Q^

3alin

^ham^
THE CUSTODY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.

IN

SHELF N

ADAMS

iLh

THE

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
O F

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS^
Tranflated
into

Engl

h5

WITH

NOTES
--

and

DISSERTATIONS.
.

--

.-.

EDWARD

S P E

M A

N,

Efq.

VOL.

III.

LONDON,
Printed, and
fold

of London and by the Bookfellers

Wejimi?ifter.

MDCCLVIIL

AUAMS

THE

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
O F

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
THE SIXTH BOOK.
'

HE

confuls of the following year,

their

who were Aulus

enthe
feventy firfl the prize of

Sempronius Atratmus, and Marcus Minuclus,

tered

Olympiad,

in

upon which

magiftracy in

Tiiicrates of

Croton

won

the fladium, Hipparchus being archon at Athens ; and, during their confulfhip, performed no a6lion either of a
military,

or civil nature, worthy the notice of hiftory (for the truce with the Latines gave them a long refpite from
foreign wars ; and the injundlion, decreed by the fenate, againft the exadion of debts, till the war, that was expeded,
fliould be,

terminated, quieted the difturbances raifed in the who deiired to be difcharged city by the poor, of their debts by a public ad.) However, they procured a
fecurely,

decree of the fenate to be both to paffed, granting power the Latin women, who were married to men of

worth,

and diflindion among the Romans, Vol. III. B

and to the

Roman women

ROMAN ANTIQUITLES OF

Book VI.

women

married to Latines, either to ftay with their hufbands, or to return home ; and it was, alfo, ordered that the male children fliould remain with their fathers, and the
female, and unmarried fliould follow their mothers
:

For

it

happened that a great many women, through the affinity, and friendlLip fubfifting between the two nations, had contradled

marriages in one another's

this liberty

cities.

The women,

granted to them by the decree of the fenate, fhewed how fond they were of living at Rome : For almoft all the Roman women, who lived in the Latin

having

cities,

left their

hufbands,

and returned
and

to

their fathers

and

all

the Latin

women, who were married

their country,
fcaid

to

Romans,
their

except two, hufbands

:

defpifed

with

happy omen

nations fhould be
fuls,

foretelling in the war. vidorious

which of the two

Under

thefe con-

was confecrated to Saturn, they fay, the temple upon the afcent, leading from the forum to the capitol, and
annual
'

feftivals,

formed

at

were appointed to be perthe public expence: They add that, before this,

and

facrifices

the altar, built by Hercules, flood there, upon which, the who had the fuperintendance of thefe holy cereperfons,

Annotations
'

on the Sixth Book.

Livy, alfo, places the dedication of the temple of Saturn, and the inftitution of the Saturnalia^ under thefe confuls his confuUhus {A.
-,

Eo^7af. which, after

Thefe were the

Saturnalia, the reformation of the

called Juvenalis.

*>

calender by Julius Caefar, were celebrated on the fixteenth of the calend s of January (the feventeenth of Decernof four days only, ber) They confifted
*

Seinpronio, et M. MtJiucio) cedes S aturno dedicata : Saturnalia injiitutus

fejlus dies.
c.

till

a Caligula added
'

fifth,

which he

Sueton. Life of Caligula,

17.

'^B.ii. c. 21.

monies

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

monies committed to them by Hercules, facrificed burntfirfl fruits, according to the cuftom of the Greeks. offerings, as

Some hiftorians write that this temple was infcribed with the name of Titus Lartius, the conful of the former year others,
;

with That of Tarquinius, who was expelled the kingdom And that Poftumus Cominius confecrated the temple purfu:

ant to a decree of thefenate.

faid,

Thefe

confuls, -therefore, as I

had the opportunity of enjoying a profound peace. II. They were fucceeded in the confulfliip by Aulus Under whom, the truce Poilumius, and Titus Virginius
:

for a

And great preparayear with the Latines expired All the tions for the war were made by both nations.
:

common

entered into the war willingly, and with great chearfulnefs But the greateft part of the Latines fhewed a coldnefs to the undertaking, and were

people of

Rome

forced into
all

it

the

men

of power in the

cities,

being almoft

corrupted with bribes, and promifes by Tarquinius, and Mamilius; and thofe among the common people, who were
diffatisfied

counfels :

with the war, excluded from a fliare in the public For fuch of them, as defired to be heard in their
it.

affemblies, could not, even, obtain

Upon which, many,

refenting this ufage, left their cities, and deferted to the Romans : For the men, who had poffefTed themfelves of the power in every city, did not chufe to put a ftop to this;

but thought themfelves

obliged to their adverfaries for fubmitting to a voluntary baniiliment. Thefe the Romans received, and fuch of them, as came with their wives,

much

and children, they employed in defending the

city,

diftri-

butinor

ROMAN
among

ANTIQJLJITIES OF

Book VI.

the centuries appointed for that purpofe : And the reft they fent into the fortreftes near the city ; and, dividing them among their colonies, took care they fhould create no difturbance. All men being of opinion that the
prefent jundlure, again, required the adminiftration of a Tingle perfon at liberty to ad according to his own fenfe of
things,

buting them

and

fubjedt to give

no account of

his adtions,

Aulus

Poftumius, the younger of the confuls, was appointed didator by his collegue Virginius: And, according to the ex-

ample of the former didator, created Titus Aebutius Elva

his general
all

of horfe.

And, having,

in a fliort time, Hfted

the

Romans, who were

his

he divided
took the

army

arrived to the age of manhood,, into four parts ; one of which he himfelf

of; another he gave to his collegue Virginius; the third, to Aebutius, general of the horfe; and left the command of the fourth to Aulus Sempronius,

command

whom
III.

he appointed to guard the city. After the didator had prepared every thing, that
:

was neceffary for the war, his fcouts brought him word that the Latines had taken the field with all their forces And,,
prefently,

that they had, by ftorm, themfelves of a ftrong place, called - Cor bio, ia poffefTed which there was a fmall garrifon of the Romans ; all of

others informed

him

whom

they put to the fword ; and, being mafters of the made it the feat of the war. But the number place, they offlaves, and cattle they found in the country, except Thole

taken at Corbio, was not anfwerable to their expedation;

Kcjgiwua. In Latin, Corbio, a

town lying

to the north of

mount Algihs. the

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC A R N A SS EN SIS.

:

the hiifbandmen having, long before, removed all they could of both into the neighbouring fortreffes However, the

enemy
army

fet fire

to the houfes

the country.
arrived at their

they had abandoned, and laid wafte After they had taken the field, a frefli

camp from

'

Antium,

the mofi: confiderable

city of the Volfcian nation, with arms, corn, and every thing elfe, that was necellary for carrying on the war. This raifed
their confidence to a

hope

that,

now

great degree, and gave them room to the city of Antium had fet the example, all
their forces.

the Volfci

would join them with

Poftumius,

being informed of thefe things, marched out, prefently, againft the enemy, with a defign to fall upon them before all their forces were afi^embled And, having made a forced
:

the night, advanced near the Latines, who lay * in a near the called lake, incamped ftrong poft, Regillus ; and he himfelf incamped above them on a hill, that was
in

march

high,

and

difficult

of accefs

Where,

if

he continued, he

was fure to have great advantages over the enemy. IV. The generals of the Latines, OAavius of Tufculum,
the fon-in-law, or, as

fome

write, the fon of the fon-in-law

of Tarquinius, the late king, and Sextus Tarquinius (for they happened, at that time, to be incamped afunder) joined
and, affembling the tribunes, and centurions, they confidered with them in what manner they fhould
their forces
;

E^ Aviiif. See the fifty feventh annotation on the fourth book.

'

it lay in the territory of the Tufculani ; ad Laciim Regillum, in agro Tufcu-

nf

AiiJ.vii PtifiAAfj.

Laais Regillus, near which *ble battle was fought

:

this
"^

This is the remark-

lano, agmini hojtinm occurrertint. It

''

is,,

now,
Ital.

called,

Lago
iii.

di S. Prajfeda,

Livy
19.
i

fays
Cluver, Antiq. B.
c. 4.

'

B.

ii,

c.

carry

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
themfelves of the
hill,

OF

Book VI.
:

war. And many opinions were delivered For carry on the fome advifed to attack the troops, which, under the didator,

had

poffeffed
;

while their fear con-

tinued

looking upon their taking that ftrong poft, as a than of their caution: Others, to fign of their fear, rather draw a line of contravallation round the camp of the Ro-

mans; and, leaving a fmall body of men to fhut them up there, to march with the reft of the army to Rome, which,
as the beft
eaiily,

of their youth were, now, in the field, might, be taken. And others advifed to wait the arrival of

both from the Volfci, and their other allies, and to prefer fafer, to bolder meafures: For, they faid, the Romans would reap no benefit from a delay whereas,
the auxiliary troops
:

their condition

would be improved by

it.

While they were

army

Titus Virginius, having marched, debating, the other conful, from Rome the night before, came up with his fuddenly, and incamped apart from the didlator upon another ;

that was exceeding craggy, and ftrongly ridge of a mountain, So that, both the paffes, through which alone the fituated
:

Latines could

make an

were, effediually, the pafs on the left, and the dictator before That on the
right.

irruption into tlie enemy's country, fecured : The conful incamping before

This encreafcd the conlufion of the commanders, who had nothing more in view than the fafety of the army, and, alfo, their fear, left they fliould be obliged, by lying their own provifions, of which ftill, to live, folely, upon

"When Poftumius obferved the not great plenty. they had of thefe commanders, he fent Titus Aebutius, inexperience
general

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSrS.

general of the horie, with a chofen body both of horfe, and to of a hill, which compoflefs himfelf light armed men,

manded

the pafs, through to the Latines from their

which the provillons were brought

the forces, fent with the general of the horfe, paffed by the enemy's the in the untrodden night; and, marching through camp
territories
:

own

And

paths of a wood, gained the

hill,

before the

enemy was

aware of

it.

V.
places,

The

generals of the
lay behind

enemy, finding that the ftrong

them, were, alfo, poffelied by the Romans, and almoft defpairing of receiving any more provifions from home with fecurity, refolved to drive them from
the
before they had time to fortify it with a ditch, and And Sextus, one of the generals, taking the horfe palifades.
hill,

which

with him, rode up to them

full

fpeed, in expedation that the

their

Roman

horfe

would not ftand

ground

But

thefe, re-

ceiving the charge with bravery, he maintained the fight for fome time, retiring, and renewing the attack. But the nature

of the ground giving great advantages to thofe, who were once mafters of the hill, and affording to thofe, who attacked

from below, nothing but wounds, and ineffedual labor ; and frefii forces of chofen foot, fent by Poflumius to follow
clofe the

detachment, coming up to the afiiftance of the Romans, Sextus returned to the camp without being
fir ft

able to effed:

any thing And the Romans, the poffeillon of the place, openly fortified
:

now
it.

fecure in

After this

adion, Mamilius, and Sextus determined not to fuffer a lonodelay, but, prefently, to decide the affair by a battle.

The
a'

Roma

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
dictator,

Book VI.

propofed to put an end to the war without an adion, and founded his hopes of efFe6ling it on the incapacity of the generals he had to deal
firft,

Roman

who

had, at

with,

now

refolved to ingage

For the

horfe, that patroled

in the roads,

had taken fome

couriers with letters

from the

Volfcito the Latin generals ; by which the former acquainted them that great numbers of auxiliary forces would them
join

within three days at from the Hernici.

farthefl:

and, after that,

another body

reduced the
fighting,

Roman
till

Thefe were the confiderations, that generals to an immediate necedity of

then,

they had propofed to decline. After the fignals for the battle were given on both fides, the two armies advanced to a plain, that lay between their

which,

drew up in the following manner Sextus Tarquinius was on the left wing of the Latines, and 06lavius Mamilius on the right: Titus, the other fon of Tarquinius,
camps, and
:

was

in the center,

where,

alfo,

the

Roman

deferters,

and

exiles

were ported.

And

all

their horfe

being divided into

three bodies,

two of

one

in the center.

were placed in the wings, and The left of the Roman army was comthefe

manded by Titus Aebutius,

oppofite the
ginius,
5-

general of the horfe,

:

who
The

ftood

to Oclavius
^

Mamilius

The

right,

by Titus Vir:

conful,

ficing Sextus Tarquinius

ful,

center

oJ-ftlix-.

Portu5,anLl, after him,

it

M. **

*,

have thought

worth

their

while to obferve ihat Virginius was

not, aftually, conful-, fince, upon the creation of a diftator, the confuhliip

when 'our author faid, before, that the tlidator ordered his ccllegue in the confuUliip, Virginius, to command one o\ the four bodies, irj^iaf Js

STN T n ATON Ous^riwcvsloflEira^^/^v.,

TON

was fuperleded

Neither was

lie

conC. 2.

was

BookVr.

DIONYSIUS

II

AL IC A RN A S S EN SI S.

was conimanded by Poftumius, the didator, in perfon, who and the Roman exiles. propofed toencounter TitusTarquinius,
up, were, on the the fide of the Romans, twenty three thoufand fcven hundred foot, and one thoufand horfe ; and on That of -the
Latines,

The numbers

of each army,

when drawn

and

their allies, near forty

thoufand foot, and three

thoufand horfe.

were going to ingage, the Latin generals called their men together, and faid many things tending to incite them to fight bravely, and repeated their intreaties to
VI.
feeing his people with fear, becaufe they were going to encounter an poflefied army greatly fuperior in number to their own, and defiring to difpel that fear, aflembled his foldiers ; and, placing near
dictator,

When they

that purpofe:

And

the

Roman

him

the fenators of the greateft age, and the greateft dignity, " the to them manner in : The gods, by he fpoke following " omens, facrifices, and other auguries, promife to grant to
*' ^'

" whole courfe of our

*'

our commonwealth liberty, and a happy vi6lory, in return for the piety, and the juftice we have fliewn during the
lives,

and from a

jufl:

refentment

"
*'

againft benefits

our enemies

from

us,

who, having received many great being both our relations, and friends,
;

and, having fworne to look upon

friends, as their

all

our enemies, and

"

own, have defpifed all thele obligations, and " brought an unjuft war upon us, not with a view to dif*' pute the fovereignty, and dominion (for this would belefs " of the but in of the
affliding) and to

fupport

tyranny

Tarquinii,

*'

compel

us,

from being free, to become

flaves to

them.

Vol.

III.

"

You,

10

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
Yon,
therefore,

OF

Book VI.

"

ought, both officers, and foldlers, fince *' you are fenlible you have the gods for your alHes, who " always preferve our city, to behave yourfelves with bravery

" in this battle ; remembering that they give their alliflance " to thofe, who fight bravely, and, chearfully, contribute " to the vidlory ; not to thofe, every thing in their power " who from danger; but to fuch, as expofe themfelves fly " to it with perfeverance. You have many other advantages, " alfo, conducive to vidlory, already prepared for you by " which of all the
fortune, but,
chiefly, three,
are,

others,

" moft

confiderable, and the mod obvious. VII. " Firft, the confidence you have in one another, " which is a thing, abfolutely, neceflary to gain the victory :

" For you " this

are not to look

day, to be

yourfelves, as beginning^ firm friends, and faithful allies to one

upon

" another, but your country has, long fince, prepared this " have been brought up together, happinefs for you all ; you " and have received one common education ; you have
*'

facrificed to

the gods upon the fame altars

evils

"
enjoyed

you have

many common
;

advantages, and have experienced

by which, ftrong, and indiffoluble " formed among all men ; which friendfhips are friendfhips " fhew themfelves when a battle, common to all, is to be " interefts are at fl:ake in which the
fought,
greater!:
:

"

many common

For,

"

overcome by the enemy, the confequence will " not be that fome of you will be treated with no fcverity,
if

you

are

*'

and others
will,

fuffer the lafi

of punifliments

but

all

of you

*'

equally,

lofe

your dignity, your fovereignty, your "

libertyj

BookVr.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENS
no longer,
pollefs

IS.

ii

your wives, your children, " and your fortunes, or any other happinefs you, now, enjoy ; *' all the men of dignity, and authority among us will fufFer a
liberty, and,

"

" moft miferable death

*'
''

in the midft of ftripes,

and torments

For,

if

injury,
*'

our enemies, without having received any kind of have accumulated on all of us indignities of every

what ought we to expeft from them, if they, now, " overcome us; when they v/ill refent our having driven *' them from their cities, deprived them of their fortunes, and " not fuffered them, even, tofet afoot upon the lands of their
fort,
*' ''

anceftors?

advantage we have over our enemies cannot be thought lefs than either of Thofe I have menlaft
it

The

"

" "
<' *'
*'

properly ; which is, that the forces, we are to encounter, are not fo formidable as we conceived them to be, but far fhort of the opinion we had entertained
tioned, if you coniider

of them

" Hernici would have joined them befides a thoufand other " vain fears we formed to ourfelves. But all thefe things " of the the dreams Latlnes, founded on delufive were, only, " For fome of their allies promifes, and ineffe6lual hopes " have over all from
;
:

For, except the auxiliary forces of the Antiates, you fee no other allies prefent with them While we expeded that all the Volfci, and many of the Sabines, and
: :

*'

a congiven thoughts ofadifting them, tempt of the incapacity of their generals Others, inftead of
:

"
affifting

them, will pretend to doir, and confume the time

"

"

in feeding

them

vv-ith

hopes:
vvill

And
ftay

thofe,
till

who

are,
is

now,
over,

preparing to

alFift

them,

the battle

"

and, then, be of no

further ufe to them.

viir.

