0818
.1077
.1367
.1687
.2036
.2414
.2820
.3253
.3714
.4201
.4715
.5255
.5820
.6411
.7027
.0032
.0109
.0225
.0376
.0560
.0775
.1020
.1295
.1598
.1929
.2287
.2672
.3083
.3519
.3982
.4469
.4981
.5518
.6078
.6663
.0029
.0101
.0208
.0347
.0517
.0716
.0942
.1196
.1477
.1783
.2114
.2470
.2851
.3255
.3683
.4135
.4609
.5106
.5625
.6167
.0028
.0096
.0198
.0332
.0494
.0684
.0901
.1144
.1412
.1705
.2022
.2363
.2727
.3114
.3524
.3956
.4410
.4885
.5383
.5901
.0025
.0087
.0180
.0301
.0448
.0621
.0818
.1039
.1283
.1549
.1838
.2148
.2479
.2832
.3205
.3599
.4012
.4446
.4899
.5372
.0026
.0088
.0182
.0304
.0452
.0627
.0825
.1048
.1294
.1563
.1854
.2167
.2502
.2857
.3234
.3631
.4048
.4485
.4942
.5419

WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
.0003
.0010
.0021
.0034
.0051
.0071
.0093
.0118
.0146
.0176
.0208
.0243
.0281
.0320
.0362
.0407
.0453
.0502
.0553
.0606
.0661
.0718
.0778
.0839
.0902
.0968
.1036
.1105
.1177
.1250
.0003
.0010
.0020
.0033
.0049
.0067
.0088
.0112
.0138
.0167
.0198
.0231
.0267
.0304
.0344
.0386
.0431
.0477
.0525
.0576
.0628
.0683
.0739
.0797
.0858
.0920
.0985
.1151
.1119
.1189
.0003
.0009
.0018
.0030
.0045
.0062
.0081
.0103
.0127
.0154
.0182
.0213
.0246
.0280
.0317
.0356
.0397
.0440
.0484
.0531
.0597
.0629
.0682
.0735
.0791
.0849
.0908
.0969
.1032
.1097
.0002
.0008
.0017
.0029
.0043
.0059
.0078
.0099
.0122
.0147
.0174
.0204
.0235
.0268
.0303
.0340
.0379
.0420
.0463
.0508
.0554
.0602
.0652
.0704
.0757
.0872
.0869
.0927
.9888
.1049
.0002
.0008
.0016
.0026
.0039
.0054
.0071
.0090
.0111
.0134
.0159
.0186
.0215
.0245
.0277
.0311
.0347
.0385
.0424
.0465
.0507
.0551
.0597
.0644
.0693
.0744
.0796
.0850
.0905
.0962
WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0008
.0027
.0055
.0092
.0137
.0190
.0250
.0317
.0391
.0472
.0560
.0654
.0754
.0861
.0974
.1093
.1218
.1349
.1486
.1628
.1777
.1931
.2091
.2256
.2427
.0007
.0025
.0052
.0087
.0130
.0780
.0237
.0300
.0371
.0477
.0530
.0619
.0715
.0816
.0923
.1036
.1154
.1278
.1408
.1543
.1684
.1830
.1982
.2139
.2301
.0007
.0023
.0048
.0081
.0120
.0166
.0219
.0277
.0342
.0413
.0490
.0572
.0660
.0754
.0853
.0957
.1067
.1182
.1302
.1428
.1558
.1693
.1834
.1979
.2129
.0007
.0022
.0046
.0077
.0115
.0159
.0209
.0265
.0327
.0395
.0468
.0547
.0631
.0721
.0816
.0916
.1021
.1131
.1246
.1366
.1490
.1620
.1754
.1893
.2037
.0006
.0020
.0042
.0070
.0104
.0144
.0189
.0241
.0297
.0359
.0425
.0497
.0574
.0655
.0742
.0832
.0928
.1028
.1133
.1242
.1356
.1474
.1596
.1723
.1854
.0006
.0020
.0042
.0070
.0105
.0145
.0191
.0243
.0300
.0362
.0429
.0502
.0579
.0661
.0748
.0840
.0936
.1037
.1143
.1253
.1368
.1487
.1610
.1738
.1870

WIRSBO*
180F
FLOW
US GPM
80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0002
.0008
.0016
.0026
.0039
.0054
.0071
.0090
.0111
.0135
.0160
.0186
.0215
.0246
.0278
.0312
.0348
.0385
.0425
.0466
.0508
.0552
.0598
.0646
.0695
.0745
.0797
.0851
.0907
.0963
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.5
3.7
4.0
.0027
.0037
.0048
.0061
.0076
.0091
.0108
.0126
.0145
.0166
.0188
.0211
.0235
.0260
.0286
.0314
.0342
.0372
.0403
.0435
.0468
.0501
.0536
.0573
.0610
.0648
.0747
.0853
.0965
.1083
.0025
.0035
.0046
.0058
.0071
.0086
.0102
.0119
.0138
.0157
.0178
.0200
.0222
.0246
.0271
.0297
.0324
.0353
.0382
.0412
.0443
.0475
.0508
.0543
.0578
.0614
.0708
.0809
.0915
.1027
.0023
.0032
.0042
.0053
.0066
.0080
.0094
.0110
.0127
.0145
.0164
.0184
.0206
.0228
.0251
.0275
.0300
.0326
.0353
.0381
.0410
.0440
.0470
.0502
.0534
.0568
.0655
.0749
.0847
.0951
.0022
.0031
.0040
.0051
.0063
.0076
.0090
.0105
.0122
.0139
.0157
.0176
.0197
.0218
.0240
.0263
.0287
.0312
.0338
.0364
.0392
.0420
.0450
.0480
.0511
.0543
.0627
.0716
.0811
.0910
.0021
.0029
.0038
.0048
.0060
.0072
.0086
.0100
.0115
.0132
.0149
.0167
.0186
.0207
.0228
.0249
.0272
.0296
.0320
.0346
.0372
.0399
.0427
.0456
.0485
.0516
.0596
.0680
.0770
.0864
.0020
.0028
.0037
.0047
.0058
.0070
.0083
.0097
.0111
.0127
.0144
.0162
.0180
.0200
.0220
.0241
.0263
.0286
.0310
.0334
.0360
.0386
.0413
.0441
.0469
.0499
.0576
.0658
.0744
.0836
36
35
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 6
TECHNICAL DATA

WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0037
.0127
.0261
.0436
.0649
.0898
.1182
.1499
.1849
.2232
.2645
.3089
.3564
.4068
.4601
.5163
.5754
.6372
.7019
.7692
.0035
.0119
.0244
.0407
.0606
.0839
.1104
.1401
.1729
.2086
.2473
.2889
.3333
.3805
.4304
.4830
.5383
.5962
.6567
.7198
.0032
.0111
.0228
.0380
.0566
.0784
.1032
.1310
.1616
.1951
.2313
.2702
.3118
.3560
.4027
.4520
.5038
.5580
.6147
.6738
.0030
.0104
.0213
.0357
.0531
.0735
.0968
.1229
.1517
.1831
.2171
.2537
.2927
.3342
.3781
.4245
.4731
.5241
.5774
.6330
.0028
.0097
.0200
.0334
.0497
.0689
.0907
.1152
.1422
.1717
.2036
.2379
.2746
.3136
.3548
.3983
.4440
.4919
.5420
.5942
.0027
.0092
.0190
.0317
.0473
.0655
.0863
.1096
.1353
.1633
.1937
.2264
.2613
.2984
.3377
.3791
.4226
.4683
.5160
.5657

WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
.0003
.0011
.0023
.0038
.0056
.0078
.0102
.0130
.0160
.0193
.0229
.0267
.0308
.0351
.0397
.0446
.0497
.0550
.0606
.0664
.0724
.0787
.0852
.0919
.0988
.1060
.1134
.1210
.1288
.1369
.0003
.0010
.0021
.0035
.0052
.0073
.0095
.0121
.0149
.0180
.0214
.0249
.0288
.0328
.0371
.0417
.0464
.0514
.0566
.0621
.0677
.0736
.0797
.0860
.0925
.0992
.1061
.1132
.1205
.1281
.0003
.0010
.0020
.0033
.0049
.0068
.0089
.0113
.0140
.0168
.0200
.0233
.0269
.0307
.0347
.0390
.0434
.0481
.0530
.0580
.0633
.0688
.0745
.0804
.0865
.0928
.0993
.1059
.1128
.1199
.0003
.0009
.0018
.0031
.0046
.0063
.0083
.0106
.0130
.0157
.0186
.0218
.0251
.0287
.0324
.0364
.0406
.0450
.0495
.0543
.0592
.0644
.0697
.0752
.0809
.0868
.0929
.0991
.1055
.1121
.0002
.0008
.0017
.0029
.0043
.0059
.0078
.0099
.0123
.0148
.0175
.0205
.0237
.0270
.0305
.0343
.0382
.0423
.0466
.0511
.0558
.0606
.0656
.0708
.0762
.0818
.0875
.0934
.0994
.1057

WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0009
.0030
.0061
.0101
.0151
.0208
.0274
.0348
.0429
.0518
.0614
.0717
.0827
.0944
.1067
.1198
.1334
.1478
.1627
.1784
.1946
.2114
.2289
.2470
.2657
.0008
.0028
.0057
.0095
.0141
.0195
.0256
.0325
.0401
.0484
.0574
.0670
.0773
.0882
.0998
.1120
.1248
.1382
.1522
.1668
.1820
.1978
.2142
.2311
.2486
.0008
.0026
.0053
.0088
.0131
.0182
.0239
.0304
.0375
.0452
.0536
.0626
.0723
.0825
.0933
.1047
.1167
.1293
.1424
.1561
.1703
.1852
.2004
.2163
.2327
.0007
.0024
.0049
.0082
.0123
.0170
.0224
.0284
.0350
.0423
.0501
.0585
.0676
.0771
.0873
.0979
.1091
.1209
.1332
.1460
.1593
.1731
.1875
.2023
.2177
.0007
.0023
.0046
.0077
.0115
.0160
.0210
.0267
.0330
.0398
.0472
.0551
.0636
.0726
.0822
.0922
.1028
.1139
.1254
.1375
.1501
.1631
.1767
.1907
.2051
.0006
.0021
.0044
.0074
.0110
.0152
.0200
.0254
.0313
.0378
.0449
.0524
.0605
.0691
.0782
.0877
.0978
.1084
.1194
.1309
.1428
.1553
.1681
.1815
.1953

WIRSBO*
180F
FLOW
US GPM
80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0002
.0008
.0016
.0027
.0041
.0056
.0074
.0094
.0117
.0141
.0167
.0195
.0225
.0257
.0291
.0326
.0364
.0403
.0444
.0486
.0531
.0577
.0625
.0674
.0725
.0778
.0833
.0889
.0947
.1006
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.5
3.7
4.0
.0029
.0040
.0053
.0067
.0083
.0100
.0118
.0138
.0160
.0182
.0206
.0231
.0257
.0285
.0314
.0344
.0375
.0408
.0441
.0476
.0512
.0549
.0588
.0627
.0668
.0709
.0818
.0934
.1057
.1186
.0027
.0038
.0049
.0063
.0077
.0093
.0111
.0129
.0149
.0170
.0192
.0216
.0241
.0266
.0293
.0322
.0351
.0381
.0413
.0445
.0479
.0514
.0550
.0587
.0624
.0663
.0766
.0874
.0989
.1110
.0025
.0035
.0046
.0059
.0072
.0087
.0103
.0121
.0139
.0159
.0180
.0202
.0225
.0249
.0274
.0301
.0328
.0357
.0386
.0417
.0448
.0481
.0514
.0549
.0584
.0621
.0716
.0818
.0926
.1039
.0024
.0033
.0043
.0055
.0068
.0082
.0097
.0113
.0130
.0149
.0168
.0189
.0210
.0233
.0257
.0281
.0307
.0333
.0361
.0390
.0419
.0450
.0481
.0513
.0547
.0581
.0670
.0765
.0866
.0972
.0022
.0031
.0041
.0051
.0064
.0077
.0091
.0106
.0123
.0140
.0158
.0178
.0198
.0219
.0242
.0265
.0289
.0314
.0340
.0367
.0395
.0423
.0453
.0484
.0515
.0547
.0631
.0721
.0816
.0916
.0021
.0029
.0039
.0049
.0060
.0073
.0086
.0101
.0117
.0133
.0150
.0169
.0188
.0209
.0230
.0252
.0275
.0299
.0323
.0349
.0376
.0403
.0431
.0460
.0490
.0521
.0601
.0687
.0777
.0872
36
37
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 7
TECHNICAL DATA
WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0041
.0140
.0289
.0481
.0716
.0990
.1303
.1652
.2038
.2459
.2914
.3403
.3925
.4480
.5067
.5685
.6334
.7014
.7725
.8465
.0037
.0125
.0257
.0429
.0639
.0884
.1163
.1476
.1821
.2197
.2605
.3042
.3509
.4006
.4531
.5085
.5666
.6276
.6912
.7576
.0034
.0115
.0237
.0395
.0588
.0813
.1071
.1359
.1677
.2024
.2400
.2803
.3234
.3692
.4177
.4688
.5224
.5787
.6374
.6987
.0031
.0108
.0221
.0370
.0550
.0762
.1003
.1273
.1571
.1897
.2249
.2627
.3032
.3461
.3916
.4395
.4899
.5427
.5978
.6553
.0029
.0100
.0206
.0345
.0514
.0711
.0936
1189
.1467
.1772
.2101
.2455
.2833
.3235
.3660
.4109
.4580
.5074
.5590
.6128
.0028
.0098
.0201
.0336
.0501
.0694
.0913
1160
.1432
.1728
.2050
.2395
.2764
.3156
.3572
.4009
.4469
.4951
.5455
.5981

WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0004
.0012
.0025
.0042
.0062
.0086
.0113
.0143
.0176
.0213
.0252
.0294
.0339
.0387
.0438
.0491
.0547
.0606
.0667
.0730
.0798
.0867
.0938
.1012
.1088
.1167
.1249
.1332
.1418
.1507
.0003
.0011
.0022
.0037
.0055
.0076
.0101
.0128
.0157
.0190
.0225
.0263
.0303
.0346
.0391
.0439
.0489
.0542
.0596
.0654
.0713
.0775
.0839
.0905
.0973
.1044
.1117
.1192
.1269
.1348
.0003
.0010
.0020
.0034
.0051
.0070
.0093
.0117
.0145
.0175
.0207
.0242
.0279
.0319
.0360
.0404
.0450
.0499
.0549
.0602
.0657
.0714
.0773
.0834
.0897
.0962
.1030
.1099
.1170
.1243
.0003
.0009
.0019
.0032
.0048
.0066
.0087
.0110
.0136
.0164
.0194
.0227
.0261
.0298
.0338
.0379
.0422
.0468
.0515
.0564
.0616
.0669
.0725
.0782
.0841
.0902
.0965
.1030
.1097
.1166
.0003
.0009
.0018
.0030
.0044
.0061
.0081
.0103
.0127
.0153
.0181
.0212
.0244
.0279
.0315
.0354
.0394
.0437
.0481
.0527
.0575
.0625
.0677
.0731
.0786
.0844
.0902
.0963
.1026
.1090
.0002
.0008
.0017
.0029
.0043
.0060
.0079
.0100
.0123
.0149
.0177
.0206
.0238
.0272
.0308
.0345
.0385
.0426
.0469
.0515
.0561
.0610
.0661
.0713
.0767
.0823
.0881
.0940
.1001
.1064
WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0010
.0033
.0067
.0112
.0166
.0230
.0303
.0384
.0473
.0571
.0677
.0790
.0911
.1040
.1176
.1319
.1470
.1628
.1792
.1964
.2143
.2328
.2520
.2719
.2924
.0008
.0029
.0060
.0100
.0148
.0205
.0270
.0343
.0423
.0510
.0604
.0706
.0814
.0929
.1051
.1179
.1314
.1455
.1603
.1756
.1913
.2082
.2254
.2432
.2617
.0008
.0027
.0055
.0092
.0136
.0189
.0249
.0315
.0389
.0469
.0557
.0650
.0750
.0856
.0968
.1087
.1211
.1341
.1477
.1619
.1766
.1920
.2079
.2243
.2413
.0007
.0025
.0051
.0086
.0128
.0177
.0233
.0295
.0364
.0440
.0521
.0609
.0703
.0802
.0907
.1018
.1135
.1257
.1385
.1518
.1656
.1800
.1949
.2103
.2263
.0007
.0023
.0048
.0080
.0119
.0165
.0217
.0276
.0340
.0411
.0487
.0569
.0656
.0749
.0848
.0951
.1061
.1175
.1294
.1419
.1548
.1683
.1822
.1966
.2116
.0007
.0023
.0047
.0078
.0116
.0161
.0212
.0269
.0332
.0401
.0475
.0555
.0640
.0731
.0827
.0928
.1035
.1146
.1263
.1384
.1511
.1642
.1778
.1919
.2065

WIRSBO*
FLOW
US GPM
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.7
4.0

80F
100F
120F
140F
160F
180F
.0032
.0044
.0058
.0074
.0091
.0110
.0131
.0153
.0176
.0201
.0227
.0255
.0284
.0314
.0346
.0379
.0413
.0449
.0486
.0525
.0564
.0605
.0647
.0691
.0735
.0781
.0901
.1028
.1163
.1305
.0029
.0040
.0052
.0066
.0082
.0098
.0117
.0136
.0157
.0179
.0203
.0227
.0253
.0281
.0309
.0339
.0370
.0401
.0435
.0469
.0504
.0541
.0579
.0618
.0657
.0699
.0806
.0920
.1041
.1168
.0026
.0036
.0048
.0061
.0075
.0091
.0107
.0125
.0145
.0165
.0187
.0209
.0233
.0259
.0285
.0312
.0340
.0370
.0401
.0432
.0465
.0499
.0533
.0569
.0606
.0644
.0743
.0848
.0960
.1077
.0025
.0034
.0045
.0057
.0070
.0085
.0101
.0117
.0135
.0155
.0175
.0196
.0219
.0242
.0267
.0292
.0319
.0347
.0375
.0405
.0436
.0467
.0500
.0534
.0568
.0604
.0697
.0796
.0900
.1010
.0023
.0032
.0043
.0054
.0067
.0081
.0095
.0112
.0129
.0147
.0166
.0186
.0208
.0230
.0253
.0278
.0303
.0329
.0357
.0385
.0414
.0444
.0475
.0507
.0540
.0574
.0662
.0756
.0856
.0961
.0022
.0031
.0041
.0052
.0064
.0077
.0092
.0107
.0123
.0141
.0159
.0179
.0199
.0221
.0243
.0266
.0291
.0316
.0342
.0369
.0397
.0426
.0456
.0487
.0518
.0551
.0636
.0726
.0821
.0922
38
37
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 8
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART & FRICTION OF WATER
at 60 F
(Smoothwall Coppertubing, Brass, and S.P.S. Copper Pipe)
FLOW
U.S. GPM
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
5
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
.402" Inside Dia.

.049" Wall Thickness
VELOCITY
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.51
0.55
1.01
2.15
1.52
4.29
2.02
7.02
2.52
10.32
3.78
20.66
5.04
34.48
6.30
51.03
7.55
70.38
8.82
92.44
10.10
117.10
11.40
144.40
12.60
174.30
.430" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.44
0.48
0.88
1.57
1.33
3.12
1.77
5.11
2.20
7.50
3.30
15.50
4.40
20.03
5.50
37.01
6.60
51.02
7.70
66.98
8.80
84.85
9.90
104.60
11.00
126.10
.450" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY HEAD LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.40
0.39
0.81
1.27
1.21
2.52
1.61
4.12
2.01
6.05
3.02
12.21
4.02
20.16
5.03
29.80
6.04
41.07
7.04
53.90
8.05
68.26
9.05
84.11
10.05
101.40
.494" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.34
0.26
0.67
0.82
1.00
1.63
1.34
2.66
1.68
3.89
2.51
7.84
3.35
12.94
4.19
19.11
5.02
26.32
5.86
34.52
6.70
43.70
7.53
53.82
8.36
64.87
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
.527" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.74
0.88
1.47
2.87
2.20
5.77
2.94
9.52
3.67
14.05
4.40
19.34
5.14
25.36
5.87
32.09
6.61
39.51
7.35
47.61
8.81
65.79
10.30
86.57
11.80
109.90
13.20
135.60
14.70
163.80
.545" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.69
0.75
1.38
2.45
2.06
4.93
2.75
8.11
3.44
11.98
4.12
16.48
4.81
21.61
5.50
27.33
6.19
33.65
6.87
40.52
8.25
56.02
9.62
73.69
11.00
93.50
12.40
115.40
13.80
139.40
.569" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY HEAD LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.63
0.62
1.26
2.00
1.90
4.02
2.53
6.61
3.16
9.76
3.79
13.42
4.42
17.59
5.05
22.25
5.68
27.39
6.31
32.99
7.59
45.57
8.84
59.93
10.10
76.03
11.40
93.82
12.60
113.30
.625" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.52
0.40
1.04
1.28
1.57
2.58
2.09
4.24
2.61
6.25
3.13
8.59
3.66
11.25
4.18
14.22
4.70
17.50
5.22
21.07
6.26
29.09
7.31
38.23
8.35
48.47
9.40
59.79
10.40
72.16
1/2 INCH
FLOW
U.S. GPM
1/2
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
5
6
7
8
9
10
3/4 INCH
FLOW
U.S. GPM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
.745" Inside Dia.

.785" Inside Dia.

.811" Inside Dia.

.822" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
0.74
1.47
2.21
2.94
3.67
4.41
5.14
5.88
6.61
7.35
8.09
8.83
9.56
10.30
11.00
11.80
12.50
13.20
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.56
1.84
3.73
6.16
9.12
12.57
16.51
20.91
25.77
31.08
36.83
43.01
49.62
56.66
64.11
71.97
80.24
88.92
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
0.66
1.33
1.99
2.65
3.31
3.98
4.64
5.30
5.96
6.62
7.29
7.95
8.61
9.27
9.94
10.60
11.25
11.92
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.44
1.44
2.91
4.81
7.11
9.80
12.86
16.28
20.06
24.19
28.66
33.47
38.61
44.07
49.86
55.97
62.39
69.13
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
0.62
1.24
1.86
2.48
3.10
3.72
4.34
4.96
5.59
6.20
6.82
7.44
8.06
8.68
9.30
9.92
10.55
11.17
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.38
1.23
2.49
4.12
6.09
8.39
11.01
13.94
17.17
20.70
24.52
28.63
33.02
37.69
42.64
47.86
53.35
59.10
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
0.60
1.21
1.81
2.42
3.02
3.62
4.23
4.83
5.44
6.04
6.64
7.25
7.85
8.45
9.05
9.65
10.25
10.85
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.35
1.16
2.34
3.86
5.71
7.86
10.32
13.07
16.10
19.41
22.99
26.84
30.96
35.33
39.97
44.86
50.00
55.40
NOTES: *S.P.S. copper and brass pipe.

No allowance has been made for age, difference in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the local conditions and
the requirements of each particular installation. It is recommended that for most commercial design purposes a safety factor of 15 to 20% be added to the values in the tables.
38
39
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 9
TECHNICAL DATA
at 60 F
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
.995" Inside Dia.

1.025" Inside Dia.

1.055" Inside Dia.

1.062" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
0.82
1.24
1.65
2.06
2.48
2.89
3.30
3.71
4.12
4.95
5.77
6.60
7.42
8.24
10.30
12.37
14.42
16.50
18.55
20.60
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.47
0.95
1.56
2.30
3.17
4.15
5.25
6.47
7.79
10.76
14.15
17.94
22.14
26.73
39.87
55.33
73.06
93.00
115.10
139.40
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
0.78
1.17
1.56
1.95
2.34
2.72
3.11
3.50
3.89
4.67
5.45
6.22
7.00
7.78
9.74
11.68
13.61
15.55
17.50
19.45
0.41
0.82
1.35
2.00
2.75
3.60
4.56
5.61
6.76
9.33
12.27
15.56
19.20
23.18
34.56
47.96
63.31
80.58
99.72
120.70
0.73
1.10
1.47
1.83
2.20
2.56
2.93
3.30
3.66
4.40
5.13
5.86
6.60
7.33
9.16
11.00
12.82
14.66
16.50
18.32
0.36
0.72
1.18
1.74
2.40
3.14
3.97
4.89
5.89
8.13
10.69
13.55
16.72
20.18
30.09
41.74
55.09
70.11
86.75
105.00
0.72
1.08
1.45
1.81
2.17
2.53
2.89
3.25
3.61
4.34
5.05
5.78
6.50
7.22
9.03
10.84
12.65
14.45
16.25
18.05
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.35
0.70
1.14
1.69
2.32
3.04
3.85
4.74
5.71
7.88
10.36
13.13
16.20
19.55
29.15
40.43
53.37
67.90
84.20
101.70
1-1/4 INCH
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
1.245" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.31
0.79
1.58
1.09
1.84
1.43
2.11
1.81
2.37
2.22
2.63
2.67
3.16
3.69
3.95
5.47
5.26
9.13
6.58
13.59
7.90
18.83
9.21
24.83
10.50
31.57
11.80
38.03
13.20
47.20
15.80
65.65
18.40
86.82
21.10
110.70
23.70
137.25
26.30
166.30
1.265" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.28
0.74
1.53
1.01
1.79
1.32
2.04
1.67
2.30
2.06
2.55
2.48
3.06
3.42
3.83
5.07
5.10
8.46
6.38
12.59
7.65
17.44
8.94
23.00
10.20
29.24
11.50
36.15
12.80
43.71
15.30
60.78
17.90
80.38
20.40
102.50
23.00
127.00
25.50
153.90
1.291" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
1.22
0.67
1.47
0.92
1.71
1.20
1.96
1.52
2.20
1.87
2.45
2.25
2.93
3.10
3.66
4.60
4.89
7.67
6.11
11.42
7.33
15.82
8.55
20.86
9.77
26.51
11.00
32.77
12.20
39.63
14.70
55.10
17.10
72.86
19.60
92.85
22.00
115.10
24.40
139.40
1.368" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.09
0.51
1.31
0.70
1.53
0.91
1.75
1.15
1.96
1.42
2.18
1.71
2.62
2.35
3.27
3.49
4.36
5.81
5.46
8.65
6.55
11.98
7.65
15.79
8.74
20.06
9.83
24.80
10.90
29.98
13.10
41.66
15.30
55.07
17.50
70.16
19.60
86.91
21.80
105.30

40
39
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 10
TECHNICAL DATA
at 60 F
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
8
9
10
12
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
1.481" Inside Dia.

1.505" Inside Dia.

1.527" Inside Dia.