12

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book Vl.

"

VIII. " But, if any of you are convinced of the reafonablenefs of what I have advanced, fear the numbers yet
fliort

" remembrance, will teach them " formidable. Let them

*'

" of the enemy, a

inftrudion,

or rather their

own

that they fear things not confider, in the firft place, that the

greateft part of

them

are forced to take

*'

" in all ingagements, the braveft, not the moft numerous " It would be tedious to alledge, forces, gain the vidlory. " as examples, how many vaft armies of Barbarians have " been overcome by very fmall numbers of Greeks, fo as to
^

both by their " difcourfes; and that the number of thofe, who, willingly, *' and, chearfully, fight for the tyrants, is, extremely, fmall, " and not, in any degree, equal to our army. Secondly, that,
as they have, often, fliewn

arms againft us, adions, and their

"
*'

render the relations of thofe vi6lories, even, incredible to the generality of mankind. But, to omit other things,

*'
*'

have you yourfelves gained with fewer forces, than your prefent army confifts of, againft enemies
battles
*

how many

I look upon this word been to have mifplaced by the tranam convinced that the fcribers, and to be read thus-, oV fentence ought

EAAavuv.

mination, that the battle of Marathon

happened above
viz.
in the

Ba^Qoicm
I

7(ccfiufji,aici

vTTf^CmMov^a. otA>;6

five years after this, third year of the feventy fecond Olympiad Butnohiftory that I know of informs us that vaft armies
:

fMK^cii nr;<nj

EXAnvMv
this

ttoilyfuvK^ccvIo Svvoiu^.i.

ot

Greeks

v;ere ever defeated

lefs

by others
;

thought might allude to the vie' Mararory gained by the Greeks at thon with 10,000 men, over the Per-

numerous which confiderably muft be the fenfe, if we read the text as it ftands in all the editions, and
manufcripts
h^yim
juwga* zaaw
,

whofc army confiftcd of no lefs than 300,000 ; a vi6lory, which our author might, juftly, fay was fcarce credible However, I find upon exafians,
:

Qca B^^&)v

xai Ea.srA)i6

^^eilivy.alx

vTrt^QahKovlx

Kali;fuvia-a.ilo Jwaixe^ts.

Ufher, p. 96.

PetaviuSj part. prim. B.

iii.

c.

i.

Valerius

Maxim.

B. v. c. 3. Plutarch in Parall.

" more

Book VI.
*'

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

13

more numerous, than TJiofe you are, now, going to en" counter ? It may be faid that you have, indeed, continued " to be formidable to thofe you have, once, overcome in battle ; while you may be defpifed by thefe Latines, and a their the becaufe have never
c '

allies,

Volfci,

they

experienced

conquered improved by many defeats, " the conquerors impaired by fo many vidtories ? What *' man of fenfe will fay this? I fhould wonder, indeed, if " any of you looked upon the numbers of the enemy, in " which there are few brave with and with

have your bravery But you all know that your " overcome both thefe nations in many battles. Can it, " then, be, reafonably, fuppofed that the condition of the " is fo and That of
:

fathers

men,

terror,

" " " "

contempt upon their own army, which is fo numerous, and fo brave, that none, exceeding it either in courage,
or in numbers, was ever brought into the field in any of our former wars.

IX. " This, alfo, citizens, ought to be the greateft in" citement to you neither to apprehend, nor avoid the " fenators are all dangers of the field, that the

"

" of the war with you whom both their age, and the law " have Would it not, then, difcharged from the fervice. " be fliameful for you, who are in the vigor of your youth,
;

prefent,

as

you

fee,

principal to fhare the common fortune ready

" to
"

fly

from danger, while

?

thefe,

who

are paft that age^

purfue it " unable to

That the

kill

"

of the old men, though any of the enemy, fhould lead them to die,
alacrity

at

leaft,

for their

country

and that your youth, whicli " mar

14
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VI.

" and if that cannot be, of ading, and gaining the vi6tory, or, " with bravery, fhould not induce you either to try fuffering
*'

may enjoy the double advantage of fecuring your own fafety,

fortune, or leave behind

true,

you a glorious reputation

Is it

not

"
*' *' *'

and vvonderful actions performed by others, before your time, which no words can, fufficiently, celebrate; and that your pofterity

Romans,

that there have been

many

great,

will hear,

with improvement,
their

many illuftrious a6i:ions

?

per-

" formed by
*'

own

anceftors, if you gain this viftory

To

the end, therefore, that neither the bravery of thofe

among

" refolved to do their duty, may be unprofiyou, who are " table, nor the fears of fuch, as apprehend danger more than
*'

becomes them, go unpunifhed, learn from me, before

:

we

" Whoever Ihall ingage, v/hat each of them are to expert " adion in this battle, and proves perform any great, or brave " it by the teftimony of perfons acquainted with that adlion, " I will, not reward him, with the
only,

immediately,

honor?,

*'

which every man, upon thefe occafions, isintitled to by the " cuflom of his country, but will, alfo, add to thofe rewards a the public lands, and put him in a condition above part of
wanting any thing, that is necefiliry for his fubfiftance. But, " if a cowardly, and accurfed mind fliall fuggeftto any one an

"
*'

inclination to a fiiamxeful flight ; to this man I will prefent before his eyes the death he endeavoured to avoid For
:

" death is better than life to fuch a citizen, both for his " own, and his country's fake. And whoever is put to death " in fuch a manner, fhall be honoured neither with burial,
*'

nor any other funeral

rites

but, unregarded, unlamented,

" be

Book VI.
'

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

15

'

be devoured by birds, and beafts of prey. Apprized, therefore, of thefe things, go all, chearfully, to the ingagement, with fanguine hopes, the guides to glorious actions,

'

'

'

'

we by this one battle, if attended with the fuccefs all wifh for, you will obtain the greateft of all advantages ; the tyrants ; you will free yourfelves from the fear of the obligarepay to your country, that gave you birth,
that,

'

tions

fhe, juftly,

requires

of you for your education;

are yet infants,

'

preferve your children,

who

and your

'

'

wives from the irreparable treatment of your enemies ; and render the fhort time your aged fathers have yet to
live

'

moft agreeable
it

to

them

Happy

thofe

among

you,

'

'

'

triumph for this vi6lory, while your children, your wives, and fathers But glorious, and admired for their bravery receive you
to
!

whom

will be given to celebrate the

'

will thofe be,

who fhall facrifice their lives for their country

decreed to
;

'

For death
to the
^

is

'

and the brave

men, both to the cowardly, but an illuflrious, and a glorious death

all

'

brave alone."

X. While he was difplaying thefe incentives to valor, a kind of confidence, fent from heaven, feized the army, and
they
not^
7-

ifaduated with one foul, cried out together. Fear and lead us on. Upon which, Poftumius commended their
all, as

Movo;? TO/? afc^oic

This
I

is

the only
wifli

fpeech in
fliortcr.

our author, that

could

only point to be confidered is, whether it can be fuppofed that he, or any other
general,
length,

When

fay this, I

own

that

ever

all the powers of eloquence are difplayed in it. But I am afraid it will

when

his

made a fpeech of this army was upon the

be

ibid,

ncn erct his

Iccus.

It fignifies

little

whether this fpeech was, fpoken by the didator, or not

really,
:

I cannot point of ingaging. help that the thinking imperatovia brez'itas is full as effedual to animate the foi-

The

diets,

and more becoming the generaf.

alacrity J

i6
alacrity,

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VI.

and made a vow to the gods, if the battle was attended with a happy, and glorious event, to perform great, and coftly facrifices, and to inftitute magnificent games to
people After which, he difmifled his men to their ranks ; and, as foon as they had received the word from their officers, and the trumpets
:

be celebrated, annually, by the

Roman

founded a charge, they gave a fhout, and fell on Firft, the the horfe, on each fide ; then the lines light armed, and
:

of the heavy armed men, both armed, and drawn up alike ; and all mingling, a fevere battle infued, in which every man fought hand to hand. However, both fides were,
extremely, deceived in the opinion they had entertained of each other For, neither of them thought a battle would be necefTary, but expected to put the enemy to flight at the
:

iirfl onfet.

confiding in the number of their horfe, concluded That of the Romans would not be able, And the Romans imagined even, to fuftain their fhock

The

Latines,

by rufhing into the midft of danger in a daring, and inconfiderate manner, they fliould terrify their enemies. Having formed this opinion of one another in the beginfaw contradi6led it. Each fide, nino-, every thing they
that,

hopes of prefervation, and of victory on the fear of the enemy, but on their own brave foldiers, even courao-e, fhewed themfelves beyond
therefore, founding,
their

no longer,

their power.

Various, and fludluating was the fortune of the

day.

XI.
didator

Firft, the

pofted in the center, where the Poftumius flood with a chofcn body of horfe

Romans

about

BookVI.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC A R N A SS EN SIS.

17

about him, he himfelf fighting among the foremoft, forced that part of the enemy, that ftood oppofite to them, Titus,

one of the fons of Tarquinius, being wounded in the right flioulder with ajavehn, and, no longer able to ufe his hand
Licinnius, and Gellius, without inquiring into the proor poffibility of the thing, introduce king bability,
(for
^

Tarqui-

man, then, near ninety years of age, fighting on horfeback, and wounded) Titus falling, thofe about him,
nius himfelf, a
liaving fought a
little

while, and carried

him

off while he

was yet

alive,

degrees, as

fhewed no bravery after that ; but retired, by the Romans preffed them. After this, Sextus,

the other fon of Tarquinius, coming to their relief with the Roman exiles, and a body of chofen horfe, they, again,

ftood their ground, and attacked the

Thefe, therefore, recovering themfelves, fought again. In the mean time, Titus Aebutius, and Mamilius 06lavius, the commanders

enemy

of their refpe6live wings, fought in the moft diftinguifTied manner, driving their enemies before them wherever they
charged, and rallying their

men when
:

difordered;

then,

And, in the conflid:, challenged one another, and fought gave one another griev^ous wounds, but none mortal ; the
general of the horfe, piercing the corflet of Mamilius with the point of it in his breaft; and Mamilius his fpear, lodged running the other through the middle of his right arm,

they
*

fell

from their
CI

horfes.
YsKf^tov.

AiKtvvioi, nci

T^i^t

See
firft

the twenty fifth annotation on the

done,inorderto produceinftancesfrom hiftory of feveral perfons, who have en-

do not think it neceffary to of Cafaubon upon this * * occafion, as M. *, and le Jay have
book.
I

joyedgreat vigor

tranflate a note

But

this I

know,

at ninety years ofage. that, if I had tranf-

lated his note, I Ihould have

owned

it.

Vol.

III.

XII.

i8

ROMAN
command

ANTIQ^TITIES OF
'^

Book V I.

XII. Both of them being carried out of the field, Marcus Valerius, who had been appointed legate, took upon himfelf the

of the general of the horfe, and attacked

;

Thofe of the enemy in front was driven far out of the line

and, after a fhort refiftance,

:

body of the enemy had been, alfo, reinforced by a detachment of horfe, conof the Roman exiles, and by light armed men fifting
this
:

For

Mamilius, having recovered himfelf from his wound, appeared in the field again, and was come up with a ftrong
In this action, body both of horfe, and light armed foot. fell Marcus Valerius, the legate, wounded with a fpear ; the fame perfon, who firft triumphed over the Sabines, and
raifed the fpirit of the

And

commonwealth, funk by the defeat

fhe had received from the Tyrrhenians ; and, round him, fell other worthy, and brave Romans. Both fides endea-

many

his body, a fharp conflid infued, while vouring to carry off Publius, and Marcus, the fons of Poplicola, prote6l:ed their

uncle with their fhields

However,

thefe carried

him

off

him to their fhield-bearers, while unfpoiled ; and, delivering he yet breathed a little, they fent him to the camp : Then,
9-

nf76su7)i?.

muft

defire leave

of

thereaderto

tranflate this

word, Z^'^^/f,

tranflate Legalus, a Lieutenant general^ which is more anfwerable to his poll,

whenever I meet with it. I find the French tranflators have faid Lieutenant^ and Lieutenant Colonel^ which, by the way, does not give the fignification of
Legatus
;

known that there were two of Legati among the Romans ; the firft, embafiadors, and the other,
It is

well

forts

fince

it

fuppofes

this officer

The popes have military officers. the of the firft with name preferved
the addition of a latere
;

to'be inferior to the Tribuni, which he, I certainly, was not. If thought myfelf
juftified
in

vainly ima-

the

Roman

giving modern names to all officers, 1 fhould rather

gining that this pretence can intitle them to the fame confideration as th-e

embafiadors of ancient

Rome.
throwing:

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICAPvNASSENSIS.

19

throwinfy themfelves into the midfl of the

and ardor ; and, having received

enemy through fury, many wounds from the Roon all

fides,

man exiles, who attacked

together.

them,'clofely,

they died

After this misfortune, the line of the

Romans was

forced to give way ; and the whole left wing v/as broken, even, When the dictator obferved the flight of his to the center.

men, he flew to their affiftance with all the horfe he had about him; and ordered the other legate, Titus Herminius, to take
a troop of horfe; and, pafllng behind their own lines, to force the men, who fled, to face about ; and, if they refufed obe-

dience, to kill

them; and he

himfelf,

with the
:

befl:

of his men,

puflied

on towards the body of the enemy

And, when he

came near them, he clapped fpurs to his horfe beforeany of the and all his men refl:, and charged them with a loofe rein
;

falling

manner, the enemy, unable to fuftain the wild, and favage fhock,fled, and many of them In the mean time, the legate, Herminius alfo, fell. having
in this terrible
rallied thofe,

on together

brought them up, and attacked that the enemy, that flood formed under Mamilius ; and part of encountering this general, who, both for his ftature, and his
fled, fl:rength,

who

was the moft remarkable man of

himfelf, while he

his

time, he

killed

him ; and he

received a

wound

in his flde

was fpoiling the body, with a fword by fome perfon,

and

fell

dead.

Sextus Tarquinius,

who commanded

the

left

wing of the Latines, maintained his poft all this while in the midfl: of dangers, and forced the right wing of the Romans
to

But, when he faw Poftumius advancing give way with the chofen horfe, he gave over all hopes, and rufhed
:

into

20

RO

M AN

ANT

QU T
I

ES

OF

Book VI.

into the midfl: of the enemy's ranks; where, being furrounded by the Romans, both horfe, and foot, and, Hke a wild beaft

with miflive weapons, he fell ; but not before he had killed many of thofe, who attacked himfword
affaulted
all fides

on

in hand.

The

generals being flain,

all

the Latines fled at

once; and their camp, abandoned by the men, who had been left to guard it, was taken In which the Romans
:

This was the greateft found a very conflderable booty. defeat the Latines had ever fuffered ; the ill effedls of which
long, and their lofs v/as greater than any they had, before, fuftained: For, of forty thoufand foot, and three thoufand horfe, as I faid, not ten thoufand men relafted very

turned

home

in fafety.

XIII.

It is faid that, in this battle,

two men, on horfenature, both in

back, far excelhng the offspring of

human

and jufi: in their prime, appeared to beauty, and in ftature, Poftumius, and to thofe about him, and charged at the head of
the

Roman horfe,

v/ounding with their fpears

:

all

they encoun-

and driving the Latines before them And, after thefe were put to flight, and their camp taken, the battle being, now,
tered,

over,

two youths

ner, about the beginning

are faid to have appeared in the fame manof the night, in the Roman forum,
tall,

juft in a fvveat.

and beautiful, and of the fame age, themfelves retaining the looks of combatants horfes they rode being all coming from a battle, and the
attired in military habits, very

V/hen, each of them difmounting, and wafljing themfelves in the fountain, which, rifmg near the temple of Vefta, forms a fmall, but deep bafon, many people {landing
about

EookVI.

DIONYSIUS HA L I C AIIN A S SE N SI S.
if

21

about them, and inquiring

they had brought any news from the camp, they related the particulars of the battle, and that the Romans had gained the vidlory. They add
that, after they left the

forum, they were no more feen,

notwithftanding the great fearch, that was made after them The next day, when the perby the governor of the city. fons intrufted with the care of the commonv/ealth, received
the letters fent by the dictator, by which, among the other circumftances of the adlion, they were informed, alfo, of the apparition of thefe gods, they concluded that the fame had

might reafonably be imagined, and believed that the divinities, who had fo appeared, were Of this and wonderful Caftor, and Pollux.
as

appeared in both places,

extraordinary,

apparition of thefe gods there are many monuments at Rome, as the temple of Caftor, and Pollux, which the Roman

people ereded in the forum, where they had appeared; and the fountain near it, faid to be confecrated to them, and and alfo the thought to be fo to this

day; magnihcent which the facrifices, people offer, every year, by the miniftry ' of the moft coniiderable knights, on the ides of the month, called Quintilis, which was the day, on which they
gained this vidory
':

But, above
mois

all

thefe things, the

mem.ory
this

Ev

^tiv*

Ki'VvJtAiai.