1.600" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
1.49
1.67
1.86
2.23
2.79
3.72
4.65
5.58
6.51
7.44
8.37
9.30
11.20
13.00
14.90
16.70
18.60
20.50
22.30
24.20
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.79
0.97
1.17
1.61
2.39
3.98
5.91
8.19
10.79
13.70
16.93
20.46
28.42
37.55
47.82
59.21
71.70
85.29
99.95
115.70
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.44
1.62
1.80
2.16
2.70
3.60
4.51
5.41
6.31
7.21
8.11
9.01
10.80
12.60
14.40
16.20
18.00
19.80
21.60
23.40
0.73
0.90
1.08
1.49
2.21
3.68
5.48
7.58
9.99
12.68
15.67
18.94
26.30
34.74
44.24
54.78
66.34
78.90
92.46
107.00
1.40
1.57
1.75
2.10
2.63
3.50
4.38
5.25
6.13
7.00
7.88
8.76
10.50
12.30
14.00
15.80
17.50
19.30
21.00
22.80
0.68
0.84
1.01
1.39
2.07
3.44
5.11
7.07
9.31
11.83
14.61
17.66
24.53
32.40
41.25
51.07
61.84
73.55
86.18
99.73
1.27
1.43
1.59
1.91
2.39
3.19
3.98
4.78
5.58
6.37
7.16
7.96
9.56
11.20
12.80
14.40
15.90
17.50
19.10
20.70
0.55
0.67
0.81
1.12
1.65
2.75
4.09
5.65
7.45
9.45
11.68
14.11
19.59
25.87
32.93
40.76
49.34
58.67
68.74
79.53
2 INCH
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
1.959" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.07
0.31
1.28
0.43
1.49
0.56
1.7
0.71
1.92
0.87
2.13
1.05
2.66
1.55
3.19
2.15
3.73
2.82
4.26
3.58
4.79
4.42
5.32
5.43
6.39
7.40
7.45
9.76
8.52
12.42
9.58
15.36
10.65
18.58
11.71
22.07
1.985" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.04
0.29
1.24
0.40
1.45
0.52
1.66
0.66
1.87
0.82
2.07
0.98
2.59
1.46
3.11
2.01
3.62
2.65
4.14
3.36
4.66
4.15
5.17
5.01
6.21
6.95
7.25
9.16
8.28
11.65
9.31
14.41
10.40
17.43
11.40
20.71
2.009" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
1.01
0.27
1.21
0.38
1.42
0.50
1.62
0.63
1.82
0.77
2.02
0.93
2.53
1.38
3.03
1.90
3.54
2.50
4.05
3.17
4.55
3.92
5.05
4.73
6.06
6.56
7.07
8.65
8.09
11.00
9.10
13.60
10.10
16.45
11.10
19.55
2.062" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.96
0.24
1.15
0.33
1.34
0.44
1.53
0.55
1.72
0.68
1.92
0.82
2.39
1.22
2.87
1.68
3.35
2.21
3.83
2.80
4.30
3.46
4.80
4.17
5.75
5.79
6.70
7.63
7.65
9.70
8.61
12.00
9.57
14.51
10.50
17.24

40
41
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 11
TECHNICAL DATA
at 60 F
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
1.959" Inside Dia.

1.985" Inside Dia.

2.009" Inside Dia.

2.062" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
12.78
13.85
14.90
16.00
17.00
18.10
19.20
20.20
21.30
22.40
23.40
24.50
25.60
26.60
27.70
28.80
29.80
30.90
32.00
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
25.84
29.88
34.18
38.75
43.58
48.67
54.01
59.61
65.46
71.57
77.93
84.53
91.38
98.43
105.80
113.40
121.30
129.30
137.60
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
12.40
13.40
14.50
15.50
16.50
17.60
18.60
19.60
20.70
21.70
22.80
23.80
24.80
25.90
26.90
27.90
29.00
30.00
31.10
24.25
28.04
32.07
36.36
40.89
45.66
50.67
55.92
61.41
67.14
73.10
79.29
85.72
92.37
99.26
106.40
113.70
121.30
129.10
12.10
13.10
14.20
15.20
16.20
17.20
18.20
19.20
20.20
21.20
22.20
23.20
24.30
25.30
26.30
27.30
28.30
29.40
30.40
22.88
26.45
30.26
34.30
38.58
43.08
47.81
52.76
57.94
63.34
68.96
74.80
80.86
87.14
93.63
100.30
107.30
114.30
121.80
11.50
12.50
13.40
14.40
15.30
16.30
17.20
18.20
19.20
20.10
21.00
22.00
23.00
23.90
24.90
25.80
26.80
27.80
28.70
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
20.18
23.33
26.69
30.25
34.01
37.98
42.15
46.51
51.07
55.83
60.78
65.93
71.26
76.79
82.51
88.42
94.52
100.80
107.30
2 -1/2 INCH
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
2.435" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.38
0.37
1.72
0.55
2.07
0.76
2.41
1.00
2.76
1.26
3.10
1.56
3.45
1.88
4.14
2.61
4.82
3.43
5.51
4.36
6.20
5.39
6.89
6.52
7.58
7.74
8.27
9.06
8.96
10.46
9.65
11.97
10.35
13.56
11.00
15.24
2.465" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.34
0.35
1.68
0.52
2.02
0.72
2.35
0.94
2.69
1.19
3.02
1.47
3.36
1.77
4.03
2.46
4.70
3.24
5.37
4.12
6.04
5.08
6.71
6.15
7.38
7.30
8.05
8.54
8.73
9.87
9.40
11.28
10.10
12.78
10.80
14.36
2.495" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
1.31
0.33
1.64
0.49
1.97
0.68
2.30
0.89
2.62
1.13
2.95
1.39
3.28
1.68
3.93
2.32
4.59
3.06
5.25
3.88
5.90
4.80
6.55
5.80
7.21
6.89
7.86
8.05
8.52
9.31
9.18
10.64
9.83
12.06
10.50
13.55
2.500" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.31
0.33
1.63
0.49
1.96
0.67
2.29
0.88
2.61
1.12
2.94
1.38
3.26
1.66
3.92
2.30
4.57
3.03
5.22
3.85
5.88
4.75
6.53
5.74
7.19
6.82
7.84
47.81
8.49
9.22
9.14
10.54
9.79
11.94
10.45
13.42

42
41
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 12
TECHNICAL DATA
at 60 F
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
2.435" Inside Dia.

2.465" Inside Dia.

2.495" Inside Dia.

2.500" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
11.70
12.40
13.10
13.80
15.20
16.50
17.90
19.30
20.70
22.10
23.40
24.80
26.20
27.60
29.00
30.30
31.70
33.10
34.50
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
17.01
18.87
20.81
22.85
27.18
31.84
36.85
42.19
47.86
53.86
60.18
66.83
73.80
81.09
88.70
96.62
104.90
113.40
122.30
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
11.40
12.10
12.80
13.40
14.80
16.10
17.50
18.80
20.10
21.50
22.80
24.20
25.50
26.90
28.20
29.50
30.90
32.20
33.60
16.03
17.79
19.62
21.54
25.61
30.01
34.73
39.76
45.10
50.75
56.71
62.97
69.54
76.41
83.57
91.04
98.80
106.80
115.20
11.10
11.80
12.50
13.10
14.40
15.70
17.10
18.40
19.70
21.00
22.30
23.60
24.90
26.20
27.50
28.80
30.20
31.50
32.80
15.12
16.78
18.51
20.31
24.16
28.31
32.75
37.50
42.53
47.86
53.48
59.38
65.57
72.04
78.80
85.83
93.15
100.70
108.60
11.10
11.80
12.40
13.10
14.40
15.70
17.00
18.30
19.60
20.90
22.20
23.50
24.80
26.10
8.49
28.70
30.00
31.40
32.60
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
14.98
16.61
18.33
20.12
23.93
28.03
32.44
37.13
42.12
47.40
52.96
58.81
64.94
47.81
78.04
85.00
92.24
99.76
107.50
3 INCH
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
2.907" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.96
0.16
1.45
0.33
1.93
0.54
2.41
0.81
2.89
1.12
3.38
1.47
3.86
1.87
4.34
2.30
4.82
2.78
5.30
3.30
5.79
3.86
6.27
4.46
6.75
5.10
7.24
5.77
7.72
6.49
8.20
7.24
8.69
8.03
9.16
8.85
2.945" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.94
0.15
1.41
0.31
1.88
0.51
2.35
0.76
2.82
1.05
3.29
1.38
3.76
1.75
4.23
2.16
4.70
2.61
5.17
3.10
5.64
3.63
6.11
4.19
6.58
4.79
7.05
5.42
7.52
6.09
7.99
6.80
8.46
7.54
8.93
8.32
2.981" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
0.92
0.14
1.37
0.29
1.83
0.48
2.29
0.72
2.75
0.99
3.20
1.30
3.66
1.65
4.12
2.04
4.59
2.47
5.05
2.93
5.50
3.42
5.95
3.95
6.41
4.52
6.87
5.12
7.34
5.75
7.79
6.41
8.25
7.11
8.70
7.84
3.062" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.87
0.13
1.30
0.25
1.74
0.42
2.17
0.63
2.61
0.87
3.04
1.15
3.48
1.45
3.91
1.80
4.35
2.17
4.79
2.57
5.21
3.01
5.65
3.47
6.09
3.97
6.52
4.50
6.95
5.05
7.39
5.64
7.82
6.25
8.25
6.89

42
43
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 13
TECHNICAL DATA
at 60 F
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
2.907" Inside Dia.

2.945" Inside Dia.

2.981" Inside Dia.

3.062" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
9.64
10.60
11.60
12.60
13.50
14.50
15.40
16.40
17.40
18.30
19.30
21.70
24.10
26.60
29.00
31.40
33.80
36.20
38.60
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
9.71
11.55
13.52
15.64
17.90
20.30
22.83
25.50
28.30
31.24
34.32
42.58
51.65
61.54
72.22
83.69
95.95
109.00
122.80
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
9.40
10.30
11.30
12.20
13.20
14.10
15.00
16.00
16.90
17.90
18.80
21.20
23.50
25.80
28.20
30.60
32.90
35.20
37.60
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
9.13
10.85
12.70
14.69
16.81
19.06
21.44
23.95
26.95
29.58
32.22
39.98
48.50
57.77
67.80
78.56
90.06
102.30
115.30
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
9.16
10.10
11.00
11.90
12.80
13.70
14.70
15.60
16.50
17.40
18.30
20.60
22.90
25.20
27.50
29.80
32.10
34.40
36.60
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
8.61
10.23
11.98
13.85
15.85
17.97
20.22
22.58
25.06
27.66
30.38
37.69
45.72
54.46
63.91
74.05
84.89
96.41
108.60
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
8.70
9.56
10.40
11.30
12.20
13.00
13.90
14.80
15.70
16.50
17.40
19.60
21.70
23.90
26.10
28.20
30.40
32.60
34.80
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
7.56
8.99
10.52
12.17
13.93
15.79
17.76
19.83
22.01
24.29
26.68
33.09
40.14
47.81
56.10
65.00
74.50
84.61
95.31
3 -1/2 INCH
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
3.385" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
2.14
0.54
2.49
0.71
2.84
0.90
3.20
1.11
3.56
1.34
3.92
1.59
4.26
1.86
4.62
2.15
4.98
2.45
5.34
2.78
5.69
3.12
6.05
3.48
6.40
3.86
6.76
4.25
7.11
4.67
7.82
5.54
8.54
6.49
9.25
7.50
9.95
8.58
3.425" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
2.09
0.51
2.44
0.67
2.78
0.85
3.13
1.05
3.48
1.27
3.82
1.50
4.18
1.76
4.52
2.03
4.87
2.32
5.21
2.62
5.56
2.95
5.91
3.29
6.26
3.64
6.60
4.02
6.95
4.41
7.65
5.24
8.35
6.13
9.05
7.09
9.74
8.11
3.459" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
2.05
0.49
2.39
0.64
2.73
0.81
3.07
1.00
3.41
1.21
3.76
1.43
4.10
1.68
4.45
1.93
4.79
2.21
5.12
2.50
5.46
2.81
5.80
3.14
6.16
3.48
6.49
3.83
6.82
4.20
7.51
4.99
8.19
5.85
8.87
6.76
9.55
7.73
3.500" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
2.00
0.46
2.33
0.60
2.66
0.77
3.00
0.95
3.33
1.14
3.67
1.35
4.00
1.58
4.33
1.83
4.66
2.09
5.00
2.36
5.33
2.66
5.66
2.96
6.00
3.28
6.33
3.62
6.66
3.97
7.33
4.72
8.00
5.52
8.66
6.39
9.33
7.30

44
43
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 14
TECHNICAL DATA
at 60 F
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
3.385" Inside Dia.

3.425" Inside Dia.

3.459" Inside Dia.

3.500" Inside Dia.

VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
10.70
12.50
14.20
16.00
17.80
19.60
21.40
23.10
24.90
26.60
28.40
30.20
32.00
33.80
35.60
39.20
42.60
46.20
49.80
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
9.73
12.87
16.42
20.36
24.68
29.39
34.47
39.92
45.75
51.94
58.49
65.40
72.68
80.31
88.29
105.30
123.70
143.50
164.70
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
10.40
12.20
13.90
15.60
17.40
19.10
20.90
22.60
24.40
26.10
27.80
29.60
31.30
33.00
34.80
38.20
41.80
45.20
48.70
9.19
12.16
15.51
19.23
23.32
27.76
32.56
37.71
43.21
49.05
55.24
61.77
68.63
75.84
83.37
99.45
116.80
135.50
155.50
10.20
11.90
13.70
15.40
17.10
18.80
20.50
22.20
23.90
25.60
27.30
29.00
30.70
32.40
34.10
37.60
41.00
44.50
47.90
8.76
11.60
14.79
18.33
22.23
26.46
31.04
35.94
41.18
46.75
52.65
58.87
65.41
72.27
79.46
94.77
111.30
129.10
148.20
10.00
11.70
13.30
15.00
16.70
18.30
20.00
21.60
23.30
25.00
26.60
28.30
30.00
31.60
33.30
36.70
40.00
43.30
46.60
HEAD
LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
8.28
10.95
13.97
17.32
20.99
24.99
29.31
33.95
38.89
44.15
49.75
55.59
61.77
68.24
75.02
89.47
105.10
121.90
139.90
4 INCH
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
500
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
3.857" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
2.74
0.72
3.02
0.85
3.29
0.99
3.57
1.15
3.84
1.31
4.11
1.48
4.39
1.67
4.66
1.86
4.94
2.06
5.21
2.27
5.49
2.49
6.04
2.96
6.59
3.46
7.14
4.00
7.69
4.57
8.24
5.18
9.60
6.85
11.00
8.74
12.40
10.83
13.70
13.12
3.905" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
2.68
0.68
2.94
0.80
3.21
0.94
3.48
1.08
3.74
1.23
4.01
1.40
4.28
1.57
4.55
1.75
4.81
1.94
5.08
2.14
5.35
2.35
5.89
2.79
6.42
3.26
6.95
3.77
7.49
4.31
8.02
4.88
9.36
6.46
10.70
8.23
12.00
10.20
13.40
12.36
3.935" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
2.64
0.65
2.90
0.77
3.16
0.90
3.42
1.04
3.69
1.19
3.95
1.35
4.21
1.51
4.48
1.69
4.74
1.87
5.00
2.06
5.27
2.26
5.80
2.68
6.32
3.14
6.85
3.63
7.38
4.15
7.90
4.70
9.22
6.22
10.50
7.93
11.90
9.83
13.20
11.91
4.000" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
2.55
0.60
2.81
0.71
3.06
0.83
3.31
0.96
3.57
1.10
3.83
1.25
4.08
1.39
4.33
1.56
4.58
1.73
4.84
1.91
5.10
2.09
5.61
2.48
6.12
2.90
6.63
3.36
7.14
3.84
7.65
4.35
8.92
5.75
10.20
7.33
11.50
9.08
12.80
11.00
NOTES:
*S.P.S. copper and brass pipe.
No allowance has been made for age, difference in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the local
conditions and the requirements of each particular installation. It is recommended that for most commercial design purposes a safety factor of 15 to 20% be added
to the values in the tables.
44
45
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 15
TECHNICAL DATA
at 60 F
FLOW
U.S.
GPM
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1800
2000
2200
TYPE K TUBING
TYPE L TUBING
TYPE M TUBING
PIPE*
3.857" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
15.1
15.61
16.5
18.31
17.9
21.19
19.2
24.28
20.6
27.55
22.0
31.01
23.30
34.67
24.7
38.51
26.1
42.54
27.4
46.76
30.2
55.74
32.9
65.45
35.70
75.89
38.40
87.05
41.10
98.23
43.90
111.50
49.40
138.80
54.90
168.90
60.40
201.70
3.905" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
14.70
14.71
16.00
17.24
17.40
19.96
18.70
22.86
20.10
25.95
21.40
29.21
22.80
32.65
24.10
36.27
25.40
40.06
26.80
44.03
29.40
52.48
32.10
61.62
34.80
71.45
37.40
81.95
40.10
93.13
42.80
105.00
48.10
130.60
53.50
158.90
58.90
189.80
3.935" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
14.50
14.17
15.80
16.61
17.10
19.23
18.40
22.03
19.80
25.00
21.10
28.14
22.40
31.46
23.70
34.94
25.00
38.60
26.40
42.42
29.00
50.56
31.60
59.37
34.20
68.83
36.90
78.95
39.50
89.71
42.10
101.10
47.40
125.80
52.70
153.10
58.00
182.80
4.000" Inside Dia.

HEAD
VELOCITY
LOSS
(Ft./Sec.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
14.10
13.09
15.30
15.35
16.60
17.77
17.90
20.35
19.10
23.09
20.40
25.99
21.70
29.05
23.00
32.27
24.20
35.64
25.50
39.17
28.10
46.69
30.60
54.82
33.10
63.55
35.70
72.89
38.30
82.82
40.80
93.34
45.80
116.10
51.00
141.30
56.10
168.70

46
45
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 16
TECHNICAL DATA
(new steel pipe) at 60 F
1/2 INCH
STANDARD WEIGHT STEEL - SCH. 40
EXTRA STRONG STEEL - SCH. 80
.622" Inside Diameter
FLOW
U.S. GPM
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
0.739
1.056
1.58
2.11
2.64
3.17
3.70
4.22
4.75
5.28
5.81
6.34
6.86
7.39
7.92
8.45
8.98
9.50
10.03
10.56
.008
.017
.039
.069
.108
.156
.212
.277
.351
.433
.524
.624
.732
.849
.975
1.109
1.25
1.40
1.56
1.73
0.74
1.86
2.82
4.73
7.10
9.94
13.20
17.00
21.10
25.80
30.90
36.40
42.40
48.80
55.60
63.00
70.70
78.90
87.60
96.60
.96
1.37
2.06
2.74
3.43
4.11
4.80
5.48
6.17
6.86
7.54
8.23
8.91
9.60
10.30
11.00
11.60
12.30
13.00
13.70
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.01
.03
.07
.12
.18
.26
.36
.47
.59
.73
.88
1.05
1.23
1.43
1.60
1.90
2.10
2.40
2.60
2.90
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
1.39
2.58
5.34
9.02
13.60
19.10
25.50
32.70
40.90
50.00
59.90
70.70
82.40
95.00
109.00
123.00
138.00
154.00
171.00
189.00
3/4 INCH
FLOW
U.S. GPM
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
46
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
0.90
1.20
1.50
1.81
2.11
2.41
2.71
3.01
3.61
4.21
4.81
5.42
6.02
6.62
7.22
7.82
8.42
9.63
10.80
12.00

VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.013
.023
.035
.051
.069
.090
.114
.141
.203
.276
.360
.456
.563
.681
.722
.951
1.103
1.44
1.82
2.25
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
0.72
1.19
1.78
2.47
3.26
4.16
5.17
6.28
8.80
11.70
15.10
18.80
23.00
27.60
32.50
37.90
43.70
56.40
70.80
86.80

VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
1.11
1.48
1.86
2.23
2.60
2.97
3.34
3.71
4.45
5.20
5.94
6.68
7.42
8.17
8.91
9.63
10.40
11.90
13.40
14.80

VELOCITY
HEAD LOSS
(Head Ft.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.02
1.19
.03
1.99
.05
2.97
.08
4.14
.11
5.48
.14
7.01
.17
8.72
.21
10.60
.31
14.90
.42
19.90
.55
25.60
.69
32.10
.86
39.20
1.04
47.00
1.23
55.50
1.44
64.80
1.70
74.70
2.20
96.70
2.80
121.00
3.40
149.00
47
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 17
TECHNICAL DATA
1 INCH
1.049" Inside Diameter
.957" InsideDiameter
FLOW
U.S. GPM
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
0.74
1.11
1.48
1.86
2.23
2.97
3.71
4.45
5.20
5.94
6.68
7.42
8.17
8.91
9.65
10.39
11.10
13.00
14.80
16.70
.009
.019
.034
.054
.077
.137
.214
.308
.420
.548
.694
.857
1.036
1.23
1.45
1.68
1.93
2.62
3.43
4.33
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.385
.787
1.270
1.90
2.65
4.50
6.81
9.58
12.80
16.50
20.60
25.20
30.30
35.80
41.70
48.10
55.00
74.10
96.10
121.00
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.89
1.34
1.79
2.23
2.68
3.57
4.46
5.36
6.25
7.14
8.03
8.92
9.82
10.70
11.60
12.50
13.40
15.60
17.90
20.10
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.01
.03
.05
.08
.11
.20
.31
.45
.61
.79
1.00
1.24
1.50
1.80
2.10
2.40
2.80
3.80
5.00
6.30
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.599
1.19
1.99
2.99
4.17
7.11
10.80
15.20
20.40
26.30
32.90
40.30
48.40
57.20
66.80
77.10
88.20
119.00
154.00
194.00
1-1/4 INCH
FLOW
U.S. GPM
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
48
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.858
1.073
1.29
1.50
1.72
2.15
2.57
3.00
3.43
3.86
4.29
5.36
6.44
7.51
8.58
10.70
12.90
15.00
17.20
19.30

VELOCITY
HEAD LOSS
(Head Ft.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.011
.35
.018
.52
.026
.72
.035
.95
.046
1.20
.072
1.74
.103
2.45
.140
3.24
.183
4.15
.232
5.17
.286
6.31
.431
9.61
.644
13.60
.876
18.20
1.14
23.50
1.79
36.20
2.57
51.50
3.50
69.50
4.53
90.20
5.79
114.00

VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.25
7.50
8.75
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
22.50

VELOCITY
HEAD LOSS
(Head Ft.)
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.015
.51
.024
.75
.034
1.04
.048
1.33
.062
1.69
.097
2.55
.140
3.57
.190
4.75
.249
6.10
.315
7.61
.388
9.28
.607
14.20
.874
20.10
1.19
27.00
1.55
34.90
2.43
53.70
3.50
76.50
4.76
103.00
6.21
134.00
7.86
168.00
47
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 18
TECHNICAL DATA
1-1/2 INCH
48
FLOW
U.S. GPM
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
.63
.79
.95
1.10
1.26
1.42
1.58
1.89
2.21
2.52
2.84
3.15
3.47
3.78
4.10
4.41
4.73
5.04
5.36
5.67
5.99
6.30
6.62
6.93
7.25
7.56
7.88
8.67
9.46
10.24
11.03
11.80
12.60
13.40
14.20
15.00
15.80
17.30
18.90
20.50
22.10
23.60
25.20
26.80
28.40
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.006
.010
.014
.019
.025
.031
.039
.056
.076
.099
.125
.154
.187
.222
.261
.303
.347
.395
.446
.500
.577
.618
.681
.747
.817
.889
.965
1.17
1.39
1.63
1.89
2.17
2.47
2.79
3.13
3.48
3.86
4.67
5.56
6.52
7.56
8.68
9.88
11.15
12.50

HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.166
.246
.340
.447
.567
.701
.848
1.18
1.51
1.93
2.40
2.92
3.48
4.10
4.76
5.47
6.23
7.04
7.90
8.80
9.76
10.80
11.80
12.90
14.00
15.20
16.50
19.80
23.40
27.30
31.50
36.00
40.80
45.90
51.30
57.00
63.00
75.80
89.90
105.00
122.00
139.00
158.00
178.00
199.00
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.73
.91
1.09
1.27
1.45
1.63
1.82
2.18
2.54
2.90
3.27
3.63
3.99
4.36
4.72
5.08
5.45
5.81
6.17
6.54
6.90
7.26
7.63
7.99
8.35
8.72
9.08
9.99
10.90
11.80
12.70
13.60
14.50
15.40
16.30
17.20
18.20
20.00
21.80
23.60
25.40
27.20
29.00
30.90
32.70
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.01
.01
.02
.03
.03
.04
.05
.07
.10
.13
.17
.20
.25
.30
.35
.40
.46
.52
.59
.66
.74
.82
.90
.99
1.08
1.18
1.28
1.55
1.80
2.20
2.50
2.90
3.30
3.70
4.10
4.60
5.10
6.20
7.40
8.70
10.00
11.50
13.10
14.80
16.60
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.233
.346
.478
.630
.800
.990
1.20
1.61
2.14
2.74
3.41
4.15
4.96
5.84
6.80
7.82
8.91
10.10
11.30
12.60
14.00
15.40
16.90
18.50
20.10
21.80
23.60
28.40
33.60
39.20
45.30
51.80
58.70
66.00
73.80
82.00
90.70
109.30
129.60
151.60
175.0
201.0
228.0
257.0
288.0
49
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 19
TECHNICAL DATA
1-1/2 INCH
50
FLOW
U.S. GPM
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
.63
.79
.95
1.10
1.26
1.42
1.58
1.89
2.21
2.52
2.84
3.15
3.47
3.78
4.10
4.41
4.73
5.04
5.36
5.67
5.99
6.30
6.62
6.93
7.25
7.56
7.88
8.67
9.46
10.24
11.03
11.80
12.60
13.40
14.20
15.00
15.80
17.30
18.90
20.50
22.10
23.60
25.20
26.80
28.40
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.006
.010
.014
.019
.025
.031
.039
.056
.076
.099
.125
.154
.187
.222
.261
.303
.347
.395
.446
.500
.577
.618
.681
.747
.817
.889
.965
1.17
1.39
1.63
1.89
2.17
2.47
2.79
3.13
3.48
3.86
4.67
5.56
6.52
7.56
8.68
9.88
11.15
12.50

HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.166
.246
.340
.447
.567
.701
.848
1.18
1.51
1.93
2.40
2.92
3.48
4.10
4.76
5.47
6.23
7.04
7.90
8.80
9.76
10.80
11.80
12.90
14.00
15.20
16.50
19.80
23.40
27.30
31.50
36.00
40.80
45.90
51.30
57.00
63.00
75.80
89.90
105.00
122.00
139.00
158.00
178.00
199.00
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.73
.91
1.09
1.27
1.45
1.63
1.82
2.18
2.54
2.90
3.27
3.63
3.99
4.36
4.72
5.08
5.45
5.81
6.17
6.54
6.90
7.26
7.63
7.99
8.35
8.72
9.08
9.99
10.90
11.80
12.70
13.60
14.50
15.40
16.30
17.20
18.20
20.00
21.80
23.60
25.40
27.20
29.00
30.90
32.70
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.01
.01
.02
.03
.03
.04
.05
.07
.10
.13
.17
.20
.25
.30
.35
.40
.46
.52
.59
.66
.74
.82
.90
.99
1.08
1.18
1.28
1.55
1.80
2.20
2.50
2.90
3.30
3.70
4.10
4.60
5.10
6.20
7.40
8.70
10.00
11.50
13.10
14.80
16.60
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.233
.346
.478
.630
.800
.990
1.20
1.61
2.14
2.74
3.41
4.15
4.96
5.84
6.80
7.82
8.91
10.10
11.30
12.60
14.00
15.40
16.90
18.50
20.10
21.80
23.60
28.40
33.60
39.20
45.30
51.80
58.70
66.00
73.80
82.00
90.70
109.30
129.60
151.60
175.0
201.0
228.0
257.0
288.0
49
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 20
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
and Friction of Water (new steel pipe) at 60 F
2 INCH
50
FLOW
U.S. GPM
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
.478
.574
.669
.765
.860
.956
1.15
1.34
1.53
1.72
1.91
2.10
2.29
2.49
2.68
2.87
3.35
3.82
4.30
4.78
5.26
5.74
6.21
6.69
7.17
7.65
8.13
8.60
9.08
9.56
10.52
11.50
12.40
13.40
14.30
15.30
16.30
17.20
18.20
19.10
21.00
22.90
24.90
26.80
28.70
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.004
.005
.007
.009
.012
.014
.021
.028
.036
.046
.057
.069
.082
.096
.111
.128
.174
.227
.288
.355
.430
.511
.600
.696
.799
.909
1.03
1.15
1.28
1.42
1.72
2.05
2.40
2.78
3.20
3.64
4.11
4.60
5.13
5.68
6.88
8.18
9.60
11.14
12.80

HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.074
.102
.134
.170
.209
.252
.349
.461
.586
.725
.878
1.05
1.18
1.37
1.57
1.82
2.38
3.06
3.82
4.66
5.58
6.58
7.66
8.82
10.10
11.40
12.80
14.30
15.90
17.50
21.00
24.90
29.10
33.60
38.40
43.50
49.00
54.80
60.90
67.30
81.10
96.20
113.0
130.0
149.0
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.54
.65
.76
.87
.98
1.09
1.30
1.52
1.74
1.96
2.17
2.39
2.61
2.83
3.04
3.26
3.80
4.35
4.89
5.43
5.98
6.52
7.06
7.61
8.15
8.69
9.03
9.78
10.30
10.90
12.00
13.00
14.10
15.20
16.30
17.40
18.50
19.60
20.60
21.70
23.90
26.90
28.30
30.40
32.60
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.09
.11
.12
.14
.17
.22
.29
.37
.46
.56
.66
.77
.90
1.03
1.17
1.27
1.49
1.60
1.80
2.20
2.60
3.10
3.60
4.10
4.70
5.30
6.00
6.60
7.30
8.90
10.60
12.40
14.40
16.50
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.101
.139
.182
.231
.285
.343
.476
.628
.800
.991
1.16
1.38
1.62
1.88
2.16
2.46
3.28
4.21
5.26
6.42
7.70
9.09
10.59
12.20
13.90
15.80
17.70
19.80
22.00
24.30
29.20
34.50
40.30
46.60
53.30
60.50
68.10
76.10
84.60
93.60
113.0
134.0
157.0
181.0
208.0
51
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 21
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
2-1/2 INCH
52
FLOW
U.S. GPM
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
500
.536
.670
.804
.938
1.07
1.21
1.34
1.47
1.61
1.74
1.88
2.01
2.35
2.68
3.02
3.35
3.69
4.02
4.36
4.69
5.03
5.36
5.70
6.03
6.37
6.70
7.37
8.04
8.71
9.38
10.05
10.70
11.40
12.10
12.70
13.40
14.70
16.10
17.40
18.80
20.10
23.50
26.80
30.20
33.50
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.005
.007
.010
.014
.018
.023
.028
.034
.040
.047
.055
.063
.086
.112
.141
.174
.211
.251
.295
.342
.393
.447
.504
.565
.630
.698
.844
1.00
1.18
1.37
1.57
1.79
2.02
2.26
2.52
2.79
3.38
4.02
4.72
5.47
6.28
8.55
11.20
14.20
17.40
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.072
.107
.148
.195
.247
.305
.369
.438
.513
.593
.679
.770
.99
1.26
1.57
1.91
2.28
2.69
3.13
3.60
4.10
4.64
5.20
5.80
6.43
7.09
8.51
10.10
11.70
13.50
15.50
17.50
19.70
22.00
24.40
27.00
32.50
38.50
45.00
52.30
59.60
80.60
105.0
132.0
163.0
.61
.76
.91
1.06
1.21
1.36
1.51
1.67
1.82
1.97
2.12
2.27
2.65
3.03
3.41
3.79
4.16
4.54
4.92
5.30
5.68
6.05
6.43
6.81
7.19
7.57
8.33
9.08
9.84
10.60
11.30
12.10
12.90
13.60
14.40
15.10
16.70
18.20
19.70
21.20
22.70
26.50
30.30
34.10
37.90
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.11
.14
.18
.22
.27
.32
.38
.44
.50
.57
.64
.72
0.80
0.89
1.08
1.28
1.50
1.70
2.00
2.30
2.60
2.90
3.20
3.50
4.30
5.10
6.00
7.00
8.00
10.90
14.30
18.10
22.30
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.097
.144
.199
.261
.332
.411
.497
.590
.691
.800
.915
1.00
1.33
1.71
2.13
2.59
3.10
3.65
4.25
4.89
5.58
6.31
7.08
7.89
8.76
9.66
11.60
13.70
16.00
18.50
21.10
23.90
26.90
30.10
33.40
36.90
44.40
52.70
61.60
71.20
81.60
110.0
144.0
181.0
223.0
51
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 22
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
3 INCH
52
FLOW
U.S. GPM
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
550
600
650
.434
.651
.868
1.09
1.30
1.52
1.74
1.95
2.17
2.39
2.60
2.82
3.04
3.25
3.47
3.69
3.91
4.12
4.34
4.77
5.21
5.64
6.08
6.51
6.94
7.81
8.68
9.55
10.40
11.30
12.20
13.00
13.90
14.80
15.60
16.50
17.40
18.20
19.10
20.00
20.80
21.70
23.90
26.00
28.20
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.003
.007
.012
.018
.026
.036
.047
.059
.073
.089
.105
.124
.143
.165
.187
.211
.237
.264
.293
.354
.421
.495
.574
.659
.749
.948
1.17
1.42
1.69
1.98
2.29
2.63
3.00
3.38
3.79
4.23
4.68
5.16
5.67
6.19
6.74
7.32
8.85
10.50
12.40
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.038
.077
.129
.192
.267
.353
.449
.557
.676
.776
.912
1.06
1.22
1.38
1.56
1.75
1.95
2.16
2.37
2.84
3.35
3.90
4.50
5.13
5.80
7.27
8.90
10.70
12.70
14.80
17.10
19.50
22.10
24.90
27.80
30.90
34.20
37.60
41.20
44.90
48.80
52.90
63.80
75.70
88.60
.49
.73
.97
1.21
1.45
1.70
1.94
2.18
2.43
2.67
2.91
3.16
3.40
3.64
3.88
4.12
4.37
4.61
4.85
5.33
5.81
6.30
6.79
7.28
7.76
8.72
9.70
10.70
11.60
12.60
13.60
14.50
15.50
16.50
17.50
18.40
19.40
20.40
21.40
22.30
23.30
24.20
26.70
29.10
31.60
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.00
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.06
.07
.09
.11
.13
.15
.18
.21
.23
.26
.29
.33
.36
.44
.52
.62
.71
.82
.93
1.01
1.46
1.78
2.07
2.46
2.88
3.26
3.77
4.22
4.73
5.27
5.81
6.43
7.13
7.75
8.37
9.15
11.10
13.10
15.50
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.050
.101
.169
.253
.351
.464
.592
.734
.860
1.03
1.21
1.40
1.61
1.83
2.07
2.31
2.58
2.86
3.15
3.77
4.45
5.19
5.98
6.82
7.72
9.68
11.86
14.26
16.88
19.71
22.77
26.04
29.53
33.24
37.16
41.31
45.67
50.25
55.05
60.06
65.30
70.75
85.33
101.00
119.00
53
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 23
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
3-1/2 INCH
54
FLOW
U.S. GPM
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
.487
.649
.811
.974
1.14
1.30
1.46
1.62
1.95
2.27
2.60
2.92
3.25
3.57
3.89
4.22
4.54
4.87
5.19
5.52
5.84
6.17
6.49
7.14
7.79
8.44
9.09
9.74
10.40
11.00
11.70
12.30
13.00
13.60
14.30
14.90
15.60
16.20
17.80
19.50
21.10
22.70
24.30
26.00
27.60
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.004
.007
.010
.015
.020
.026
.033
.041
.059
.080
.105
.133
.164
.198
.236
.277
.321
.368
.419
.473
.530
.591
.655
.792
.943
1.11
1.28
1.47
1.68
1.89
2.12
2.36
2.62
2.89
3.17
3.46
3.77
4.09
4.95
5.89
6.91
8.02
9.20
10.50
11.80

HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.038
.064
.095
.132
.174
.221
.274
.332
.463
.614
.757
.943
1.15
1.37
1.62
1.88
2.16
2.47
2.79
3.13
3.49
3.86
4.26
5.12
6.04
7.05
8.13
9.29
10.50
11.80
13.20
14.70
16.20
17.80
19.50
21.30
23.10
25.10
30.20
35.80
41.90
48.40
55.40
62.90
70.90
.54
.72
.90
1.08
1.26
1.44
1.63
1.80
2.17
2.53
2.89
3.25
3.61
3.97
4.33
4.69
5.05
5.41
5.78
6.14
6.50
6.85
7.22
7.94
8.66
9.38
10.10
10.80
11.50
12.30
13.00
13.70
14.40
15.20
15.90
16.60
17.30
18.10
19.90
21.70
23.50
25.30
27.10
28.90
30.70
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.00
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.10
.13
.16
.20
.24
.29
.34
.40
.45
.52
.59
.66
.73
.81
.98
1.17
1.37
1.60
1.80
2.10
2.40
2.60
2.90
3.20
3.60
3.90
4.30
4.70
5.10
6.20
7.30
8.60
9.40
11.40
13.00
14.60
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.050
.083
.123
.171
.225
.287
.355
.430
.601
.769
.986
1.23
1.50
1.79
2.11
2.46
2.83
3.22
3.64
4.09
4.56
5.06
5.58
6.70
7.92
9.24
10.66
12.20
13.80
15.50
17.40
19.30
21.30
23.40
25.70
28.00
30.40
32.90
39.70
47.10
55.10
63.70
73.00
82.90
93.40
53
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 24
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
4 INCH

FLOW
U.S. GPM
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.504
.756
1.01
1.26
1.51
1.76
2.02
2.27
2.52
2.77
3.02
3.28
3.53
3.78
4.03
4.28
4.54
4.79
5.04
5.54
6.05
6.55
7.06
7.56
8.06
8.57
9.07
9.58
10.10
10.60
11.10
11.60
12.10
12.60
13.90
15.10
16.40
17.60
18.90
20.20
21.40
22.70
23.90
25.20
27.70
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.004
.009
.016
.025
.036
.048
.063
.080
.099
.119
.142
.167
.193
.222
.253
.285
.320
.356
.395
.478
.569
.667
.774
.888
1.01
1.14
1.28
1.43
1.58
1.74
1.91
2.09
2.27
2.47
2.99
3.55
4.17
4.84
5.55
6.32
7.13
8.00
8.91
9.87
11.90

HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.035
.072
.120
.179
.250
.330
.422
.523
.613
.723
.861
1.00
1.15
1.31
1.48
1.66
1.85
2.05
2.25
2.70
3.19
3.72
4.28
4.89
5.53
6.22
6.94
7.71
8.51
9.35
10.20
11.20
12.10
13.10
15.80
18.70
21.70
25.30
28.90
32.80
37.00
41.40
46.00
50.90
61.40
VELOCITY
(Ft./Sec.)
.56
.84
1.12
1.40
1.67
1.95
2.23
2.51
2.79
3.07
3.35
3.63
3.91
4.19
4.47
4.75
5.02
5.30
5.58
6.14
6.70
7.26
7.82
8.38
8.94
9.50
10.00
10.60
11.20
11.70
12.30
12.80
13.40
14.00
15.30
16.70
18.10
19.50
20.90
22.30
23.70
25.10
26.50
27.90
30.70
VELOCITY
(Head Ft.)
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.06
.08
.10
.12
.15
.17
.20
.24
.27
.31
.35
.39
.44
.48
.59
.70
.82
.95
1.09
1.24
1.40
1.60
1.70
1.90
2.10
2.30
2.50
2.80
3.00
3.60
4.30
5.10
5.90
6.80
7.70
8.70
9.80
10.90
12.10
14.60
HEAD LOSS
(Ft./100 Ft.)
.045
.092
.153
.230
.320
.424
.541
.649
.789
.943
1.11
1.29
1.48
1.69
1.91
2.14
2.38
2.64
2.91
3.49
4.13
4.81
5.54
6.33
7.17
8.06
9.00
9.99
11.00
12.10
13.30
14.50
15.70
17.00
20.50
24.30
28.40
32.80
37.60
42.70
48.10
53.80
59.80
66.20
79.80
NOTES:
*S.P.S. copper and brass pipe.
No allowance has been made for age, difference in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the local
conditions and the requirements of each particular installation. It is recommended that for most commercial design purposes a safety factor of 15 to 20% be added
to the values in the tables.
54
55
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 25
TECHNICAL DATA
FRICTION LOSSES THROUGH PIPE FITTINGS & VALVES
GATEVALVE
SIZE
OF PIPE
(Inches)
GLOBE
ANGLE
CHECK ORDINARY
VALVEVALVEVALVE- ENTRANCE
1/2
3/4
WIDE
WIDE
WIDE
TO PIPE
CLOSED CLOSED
OPEN
OPEN
OPEN
LINES
STRAIGHT PIPE IN FEET (EQUIVALENT LENGTH)
STD.
90
ELBOW
MEDIUM
SWEEP
90
ELBOW
LONG
SWEEP
90
ELBOW
WIDE
OPEN
1/4
CLOSED
1/8"
1/4"
3/8"
.14
.21
.27
.85
1.25
1.80
5.00
7.00
9.00
19.00
26.00
36.00
9.00
12.00
16.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
.46
.60
.75
.74
1.00
1.40
.65
.86
1.15
.50
.70
.90
1/2"
3/4"
1"
1-1/4"
1-1/2"
2"
2-1/2"
3"
3-1/2"
.41
.55
.70
.92
1.07
1.38
1.65
2.04
2.10
2.10
2.90
3.40
4.80
5.60
7.00
8.40
10.00
12.50
12.00
14.00
18.00
24.00
28.00
36.00
41.00
52.00
60.00
44.00
59.00
70.00
96.00
116.00
146.00
172.00
213.00
246.00
17.60
23.30
29.70
39.10
45.60
58.60
70.00
86.90
100.00
7.78
10.30
13.10
17.80
20.10
25.80
30.90
38.40
52.00
5.18
6.86
8.74
11.50
13.40
17.20
20.60
25.50
24.00
.90
1.40
1.60
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
5.00
5.50
1.60
2.30
2.70
3.60
4.50
5.40
6.50
8.50
10.0
1.55
2.06
2.62
3.45
4.03
5.17
6.17
7.67
8.50
1.10
1.50
2.00
2.50
2.90
3.60
4.40
5.50
6.30
4"
2.40
14.00
70.00
285.00
116.00
57.00
27.00
6.50
12.0
9.50
7.20
Use the smaller diameter in the column for pipe size.