Jux ides du

fifteenth)

of which was celebrated

appelU ^lintilius, fays never was fuch a month

M.

***. There in the Roman

procefilon, called by the Komans,/r<?;//-

calendaras

^iintilius faid^z>////zj; afterwards called 7/m, in flattery to Julius Caefar, who was

He fhould

have

veBio equitum Romanorura. ^ Livy attributes the inftitution of this proceffion to Fabius Maximus ab eodem
-,

born

in that

month

On

injlitiitumdicitur^ut cqiiUes Idibus ^lintilibus

the ides (the

'B.

iranfveherentur.

ix. c. 46.

r
or.

22

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
it
is

Book VI.

of

perpetuated by a proceffion, performed after the " horfe maintained by the facrifice, by thofe, who have a

pubHc ; and who, being

ries,

difpofed in their tribes,

as
if

and centubattle,

ride all in their ranks,

olive

they

came from

crowned with
"

branches,

and

attired

in robes

with

purple borders, and ftripes of the fame color, which they call 'Trabeae : They begin their proceffion from a certain

temple of Mars, that ftands without the walls ; and, going through feveral parts of the city, and the forum, they pafs

by the temple of Caftor, and Pollux, fometimes

to the

num-

ber, even, of five thoufand, carrying all the ornaments they have received from their generals, as the rewards of the valor
fine fight, and they have fhewn in battle worthy the of their empire. Thefe are the things I find to be greatnefs related, and performed by the Romans in memory of the
:

Caftor, apparition other inftances of great

the

men

by which, among moment, one may judge how of thofe times were cherifhed by tlie gods.
;
Ittttov.

of

and Pollux

many much

" Tov

itjfjios-tov

Inftead of re-

celui

des premiers

etoit

entretenu

anx
is,

what peating
cerning the

Iliave, already, laid

con-

d'cpens

du public.

Tliis difference

knights, I fliall to the reader the refer twenty eighth annotation on the fecond book. HowI

Roman

abiblutely, chimerical. From the time of Romulus, to Marius, the Romans

cannot omit taking notice of ever, * * * in a miflake committed by M. I think his note upon this pafTage.

had no other cavalry but the knights, whofe horfes were maintained by the public, and who conftituted the equeftrian order.

This,

think,

have

myfelf obliged
tes

to
s'

quote

his

words

chevaliers

equites,

de

mme
la

compofoieni il y avoit cette difference, que ceuxci entretencient a leursfrais lecheval,dont Us

en Latin ks foldats qui que cavalerie Romaine : mais

appelloient

proved, in the annotation referred to, by feveral authorities

-,

particularly

That of Livy, from

appears decifive.

whom

by have
me,

there quoted a paffage, which, to

'-

fefervoient

dans

les batailles,

mi

lieu

que

See the 13S"' *oinK07rfu!pf. annotation on the fecond book.

X ^^^IV.

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN A S S E N S

S.

23

XIV. Poftumius incamped

that night in the field;

and,

the next day, lie crowned thofe, who had diftinguidied themfelves in the battle; and, having appointed guards to
take care of the prifoners, he facrificed to the gods in thankfWhile he had yet his crown on his for the vidiory giving head, and was laying the firfl: offering on the altar to be
:

running down from the eminences, brought him word that an army of enemies was marching againft him: This confifted of the chofen

confumed with

fire,

fome

fcouts,

youth of the Volfcian nation,

auxiliaries,

to

been fent out, as the Latines before the battle was ended.
all his

who had

Upon

this

information, he ordered

men

to their arms,

and that every one fhould

enfigns,

ftay in the

camp under his proper

keeping themfelves upon their guard, and in their On ranks, till he himfelf fhould order them what to do. the other fide, the generals of the Volfci, incamping in

where they could '^ not be obferved by the Romans, when they faw the field covered with dead bodies, and the tents in both camps ftanding, and that none of
a place,
their enemies, or friends ftirred

out of their intrench ments,

for fome time, amazed, and at a lofs to guefs they were, what turn of fortune had produced this fituation of affairs:

But, being informed by thofe, who had efcaped from the defeat, of all the circumftances of the battle, they confulted

with their

officers

what was

to be done.

The

boldefi:

of

them were of opinion,

ij*

that the beft thing they could

fignifies

do was

E|

?ro7r1a.

As

this

word

given

it

the

firft fenfe,

which feems to

invifible,

as

well

tranflators

had

confpicuoiu^ I have their choice.

as

the

imply greater caution,

to

24

ROMAN ANTI QU
camp of
the
their

TIE

OF

Book VI.

to attack the

Romans, while many of them

were yet difabled with

labor of the day, their others broken, and no
to relieve them.

wounds, and all tired with the armsufelefs, fome being blunted, and
frefli

forces

from

Rome

yet at

hand

On

the other fide, they faid their

full

own

army was numerous,

of courage, bravely armed, expe-

rienced in war, and, by appearing unexpededly, was fure to aflonilli, even, the boldeft.

XV. But
fafe,

the moft prudent among them did not think it without allies, to run the hazard of attacking men well

acquainted with military difcipline, who had juft defeated fo great an army of the Latines ; or to commit their greatefl:
the danger of an ingagement in a foreign country, where, if any misfortune happened, they had no Thefe advifed, therefore, to of fafety to retire to. place for a fafe retreat to their own country as foon provide rather
interefts

to

as pofTible,

and

to look

upon

it

as a great advantage, if they

But others difapproved of both thefe meafures, and fhewed that the eagernefs for an ingagement was juvenile, and the ridiculous flight to their
fuftained
lofs in this

no

expedition.

own

obje6l

country, fhameful ; and that either of thefe was the Their opinion, therefore, of the enemy's wiilies
:

was, that, at prcfent, they ought to fortify their camp, and for a battle ; and that, difpatching prepare every thing of the Volfci, they fhould defire them meffengers to the reft to do one of thefe two things, either to fend another army of
to equal ftrength

That of

the

Romans,

or, recal

the forces

fent out. they had, already,

But the opinion, that prevailed with

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN A SS EN S

was to fend
fpies

I S.

25

with the greatefl part, and received the fan6lion of the

men
neral,

in power,

to the

Roman camp,
the

fecured by the quality of embaffadors,

to falute the geof

Romans, fent by the Volfcian nation, they were forry they came too late for the battle, as being intitled to little, or no thanks for their zeal Flowever, that they congratulated the good fortune of the Romans, in having gained a great victory,
that,
as
allies
:
^

and acquaint him

without the affiftance of their alHes.

dors had impofed
courfe,

After the embaffa-

upon the Romans by this officious difand prevailed on thefe to confide in them, as in their

were to examine every thing, and acquaint the generals of the Volfci, at their return, with their numbers, the condition of their arms, and their preparations, and
friends, they

whether they propofed to execute any defign And that, after they were, thoroughly, acquainted with thefe things,
:

they would deliberate whether it were expedient to fend for frefli forces, and attack the Romans, or to return home

with the army they had with them. XVI. After they had taken this refolution, the embafladors they had chofcn went to the didator; and, being introduced to the aflembly, they fpoke in the deceitful manner they had been infl:ru6led. When Poftumius, after a fliort paufe, faid; " You have brought with you, Volfci, " evil defigns clothed with good words ; and, while you aft " like For you enemies, you delire to appear like friends " were fent us ; by your nation to aflift the Latines
:

"

againft

but, arriving after the battle, and feeing

Vol.

III.

them overcome, " you

26

ROMAN
will

ANTIC^yiTIES OF
:

BookVI.

"
*'

you want to deceive us, by pretending dejGigns contrary to Thofe you, really, entertained And neither the goodyou
exprefs,

*'
*'

which you have calculated for the prefent jundlure, nor the pretence, under which you are come " hither, have any fincerity in them ; but are full of fraud, *' and deceit: For you were not fent to congratulate our " good fortune, but to examine into theweaknefs, or ftrength '' of our condition ; and you are embaffadors in appearance, " but And, when the others denied every fpies in reality." thing he had charged them with, he faid he would foon
convince them of the truth of
it
:

And,

prefently,

fhewed

them

their letters,

battle, to

which he had intercepted before the the generals of the Latines, in which they promifed
;

to fend forces to their affiftance

who

were carrying thofe letters. the prifoners had given an account of the orders they had received, the common foldiers were going to ftone the Volfci,
as fpies

and produced the perfons, After thefe were read, and

But Poftumius thought that good men ought not to imitate the wicked j frying? it would become them more, and fhew more greatnefs of mind to
taken in the
fa6l
:

referve their anger againfi: the fenders, rather than againft the fent; and to difmifs the men, in confideration of their

apparent

title

of embalTadors, rather than to put them to death

in confideration of their difguifed quality of fpies ; left they fhould give a fpecious color either of war to the Volfci,

while they pretended their embalTadors were put to death, contrary to the right of nations, or to their other enemies of

propagating reports, which, though neither ill-grounded, nor incredible.

falfe,

would appear XVII.

Book VI.

PIONYSIUS H A L IC A RN A S S E N S IS.

27

XVII. Having,
he commanded
'*

thus, put aftop to the fury of the foldiers, the men to be difmifled, and to return

without looking back ; and ordered them a guard of horfe, who condudled them to the camp of the Volfci. After he

had fend away the

fpies,

he commanded the

foldiers

to

prepare for battle, as deligning, the next day, to ingage. For the generals of But there was no occalion for a battle the Volfci decamped in the middle of the night, and re:

turned home.
buried his

All things having fucceeded to his wifli, he

;

and, having purified his army, returned to the city, and celebrated a magnificent triumph,
carrying with

own dead

him heaps of arms on many

carts,

together

with a great quantity of military ftores, followed by five thoufand five hundred prifoners, taken in the lafl battle.

And, having
'^

gods Bacchus, and Proferpine, in performance of his vow For, in the beginning of the war, there had been a fcarcity of a failure of which was, provifions for the army,
:

apart the tenths of the fpoils, he employed forty talents in performing games, and facrifices to the and contradled for the building temples to Ceres, ;
fet

greatly,

uncultivated, and the been flopped, by reafon of the war : importation of provifions Induced by this apprehenfion, he had ordered the guardians of the Sibylline books to confult them and, finding that the
lain apprehended, the land having
;

The Latin tranfthis word have rendered might much better than they have done, by j!>je refpeSiu ; as'Livy fays of Philip, when he received a check from T.
HAu-^^ic^iTrl,.

Quintius Flamininus, Rexprimo

fl<:

effufe,

lators

fine refpeftu/a^zV.
's-

Tijli^oixovlx

tuAxvIx.

In

our

money, 7750 pounds,

'B. xxxii. c. 12,

oracles

28

ROMAN

ANTia.UITIES OF
going

Book VI.

oracles ordered thefegods to be rendered propitious, he made a to take the field, that, if vow to them, when he was

there was the fame plenty of provifions in the city, during the time of his magiftracy, as before, he would build temples, and appoint facrifices to be performed to them every year. Thefe gods, hearing his prayer, caufed the land to produce

abundant crops,

only, of corn, but, alfo, of fruit; and all foreign provifions to be imported in greater plenty, than before. Which when Poftumius himfelf faw, he ordered the
iiot

temples to be built. The Romans, therefore, having, through the benevolence of the gods, repelled the war, brought upon

them

for the reftoration

of the tyrants, employed their time

embaffadors came to them from
all their

in feafts, and facrifices.

XVIII.

A kw days after,

the Latin nation, chofen out of

'^fame perfons,
war) holding up

fupinto introduced the fenate, firft, acpliants. Thefe, being cufed the men of power, in every city, of having been the
'^*

(being the who had, all along, declared againft the '^ olive branches, and other marks of
cities

Oirriv uavJixv s%ov7sf arsji t ttsMims

power
^7-

thefe embaffadors
ly.ily,^,oc.

had oppofed,

j-vM^Mijv.

The two French

qui
j'etoient

tranflators

''Livy will explain this

:

have

faid,

oppofees a la

guerre.

This every body, who under-

{lands French, will fee relates to the cities, not to the embaffadors ; which

In giving an account of the fuppliant manner, in which the Locrenfian embalFadors addrelTed their

Greek cuflom

contrary to the Greek text, where And it ftands oi iyjj^i<;-, not ai i-xj^sui. thefe embaffadors fay, in excufe of the
is

complaints to the Roman confuls a=gainft Pleminius, he fays ; decern legati

Locrenfmn

obfili

fquallore et fordibus, in

Latines, that their cities wereinfluenced by the men of power, when they dedared for the war; which men of

Comitio fedentibus confulibtii, velamenta fupplictim., ramos oleae {nt Gr^ech mos eft) porrigentes, ante tribunal cumfiebili
vociferatione procubuerunt.

^ B. xxix. c. 16.

caufe

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

29

caufe of the war; and that the people had been guilty but

which was, of having been deluded by their who had nothing elfe in view but their corrupt demagogues, for this delulion, in which nccefTity private advantages. And, had thegreatefl: fhare, they faid, every city had, already, been,
of one
fault,

feverely, puniilied

of the beft of their youth; fo that, it was not eafy to find a fingle family, that was not in mourning. They defired the Romans would receive

by the

lofs

them, and had no intention, any longer, either to conteft the fovereignty with them, or to pretend to an equality ; but were refolved to
thofe,

who,

willingly, fubmitted to

continue, ever after, to be their

allies,

and

fubjed:s,

and to

add to the happinefs of the Romans all that dignity, which At the end of their fortune had taken from the Latines.
fpeech, they called

the two nations,

fions,

upon the affinity, that fubfifted between and put them in mind of the many occa-

where they had, formerly, affifted them without ever excufing themfelves, and bewailed the misfortunes, that

would

on the innocent, who were many more in number, than the guilty ; accompanying every thing they faid with tears ; embracing the knees of all the fenators and
fall
;

laying the enfigns of fuppliants at the feet of Poftumius : So that, the whole fenate were affeded, in fome degree,

with their

tears,

and

intreaties.

XIX. After
given
to

the embafladors withdrew, and liberty was the fenators, who, ufually, delivered their

opinions, Titus Lartius,

who had

been the

firft

didator,
three

30
'^

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
them
to ufe their

Book VI.

three years before, advifed

good fortune

with moderation, faying, that the greateft praife, that could be given to a whole people, as well as to individuals, was
not to be corrupted with profperity, but to bear good fortune with temperance, and moderation For all
:

profperity

particularly. That, which was attended with That arrogance, and. rigor to the humbled, and fubdued. they ought not to rely on fortune, they, who, by their own adverlity, and profperity, had experienced how inconflant
llie is,

was envied,

and

fubjedl to

fudden changes
to

to reduce their adverfaries

Neither ought they a neceility of running the

:

greateft hazards, which neceflity renders men ''daring their judgement, and brave beyond their power.

beyond
faid,

He

they had reafon to be afraid of drawing upon themfelves the to command, if general hatred of all they propofed they
'^"

Tw

^^f^9ov7(^l;;av^w.

Sylburgius,

and, after him, M. ***, have obferved that Laitius had been diftator three years before. This muft, therefore, be an error in the tranfcriber.
'9SuvocfAiv
Tlo^^ot. yvcafAYiv

This I do not take to be cphiionem. the fenfe of the Greek words either in
in our author, though obferve that Portus has given this fenfe to them, \vhen he fays, praeter

Thucydides, or
I

rohuyfiai

xai

vma

cmnem expe^ationem. As

for the

Fvench

yioix^iii.

Whoever

has read

Thucydides with attention

firit fight,

will fee, at

tranflators, their verfions of this paflage are nothing but loofe paraphrafes,

that our author has imitated

this occafion.

which deferve not to be tranfcribed.

But, to return to this exprelTion, I have rendered it, as if the words were, Tuaoot t))v ivluv yvufx^-Jt not arf tiji/ 5rav''& v
j^va-f^iiv,

him upon

The Corin-

thian embaffadors, in comparing the character of the Athenians with That

of the Lacedaemonians, fiiy of the former, or rather, Thucydides fays for Ki uoi^K ivmixiv Tof^imijloci, them, /:*fv, I was koii TTx^a, yvuuyjv KiviSvnulai, etc.
'

which laft Latin tranflators

is

is

the fenfe the

two

o'l

mentioned, have this to and the former given paffige

I
,

furprifed to find that Valla has tranflated x^ y\/tiJ,>iv, praeter hominwn

'B.i.
c.

the ienfe, I find, Hobbes has given to the words of Thucydides, when he
h-^i, adventurous above their ownrecfon.
70.

punifhed

BookVI.

DIONYSIUS K ALIC A RN ASSEN SI S.