d
D
Smaller diameter
Larger diameter
ABRUPT
CONTRACTION
SIZE
OF PIPE
(Inches)
45
ELBOW
SQUARE
90
ELBOW
CLOSE
RETURN
BENDS
STD.
TEE
STD.
TEE
d
D
1/4
ABRUPT
ENLARGEMENT
d
D
1/2
d
D
3/4
d
D
1/4
d
D
1/2
d
D
3/4
STRAIGHT PIPE IN FEET (EQUIVALENT LENGTH)

1/8"
1/4"
3/8"
.40
.50
.65
1.60
2.30
3.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
.50
.70
.90
1.60
2.30
3.00
.40
.50
.65
.30
.40
.50
.16
.22
.29
.74
1.00
1.40
.46
.62
.83
.16
.22
.29
1/2"
3/4"
1"
.83
1.10
1.40
4.00
5.00
6.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
1.00
1.40
1.80
3.10
4.10
5.30
.80
1.00
1.50
.60
.80
1.00
.36
.48
.62
1.60
2.30
2.70
1.20
1.40
1.60
.36
48
.62
1-1/4"
1-1/2"
2"
1.84
2.15
2.76
8.00
9.50
13.00
9.00
11.00
14.00
2.30
2.70
3.50
6.90
8.10
10.30
1.70
2.00
2.50
1.40
1.60
2.00
.83
.97
1.30
3.60
4.50
5.40
2.30
2.70
3.50
.83
.97
1.30
2-1/2"
3"
3-1/2"
3.29
4.09
4.50
15.00
18.00
20.00
16.00
19.00
22.00
4.10
5.10
6.30
12.30
15.30
20.00
3.00
4.00
4.50
2.50
2.90
3.40
1.50
1.80
2.10
6.50
8.00
10.00
4.00
4.80
5.60
1.50
1.80
2.10
4"
5.00
23.00
25.00
7.20
23.00
5.00
4.00
2.40
12.00
6.40
2.40
NOTE: 1/8" to 4" are standard pipe sizes.
56
55
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 26
TECHNICAL DATA
HYDRONIC WATER FLOW CALCULATOR

(Gallons Per Minute for Btuh at Various Water Temperature Drops)
10F
Btuh
101,000
102,000
103,000
104,000
105,000
106,000
107,000
108,000
109,000
110,000
111,000
112,000
113,000
114,000
115,000
116,000
117,000
118,000
119,000
120,000
121,000
122,000
123,000
124,000
125,000
126,000
127,000
128,000
129,000
130,000
131,000
132,000
133,000
134,000
135,000
136,000
137,000
138,000
139,000
140,000
141,000
142,000
143,000
144,000
145,000
146,000
147,000
148,000
149,000
150,000
20.2
20.4
20.6
20.8
21.0
21.2
21.4
21.6
21.8
22.0
22.2
22.4
22.6
22.8
23.0
23.2
23.4
23.6
23.8
24.0
24.2
24.4
24.6
24.8
25.0
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8
26.0
26.2
26.4
26.6
26.8
27.0
27.2
27.4
27.6
27.8
28.0
28.2
28.4
28.6
28.8
29.0
29.2
29.4
29.6
29.8
30.0
WATER TEMPERATURE DROP

20F
30F
40F
GPM
10.1
6.7
5.1
10.2
6.8
5.1
10.3
6.9
5.2
10.4
6.9
5.2
10.5
7.0
5.3
10.6
7.1
5.3
10.7
7.1
5.4
10.8
7.2
5.4
10.9
7.3
5.5
11.0
7.3
5.5
11.1
7.4
5.6
11.2
7.5
5.6
11.3
7.5
5.7
11.4
7.6
5.7
11.5
7.7
5.8
11.6
7.7
5.8
11.7
7.8
5.9
11.8
7.9
5.9
11.9
7.9
6.0
12.0
8.0
6.0
12.1
8.1
6.1
12.2
8.1
6.1
12.3
8.2
6.2
12.4
8.3
6.2
12.5
8.3
6.3
12.6
8.4
6.3
12.7
8.5
6.4
12.8
8.5
6.4
12.9
8.6
6.5
13.0
8.7
6.5
13.1
8.7
6.6
13.2
8.8
6.6
13.3
8.9
6.7
13.4
8.9
6.7
13.5
9.0
6.8
13.6
9.1
6.8
13.7
9.1
6.9
13.8
9.2
6.9
13.9
9.3
7.0
14.0
9.3
7.0
14.1
9.4
7.1
14.2
9.5
7.1
14.3
9.5
7.2
14.4
9.6
7.2
14.5
9.7
7.3
14.6
9.7
7.3
14.7
9.8
7.4
14.8
9.9
7.4
14.9
9.9
7.5
15.0
10.0
7.5
50F
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
10F
Btuh
151,000
152,000
153,000
154,000
155,000
156,000
157,000
158,000
159,000
160,000
161,000
162,000
163,000
164,000
165,000
166,000
167,000
168,000
169,000
170,000
171,000
172,000
173,000
174,000
175,000
176,000
177,000
178,000
179,000
180,000
181,000
182,000
183,000
184,000
185,000
186,000
187,000
188,000
189,000
190,000
191,000
192,000
193,000
194,000
195,000
196,000
197,000
198,000
199,000
200,000
30.2
30.4
30.6
30.8
31.0
31.2
31.4
31.6
31.8
32.0
32.2
32.4
32.6
32.8
33.0
33.2
33.4
33.6
33.8
34.0
34.2
34.4
34.6
34.8
35.0
35.2
35.4
35.6
35.8
36.0
36.2
36.4
36.6
36.8
37.0
37.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
38.0
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
40.0
WATER TEMPERATURE DROP

20F
30F
40F
GPM
15.1
10.1
7.6
15.2
10.1
7.6
15.3
10.2
7.7
15.4
10.3
7.7
15.5
10.3
7.8
15.6
10.4
7.8
15.7
10.5
7.9
15.8
10.5
7.9
15.9
10.6
8.0
16.0
10.7
8.0
16.1
10.7
8.1
16.2
10.8
8.1
16.3
10.9
8.2
16.4
10.9
8.2
16.5
11.0
8.3
16.6
11.1
8.3
16.7
11.1
8.4
16.8
11.2
8.4
16.9
11.3
8.5
17.0
11.3
8.5
17.1
11.4
8.6
17.2
11.5
8.6
17.3
11.5
8.7
17.4
11.6
8.7
17.5
11.7
8.8
17.6
11.7
8.8
17.7
11.8
8.9
17.8
11.9
8.9
17.9
11.9
9.0
18.0
12.0
9.0
18.1
12.1
9.1
18.2
12.1
9.1
18.3
12.2
9.2
18.4
12.3
9.2
18.5
12.3
9.3
18.6
12.4
9.3
18.7
12.5
9.4
18.8
12.5
9.4
18.9
12.6
9.5
19.0
12.7
9.5
19.1
12.7
9.6
19.2
12.8
9.6
19.3
12.9
9.7
19.4
12.9
9.7
19.5
13.0
9.8
19.6
13.1
9.8
19.7
13.1
9.9
19.8
13.2
9.9
19.9
13.3
10.0
20.0
13.3
10.0
50F
6.0
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
8.0
8.0
NOTE: Btu/hr = 500 x gpm DT(F)
56
57
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 27
TECHNICAL DATA
Heat Losses From Covered Pipe

85 Percent Magnesia Type
BTU Per Linear Foot Per Hour Per F Temperature
DIfference (Surrounding Air Assumed 75 F)
Heat Losses From Bare Steel Pipe

Based On 70 Surrounding Air
Diameter
of Pipe,
Inches
100
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
13
15
19
23
27
33
39
46
52
59
71
84
107
132
154
181
203
214
236
Temperature of Pipe, Deg. F

120
150
180
210
240
Insulation,
Thickness,
Inches
125
175
225
275
1/2
.145
.150
.157
.160
3/4
.165
.172
.177
.180
Heat Loss per Lineal Foot of Pipe, BTU per Hour
22
27
34
42
48
59
70
84
95
106
129
151
194
238
279
326
366
385
426
40
50
61
75
85
104
123
148
168
187
227
267
341
420
491
575
644
678
748
60
74
90
111
126
154
184
221
250
278
339
398
509
626
732
856
960
1011
1115
82
100
123
152
173
212
252
303
342
381
464
546
697
857
1003
1173
1314
1385
1529
106
131
160
198
224
275
327
393
444
496
603
709
906
1114
1305
1527
1711
1802
1990
Heat Losses From Bare Tarnished Copper Tube
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2-1/2
Based On 70 Surrounding Air
58
Diameter
of Pipe,
Inches
100
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
4
6
7
8
9
11
14
16
20
24
28
32
36
43
51
66
80
94
Temperature of Pipe, Deg. F

120
150
180
210
240
3-1/2
Heat Loss per Lineal Foot of Pipe, BTU per Hour
8
10
13
15
17
21
25
29
37
44
51
59
66
80
93
120
146
172
14
18
22
26
30
37
45
52
66
78
92
104
118
142
166
215
260
304
21
28
33
39
45
55
66
77
97
117
136
156
174
212
246
317
387
447
29
37
45
53
61
75
90
105
132
160
186
212
238
288
336
435
527
621
37
48
59
68
79
97
117
135
171
206
240
274
307
373
432
562
681
802
Max. Temp. of Pipe Surface F.
Pipe
Size
.190
.195
.200
.203
1-1/2
.160
.165
.167
.170
.220
.225
.232
.237
1-1/2
.182
.187
.193
.197
.240
.247
.255
.260
1-1/2
.200
.205
.210
.215
.282
.290
.297
.303
1-1/2
.230
.235
.240
.243
.197
.200
.205
.210
.322
.330
.340
.345
1-1/2
.260
.265
.270
.275
.220
.225
.230
.237
.375
.385
.395
.405
1-1/2
.300
.305
.312
.320
.253
.257
.263
.270
.419
.430
.440
.450
1-1/2
.332
.339
.345
.352
.280
.285
.290
.295
.460
.470
.480
.492
1-1/2
.362
.370
.379
.385
.303
.308
.315
.320
.545
.560
.572
.585
1-1/2
.423
435
.442
.450
.355
.360
.367
.375
.630
.645
.662
.680
1-1/2
.487
.500
.510
.520
.405
.415
.420
.430
.790
.812
.835
.850
1-1/2
.603
.620
.635
.645
.495
.507
.517
.527
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 28
TECHNICAL DATA
TYPICAL SYMBOLS
GLOBE VALVE
CIRCULATOR PUMP
GATE VALVE
FLOAT-TYPE VENT
BALL VALVE
SPIROVENT AIR
SEPARATOR
THERMOSTATIC
RADIATOR VALVE (TRV)
UNION
DRAIN / FILL VALVE

EXPANSION TANK
ELECTRONIC ZONE VALVE
BLOWER
ANGLE TRV VALVE
PRESSURE REDUCING
VALVE
3-WAY MIXING VALVE
FINNED-TUBE BASEBOARD
HEAT EXCHANGER COIL
4-WAY MIXING VALVE

THERMOMETER
SWING CHECK VALVE
BACKFLOW PREVENTER
PRESSURE GAUGE
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

DIVERTER TEE
FLO-CHECK VALVE
METERED BALANCING VALVE
58
HEAT EXCHANGER
59
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 29
TECHNICAL DATA
AFFINITY LAWS: Effect of change of speed or

impeller diameter on centrifugal pumps.
GPM Capacity
Impeller
Diameter
Change
( )
F1
H2 =
D1
F2 =
( )
RPM1
D2
( )
H1
P2 =
D1
RPM2
Speed
Change
BHP
D2
D2
F2 =
Ft. Head
RPM2
F1
H2 =
RPM1
( )
P1
D1
( )
RPM2
H1
P2 =
( )
P1
RPM1
Where F = Flow, GPM, H = Head, FT, D = Impeller Dia. in inches,