31

in a fevere, and inexorable manner, as if punifhed the guilty their ufual maxims, forgetting they they had abandoned owed to them their prefent luftre, and transformed their

a command, and a preeminence, which fovereignty from He added that errors are moit was before, to a tyranny. derate, and do not deferve indignation, when a people, zealous for liberty, and, formerly, accuftomed to command, are tenacious of their ancient dignity : And, if thofe, who aim at the greateft things, are to be puniilied in an irrepa-

manner, when they are difappointed of their hopes, nothing can hinder the whole race of men from being deFor all men have an innate delire ftroyed by one another
rable
:

of liberty.
to fubdue

He
its

{hewed that the government, which fought was far better, and more fiibje6ts by benefits,

firmly eftablifhed, than That, which fought to fubdue them by punifiiraentsj the former producing love, and the latter,
there was a neceffity, founded on nature, that every thing, that was terrible, fhould be, particularly, detefted. At the end of his fpeech, he defired they would take
terror.

And

from thebeftacftions of

example which by they gained commendation ; and he recounted the many cities they had taken by ftorm, which they had not demolifiied; neither had they killed the inhabitants, who were men grown, nor inflaved them ; but, by making thofe cities Roman colonies,
their anceftors,

and by communicating the privileges of Roman citizens to fuch of the conquered, as defired to live at Rome, they had their The fubftance of his opinion was, aggrandized city. to renew the treaties they had, before, made with the
Latin

32

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
XX.

OF

Book VI.

Latin nation, and to retain no refentment againfl any of the cities for the errors they had been guilty of.
Servius Sulpicius oppofed nothing the other had faid concerning the peace, and the renewal of the treaties ; but
faid his opinion
treaties,
fo,

was

(fince the Latines

had

firfi:

violated thofe

and that

this

was not

tlie firft

time they had done

which might deferve fome forgivenefs, as they pretended and delufion, but they had, often, broken them beneccflity,
fore,

that impunity, and liberty be granted to all of them, by reafon of their affinity ; but that one half of their lands be taken from them, and a Roman

which deferved corredionj

colony fent thither,

they fhould be divided by lot, who would enjoy the produce of thofe lands, and prevent the Latines from raifing further difturbances. Spurius
Caffius advifed to rafe their

among whom

the folly of thofe,

puniflied ; and unalterable envy, with

who and who could

faying he wondered at defired their crimes might go uncities,

not fee that, through the inbred,

which they were animated

againfl:

the riling power of

raife fucceflive

Rome, they

were, ever, contriving to

wars againft them, and that they would never, willingly, give over their treacherous defigns, while they were poileffed with this unfortunate paiTion: That

endeavoured to reduce a people, related to them, under the power of tyrants, more favage than any wild
they had,
lately,

beafts,

and had trampled

upon

all

the treaties they had

fvvorne by the gods

to obfcrve, being induced to it by no other hopes than that, if the war did not fucceed according to their expectation, they fliould incur either no punifhment
at

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
And
he, alfo, dclired

33 to

at all, or a very flight one.

them

take example from the actions of their anceftors, who, when they obferved the city of Alba, of which they themfelves, and all the other Latin cities were colonies, to envy their

and to profperity, obtained for their

one day

hare made ufe of the impunity they had firft an opportunity of tranfgreflions, as
it

multiplying their treacheries, they refolved to deftroy

;

in

looking upon

it

that there

was no difference be-

tween pitying none, who had committed fmall faults, and who had committed the greateft, and the punifliing none,

mod

incorrigible crimes

And

great folly, and infenfibility, tion in thofe, who could not bear the envy of their
city,

would be an a6l of not of humanity, and moderathat

it

mother and and

when

intolerable,

appeared beyond meafure grievous, to fubmit to That of their relations;

it

who had

puniflied enemies convided of being fo in fewer inftances, by depriving them of their country, to exad: no

from fuch, as had, often, fhewn their irreconpuniiliment cileable hatred to them. Having faid this, and enumerated
the rebellions of the Latines, and put the fenate in mind of the vaft number of Romans, who had loft their lives in
all

the wars again ft them, he advifed to treat

them

in the

fame

manner they had, formerly, treated the Albans ; to rafe their cities, and add their territories to Thofe of the Romans ;
to grant the rights of
bitants, as

Roman

citizens to fuch

of the inha-

had fhewn any affedlion towards their commonwealth, and to fuffer them to enjoy their fortunes ; to put to
death,
as traitors,
III.

the authors of the revolt, by

whom

the

Vol.

treaties

34.

ROxMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
had been
dlffolved
j

Book VI.

treaties

and, as to the poorer fort of the

the ufelefs, to make them Haves. people, the lazy, and XXI. Thefe were the opinions of the leading men of the But the didator giving the preference to That of fenate
:

and no further oppofition being made to embalTadors were called in to receive their anfwer
Lartius,

it,

the

When

Poftumius, after reproaching them with an evil difpofition " fhould do an adl of never to be reformed, faid; juflice, with the utmoft if we treated a treatment feverity, you

We

you had prepared

'

for us,

if

the

many

attempts you have

made
they

(C

"

However, the Romans againft us had fucceeded. have refolved not to prefer juftice to clemency ; becaufe conlider that the La tines are their relations, and have

" had recourfe to the mercy of thofe they had injured ; but " to the punifhment due to thefe offences acquit them of " alfo, as well from a regard to the gods, who prefide over " of Fortune, to whom as to the
confanguinity,
inftability

"
"
*'

they

owe

their viclory.
free
;

At

prefent,

therefore, return,

The cmbaffadors, every thing, that is reafonable." And, a having received this anfwer, departed days the and releafed fent after, returned, prifoners,
:

" " and of an " obtain

and, after you have releafed the delivered up the deferters, and expelled the prifoners; exiles, then fend embaffidors to us to treat of friend fnip,
fays he,

perfedlly

alliance,

with

this

affurance that

they fhall

kw

having

away

Tarquinius, and the

ferters

exiles

bringing with them

all

the de-

In confideration of which, they could find, in chains. of the fenate a treaty of fricndOiip, and alliance they obtained

upon

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC A R N A SS E N SIS.

;

35

upon the fame terms with the former

before taken concerning
it,

and renewed the

oaths,

by the interpofition of the Feciaks. Thus ended the war, which the Romans had carried on againft after it had lafted fourteen years from their exthe
tyrants,

pulfion.

After

this,

Tarquinius

(for

he

ftill

furvivcd his fa-

near ninety years of age, and having loft mily) being, now, his children, and his fon-in-law, paffed a miferable old age

among

thofe,

who hated him

would
fuffer

and,

when neither the

Latines,

the Tyrrhenians,
in thofe parts,

the Sabines,

nor any other free

people

him

to reiide in their cities,

he

Cumae in Campania, and was received by Ariftodemus, furnamed Malachus, who was, at that time, tyrant
retired to

of the Cumaeans
died,

And, having

lived a

i^w days

there,

he

and was buried by him. Some of the exiles, who had followed his fortunes, remained at Cumae ; and the reft,
difperfing

themfelves in other

cities,

ended

their

days in

banifhment.

XXII. After the Romans had put an end to the foreign For the fenate w^ars, the civil fedition fprung up again ordered the courts of juftice to fit, and that all fuits, which of the war, fhould be deterthey had refpited on account
:

mined according

to the laws.

the contracts, produced of an infolent, and fhamelefs behaviour

contefts, ariiing from great ftorms, and terrible inftances

;

The

people pretending that, as the country had been laid wafte by a long war, their cattle deftroyed, the number of their flaves

the common

reduced by defertion, and the incurfxons of the enemy, and

the fortunes they had in the city, confumed by their expences

in

36

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book

V"I.

in the war, they were under an impoilibiHty of paying their debts: And, on the other fide, the creditors alledged that
thefe calamities

had been common to all, and not confined to the debtors only, and thought it was infufferable for them to lofe, not only, what they had bqen deprived of in the

war by the enemy, but, alfo, what they had lent, during the to fome of the citizens, who wanted their affiftance. peace, So that, the creditors fubmitting to nothing that was reafonable, and the debtors to nothing that was jufl, and the
former refufing to abate even the intereft, and the latter to were held pay even the principal itfelf, frequent meetings

by

thofe,

who were

in

the fame circumftances,

and the

faced one another in the forum ; and, fomeopoofite parties times, fl^irmillies infucd ; by all which, the whole fyftem of

the

civil

government was difordered.

Poftumius,

who

was,
it

ftill,

revered by

advantacreous
thefe civil

ranks, feeing this, thought meafure to refcue the commonwealth

men

of

all

an

from

florms by a difficult war ; and, before he had fini filed the whole time of his fovereign magiftracy, he abdicated the didatorOiip ; and, having fixed a day for the
eledlion of confuls, he, together with his collegue, appointed

the ufual magiftrates.

XXIII. The

confuls,

invefted,

again, with

the annual,

and

were Appius Claudius Sabinus, and magiftracy, Publius Servihus Prifcus; v/ho, judging, rightly, that the of all fervices they could do to the commonwealth,
leo-al

greateft

was to

war, were of them fhould march with an army contriving that one
divert

the civil

tumult

to

a foreign

again ft

Book VI.
anrainfl

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
:

37

the Volfci

as

well to take reveno;e of

them

for the

fuccours they had fent to the Latlnes againfi: the Rornans, as to prevent their preparations, which, as yet, were not far

advanced

For they,

alfo,

army with the

greateft

were reported to be railing an adivity, and fending embafladors to

the neighbouring nations to folicit them to enter into their alliance ; being induced to take thefe fleps from the account

they had received that there was a divilion between the and the patricians, and from an opinion that it plebeians,

would be no difficult matter to make themfelves mafters of a city weakened by a domeftic war. The confuls, therefore,
having refolved, for thefe reafons, to lead out an army, and their refolution being approved of by the whole fenate, they ordered all the youth to prefent themfelves on the day they

had appointed

to

make

their levies.

But the plebeians,

though, often, called to take the military oath, not obeying the confuls, thefe were, no longer, unanimous. But, beginning from hence, they divided, and continued to oppofe one
the time of their magiflracy. For Servilius was of opinion that they ought to take the milder way, and adhere to the maxims of Marcus Valerius, a moft

another

all

man, who
fedition,
leaft,

advifed to apply a

remedy
all
;

to the caufe

popular of the

by decreeing, above

things,

a diminution of the debts

an abolition, or, at but, if That could not be

obtained, to forbid, for the prefent, the carrying to prifon any of the debtors, who had exceeded the day appointed for

the payment of their debts ; and, by exhortation, rather than force, to induce the poor to take the military oath,

and

38

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VI.

and not to punifh the difobedient, as in a city where concord reigned, in a fevere, and inexorable manner, but with moderation,

and mildnefs
in

For, he faid, there was reafon to

apprehend that men,

if

want of the

daily neceffaries of

life,

compelled to ferve at their

own

expence,
a<Et.

when met

to-

gether,

might commit fome defperate

the other fide, the opinion of Appius, the moft confiderable perfon among the patrons of the arifto-

XXIV. On

he advifed to indulge the people in nothing, but even to allow the creditors to compel the payment of the obligations, upon the terms they were
cracy,
;

was fevere and haughty

intitled to,

and that the conful, who remained

fhould appoint the courts of juftice to lit eftablifhed cuftoms ; that the punifhments,
law, againft thofe,

in the city, to the according

who

ordained by declined the fervice, be inflided,

and that they ought to yield to the people in nothing, that was not founded in juftice, or join with them in eftablilliing
a dcftrudive power
:

For, fays he, they are, now,

grown

wanton beyond

by being difcharged of the tributes they, formerly, paid to the kings, and freed from the fuffered from them, when they corporal punillimcnts they
all

meafure,

did not, prefently, yield obedience to

But,
if

all

their

commands.

they go further, and attempt any alteration in the conftitution, or to exalt themfelves, let us make ufe of the

and found part of the citizens, who will be found more numerous than the difaffedled, tofupprefs them. We are provided with no fmall ftrength to effed this, and the
fober,

patrician youth

is

ready to obey our

commands

But the

moft

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALI C ARN A SSENSJ S.

all,

39

moft formidable weapon of

refifted,
fliall
is

and the moft

difficult to

be

the power of the fenate ; fubdue the plebeians, and ftrike

:

armed with which we them with terror, while

we

Whereas, if we relax, and grant their fupport the laws demands, in the firfi: place, we fhall difgrace ourfelves by giving up the government to the people, when we had it in
our power to live under an ariftocracy ; and, in the next, we fhall be expofed to the greateft danger ofloling our liberty
again, if any

man, aiming

at tyranny, fhould,

by courting

them, acquire a power fuperior to the laws. contefting in this manner, as well in
fenate was aflembled,

The

confuls

private, as

when

the

and many liding with each, that affembly, tired with their altercation, and noife, and the indecent fpeeches, with which they abufed one another, was
difmiffed, without

coming

to

any falutary refolution.

XXV. Much

time being confumed in thefe things, the

other conful, Servilius (for it had fallen to his lot to the army) having, by great intreaties, and

command

conciliating the affedions of the people, prevailed with them to affift in the

war, took the field with an army not raifed by compulfion, but confifting of voluntiers, as the prefent jundure required,

while the Volfci were yet employed in their preparations, and expedled that the Romans, thus divided, and ingaged
in

mutual animofities, would neither march againft them with an army, nor dare to refift them, if attacked ; and
that they fhould be, intirely, at liberty to begin the war,
:

when-

ever they thought fit But, when thofe, who were defigned to be attacked, became the aggreflbrs, the moft relpedable
for

40

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
among

Book VI,

for their age

of the Romans,

the Volfci, ftruck with the expedition went out of their cities with oHve branches ;

and, dehvering up themfelves to Servihus, fubmitted to fuch treatment, as he fhould think fit to inflift on their offences :

taking from them provifions, and clothes for his army ; and, chufing out of the moft confiderable famiHes three hundred hoftages, departed, looking upon the war as at an

Who,

end.

However,

this

did not prove an end of the war, but

rather a delay, and an opportunity of making preparations to thofe, who had been furprifed by the unexpe6led invafion.

For the

Roman army was no fooner

gone, but the

prepared for war, by fortifying their towns, and reinforcing the garrifons of fuch places, as were proper The Hernici, and the to fecure them againfl: the enemy.
Volfci, again,

Sabines efpoufed their quarrel openly, and many others But the Latines, when embaffadors were fent to privately:

them them

to defire their afliftance, to

bound the men, and

carried

Rome.

The

fenate, in return for their firm

ad-

herence to their alliance, and, yet more, for the alacrity fhewed to take a fhare in the war, (for they were they them of their own accord) granted to them a ready to affift favor they knew they defired above all things, but were
afliamed to afk
it,

which was

to releafe the prifoners they

had taken from them, during the wars, without ranfom, the number of whom amounted to near fix thoufand ; and,
in order to give fuch a lufire to the prefent, as moft

became

their affinity, they clothed them all with the apparel proper As to the offer of their afiiftance, the fenate to free men.

told

BookVf.
told

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN A SS EN S I S.

(land in need of
it
;

41

them they did not

and that the

chaftize thofe,

national forces of

Rome

were

fufficient to

After they had given this anfwer to the Latines, they paffed a vote for the war againft the Volfci.

who had

revolted from them.

XXVI. While
what
with

the fenate was yet fitting, and confidering forces fliould be fent into the field, a man, advanced

in years, appeared in the

his beard,

forum

He

was drefled in

rags,

and hair grown long ; and, crying out, called upon the people for afilfliance. And all, who were near, flocking to him, he placed himfelf in a confpicuous part of " I v/as born the forum, and faid; free, and have ferved " the whole time appointed by law; been prefentin twenty eight battles, and have, often, received the cuflomary
*'

rewards for the fuperior bravery I have fhewn in the wars ; and, when the commonwealth was reduced to the laft
ftreights

"
''

by the

I "was forced to feverity of the times,

"
*' *'

contrail a debt to pay the contributions levied upon lands being laid wafte by the incurfions of the

me

My

enemy,

and

my

fortunes, in the city, exhaufted

"
"

provifions, I, debt, was carried

by the fcarcity of for thefe reafons, unable to difcharge the

away,
as a flave,

by

" two

fons

and
I,

my mafter ordering
refuiing to

my creditor, with my me to do fome difficult

work, and After he had

his breaft

faid this,

was, feverely, fcourged." he threw ofT his rags, and ftiewed

it,

do

back bleeding with the This railing a general clamor, and lamentation in ftripes. , all prefent, the fenate broke up, and the poor ran through G Vol. III. every
covered with
fears,

and

his

42

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VI.

every ftreet, each bewailing his own misfortunes, and imAt the fame time, ploring the afliftance of his neighbour. all, who were in flavery for their debts, ruflied out of the

houfes of their creditors, with their hair

grown

long,

and

moll of them

none daring to lay hold of them; and, if any offered to touch them, they were, Such a madnefs poffeffed the violently, torne in pieces
in chains,
fetters,
:

and

people at that time and, prefently, the forum was full of debtors, w^ho had broken loofe from their chains. Appius,
!

therefore, fearing

fome attempt from the people, fince he had been the caufe of this mifchief, fled from the forum. But Servilius, throwing off his robe bordered with purple, and
caftinghimfelf intearsat the feet of every one of the plebeians,

with

difficulty

and

to

come

prevailed upon them to be quiet that day, the day after; affuring them the fenate would

take fome careof their

the cryer to

Having faid this, he ordered make proclamation that no creditor fhould be

intereft.

at liberty to carry
till

any of the

citizens to prifon for his debt,

the fenate fliould

all

come

to a refolution concernino;

them

and that

prefent might go, with impunity, whitherfoever they pleafed : By which means, he appeafed the fedition. XXVII. Upon this, they left the forum for that time:

But the next day, there appeared, not only, the inhabitants
the people of the neighbouring countrv, and the forum was crowded by break of day. The fenate

of the

city,

but

all

being affembled to confidcr what was to be done, Appius called his coUegue a flatterer of the people, and the
leader in their

madnefs

On

ringthe other fide, Servilius called

him

BookVr.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A RN A S SEN SIS.

43

him a

fevere,

mifchiefs.

and haughty man, and the caufe of the prefent And there was no end of their contefts. In the
fent

mean time, fome horfemen,

full

by the Latines, came riding

fpeed

to the forum,
field

had taken the

and gave notice that the enemy with a great army, and were, already,

This was the account they brought. Upon which, the patricians, and the whole body of the knights, together with all thofe, who were diftinguifhed

upon

their confines:

either

by

their fortunes,

or the luftre of their anceftors,

as

having a great deal at ftake, armed themfelves in all hafte. But the poor, and, particularly, fuch, as laboured under
debts, neither
fiftance to

meddled with arms, nor gave any other the commonwealth But were pleafed, and
:

af-

re-

ceived the news of a foreign war, as a thing, that fell out to their wilh, looking upon it as a cure for their prefent
evils.

To thofe, who defired them

and
fetters,

to take arms, they

fhewed

their chains,
it

and afked them, inderifion, whether

were worth

their while to

make

war, in order to preferve

And many went fo far as to fay that it was thofe bleflings. better for them to be flaves to the Volfci, than to bear the
And, now, the city was filled with wailings, tumult, and all forts of womanifh lamentations. XXVIII. The fenators, feeing thefe things, begged of the
abufes of the patricians. other conful, Servilius,

who

feemed, in the prefent jundlure,

to have greater credit with the people, to relieve his country. Who, calling the people together, fhewed them that the
neceiTity of the times did not

fought them to march, at

admit of civil contefts, and bethat time, againft the enemy with

unanimity,

44

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VI.

not fuffer their country to be fubverted, unanimity, and in which were the gods of their fathers, and the iepulchres

of their anceftors, bothmoft precious in the eyes of all men ; to refpeft their parents, unable, through age, to defend
themfelves
;

to compafTionate their wives,

who

mufl:,

pre-

be expofed to dreadful, and unutterable abufes ; and, fently, to pity their infant children, who, though particularly, better expedlations, would be treated in the with brought up moft injurious, infulting, and cruel manner And, after
:

freed their country from the they had, by a general effort, them to confider in what danger, then he advifed

prefent

manner they
tary

fliould conftitute
in

an equal, common, and falu-

which neither the poor might defraud the rich of their fortunes, nor thefe infult the low condition of their inferiors ; neither of which became fellowform of government,
;

what legal proteftion fliould be eftablillied on behalf of the poor, and what moderate relief given to the creditors. By this means, the Roman commonwealth would
citizens

and,

alfo,

not be the only one, from which the faith of contracts, which is the greatefi: of all human benefits to the injured,

and the guardian of concord

totally,

in all

and, for ever, baniflied. the occafion required, he put them in mind every thing elfe of the affecf^ion, which he himfelf had ever fhewn to the
defired them to ferve under him in this expepeople, and dition in return for that affedion, the government of the
city

governments, would be, After he had faid this, and

to his collegue, and the being committed

command of
mined

the army conferred upon himfelf, the lot having, thus, deter-

Book VI.

mined

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENS IS. He faid, alfo, that their refpedive functions.

45
the

fenate had promifed him to confirm wliatever conceflions he fhould make to the people ; and that he had promifed the fenate to perfuade the people not to betray their country to

the enemy.

he ordered the cryer to make proclamation that no perfon fhould be at liberty to feize, the houfes of thofe Romans, who fell, or retain as pledges

XXIX. Having

faid this,

fhould march out with him againft theVolfci, or carry their children to prifon for any debt, and that none fliould hinder
any,

who

defired

it,

from entering into the

fervice

But,

with regard to thofe, who fhould decline it, their creditors fhould have power to compel them to pay their debts, upon When the terms each of them had advanced their money.
the poor heard this, they, prefently, relaxed, and all fl-iewed ardor for the war ; fome, induced to it by the great hopes
general ; but the to avoid the fury of Appius, and theabufive treatgreateft part, ment, to which thofe, who ftaid in the city, would be expofed. loft no Servilius, putting himfelf at the head of the
;

of booty

others,

by

their affedion to the

army, with but marched that he might time; great expedition,

ingage the enemy, before they entered the Roman territories. And, finding them incamped in the Pometine plain, and
foraging the country of the Latines, becaufe, when folicited by them, they had refufed to afTift them in the war, he incamped, in the beginning of the night,^upon a hill, diftant about twenty ftadia from the enemy. And, in the night, his

army was attacked by the

Volfci,

who

thought they were few

46

ROMAN ANTIQJJITIESOF
in

Book VI.

with a long march, and in no difpoiition to fight, by reafon of the commotions raifed by the poor concerning their debts, which feemed then to be at their height. ServiHus maintained the fight in his camp,

few

number,

tired

as long as the night lafted

was day, when he faw the enemy employed in plundering the country without obferving any order, he commanded feveral
;

and, as foon as

it

gates

of the camp to be opened privately, and, at one fignal, flillied out with his army againft them. The attack
ludden, furprifed the Volfci
refinance, were
killed
;

being

fome few of whom, making

near the

fightii-cr

intrenchments.
after the lofs

of of their companions, faved themfelves in their many camp, the greateft part of them being wounded, and having loft
reft,

And

the

flying with

precipitation,

purfuing them clofe, invefted them in their intrenchments ; and, after a fhort defence, thefe delivered up their camp, which was full of ftaves, cattle,
arms, and
free
all forts

their arms.

The Romans,

of miHtary

ftores.

There were,

alfo,

men
:

many

nation,

fome of them being of the Volfcian it, and others, belonging to the cities, which had aftlfted

taken in

them

And, with thefe, as great a quantity of money both in gold, and filver, and of apparel, as if the richeft city had been taken: All which Servilius ordered to be divided

among

the foldiers that

every
it

man might

be benefited by the

booty, and no part of having fet fire to the

^*Suefla
!'

brought into the treafury ; and, camp, he marched, with his army, to
city, that lay neareft:

Pometia, being the

riw^tvljosvij.

Which,

Imc-ccc.

See the

fifty

ninth annotation on the fourth book.

for

Book VI.
for
its
its

DIO NYS US HAL CA R NA SS EN

I
I

S i S.

47

extent, the

number of

its

inhabitants, and, alfo, for

by far, the moft confiderable city belonging to the enemy, and as the capital of the nation. This place he invefted ; and, attacking it night, and day,
glory,

and

riches, was,

without intermiflion, in order to tire the enemy out with want of fleep, and conftant fervice, he fubdued the belieged

by famine,
fliort time,

defpair,

and

fcarcity of
all

men

took the town in a

and put to death

:

the inhabitants,

who were

men grown And,

there alfo,

having given the effeds, that were found to the foldiers, he marched againft the reft of
cities,

the enemy's

none of the Volfci being, now,

thus,

in a

con-

dition to oppofe him.

XXX. The Volfci being,

humbled by the Romans,

the other conful, Appius Claudius, caufed their hoftages, to the number of three hundred, to be brought into the forum ;
and, to the end that
all thofe,

who had
their

furrendered to the
fidelity,

Romans, and given

hoftages for

might be
all to

afraid of violating their treaties,

he ordered them
his

be,

publicly, whipped, and then beheaded. collegue. a kw days after, returned from

And, when

his

expedition, and
ufually

demanded of the

fenate the honor of a triumph,

granted to generals,

who had

diftinguiftied themfelves by
it,

their glorious exploits,

he oppofed

calling

him

a fadlious

man, and the favourer of a deftrudive form of government ; and charged him, particularly, with having brought no part
of the
fpoils

into the treafury, but given the

:

whole to thofe

he thought

fit

fenate not to

And, by this means, he grant him the triumph.

prevailed
Servilius,

upon the
looking

upon

48

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
to
:

OF

Book VI.

be abufed by the fenate, behaved with an arrogance unufual to the Romans For, having aflembled the people in the field before the city ; enumerated

upon himfelf

the adions he had performed in the war, and acquainted them both with the envy of his collegue, and the infult he

had received from the

fenate,

he told them that, from

his

own

adions, and the army, which had a fliare in them, he derived a power of triumphing for the glorious, and for-

tunate fuccefs, with which thofe adlions had been attended.

And, having
and he
robe,

faid this,

he ordered the

li6lors to

be crowned

himfelf, wearing a crown,

and

attired in a

triumphal

entered the city, attended hy all the people; and, afcending the capitol, performed his vows, and confecrated

the

fpoils.

By which

ad:ion,

he encreafed the envy of the

patricians,

XXXI.

but gained the favor of the plebeians. While the commonv/ealth was in this unfettled

condition, a kind of truce intervened, caufed by the cuftomary facrifices ; and the feftivals infuing, vi'hich were celebrated at a great expence, appeafed the fedition of the people

During the celebration of thefe feftivals, the Sabines invaded them with a great army, having, long fince, waited for this opportunity They began their march as foon as it was dark, to the end that, before the Romans
for the prefent.
:

they might approach the city Which have taken, if fome of their light-armed they might, eafily, men had not ftraggled from the army ; and, by plundering

were apprized of

it,

the country houfes, given the alarm. Upon which, an outand the hufbandmen ran into the city before the cry infued,

enemy

BookVf.

DIONYSIUSHALICARNASSENSIS.
Thofe

49

enemy

arrived at the gates.

of this invafion, while they were tainments, and crowned with garlands
o-ames,
:

in the city were informed feeing the pubHc enter;

when, leaving the

prefently,

And an army of volutitiers, they ran to arms offered themfelves to Servilius: Which he drew

up

and, with them, fell upon the enemy, who were tired both with want of fleep, and the length ot their march, and When the did not expedl to be attacked by the Romans.
;

armies clofed, a battle infued ; in which, neither or difcipline through eagernefs, obferved any order,
as if

fide,
:

But,

whole guided by fortune,

lines,

companies, or {ingle

men

foot fought promifcuoufly : ingaged, and the horfe, and And, as the two cities were not far afunder, fuccours arrived

from both: Who, by encouraging the forces, that fuffered, made them fuftain the fatigues of the ingagement for a long
After that, a body of horfe coming to the afliftance of the Romans, they, again, overcame the Sabines ; and,
time.

having killed
great

many of them,

returned to the city with a

number of prifoners. Then, difcovering the Sabines, who had come to Rome under the pretence of feeing the

entertainments, and defigned to have poileffed themfelves of the ftrong places of the city, in order to favor the attempt

of their countrymen, as

it

had been concerted between them,

:

they threw them into prifon

facrifices,

And, having voted

that the

which had been interrupted by the war, fhould

be performed with double magnificence, they, again, paffed their time in exultation.

Vol.

III.

XXXII.

50

ROMAN
XXXII.
"While

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VI.

they were

embaffadors came to them bited the linefl: plains of Campania

into the fenate, defired the to the Volfci, called Echetrani,

celebrating thefe feftivals, "' from the Auriinci, who inha:

Thefe, being introduced

the country

Romans would reftore

which they had taken from

them, and divided among thofe of their, own people, whom as a colony, to fecure the poffeffion of they had fent thither

and that they would withdraw the guard Which if they refufed to do, the embaffadors faid the Aurunci would, foon, invade the territories of the Romans, and take revenge for the injuries they had done to their neighbours. " this anfwer To thefe the Romans
that country
;
:

gave

Embaffadors,

let

" the Aurunci know we Romans think it juft that, what" ever any one has acquired trom an enemy by his valor, *' he fhould leave it to his pofterity, as his own That we " are not afraid of a war from the Aurunci, which will " be neither the fir ft, nor the moft formidable we have been
:

"

ingaged
for

in.;

it

being cuftomary for us to fight with

:

all

" men

command, and glory And, when we fee the *' war come to an adion, we fliall receive it with intrepidity." After this, the Aurunci, who were come out of their own
territories

with a great army, and the Romans, with their national forces under the command of Servilius, met near the
of

"

city

Aricia,

which

is

-diftant

ftadia
='

from Rome.

And

one hundred and twenty each of them on hills, incamped

"^

Afsffitwv.

runci,

principal

Thefe were the .-Ina people of Campania, whole now city was Suejj'a /hrunca,
''

called,
=2-

Sejfa.

RcAsaif Ajijcfia?.

annotation on the
.Antiq.

fiith

See the thirtieth book.

Cluver,

Ital.

B. iv.

c.

j.

ftrongly,

BookVf.
ftrongly,

DIONYSIUS FIALIC AR N A S S EN S
iituated,

I S.

51

After they had fortified their camps, they advanced to the plain, in order to a battle And, ingagitig early in the morning, they
:

not far from one another.

So that, many were killed maintained the fight till noon on both fides: For the Aurunci were a warlike nation;
:

and, by their
their looks,

fliature,

their firength,

and the

fiercenefs

of

in

which great favagenefs appeared, they were

exceeding formidable.

XXXIII.

In this battle,

commander, Aulus

Roman Poftumius Albus, who

the
:

horfe,

and their

had been dictator

the year before, are faid to have behaved themfelves with For the place, where the battle was the greateft bravery
fought, was not, at

rocky of no

hills,

proper for the horfe, being full of and deep valleys ; fo that, the horfe could be
all,

advantage to either fide. Upon which occafion, Poftumius, having ordered the horfe to difmount, and formed a body of fix hundred men, obfervang where the Roman foot

there he charged the enemy, and, prefently, flopped their purfuit. The Barbarians being, once, repulfed, the Romans grew bold, and the foot
fuffered moft, being forced
hill,

down a

emulated the horfe

both forming one compadl body, Some they drove the right wing of the enemy to the hill purfued that part of them, which fled towards their camp, and killed many While others attacked in the rear thofe,
: : :

And

who,

ftill,

maintained the

fight.

When, having

forced

thefe, alfo, to fly, they followed

them in

their difficult,

and

flow retreat up the fteep places, cutting afunder the finews both of their legs, and hams with fide blows of their fwords,

till

52
till

ROMAN
they

ANTIQJJITIES OF
camp
;

Book VI.

came

to their

of

this alfo,

who

and, having forced the guards were not numerous, they made themfelves
it.

mafters of their camp, and plundered

However, they found no great booty there, but only arms, horfes, and other Thefe were the adions of Serthings proper for the war. vilius, and Appius, during their confulfhip.

XXXIV. They
*3'

were fucceeded by

'^

Aulus Virginius

Coelimontanus, and Titus VeturiusGeminus,"^Themifl:ocles

AuAOf
OufofiyjOf Koi\j^Ov7K)f.

Si-

gonius has, certainly, great reafon to read this conlul's name Coelimontanus, inrtead ofMontanus, as
in the editions,
it

his opinion-, and fliew that Themiftocles was far from being too young

to
"

ftands
,

and manuicripts
is

be-

be chofen archon at this time. Plutarch tells us that he was fixty five years of age, when he died.

caufe

we

find he

called lb in the

Now,
''

Fajli confulares.

find

M.

* * *

appears by Cicero, and by Eufebius, that Themiftocles died in the third year of the feventy eighth
it
:

is

of opinion that

this

Athenian archon cannot be the great Themiftocles The reafon he gives for it, is, that he was too young to be archon at this time, that is, in the
:

From the fourth year of the feventy firft Olympiad, to the third of the feventy eighth, are juft So that, Themiftotwenty fix years
Olympiad
:

cles

muft have been about

thiity nine

fourth year of the feventy

piad.
I

firft

Olym:

which

of a difterent opinion For give my reafons ; and then leave it to the reader to determine between us. In the firft place, among
I

am

ftiall

years of age in the fourth year of the feventy firft Olympiad ; and, confequently, he was not too young to have

been archon that year. Bcfides, there

great reafon
ftocles
to

is

believe that

Themi-

the Athenian archons, we find no other Themiftocles, till thefecond year of the one hundred and eighth Olymall

had been archon long before

piad

not probable that Thefaved Athens, and all miftocles, Greece from being inflavcd by the
,

and

it is

hediftinguilhed himfclffo much when the Periians invaded Greece, which was in the firft year of the feventy fifth

who

been Perfians, Ihould never have chofen archon by his country. In the next place, I fliall confidcr the reafon, given by that gentleman in lupport of
"Life of Themift.
B. ix.
c. 1.
s

Olympiad, Calliades being then archon at Athens, as we find both in Herobecaufe dotus, and in our author
"^
-,

"

Thucydides, in fpealcing of the port of Piraeeus, which was finifhed by the advice of Themiftocles, after the rerln Chronic, mdl.
"l

In Laelio,
93.

c.

i:.