P = Power, BHP, RPM = Pump Speed
60
59
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 30
TECHNICAL DATA
Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions

of Ethylene Glycol
Percent Ethylene Glycol
By Mass
By Volume
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49.0
50.0
51.0
52.0
53.0
54.0
55.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
0.0
4.4
8.9
13.6
18.1
19.2
20.1
21.0
22.0
22.9
23.9
24.8
25.8
26.7
27.7
28.7
29.6
30.6
31.6
32.6
33.5
34.5
35.5
36.5
37.5
38.5
39.5
40.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5
45.5
46.6
47.6
48.6
49.6
50.6
51.6
52.7
53.7
54.7
55.7
56.8
57.8
62.8
68.3
73.6
78.9
84.3
89.7
95.0
a
60
Freezing
Point F
32.0
29.4
26.2
22.2
17.9
16.8
15.9
14.9
13.7
12.7
11.4
10.4
9.2
8.0
6.7
5.4
4.2
2.9
1.4
-0.2
-1.5
-3.0
-4.5
-6.4
-8.1
-9.8
-11.7
-13.5
-15.5
-17.5
-19.8
-21.6
-23.9
-26.7
-28.9
-31.2
-33.6
-36.2
-38.8
-42.0
-44.7
-47.5
-50.0
-52.7
-54.9
a
a
a
-52.2
-34.5
-21.6
-3.0
Freezing points are below -60F
Boiling Point,
F at 14.6 psia
212
213
214
215
216
216
216
217
217
218
218
218
219
219
220
220
220
220
220
221
221
221
221
221
222
222
222
223
223
224
224
224
224
224
225
225
225
226
226
227
227
228
228
229
230
235
242
248
255
273
285
317
Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions

of Propylene Glycol
Percent Ethylene Glycol
By Mass
By Volume
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49.0
50.0
51.0
52.0
53.0
54.0
55.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
a
0.0
4.8
9.6
14.5
19.4
20.4
21.4
22.4
23.4
24.4
25.3
26.4
27.4
28.4
29.4
30.4
31.4
32.4
33.5
34.4
35.5
36.5
37.5
38.5
39.6
40.6
41.6
42.6
43.7
44.7
45.7
46.8
47.8
48.9
49.9
50.9
51.9
53.0
54.0
55.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
Freezing
Point F
Boiling Point,
F at 14.6 psia
32.0
29.1
26.1
22.9
19.2
18.3
17.6
16.6
15.6
14.7
13.7
12.6
11.5
10.4
9.2
7.9
6.6
5.3
3.9
2.4
0.8
-0.8
-2.4
-4.2
-6.0
-7.8
-9.8
-11.8
-13.9
-16.1
-18.3
-20.7
-23.1
-25.7
-28.3
-31.0
-33.8
-36.7
-39.7
-42.8
-46.0
-49.3
-52.7
-56.2
-59.9
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
212
212
212
212
213
213
213
213
213
214
214
214
215
215
216
216
216
216
216
217
217
217
218
218
219
219
219
219
219
220
220
220
221
221
222
222
222
223
223
223
223
224
224
224
225
227
230
237
245
257
270
310
Above 60% by mass, solutions do not freeze but become a glass.
61
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 31
Table 7-8: ANSI 150 (125) and 300 (250) lb. Steel Flange Dimensi ons
Nom.
dia.
(in.)
Dia. of Flange
(OD) inches.
150 lb.
300 lb.
Flange thk.
(t) inches.
150 lb.
300 lb.
Bolt Circle Dia.

(BC) inches.
150 lb.
300 lb.
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
3 1/2
3 7/8
4 1/4
4 5/8
3 3/4
4 5/8
4 7/8
5 1/4
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
9/16
5/8
11/16
3/4
2 3/8
2 3/4
3 1/8
3 1/2
2 5/8
3 1/4
3 1/2
3 7/8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
5
6
7
7 1/2
6 1/8
6 1/2
7 1/2
8 1/4
11/16
3/4
7/8
15/16
13/16
7/8
1
1 1/8
3 7/8
4 3/4
5 1/2
6
4 1/2
5
5 7/8
6 5/8
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
3/4
3 1/2
4
5
6
8 1/2
9
10
11
9
10
11
12 1/2
15/16
15/16
15/16
1
1 3/16
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 7/16
7
7 1/2
8 1/2
9 1/2
7 1/4
7 7/8
9 1/4
10 5/8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
8
10
12
14 OD
13 1/2
16
19
21
15
17 1/2
20 1/2
23
1 1/8
1 3/16
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 5/8
1 7/8
2
2 1/8
11 3/4
14 1/4
17
18 3/4
13
15 1/4
17 3/4
20 1/4
8
12
12
12
12
16
16
20
3/4
7/8
7/8
1
7/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
16 OD
18 OD
20 OD
24 OD
23 1/2
25
27 1/2
32
25 1/2
28
30 1/2
36
1 7/16
1 9/16
1 11/16
1 7/8
2 1/4
2 3/8
2 1/2
2 3/4
21 1/4
22 3/4
25
29 1/2
22 1/2
14 3/4
27
32
16
16
20
20
20
24
24
24
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/2
No. of Bolts
150 lb.
300 lb.
Bolt Size
150 lb.
300 lb.
Notes: 1. SAE Grade 5 or better fasteners are recommended for 150 - 300 lb. flange service.
2. Steel flange configurations for attachment are slip-on, welding neck, socket weld or threaded. Flanges are
manufactured in a variety of mating faces, with the flat or raised face being the most common for water supply
service.
3. Ductile Iron flange dimensions for 250 psi service are the same as steel for 150 psi service.
4. ANSI flanges are available rated for 150,300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500 psi service.
5. Pressure ratings:
a. 250 psi DI flanges are continuously rated at 400 psi for cool water service (<100 F) in 12 and smaller sizes.
b. 150 and 300 psi steel flanges have a continuously rating of 275 and 720 psi respectively for cool water service.
6. Flanged column pipe for suspended pump applications do not generally match ANSI standard in consideration of
space and strength requirements.
62
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 32
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 7-9: ANSI 150 (125) lb. Flange Guide - Gasket and Machine Bolt Dimensi ons
PIPE
SIZE
No.
Bolts
Mach. Bolt
Dimension
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
5/8 X 2 3/4
5/8 X 3
5/8 X 3
5/8 X 3
5/8 X 3
3/4 X 3 1/4
3/4 X 3 1/4
3/4 X 3 1/2
7/8 X 3 3/4
7/8 X 4
Gasket Dimensions
Ring
Full Face
2 3/8 X 4 1/8
2 7/8 X 4 7/8
3 1/2 X 5 3/8
4 X 6 3/8
4 1/2 X 6 7/8
5 9/16 X 7 3/4
6 5/8 X 8 3/4
8 5/8 X 11
10 3/4 X 13 3/8
12 3/4 X 16 1/8
2 3/8 X 6
2 7/8 X 7
3 1/2 X 7 1/2
4 X 8 1/2
4 1/2 X 6 7/8
5 9/16 X 10
6 5/8 X 110
8 5/8 X 13 1/2
10 3/4 x 16
12 3/4 X 19
Note: All dimension are in inches where applicable.
62
63
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 33
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 7-19: Unit Conversi on Tables

UNIT
x
Acceleration gravity
acre
acre
acre
acre
acre
acre
acre
acre feet
acre feet
acre feet
acre feet
acre-feet
acre-feet
acre-feet
ampere
ampere
ampere
ampere
ampere/meter
angstrom
angstrom
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere
bars
bars
bars
bars
bars
bars
bars
bars
barrels of oil(US)
barrels of oil(US)
barrels of oil(US)
board feet
board feet
board feet
british thermal unit (BTU)
64
FACTOR
=
9.80665
32.2
9.80665
32.2
4,046.856
0.40469
43,560.0
4,840.0
0.00156
0.00404686
160
1,233.489
325,851.0
1,233.489
325,851.0
43560
102.7901531
134.44
1
0.0000103638
2997930000.0
1000
3600
0.0001
0.1
101.325
1.0332
0.10133
14.7
101325.0
760
1.01325
33.8995
1033.29
76
29.530
760
.98692
.1
14.50377
1019.72
75.0062
29.530
76
14.5038
42.0
5.61458
163.6592
144
0.08333
2359.74
777.649
1,055.056
25020.1
251.996
0.2520
0.000292875
0.00001
0.000393
1054.35
10.544 x 103
0.999331
UNIT
meter/second2
feet/second2
meter/second2
feet/second2
meter2
hectare
foot2
yard2
mile2 (statute)
kilometer2
rods2
meter2
gallon (US)
meter3
gallon
feet3
meter3
yards3
coulombs/second
faradays/second
statamperes
milliamperes
coulombs
microns
millimicrons
kilopascal
kg/cm2
megapascal
pound force/inch2
newtons/meter2
torrs
bars
feet of H2O @ 40F
cm of H2O @ 4C
cm of Hg @ 0C
inches of Hg @ 32F
mm of Hg @ 0C
atmosphere
kilopascal
pound force/inch2
grams force/cm2
cm of Hg @ 0C
feet of H2O @ 40F
inches of Hg @ 0C
psi
gallons (US)
feet3
liters
inch3
foot3
cm3
foot pound-force
joule
foot poundals
calorie,g
kg-calorie
kw-hours
therms
hp-hours
watt-seconds
ergs
BTU (IST)
UNIT
x
BTU/min
BTU/min
byte
calorie, g
calorie, g
calorie, g
calorie, g
calorie, g
calorie, g
calorie, g
calorie, g/hr
calorie, g/hr
candle/cm2
candle/cm2
candle/inch2
candle power
carats
carats
celsius
celsius
centimeter
centimeter
centimeter
centimeter
cm grams -force
cm of Hg
cm/sec
cm/sec
cm/sec
cm/sec
cm/sec
cm/sec/sec
cm/sec/sec
chains
chains
circles
circles
circles
circles
circular inches
centimeter2
centimeter2
centimeter2
centimeter2
centimeter2
centimeter2
centimeter3
centimeter3
centimeter3
centimeter3
centimeter3
centimeter3
centimeter3
centimeter3
centimeter3
centimeter3
centipose
centistokes
coulombs
coulombs
coulombs
days
FACTOR
=
0.01758
0.02358
8.000001
0.00397
0.00116
4184.00 x 103
3.08596
4.184
0.000001162
42664.9
0.00397
0.0697
12.566
10000.0
144.0
12.566
3.0865
200.0
1.8 C+ 32
273.16 + C
0.39370
0.03281
0.01
10
0.0000723
0.1934
0.0328
1.9685
0.0006
0.0194
0.000373
0.0328
0.01
66.0
20.117
360
400
6.2832
12.0
0.7854
0.15500
0.00108
127.324
100.0
0.0001
155000.0
0.06102
0.00042
0.000035315
0.000001
0.27051
0.06102
0.001
0.03381
0.00211
0.00106
0.001
0.000001
1.0
0.000010364
2997900000
24.0
UNIT
kilowatts
horsepower
bits
british thermal unit
watt-hour
ergs
foot pound-force
joules
kilowatt-hour
gram-force cm
btu/hr
watts
candle/inch2
candle/meter2
candle/foot2
lumens
grains
milligrams
fahrenheit
kelvin
inch
foot
meter
millimeter
foot pound-force
pound/inch2
feet/sec
feet/min
km/min
knots
miles/hour
feet/sec/sec
meters/sec/sec
feet
meter
degrees
grades
radians
signs
inch2
inch2
foot2
circular mm
mm2
meter2
mils3
inch3
board feet
feet3
meters3
drams
gallons (US)
liter
ounces
pints
quarts
pascal-second
meter2/second
amp-hours
faradays
statcoulombs
hours
63
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 34
TECHNICAL DATA

UNIT
days
days
days
decimeter
decimeter
decimeter
decimeter3
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
dynes
dynes/cm2
electron volts
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs/sec
fahrenheit
fahrenheit
fahrenheit
farads
farads
farads
fathoms
fathoms
fathoms
feet of H2O
feet of H2O
feet/second
feet/second
feet2/second
foot
foot
foot
foot
foot
foot
foot - poundals
foot - poundals
foot - poundals
foot - poundals
foot - pound force
foot - pound force
foot/hour (linear)
foot/min
foot/sec
foot pound force
foot2
foot2
foot2
foot2
foot2
foot2
foot3
foot3
foot3
64
FACTOR
1440.
0.00273
86400
10.
3.937
0.32808
61.02
60.0
3600.0
0.01111
0.01745
1.111
0.00001
0.000001
1.6021 x 10-12
9.4845 x 10-11
1.0 x 10-7
7.376 x 10-8
2.3885 x 10-8
0.278 x 10-10
1.0
1.341 x 10-10
(F-32)/1.8
0.55556
459.72 + F
100000
1.00049
100000
6.0
1.828
2
2.98898
0.4336
0.508
0.00508
0.000001
304.80
30.480
0.30480
0.015151
0.000189
0..166667
3.9968 x 10-5
0.010072
0.03108
0.042133
1.35582
0.00128
0.508
.00508
.3048
1.35582
92,903.04
929.0304
0.09290
0.11111
0.00002
3.5873 x 10-8
0.00781
12.0
1728.0
(continued)
=
UNIT
minutes
years
seconds
centimeters
inch
feet
inch3
minutes
seconds
quadrants
radians
grades
newtons
bars
ergs
joules
foot pound-force
grams-calorie
watt-hours
dynes-cm
horsepower
celsius
celsius
rankin
statamperes
statfarads
microfarads
feet
meters
yards
kilopascal
pound force/inch2
cm/second
meter/second
meter2/second
millimeters
centimeter
meter
chains
miles
fathoms
cal, gram
foot pound-force
joule
joule
Cm/minute
meter/sec
meter/sec
newton meter
millimeter2
centimeter2
meter2
yard2
acre
mile2
cords of wood
board feet
inches3
UNIT
x
foot3
foot3
foot3
foot3
foot3
foot3
foot3
foot3/hour
foot3/hour
foot3/hour
foot3/minute
foot3/minute
foot3/second
foot3/second
foot3/second
foot3/second
foot3/pound
foot3 H2O
foot3 H2O
foot3 H2O
foot3 H2O
furlongs
furlongs
furlongs
furlongs
furlongs
gallon (US liq.)
gallon (US liq.)
gallon (US liq.)
gallon (US liq.)
gallon (US liq.)
gallon (US liq.)
gallon (US liq.)
gallon H2O
gallon H2O
gallon H2O
gallon/minute
gallon/minute
gallon/minute
gallon/minute (gpm)
gallons/inch/mile/day
gallons/inch/mile/day
gausses
gausses
gausses
gram/centimeter3
grades
grades
grades
grades
grades
grades
grains
grains
grains
grains
grains
grains
grams
grams
grams
grams
FACTOR
=
28316.8
0.02832
28.32
59.842
29.922
7.48052
0.03704
.0283168
0.0167
7.4805
0.283168
471.95
448.8306
0.02832
28.31658
120.0
120.0
28.31413
62.42197
28.31413
62.42197
660.0
20116.8
201.17
7920
220.0
8.0
4.0
3.0689 x 10-6
0.00379
3.785
0.13368
8.33
3.78625
3.78625
8.34725
0.00006
0.06309
0.00144
0.00223
0.03259
0.03259
10000.0
6.4516
6.452 x 10-8
1,00.00
0.0025
0.0025
0.9
54
0.0025
3240
0.32399
0.01667
0.03657
64.7989
0.00017
0.00014
5.0
0.2572
0.5644
15.432
UNIT
centimeter3
meter3
liter (liq.)
pint (liq.)
quart (liq.)
gallon (liq.)
yard
meter3/hour
feet3/minute
gallons/hour
meter3/minute
centimeter3/second
gallon/minute
meter3/second
liter/second
foot3/hour
centimeter3/gram
Kilogram
pound
Kilogram
pound
feet
centimeters
meters
inches
yards
pint
quart
acre feet
meter3
liter
foot3
pounds
kilogram
kilogram
pound
meter3/second
liter/second
million gallons/day
foot3/second (cfm)
liter/mm/km/day
liter/mm/km/day
gamma
lines/inch2
webers/inch2
kilogram/meter3
circles
circumfrencees
degrees
minutes
revolutions
seconds
carats
drams (troy)
drams (avdp)
milligrams
pounds (troy)
pounds (avdp)
carats
drams (troy)
drams (avdp)
grains
65
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 35
TECHNICAL DATA