In Urania,

c.

51.

B.

i.

c.

beinec

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS IIALICARNASSENSIS.

53

being archon at Athens, the two hundred and Sixtieth year after the foundation of Rome, and the year before the feventy fecond Olympiad, in which '' Tificrates of Croton won the
In their confulfliip, the Sabines to invade the Romans with a greater army than prepared before; and the '^Meduhini, revolting from the latter, entered into a treaty of confederacy with the Sabines, confirmed
prize
for the fecond time.

having intelligence of their were preparing to take the field, immediately, with defigns,

by

their oaths.

The

patricians,

But the plebeians refufed to obey their orders, remembering, with refentment, the breach of promife they had, often, been guilty of in relation to thofe poor, who
all their forces
:

wanted

relief;

and that the votes of the fenate palTed in

by contrary votes. And, affembling together by degrees, they bound one another by and that oath, no longer, to aflift the patricians in any war
;

their favor, were, always, defeated

they would fupport all the poor in general, and every one of them in particular, againft any perfon, who fhould ofi:er
violence to them.

This confpiracy appeared upon many occafions, both in contefts, and fkirmifhes ; but the confuls
of the Perfians, fays that it had been begun before, during his annual magiftracy ; uVjj^itlo <J' ccvln th^q.^^ov ini
rif

treat

of the feventy
^s-

firft

Olympiad,

T<(7i)t^7ijy

K^oIcaivixIiji;.

So

this

Tuf iKeiva ^%>i?, This, in >iofe.

Kol' eviavlov A9>ivaioi?

my

opinion, plainly

relates to the

time,

when he was

ar-

chon; and, among the Athenian archons, no perfon of that name is to be found near that time, as I have laid, but the archon of the fourth year
'B.v.

; and not Zxtja-i^t^alof with the Vatican, nor Jlic-ix^alin with the Venetian manufcript ; becaufe we ^ find this man won the prize of the fladlum at the preceding Olympiad, ~^- MsJ'uAAjvo;. See the leventieth annotation on the fecond book.

name muft be

read

c.

77,

had

54

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
greateft proof to be feized

OF

Book VI.

bad the

of

it

the people

they ordered any of for not entering into the fervice,

:

For,

when

when fummoned,
and,

the poor aflembled in a body, and endeavoured to refcue the perfon, as he was carrying to prifon ;

when

the officers of the confuls refufed to releafe hini,

if any either they beat themf and drove them away ; and, of the knights, or patricians, who were prefent, attempted to put a ftop to thefe proceedings, they forbore not to flrike

them: Thus, in a fhort time, the city was full ofdiforder, and tumult. As the fedition encreafed in the city, the preparations

of the enemy encreafed

alfo.

And

the Volfci, and

the Aequi forming a delign to revolt, embafTadors came from all the people, who were fubjeds of the Romans, to
deiire that, as their territories lay in the pailage of the war,

fend them fuccours they would

that the Aequi had

For the Latines complained

country,

made an

incurfion into their

and, were then, laying wafte their lauds, and had, already, fome of their cities. And the garrifon in Cruftu-

plundered meria fliewed that

fortrefs,

the Sabines were advanced near that

and ready to beliege it.' Others gave an account of other mifchiefs, which either had happened, or were like to EmbafTadors and defired immediate afliftance. liappen, from the
Volfci,
alfo,

came

to the lenate to

demand

before

tliat the lands, taken from them by the they began the war, Romans, might be rePcored.

XXXV. The
thefe
thing-^,

being aficmbled to confider of Titus Lartius, cfteemed a man of fuperior

fenate
firft

dignity,

and confummate prudence, was

called

upon

to

deliver

Book VI.
deliver his
*'
*'
''

DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENS IS. " To when, rifing up, he faid opinion
:

sS

fathers, the things,

which, to others feeni

terrible,

me, and to

*'

a fpeedy relief, do appear neither terrible, nor very urging, that is, in what manner we are to aflift But thofe our allies, and repulfe our enemies ftand in need
ox^
:

which they look upon

(( cc

things, neither as the greatefi: of evils, nor

be confidered at prefent, but negled; them as neccfiary to not likely, in any degree, to hurt us, appear moft terrible
if

" to me ; and, " will caufe a

*'

we do

not, foon, put a flop to them, they

total fubveriion,

and confuiion of the comof the plebeians

mon wealth

Thefe

are, the difobedience

" "

"

feverity againft take. I am of that liberty they that you ought to confider opinion, therefore, nothing elfe

to the orders of the confuls,

and our own

difobedience, and the

at prefent, than,
evils

by what means, you may eradicate thefe out of the commonwealth, and, all, with one confent

to private confiderations, in every meafure prefer public

" we of the commonwealth, when purfue: For the power " unanimous, is fufficient to give both fecurity to our allies,
*' *' *' *'

and
it

fear to

our enemies

But,

can

efl-ed neither.
itfelf,

And
:

divided, as at prefent, I fhould wonder, if it did not,

when

even, deftroy

and yield the vitlory to the enemy without any trouble and all Which, by Jupiter, the

" other gods, will, foon, happen, if we continue to purfue " the fame of government. principles

"

For we are divided, as you fee, from one another, and inhabit two cities; one of which is governed " by poverty, and neceffity, and the other by fatiety, and

XXXVI.

*'

''

pride

56
."

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
pride
;
:

OF

Book VI.

"
**

while modefty, order, and juftice, by which alone every civil community can be preferved, is to be found in

by confulting fafety, " with our Thefe things adverfary. " and
oully,

neither For which reafon, we exa6l juftice from one " another by violence, and make fuperior ftrength the " meafure of that like wild beafts, juftice j chuftng rather, " to deftroy our enemy, though we perifh with him, than, " to be our own
I

preferved together

deftre

you

will, feri-

conftder,

deliberate,

" them, as foon as you have difmifTed the embaftadors. " As to the anfvvers, to be, now, given to them, This is what " I have to advife Since the Volfci demand reftitution of " what we are in poflellion of by the right of conqueft, and " threaten us with a war, if we refufe to reftore it, let our " anfwer be, that we Romans look upon thofe acquilitions " to be the moft which we have and the moft
:

particularly, concerning

honeft,

juft,

acquired by the laws of war ; and will not endure to ob" literate valor with in reftoring them to thofe, who folly,

"

And that we will endeavour, by could not keep them " force of arms, both to fecurc the poflTeftion of them to our*'
:

*'

felves, and to leave it to our pofterity Whereas, if we did " other wife, we fliould treat ourfelves with the feverity of " an enemy. As to the Latines, we ought to commend their " and their them that we
:

affedions,

difpel

fears,

" will not abandon them in any danger they fhall expofe " themfelves to upon our account, while they continue " faithful to us but will, fhordy, fend a force fufficient to " defend them. Thefe I will be the
',

by afturing

anfvvers,

judge,

beft,

" and

Book VI,

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN AS S EN S I S.

to juPcice.

57

" and the moft agreeable " are I

difmiiTed,

After the embaffadors

to

think,

" "
*'

we ought

dedicate the

firfl:

meetino; of the fenate to the confideration of the tumults

in the city,

and that

but appointed for

meeting ought not to be deferred, to-morrow."

this

Lartius having delivered this opinion, and every one applauding it, the embafladors received the anThe next day, the fwers he had advifed, and departed.
confuls affembled the fenate,
into confideration the

XXXVI^

and propofed to them to take

means of appealing the civil diflentions:

When
"
*'

Publius Virginius, a popular man, beinp- firft afked " Since the his opinion, took a middle way, and faid ;
people, laft year, fhewed the greateft earneftnefs to ferve the commonwealth, and, in conjundlion with us, ingaged the Volfci, and Aurunci, when they invaded us with great
armies, I think that
all,

" " "

*' *'

who, then,

affifted us,

and took
their

their fKare in thofe wars,

ought to be difcharged of

debts

"

their perfons, nor fortunes ouo-ht to befubje<ft to their creditors: That thefame immunity ought to extend to their parents, as far as their grandfathers ;
;
:

and that neither

" and to their as far as their And grandchildren pofterity, " that all the reft ought to be liable to imprifonment at the " fuit of their creditors upon the terms of their relpedlive
*'

After him, Titus Lartius faid ; " My opi" nion, fathers, is, that, not only, thofe, who fought, bravely, " in the wars, but all the reft of the people, alfo, be difobligations."

"

charged of their debts: For this

ftoring

is

the only means of re-

*'

harmony

to the

whole

city."

Vol.

III.

XXXVIII.

58

ROMAN
XXXVIII. The
" As often

ANTICVUITIES OF
of"

Book VI.

third

Claudius, the conful

faid
;

perfon, who fpoke, was Appius the former year, who rofe up, and

have been debated, fathers, I was, ahvays, of the fame opinion, that is, never to yield to the people in any thing, that is not founded on law,
as thefe matters

and

juftice
:

wealth

nor to debafe the dignity of the commonNeither do I, even now, change the opinion,
;

which
all

I, firft,
if,

entertained
year,

For I
I

fliould be the

weakeft of

men,

lafl:

when

was conful, and

my collegue
I refifted,

oppofed me, and inflamed the people againft me, and adhered to my refolutions, unfhaken by

fear,
I

and

unmoved by
liberty
call this
I

intrcaties,
I

or favor

and, now,

when

am

a private man,

fhould demit myfelf, and betray that contended for. I know not whether you will

long

mind, generoflty, or pride; but, as liberty of as I live, I will never depart from the honeft refo-

my

lution I have, long fince, taken, never to introduce an abolition of debts, myfelf, in favor of wicked men ; but,

even, to oppofe, with all my power, tliofe, who endeavour to introduce it; convinced as I am that an abolition of

and corruption ; and, in a word, of the total fubverfion of every commonwealth. And, whether any one fhall think that what I fiy proceeds
debts
is

the fource of

all vice,

from prudence, or madnefs

fecurity,

(fince I confider

not

my own

but That of the commonwealth) or from any other motive, I give him free leave to think as he pleafes : But I will, ever, oppofe thofe, who fliall introduce innovations.

And, fmce the

times, inftead of an abolition of

*<

debts.

BookVL "
<'

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

59

only

I will acquaint you with the debts, require a great relief, which is, immeremedy for the prefent fedition,

" "
*'

diately,

to create a didator

who, fubjed to no account

his authority, will force

for the ufe

he

(hall

make of

both

"
*'

the fenate, and the people to entertain fuch fentiments, as are moft advantageous to the commonwealth : For no

other can be applied to fo great an evil."

This fpeech, and motion of Appius was received a tumultuous applaufe, when by the young fenators with fenators rofe up to Servilius, and fome others of the ancient

XXXIX.

But they were overcome by the young men, who came thither for that purpofe, and ufed great violence;
oppofe
it
:

and, at

laft,

the motion of Appius carried

as

it.

After

this,

the
that

confuls, ailing in concert,

when moft people expeded

dictator,

Appius would be declared

the

only perfon

with the capable of governing

Mviov Ouwxjgioc Sigonius has in a note upon Livy, tliat we muft read Manius, and not Marcus, His brother Marcus was flain in the
27'

that vigor requifite upon "^ Manius Valerius, occafion, they excluded him, and created
thefenatehad been guilty of :But *'Livy
will explain the reafon, that induced the fenate to prefer the violent advice

fhewn,

battle, that was fought near the lake " Regillus, as our author has, already,

of Appius to the moderate advice of Virginius Medium maxifne, el moderatum utroque confilitim Virginii habe:

told us.

The

confuls fhewed

more

b^itur.

Sed, faclione, refpecluque re-

moderation, upon this occafion, than the fenate, and, probably, faved their country by it For no body can fay what might have been the confequence if the latter had conferred the dictatorIhip on a man of fo imperious a ternper as Appius, whom the people looked
:

rum

privatarum, quae femperofftcere,

officientque publicis confiliis, Appius vicit : ac prope fuit tit difator ilk idem
creareiur. qua s res utique alienajfet ple-

bem

pericidcfijfimo tempore^
et

ouum

Volfciy

Jequique, armis ejj'ent.

Sabini forte una amies in Sed cur ae fuit confulibus et

upon as their capital enemy, and the author of the breach of promife, which
"

ve^ fenioribus patrum, ut imperium, fuo

hemens, manfueto permitteretur ingenio.

* B.
ii.

Q. \z.

c.

30.

a bro-

6o

ROMAN
and Hke

ANTIQJJITIES OF
firft

Book VI,
a perfon in

a brother of Publius the

years,

conful, didiator

For they
be
a perfon

to approve himfelf a moil; popular looked upon the terror alone of this
;

man

magiiiracy to

fufficient

that the prefent fituation of affairs required mild in all refpeds, that he might occafion no frefli

and

difturbances.

After Valerius was invefled with this magiftracy, he brother toServilius, who had been appointed Quintus Servilius, the collegue of Appius, to be his general of the horfe, and fummoned the people to an affembly. And great numbers

XL.

affiftino- for

magiftracyj had been driven to open defpair, he afcended the tribunal, and " Citizens, we are faid ; very fenfible that you take a pleafure
in beino-, always, governed by fome of the Valerian fa; you were freed from a fevere tyranny, and

time fince Servilius had refigned his and the people, by being forced into the fervice,
the
firfl

mily by whom never fiiiled of obtaining any thing, that was reafonable, confidence in thofe, who are looked when placed your

you upon, and

are, the

moft popular of

all

men.

So

that, I

need not inform you that we fhall fecure to you that liberty, which we, at firfl:, beftowed upon you ; but only exhort
to be affured that we fliall perform you, in few words, For I am arrived to that whatever we promife you which is the leafl: capable of impoHtion, maturity of age, and to that fufficiency of dignity, which abhors the leaft
:

of deceit appearance remainder of my life

Add
among

any pradice you

may

you, think I have

to this, that I fhall pafs the accountable to you for

made

ufe of to infnare

"you.

Book VI.
'*

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENS IS.

6i

"
*'

" having fufFered from others, you feem, with reafon, to " fufped of all ; you have, ever, obferved that the confuls, " when they want to ingage you to march againft the " enemy, promife to obtain for you what you delire of the " but never have
fenate;

I fLall omit as requiring not many you. Thefe things words, as I faid, becaufe I fpcak to thofe, who are acBut there is one thing, which, quainted with them.

" That you can have no reafon to entertain the fame fufpi" cions of me alfo, I will convince you, chiefly, by thefe " two confiderations the ; firfl:, that the fenate would never
*'

perform any thing they

promifed

haveabufed my perfon, who am looked upon as the greatefl: patron of the people, by impoflng this office upon me, " when there are others fitter for it and the ; other, that
*'
*'

they would not have honoured

magiftracy, by which
I

me

with

this

fovereign

*'
*'

am

invefled with a

power of en-

ading whatever
cipati

think beft,

even without their parti-

C(

on.

XLI. " Imagine not, then, that I am capable of joinino" with them to deceive you, or that I have concerted with " them any criminal defign againft you For, if you enter" tain thefe thoughts of me, as if I was the moft deceitful " of all men, treat me as you pleafe ; but believe what I " I and banifli this from minds
:

*'

"
*'

: Turn fufpicion your from friends to your anger your your enemies, who are to transform coming with a defign to take your

fay,

city,

you,

from

*'

to flaves, haftening to inflid: every other on you, which mankind ftands moft in fear of, and feverity
free

men,

"

are.

62
*'

ROMAN
are,

ANTIQJJITIES OF
be not
far

Book VI.

from your confines. Receive " them, therefore, with alacrity, and fliew them that the " is power of the Romans, though agitated with fedition, " and be affured fuperior to any other, when unanimous ;

now,

faid to

*'
*'

or fuffer they will either not fuftain our united attack, Confider that punifliment for their boldnefs.

condign

" thefe men, who invade you, are Volfci, andSabines, whom " you have, often, overcome in battle who have neither " minds now, than thofe you, belarger bodies, nor braver " fore, conquered, and only defpife you, becaufe they think " When you have taken revenge on your you divided. " I undertake that the fenate will reward
;

enemies,

"
* '

myfelf

you,
dehts^

both by compofing thefe contefts concerning the

and by granting every thing elfe you can, reafon" defire of them, in a manner adequate to the valor ably, " And, till then, let all the you fhall fliew in the war. ^^ *' all the families of perfons, and all the every polfeflions,
**
Ylxirci.

Si ffvfyiv^a.

The

editions,

fenfe,

which

and manufcripts have

zsac-c.

Si izdijAtx,

That of

it will alfo bear, I mean a Fine, the expreffion will be,

:

which all the tranflators have endeavoured to make fomething of, except
le

equally, ab!urd

For

it

will then fig-

Jay, who has have rendered

left it out.

The others

nify, Let their Fines be difcharged of debts. Reduced, therefore, to this al-

it, Honory Reputation, This is, or fomething equivalent. fenfe of the word ; but, the certainly, how will this fenfe agree with the con-

ternative, either to write nonfenfe, or to make an alteration in the text, I

have chofen the

(rvfyiveia to

latter,

and fubftituted

f!rilif/.ia.

ftruftion

Valerius fays, according to

as
it

juitify this alteration,

But, in order to I fhall lay before

the text,
fwiJiiAioi

(lands,

(pii<Bu -sutact
T

the reader the

that

is,

ppu<rif05 let all the

To

Saveta, etc.

reputations of the

declaration made by Servilius not long before, which very much refembles this " there fays;
:

He

Romans
/ecurity.

be difcharged of debts without It 7r1i,w< be taken in another

Taj

ts/Iwv
jAtjli

oiv.iu.';

^tiSivx i^tivxi
/uijTf

y.t]li

x.alijU)jl

^av,
2g.

5raiAv,

tyi^v^u^fn,

>C.

"

Roman

BookVI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
citizen be difcharged without fecurity both And to thofe, other and

63

"

Roman
debts,
fhall

from

" " "

<'

every

obligation

who

fii^ht

bravely,

the moft

glorious

they will receive " from their fellow-foldiers, together with the ornaments "to be beftowed us, which will be fufficient both to

will be the prefervation of their birth ; and glorious will be the praife

crown of vi&ovy country, which gave them

by

" " "

reftore
their

fortunes by their value, and to illuftrate I delire, alfo, that families by their honors.
their

my

" "

in expofing myfelf to danger, may be your exalacrity, For I will fight for country with the fame ample
:

my

fpirit,

moft robuft among you." XLII. While he was fpeaking, the people heard him with
as the
as fearing

great pleafure,

and promifed
raifed, every

their

no more to be impofed upon ; Ten legions were affiftance in the war

:

one of which confifted of four thoufand

took three, and
:

men

Of

thefe each of the confuls

as

many

ot the

horfe, as belonged to the three legions

oether with the

reft

of the horfe,

The other four, were commanded by

to-

the

didator
field

And, having got every thing

immediately, Titus Veturius

ready, they took the marching againft the

the Volfci, and the didator Aequi, Aulus Virginius againft himfelf againft the Sabines. The city was guarded by Titus
T E'^OX
Artiov.
av'(j\i

xirafeiv zsr^o; i^n^tv f^u'^o-

rlus, if

we read

sTnlip-iji,

befides the

appears that the faBy mihes of the debtors were liable to be carried to prifon lor the debts of the
this, it

inconvenience,
Wliereas,
that

mentioned': aheacjy, if we read a-vfyivaa, this

This exemption, mafbers of them. which was a very material one, will
be omitted in the declaration of Vale-

immunity word
j-tysf

will

will

be provided for, and have the fame fignih-

cation in the declaration of Valerius

with

otvlm in

That of

Servilius.

Lartius

64

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
fort.

OF

Book VI.

Lartius with thofe of a

of the younger
For, looking

more advanced age, and a fmall body The Volfcian war was foon determined
:

and

fuperior in number, forgetting their former defeats, they were forced to fight
as
;

upon themfelves

much

with greater hafle, than prudence

and

firft

attacked the

Romans, which they

within fight of one

did, as foon as they had another : And a fliarp battle

incamped
infuing, in

having performed many brave a6lions, and fufFered greater lofles, were put to flight Their camp was
they,
:

which

The name of taken, and a city of note reduced by a fiege which was Velitrae. In the fame manner, the pride of the
: '^^

Sabines was, alfo,

humbled

in a very fhort time,

the

two

nations defiring to decide the fate of the war by one battle. After which, their country was laid wafte, and fome fmall

towns were taken, in which the foldiers found many fiaves, The Aequi, who fufpedled their own and great riches. weaknefs, being informed of the event of the war with their
an ingagement ; and, retreating, as they could, through woods, and over the of mountains, they deferred the conclufion of the war tops
allies,

incamped

in their faftnefles, declining

for

fome time

But were not able to preferve

their

army

unhurt

boldly, falling upon them, defended by fteep places, and taking their camp by though After which, they fled out of the territories of the ftorm. Latines ; and the cities they had taken in their firft irruption,

to the laft, the

Romans,

were furrendered, and Thofe, of which they, defended the citadels, were taken.
29-

obflinately,

OuEA<7f .

See the thirty eighth annotation on the third book.

XLIII.

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
in this

65

XLIII. Valerius, having fucceeded

war accord-

in the ufual manner, on account* ing to his defire, triumphed, of his vidory, and difcharged the people from the fervice,

which the

fenate looked

upon

as premature,

fearing the

demand the execution of their promifes. After poor might the lands they had conquered this, he fent a colony to pofTefs from the Volfci, chufing out the poorer fort for this purpofe,
to the intent they might,

country, but,

alfo,
this,

not only, fecure the conquered leffen the number of feditious citizens.

Having done

he defired the fenate to perform the pro-

mifes they had made to him, fince they had, now, received the fruits of the alacrity the people had fliewn in the late

ingagements.

However, the fenate paid no regard to him ; but, as before, the young, and violent men, who were futo the others in number, had formed a fadion to perior
that motion, fo they, now, oppofed it in the fame oppofe manner, and clamoured, violently, againft him, calling his flatterers of the people, and the authors of defamily the

informed that thefe men, of the appeal from the courts of particularly, complained the Valerian law, as of an inftitution, by juftice, given .by
ftrudive laws.

And Valerius, being

which the power of the

He, greatly,

lamented

totally, fubverted, his misfortune; and, reproaching them

patricians was,

with having ^expofed him to the unjuft refentment of the

3'
J>;fAov.

AixQiQKijtAiw; VTT

oivjav

T^^oi;

101

Thetranflators have underftood this as if the enemies of Valerius had accufed him to the peoph But this
:

is

not the fcnfe

the people

would not

have encouraged fiich an accufation. Valerius complains that the fenate, by violating the promife they had made to him, and he, by their direftion, to thepeople, had expofedhim to their re-

VoL.

III.

people,

66

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VI.

people, he bewailed the unfortunate events, with which their ''refolutions would be attended ; and, as it, often,

happens

in fuch diftrefs, having foretold fome things from the emotion he was then under, and others from his fuperior he went out fenate of the ; and, affembling the fagacity,

people,

he faid;

*'

Citizens,

"

finding myfelf under great

" " "

*'

obligations to you for the alacrity you have exprefled in giving your voluntary affiftance in the war at my
defire,

and

ftill

more
all

for the

bravery you have fhewn

in the feveral ingagements, I

was very defirous of making

"
-

particularly in not difappointing the hopes I gave you, in the name of the fenate;
things,

a return to you in

*'

"

" between I am hindered you, into a perfe6l harmony. *' from effeding thefe things by thofe, whofe fentiments are " not the moft advantageous to the commonwealth ; who

and, as an advifer, and umpire between the fenate, and you, in changing, at laft, the divifion, that, now, fubfifls

"
prefer,
*'

upon
its

this occafion, the gratification

interefl:
;

of their

own

defires to

" others both in " from their youth, rather than from their caufe, have " While I myfelf, as you fee, am old, and fo prevailed *' are all my affiftants, whofe ftrength confifts in counfel, " which of fupporting by a6lion ; ^' and they are incapable
:

and who, being fuperior to the number, and the power they derive

fentmcnt, which, with great reafon, he calls unjufl:, fince it ought to have b:en direfied againft the icnate, and

3" Ka*
tated

2<rs^(f5->!Xfv,

etc.

H.

Stephens

has obferved that our author has imithis occafion. he has imitated is in the paflage of the the to AtheCorcyraeans fpeech

Thucydides upon

not againft him-,

as

it,

really,

hap-

The

pened afterwards.

" our

BookVI.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARNASSENSlS.
zeal for the

67

our

known
in
:

commonwealth,

in general, has

drawing upon us' the private refentment of both For I am cenfured by the fenate for courting you, parties and by you for fhewing greater affection to them. the after XLIV. " had received
ended
If,

people, they the favors they alked, had violated the promifes made by me to the fenate in their name, would have

therefore,

apology been, that you were the deceivers, but that I myfelf was deceit. Nov/, fince the promifes, made to guilty of no you by the fenate, have not been performed, I am under
appear to the people, that I am fo far from having any hand in the treatment you have met with, that both you, and I are, equally,

my

a neceflity of

making

it

impofed and -and I circumvented fo much more than you, ; upon, as I am, not only, injured in being deceived in common
with you all, but am, alfo, hurt in my own reputation, in being accufed of having given leave to the poorer fort to convert the fpoils taken from the enemy to their private

of the fenate; which is advantage, without the confent to be taking upon myfelf to divide, as I think interpreted
fit,

the property of the citizens

wt^nryfiiv to juij a-Mtp^oo-uvji,
srfAosf yvuixvi
Kcci

and of having difcharged

ufe of another
I

ans,
)i

where they fay,

r-oI?foi'

^xoti

make

word of the fame

ionnfftn i^f/.m

tv

Khol^icc^vy.uaX'vuv

ti} tss

^ahivSvviMfiv-,
ivc|usu)j.

aQ^Xtix,

c&t

pfjoMtv*;,

Sylburgius advifes to change in our author, to (pxi^ofAiw.,

is
'io

import. very far from beinofond of my tranflation of this paflagc; but I hope the reader will be better pleafed with my attempt to tranflate
it,

am

than

if,

in
I

imitation of

Thucydides. But this I look upon to have been the very reafon, that induced Dionyfius to
becaufe
it

my

brother
a para-

in

trandators,

had given him

phrafeofit.
B.
c.

i.

3z.

<

you

68

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
you from the
fire,

OF
and
to
^'

Book VI.
their de-

"
"
cc
((

fervice, contrary to law,

enemy's counand employed you in ineffedual incampments, and try, marches. I am, alfo, reproached with having fent a colony
I

when

ought to have kept you

in the

and with having granted " a and fertil country, not to the patricians, and the large, '' knights, but to thofe among you, who wanted relieE " But the thing, which has excited the greateft indignation
into the territories of the Volfci,

"

in raifing the againft me, is, that, army, more than four " hundred plebeians of good fortunes have been added to the *' If, therefore, I had been, thus, treated, when I knights.
''

was

in the vigor of

my

youth,

I fliould

have (hewn them

:

" what kind of a " now, above "

*' *'

man

they had abufed

But, as

am,

fev^enty years Id,

myfelf juftice,

and incapable of doing and hnd that your divifions can be, no

I refign longer, healed by me, to be treated by thofe,

my

perfon

power, and fubmit my who may think I have de-

people, but encreafed the refentment of the fenate againft him. Immediately, the following events happened: The
fort,

" ceived them, in fuch a manner, as they fhall think fit." XLV. This fpeech raifed a general compaiTion in the who accompanied Valerius, when he left the forum ;
poorer

no longer priv^ately, and night as before, but, confulted together concerning a openly now, affembling, To prevent which, the fenate feceffion from the patricians For ordered the confuls not to difband the armies as yet
in the
: :

3*' Hi lam, yt KuT^yairtK. text corrupted in this place.

iotirely,

of Calliubon's opinion,

who

thinks the

thefe

Book VI.
thefe had,

DIONYSIUS H ALI C ARN A S S E N S

ftill,

S.

69

power over the

legions,

who were under

the obligation of their military oaths, and, for that rcafon, deemed holy, and none oi" the foldiers ventured to dcfert
their enfigns
:

So
all

prevail

with

did the fear of violating their oaths The pretence, contrived for of them.
far

leading out the forces, was, that the Aequi, and Sabines, had entered into an union with a defign to make war upon the Romans. After the confuls had marched out of the city

with the armies, and incamped near to one another, the foldiers of both camps aflembled together; and, having feized both the arms, and the enfigns, they carried away the
latter,

at the inftigation of Sicinnius Bellutus,

(for

and feceded

from the confuls

thefe

enfigns are held in the greateft

honor by the Romans in time of war, and, like ftatues of the gods, are accounted holy) and, having apppointed other
officers,

fefled

commander in chief, they pof" certain mountain, near the river themfelves of a
and Sicinnius
their
far

Anio, not
reft

from Rome, which,

from thence,

is,

ftill,

called the holy mountain.

of the officers

tears,

and many promifes, " what purpofe, patricians, do you, now, " have driven from their
you " from
33-

And, when the confuls, and the perfuaded them to return with prayers, " To Sicinnius anfwered
;

recal thofe,

whom

country, and

transformed

free

men

to fiaves

What

alTurances will
feceffiffe

you give
Jmenrm

This Ti KixloiXauSavitljii. three was Roman miles mountaia from Rome, on the other fide of the ^ In Anio, as we learn from Livy
0^0^
:

Sacrum Montem

trans

Amnem,

tria
hill,

On
Ital.

ah urbe millia pajjuum.

there,

this

now. Hands a

caftle, called,

"Caftello di S. SHveJfro.
c. 9.

^B.

ii.

c.

32.

'Ckiver,

Antiq. B.

ii,

*'

US

70
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
defire to

OF

Book VI.

"
*'
*'

us for the performance of thofe promifes, which, it is fo often violated? But, fince plain, you have, already,

you "
*'

have the

fole

poffeffion of the city, return

thither undifturbed
fhall

by the poor and the obfcure: We be content to live in any part of the world, in which
enjoy our liberty ; and, wherever it look upon that place, as our country."
thofe
in the city

"

we may
fliall

may

be,

we

XLVI. When
things,

were informed of thefe

there was a great tumult, and lamentation, and a concourfe in every ftreet ; the people preparing to leave the

endeav^ouring to difTuade them, and offering violence to thofe, v/ho refufed to obey. And a and hoftile v/ords were heard at the great clamor, wailing,
city,

and the

patricians

gates,

and

hoftile

adions committed, while none diftinguilhed

either age, friendfliip, or the dignity due to virtue. the guards, appointed by the fenate to prevent the people out of the city, being few in number, were unfrom

When

going

them, and forced from their poft, the people ruflied out in great multitudes, and the face of things appeared like a city taken by ftorm ; and the
able,

any longer, to

refift

lamentations of fuch, as were left behind, and the mutual accufations were heard of thofe, who faw the city upon the
point

of being deferted.

After

this,

there were frequent

confultations in the fenate, v/here the perfons, who had given occafion to the feceftion, were, feverely, cenfured. At the fame

time, their enemies, alfo, invaded them, laying wafte their territories to the gates of Rome. Hovv^ever, the feceders,

taking the neceffary provifions from the country, that lay near

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSEN S IS.

it,

71

near them, without doing any other mifchief to

in the field,

remained

and received fuch,

as reforted

to

them from

the city, and the neareft fortreffes, who were, already, come to them in great numbers For, not only, thofe, who were defirous to fiy from their debts, judgements, and other
:

feverities
alfo,

to them, but many others they expelled, flocked who led lazy, or difTolute lives, or whofe fortunes were
fufficient

not

to

gratify

their

paffions

or

men

of bad
;

principles,

or envious of the

profperity of

others

or,

or other caufe, enemies to the prefent through any calamity,

eftablifliment.

XLVII. The
their

patricians,

at

and aftonifhment, fearing

foreign

left

of diforder, the feceders fliould join with

firft,

were

full

enemies,

and, prefently,

befiege

the

city.

After that, they took arms at once, asjf the fignal had been o-iven ; and, being attended with their clients, fome pofted
themfelves in the roads, by which they expedled the enemy others marched to the fortreffes in order would

approach;

to fecure
:

them

And the city unable to do any thing of this kind, placed themfelves upon the walls. But, when they heard that the feceders did
neither join the

and others incamped in the fields before thofe, who, by reafon of their age, were
;

enemy, lay wafte the country, nor do any other mifchief worth fpeaking of, they were freed from
;

changing their refolutions, confidered, upon what terms, they fhould come to an agreement with And fpeeches of every kind, diredlly oppofite to them
their fears

and,

one another, were made by the leading

men

of the fenate

but

72

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
made
this feceffion

Book VI.

but the moft moderate, and the heft adapted to the prefent jundure, were Thofe of the oldeft fenators, who fhewed
that the people had not

from them with

compelled by irreliftible calamities, and, partly, deluded by their advifers, and judging of their intereft by paflion rather than reafon ; a misfortune
partly,

any maUcious deflgn, but,

ignorance

is

liable to:

were confcious to fures, and feeking an opportunity of redeeming their offences As a proof ol which, they, already, aded with decency.
repenting; and, if encouraged with favourable hopes by a vote of the fenate for their impunity, and by
like

them themfelves of having taken wrong meathat the greateft part of

And

men

propofals

for

an honourable accommodation, they would,

The fenators, who advifed this, chearfully, return home. delired that men of the greateft worth would not be more
implacable

than Thofe of inferior merit, nor defer an accommodation till mad men fhould be either tauo;ht vvifdom
or induced by it to cure a fmaller evil by a in depriving themfelves of liberty, by delivering up greater,

by

neceflity,

and furrendering their perfons at difcretion For thefe things were next to impoffible. They ought, the treat with to moderation to fet the therefore, ; people example of falutary counfels, and to be the firft to propofe
their arms,
:

an accommodation ; when they conlidered that, as patricians, their duty was to govern, and take care of the commonwealth, and, as good men, to promote friendfliip, and peace:

That the

dignity of the fenate

would not

fuffer

any dimi-

nution by, generouHy, fupporting unavoidable calamities in order

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

73

order to fecure the government; but by preferving an luifeafonable refentment under their misfortunes, which tended to fubvert it And that it was folly to aim at decency, and
:

negledl fecurity
but, if

That both, indeed, were to be wifhed ; one of them muft be given up, fecurity was a more
:

neceflary thing,

than decency.