UNIT
grams
grams
grams
grams
grams
grams force/cm2
grams force/cm2
hectare
hectare
henries
henries
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (electric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (water)
horsepower (water)
horsepower (water)
horsepower (water)
horsepower (water)
inch
inch
inch
inch
inch
inch of Hg
inch of Hg
66
FACTOR
0.001
1000.0
0.03215
0.03527
0.00220
98.0665
0.00034
10,000.00
2.47105
1000.0
1.113 x 10-12
2542.47
0.746
64160.0
7.457 x 109
1980000.0
0.076
0.9996
1.0139
745.7
0.212
745.7
33445.7
140671.6
9.8097 x 1010
13.155
13.1497
13.337
13.149
9809.5
9.8095
2547.16
178.298
7.46 x 109
1.0004
0.0745
1.01428
0.99994
746
0.746
2511.3
632800
7.355 x 109
0.9863
0.07498
0.9859
0.98587
735.499
0.7355
0.076
1.00006
1.00046
1.0143
0.746043
25.4
2.54
0.08333
0.0278
1000
3.37416
0.49116
(continued)
=
UNIT
kilograms
milligrams
ounce (troy)
ounce (avdp)
pound
pascal
pound force/inch2
meter2
acre
millihenries
stathenhenries
btu/hr
kilowatts
calories, gram/hr
ergs/second
foot pound-force/hour
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (metric)
joules/sec
tons of refrig.
watts
btu/hr
calories, gram/min
ergs/second
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
joules/sec
kilowatts
btu/hr
calories, gram/sec
ergs/second
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (metric)
joules/sec
kilowatts
btu/hr
calories, gram/hr
ergs/second
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (water)
watts
kilowatts
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (mech)
horsepower (metric)
kilowatts
millimeters
centimeter
feet
yards
mils
kilopascal
pound force/inch2
UNIT
x
inch of Hg
inch of Hg
inch of Hg
inch pound force
inch2
inch2
inch3
inch3
inch3
joule
joule
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram force
kilogram force/cm2
kilogram force/cm2
kilogram force/meter2
kilogram/meter3
kilogram/meter3
kilogram/meter3
kilogram/meter3
kilogram/meter3
kilogram/metre
kilometer
kilometer
kilonewton
kilopascal
kilopascal
kilopascal
kilopascal
kilopascal
kilopascal
kilopascal
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatts
knots
knots
knots
leagues
liter
liter
liter
liter
liter
liter
liter
liter/minute
liter/minute
liter/second
liter/second
liter/mm/km/day
liter/mm/km/day
liter/second
lumens
lumens/foot2
lux
megapascal
FACTOR
=
0.03342
0.03386
34.532
0.11299
645.10
6.4516
16.387
16.39
0.01639
0.73756
0.00095
35.274
2.20462
0.001
1000.0
9.80681
98.0665
14.22335
9.80665
0.06243
1.68554
0.00835
0.00084
0.001
0.67197
0.62137
0.00000000000010
100000000.0
1,000.
0.01
0.14504
0.33456
0.29637
0.001
0.00987
3414.4
2655000
1.34
0.1019
1.3596
0.868976
1.688
1.1508
18240.0
0.03531
0.001
1,000.
2.113
1.057
0.2642
1.
0.0353
.26417
0.035315
15.851
10.800
10.800
0.001
0.0015
10.7639
0.0929
1,000.
UNIT
Atmosphere
bars
grams force/cm2
newton meter
millimeter2
centimeter2
millimeter3
centimeter3
decimeter3
foot* pound force
ounce
pound
metric ton (tonne)
grams
newton
kilopascal
pound force/inch2
pascal
pound/foot3
pound/yard3
pound/gallon
ton/yard3
metric ton/meter3
pound/foot
mile
light years
dynes
pascal
bar
pound force/inch2
feet of H2O
inches of Hg
megapascal
atmosphere
btu/hr
foot-pound force/hr
horsepower (elec&mech)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (metric)
kilometers/hour
feet/second
miles/hour
feet
foot3
meter3
milliliter3
pint
quart
gallon
decimeter3
foot3/minute
gallon/minute
foot3/second
gallon/minute
gallons/in/mile/day
gallons/in/mile/day
meter3/second
watts
lumens/meter2
foot-candles
kilopascal
65
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 36
TECHNICAL DATA
(continued)
Table 7-19: Unit Conversion Tables

UNIT
megapascal
megapascal
megapascal
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter2
meter2
meter2
meter2
Meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
Meter3
meter3/second
meter3/second
meter3/second
meter3/second
meters/second2
metric ton (tonne)
metric ton (tonne)
metric ton (tonne)
metric ton/meter3
micrometers
mile (statute)
mile (statute)
mile (statute)
mile (statute)
mile2
miles/hour
miles/hour
miles/hour
miles/hour
miles/hour
miles/hour
miles/hour
millimeter2
millimeter2
millimeter3
milliliters
milliliters
milliliters
milliliters
milliliters
millimeters
millimeters
millimeters
millimeters
millimeters
millimeters
millimeters
million gallons/day
million gallons/day
newton
newton
newton meter
newton meter
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
66
FACTOR
145.0377
9.86923
10.
3.28084
1.09361
0.00062
0.1988
10.76391
1.19599
0.00025
0.0001
0.00081
35.315
264.17
1.308
1,000.
0.00081
35.315
15,850.3
1,00.
22.82447
3.280840
2,204.6
1.1023
1,000.
0.84277
10000.0
1,609.344
1.60934
5,280.
1,760.
640.0
.447
88.0
1.609344
1.6093
1.852
1.6093
1.852
0.00155
0.00155
0.00006
1.00
0.06102
0.001
0.0338
0.00211
0.03937
0.00328
0.01
0.001
39.37
1000.0
1000.0
694.44
0.04381
0.22481
0.10197
0.73756
8.85073
0.00015
1.0
UNIT
pound force/inch2
atmosphere
bar
foot
yard
mile
rods
foot2
yard2
acre
hectare
acre feet
foot3
gallon
yard3
liter
acre feet
foot3/second
gallon/minute
liter/second
million gallons/day
feet/second2
pound
ton (US)
kilogram
ton/yard3
angstroms
meter
kilometer
foot
Yard
acre
meter/sec
feet/minute
meter/sec
kilometers/hour
knots
kilometers/hour
knots
inch2
foot2
inch3
cm3
inch3
liters
ounces (fld)
pints (fld)
inches
foot
centimeters
meters
mils
microns
micrometers
gallon/minute
meter3/second
pound force
kilogram force
foot pound force
inch pound force
pound force/inch2
pascal
UNIT
x
ohms
ounce
ounce
ounce
ounce
ounce-force/inch2
ounce-force/inch2
parts/million
parts/million
parts/million
pascal
pascal
pint
pint
pint
poise
pound
pound
pound
pound
pound
pound
pound
pound (apoth or troy)
pound force
pound force/inch2
pound force/inch2
pound force/inch2
pound force/inch2
pound force/inch2
pound force/inch2
pound force/inch2
pound force/inch2
pound force/inch2
pound of H2O
pound/foot
pound/foot3
pound/foot3
pound/gallon
pound/yard3
quart
quart
radians
rods
tablespoon
teaspoon
ton
ton
ton/yard3
ton/yard3
ton/yard3
torr (Torricellis)
watts
watts
watts
yard
yard
yard
yard2
yard2
yard2
yard3
yard3
FACTOR
100000.0
28.3495
437.5
0.02835
0.2835
4.3942
0.0625
0.05842
1.0
0.0001
1.
0.00750062
0.4732
0.01671
28.875
0.100
7000
453.5924
0.45359
0.00045
0.0005
16.
0.0005
0.82286
4.44822
6,894.757
6.89476
0.00689
0.07031
6,894.757
0.06895
0.06805
2.307
2.036
0.01602
1.48816
16.01846
0.0135
119.82640
0.59328
0.9463
2.0
57.2957
502.92
180
60
0.90719
907.18
1,186.553
1.18655
74.07407
1.0
0.000948
680
0.00134
0.91440
91.44
0.0005682
0.83613
9.0
0.00021
0.7646
27.0
UNIT
micro ohms
gram
grain
pound
kilogram
gram-force/cm2
pound force/inch2
grains/gallon (US)
grams/ton (metric)
percent
newton/meter2
torr
liter
feet3
inch3
pascal-second
grains
gram
kilogram
metric ton (tonne)
ton
ounce
ton
pound (avdp)
newton
pascal
kilopascal
megapascal
kilogram force/cm2
newton/meter2
bar
atmosphere
feet of H2O
inch of Hg
feet3
kilogram/metre
kilogram/meter3
ton/yard3
kilogram/meter3
kilogram/meter3
liter
pint
degrees
centimeter
drops of liquid
drops of liquid
metric ton (tonne)
kilogram
kilogram/meter3
metric ton/meter3
pound/foot3
mm of Hg
btu/sec
lumens
horsepower
meter
centimeter
miles
meter2
foot2
acre
meter
foot3
67
10/21/2002
2:40 PM
Page 37
Being responsible is our foundation

Thinking ahead makes it possible
Innovation is the essence
L-TG-PG-001 Rev. 09/02
Subject to alterations.
Printed in the U.S.A.
GRUNDFOS Pumps Corporation

17100 W. 118th Terrace
Olathe, KS 66061
Phone +1-913-227-3400
Fax: +1-913-227-3500
www.grundfos.com
GRUNDFOS Canada, Inc.

2941 Brighton Road
Oakville, Ontario L6H 6C9, Canada
Phone: +1-913-829-9533
Fax: +1-905-829-9512
Bombas GRUNDFOS de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.

Boulevard TLC #15
Parque Stiva Aeropuerto
Apodaca, N.L. Mexico C.P. 66600
Phone: +52-81-8144-4000
Fax: +52-81-8144-4010

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HVAC Technical Data Booklet.

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Power Efficiency & Energy

Speed Torque Relationships

System Head Curve

Parallel & Series Operation

Min Flow - Temperature Raise

Axial Thrust - Max Flow

Power Consumption and Cost

Frequently used Formulas

and Boiling Point of Water

Elevations for Various Municipalities

Copper, Brass & S.P.S.

New Steel Pipe

Hydronic Water Flow Calculator

Heat Losses from...

Freezing & Boiling Point

ANSI Steel Flange Dimensions

Gasket & Machine Bolt Dimensions

Unit Conversion Tables

Altitude VS. Barometric Pressure

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

- to successfully develop, produce, and sell high quality

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Centrifugal Pump Theory of Operation

Impellers are generally

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Pump Performance Characteristics and Curves

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

A change in operating conditions will not overload the

Figure 2-6: Elementary H-Q of Performance

4. Net Positive Suction Head - Capacity curves show the

Figure 2-7: LM2.5LM6 Performance Curve

TK02 4967 1902

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Steep and flat curves are called stable

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Q = Capacity in cubic feet per second (cfs)

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Figure 8-G: As Shown in these illustrations friction losses increase

Power is required to push water to a higher

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Figure 2-14: NPSHA and Suction Conditions

NPSHA = Ha -Hs - Hvp - Hf

Power, Efficiency and Energy

where; m = mass flow (lbs./min.)

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Note: (1) PE = WHp / BHP,

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Viscosity (SSU) > > > >

Flow reduction (gpm) %

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Affinity Laws - Pump Speed

Imp. Dia. Constant / Speed Variable

Q1, H1, BHp1, D1 and N1 =

Speed Constant / Imp. Dia. Constant

Imp. Dia. Constant / Frequency Variable

Q1, H1 and BHp1 = Initial Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.) and

The capacity varies directly with the speed. (Q is proportional Hz)

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd

Table 2-5: Converting 60 Hz to 50 Hz Performance