They ended

their

advice

with deliring that, as the feceders had, hitherto, been guilty of no irreparable offence, embaffadors might be fent to them
to treat of an

accommodation.
fenate:

XLyill. This was approved of by the

After

which, they chofe the mofl: proper perfons, and fent them to the people in the camp, with orders to inquire of them

upon what terms, they thought fit to return to the For, if their demands were moderate, city and pofTible to be complied with, the fenate would not
defired
;

what they

and,
:

oppofe them. If, therefore, they, now, laid down their arms, and returned to the city, they fliould be intitled to an impunity for their offences, and, from henceforward,
to

an

amnefty.

And,

if,

they

fhall,

hereafter, entertain the beft

affections for the

commonwealth, and,

chearfully,

expofe

themfelves for the fervice of their country, they fhall receive

honourable, and advantageous returns.

The

embaffadors,
to

having received thefe inftrudions,

communicated them

the people in the camp, and fpoke in conformity to them. thefe invitations, reproached the But the feceders,
rejecting

great diffimulapatricians with haughtinefs, feverity, and of the demands of the tion in pretending to be ignorant
^'^

34-

Ei^iamoiv.

See the forty fixth annotation on the fourth book.

Vol.

III.

peopl?,

74

ROMAN ANT

QJJ I TIES

OF

Book VI.

the neceflity, which had compelled them to people, and of fecede : That they grant them an impunity for their feceffion, as if they were, ftill, mafters, when they themfelves
ftand in need of the afliftance of their fellow-citizens againft their foreign enemies, who will, foon, invade them with all
their forces
face,

which they will not be though, now, they look upon

;

in a condition, even, to

their prefervation to

be

not fo

of

much the advantage of themfelves, as the good thofe, who fhall affift them. They ended their

fortune

anfwer

with telling them that, when they fhould be better acquainted with, the difficulties which the commonwealth laboured would know what kind of adverfaries had under,
they to deal with

they

and added many violent threats To all which theembalTadors making no anfwer, departed, and informed the patricians of the difpofition, in which they had found
;
:

the feceders.

When

thofe in the city were informed of thefe

anfwers, their confufions, and fears encreafed; and the fenate, unable either to extricate themfelves out of thefe difficulties, or to delay their operation, and being tired with the abufes, and accufations, which the leading men threw out

againft

one another for many days together, was difmifled. Neither were the plebeians, who had been induced by their affedion
to the patricians, or their fondnefs for their country, to ftay in the city, in the fame difpofition as before ; but great part,

even, of thefe, both openly, and privately, ftole away, and there feemed to be no dependance upon thofe, who were

the confuls (for the remainof their magiflracy was not long) appointed a day ing time XLIX. for the elcdlion of magiftrates.
left.

In this fituation of

affairs,

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN A SS EN S I S.

75

the time came, in which the aflembly was to be held in the field, in order to their eledion, no perfon either offering himfelf for the confiilfliip, or venturing to

XLIX. When

accept it, if conferred upon him, the people themfelves created two confuls, who had, before, been invefted with
that magiftracy, and who were acceptable both to the people, and to the ariftocracy : Thefe were Poftumus

and Spurius
their

Cominius, under whom the Caflius, Sabines, fubdued by arms, had refigned the fovereignty They were re:

feventy fecond Olympiad, in of Croton won the prize of the ftadium,

chofen in the

^^

which

Tificrates

Diognetus being

Thefe, having entered upon their magiftracy on the calends of September, fooner than had been cuftomary for the former confuls, the firfl: thing they did, was to affemble the fenate, in order to take their opinion
concerning the return of the plebeians:

then archon at Athens.

The

firfl:

fenator

they called upon to deliver his fentiments, was Agrippa Menenius, a man, then, in the maturity of his age, and looked upon as a perfon of fuperior wifdom He was,
:

particularly,

commended

for his
;

principles of government, and for takino-

a middle courfe

being inclined neither to encreafe the pride of the ariftocratical party, nor to fufi'er the licentioufnefs of
the people. This perfon advifed the fenate to an accommo" dation by the Fathers, if all, who are following fpeech : " prefent, were of the fame opinion ; if no man would

" an accommodation with the people ; and

35-

oppo/e that the terms

iSSojunc, as it

Etti

rti<:

OAvfUTriecioc SivJe^a^.
it

So

we muft

read

with Lapus, Gelenius,

and Sylburgtus and not Hands in the editions, and

;

maniifcripts.

"of

76
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
my
But,
fince

BookVL

" of it, whether they " " " "

*'

are juft, or unjuft, were only to be fentimeiits in few words : confidered, I {hoiild deHver

fome look even upon this, as a matter of confultation, whether we ought to agree with the feceders,
or

go to war with them,

I fhall
it
is

do not think

fupport the advice On the contrary,

give you, by

eafy for me to a fhort difcuflion :

it

" " oppofe " contradict themfelves, when they go about to frighten us " with thofe evils, that are mofl inconliderable, and eafily " reformed ; and, at the fame time, careleflly enough negledl *' the greateft, and Thofe, that are incurable. This contra*' didion they fall into for no other reafon, than becaufe *' they do not judge of what is expedient by reafon, but by *' men be faid to paffion, and fury: For how can thefe " forefee what is expedient, or poflible, who imagine that ** fo powerful a commonwealth, miftrefs of fo extenfive an

to extend neceflary for me difcourfe to a greater length, in order to convince thole an accommodation, that they among you, who

my

"
*'

" "
*'

adminiftration, already envied by, and grievous to, her neighbours, will be able either eafily to reftrain, and proted the nations in fubjedion to her without the plebeians,

or to bring another

lefs

wicked people into the

fight

city,

in the

room of
live

this,

who

fliall

"
*'

for their fovereignty,

and

" and war? For they can alledge nothing elfe in fupport of " their opinion, when they defire us not to receive an ac" commodation.
L. "

with them under the fame government, in profound quiet, behaving themfelves with modefty both in peace,

How

BookVI.
L. "

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A R N AS S EN SI S. How weak either of thofe two expedients I defire

is,

-j-j

" the fads themfelves, andrefled that, you will confider from " when the lower fort among the people grew difaffeded to " you by reafon of thofe, who treated their misfortunes, " neither like fellow-citizens, nor like moderate men, and,

"

afterwards,

withdrew, indeed, from the

city,

but neither

"do, nor have any thought ofdoingyou, any " and coniider what means,
only,
*'

other mifchief,

*'

they may be reby conciled to you without difhonor, many of thofe, who are not well difpofed to you, joyfully, feized this incident
prefented to

them by Fortune; and, exulting in their *' had long thoughts, looked upon this, as the jundure they " wifhed for to For the deprive you of the fovereignty. " Aequi, the Volfci, the Sabines, and the Hernici, who have, " never, ceafed to make war againft us, are, now, exafpe" rated at their late defeats, and, already, divide among " themfelves the territories we are of. As to the poflefled " whom we left waverof and
people
revolt

"

Campania,
us,

Tyrrhenia,

*'
*'

ing in their affedions towards us,

from

and others

are,

fome of them, openly, to do privately, preparing

" the fame. The Latines, alfo, our relations, feem, no longer, " to retain for us that friendfhip they had affured us of, but " many, even, of thefe are faid to labor under the general " who ufed diftemper, a fondnefs for a change. While we, " to in our own, befiege the cities of others, are now fhut up " our and our lands
country houfes plundered, our cattle driven away, and our flaves " take under deferting, without knowing what refolutions to
leaving

uncultivated,

feeing

*'

"

thefe

78
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
thefe misfortunes.

OF
fuffer
ftill

Book VI.

"
'*

exped:the fhould to fue us for an accommodation, people ing

And
in

thefe things

we

when we know

it

is

our

"
"

own power

to put

an end

to

the fedition by a fingle vote. LI. " While our affairs are in this

unhappy pofture

abroad, Thofe in the city are in no lefs terrible a condition. " For we have not provided ourfelves with allies before*'

**
**

expedted to be beiieged, neither are our numbers fufficient to refift fo many nations of enemies

hand, as

if

we

The

"
*'

of our fmall, greateft part

** *'

of our own fervants, plebeians, feeble fupports of a fhaken ariftocracy. And the continual defertions of thefe to the feceders have rendered all the
reft liable to

and weak army confifts of and clients, and of artificers;

fufpicion.

But, above

all

thefe things, the

" impofUbility of bringing in provifions, while the country " is in the power of the enemy, threatens us with a famine;
**
*'

and,

when we

are once in want, will threaten us

ftill

more.

" " " " " " " " "

**

But, befides this war, which gives us no reft, it furpafles every thing, that is dreadful, to fee the wives, the infant

and aged parents of the feceders running about the forum, and through every ftreet, their habits mournful,
children,

and

their looks diftreffed,

with

tears in their

eyes, fuppli-

eating, embracing the hands, and knees of every one, and bewailing the forlorn condition they are reduced to, and ftill

more, That, which threatens them; a cruel, and intolerable None, fure, are fo inhuman, as not to be moved, fight
!

when

they fee thefe things, nor to compafiionate the miffortunes of their fellow-creatures. So that, if we are to place

" no

Book

VI.

DIONYSIUS IIALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

79

(C

in, inconflderable, patrician youth, you fee, " and not worth our glorying in. What! are thofe, who advife " us to fuftain a and do they impofe upon us, fiege, triflers, " or do they not rather, openly, advife us to deliver up the city " at once to our enemies without blood, and without trouble? LII. " But I myfelf, perhaps, magnify thefe apprehenfions, *' and would have you fear things, that are not formidable " The commonwealth be threatened with no other dan:

" not to be relied on. And, when thefe too are fent away, " what forces will be left to defend the And what afcity " fiftance can we depend upon to dare to encounter thefe ter" TGvs? For the natural refuge, and the only hope to be con" fided the is as
.f*

no confidence in the plebeians, we muft fend away all thefc alfo, fome of them being of no ufe in a iiege, and others,

may

" For this is what many of the oppofers of the plebeians place. " throw out, and thefe are, certainly, not the leaft confider" able among us
**
*'

change of inhabitants, a thing of no great confequence And we may, with great eafe, bring hither a number of fervants, and clients from every nation, and every
a ger, than
:

to that pitch of folly, inftead of deliver to as impofilble willies, falutary opinions. Thefe I would, willingly, afk what leifure we fhall have
:

Some being arrived

" " " " "

*'

to execute this proje6l, when the enemy is fo near the allowance will be made for the delay of future city? What alTiftance, when we are in the midft of adlual, and
evils?

prefent or what god will grant us, quietly, to raife fuccours from all parts, and, fafely, condu6l them

And what man,

who

hither? Befides,

are the people,

who

will leave their

*'

own

8o

ROMAN
countries,

ANTIQJJITIES OF
?

Book VI.

" own
*'

and remove to us

Are they

fuch, as have
their

habitations, famiHes, fortunes,

and are refpeded by

"

fellow-citizens for the luftre of their anceftors, or the

their

" reputation of " to leave the

''

own

virtue?
his

enjoyment of

And who would fubmit own happinefs, in order to

" " of
'' *'

fhare, with indignity, the misfortunes of others? For they and luxury, but will not come hither to partake of peace,
is doubtful. dangers, and of war, the event of which Or, {hall we bring hither a mean fort of people, who

have no habitations, like thofe driven from hence, who, " to avoid their debts, judgements, and other calamities of

"

" though way " modefl them this aifo, yet, difpofition, that we may grant " from their being neither born here, bred here, nor ac" with our cuftoms, laws, and education, would
quainted
far,

that nature, are glad to remove to any place Fortune throws ? Thefe, otherwife of a good, and in their

" be
*'

LIII.

" The

than our own. nay, in every refped;, worfe

and many
nefs,

have their wives, children, parents, other friends among us, as pledges, and a fondnatives

'*

without doubt, for the place, where they have been " bred, which is an innate paffion, and not to be eradicated

" While the others we propofe to bring hither, this people " without houfe, or home, if they fliould live among us, hav" ing none of thefe pledges here, in defence of what advan" fhould themfelves to unkfs
tages

they expofe

dangers,

" we were to promife them a " and the

city,

difpoflefs

part of the lands, and of the prefent owners of both, which are

*^

things

we

refufe to grant to our

own

citizens,

who
"

have,'

often,

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H A L IC A RN A S S EN SIS.
And,

8i

pofTibly, they might not be content even with thefe grants alone, but would, alfo, infift upon an equal fliare of honors, of magiftracies,

often, fought in their defence.

and of

all

other

therefore,

we

If, advantages with the patricians. do not grant them every one of their de-

mands, they will be our enemies, becaufe they have not obtained them. And, if we grant their demands, our country, and our conflitution will be deftroyed, and deI do not add, here, that we ftroyed by our own hands. want well difciplined men at this jundture, not hufband-

men,

fervants, merchants, or artificers,

who will be
in
is

to learn military difcipline, and put fame time : And the pradice of
thofe,

it

obliged pradlice at the

difficult to

every thing
it
:

who

are not accuftomed to

And

fuch muft,

necellarily,

be

men
As

collefted,

and reforting

hither,

from by

every nation.

for foldiers, I neither fee

any

raifed

you, neither, if any, unexpededly, apyour I peared, fhould advife you to admit them, inconfiderately, within your walls, {ince we know that cities have

allies to aflift

many

been inflaved by troops, introduced to defend them.

LIV. "
invite

When
to an

you confider

thefe things,

and what

have, before, faid, and, alfo, recollect the motives,

which

you

accommodation, that we are not the only,

nor the

firfl:,

people,

among whom

poverty has quarrelled

with riches, and obfcurity with luftre ; but, in all cities, as I may fay, both great, and fmall, the inferiors are, In all which cities, generally, enemies to their fuperiors
:

the

men
III.

in

Vol.

power, when they aded with moderation, "

faved

82

ROMAN
:

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VI.

" faved their countries ; but, when with pride, they loft " their lives, together with all the other advantages they " had And, when you remember that every ftruggled for " of many parts, is, often, affected with a thing, compofed " diforder in fome one of them And, befides, that neither
:

*'

the afFeded part of a

human

" cut ofF; for, that would be to render the " and of fhort duration; nor the difordered

body, ought, always, to be

reft

" "
" "

deformed, part of a civil

lofs

fociety to be driven out;

for,

by that means, the whole

of
its

would, in time,

aflliredly

be deftroyed by the

the power of necefparticular parts: And conftder, alfo, to which alone the gods fubmit, quarrel not with ftty,
misfortunes, nor fufter yourfelves to be filled with

" your "

"

pride,

and ignorance,

as if every thing

were to fucceed

according to your wifhes ; but relent, and yield, deriving examples of prudence, not from the actions of others,

but from your own.

every man, and every community ought to " emulate the moft illuftrious of their own adions, and " to endeavour that all the reft with them.

LV. " For

"

correfpond Thus, you yourfelves have fubdued many of your enemies, " had been injured in the higheft degree ; whom

may

you by " but defired neither to deftroy them, nor drive them you " out of their On the contrary, you reftored pofleftions " their houfes, and lands to them, and fuffered them to " live in the countries, that them birth ; and have,
:

" "

gave both of fuffrage, and of Roman the rights already, granted citizens to fome of them. But I have yet a more wonderful

" adion

BookVI.
*'

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
relate
;

83

adion of yours to

which

is,

that

you have

fuiFered

" offences of a high nature, committed by many, even, of *' your own citizens, to go unpunifiied, while the authors " of them alone felt the Of weight of your refentment " this number were the colonies fent out to Antemnae, *' Cruftumerium, Medullia, Fidenae, and to many other " For, to what purpofe fliould I, now, enumerate places " all thofe, whom, after you had talcen their towns by itorm, *' you correded with moderation, and as became fellow" citizens? And the commonwealth has been fo far from " incurring either danger, or cenfure by this condudl, that " her clemency is applauded, and her fecurity not at all " diminiflied. After will who
:
:

that,

you,

fpare your enemies,

*'

go unpunifhed, punifli thofe, " have conquered ? Who allow your

*'

"

make war upon your

to

friends?

Who

fuffer the

conquered

by whofe

affiftance

you

for all,

who

ftand in need of

it,

city to be a fafe refuge refolve to drive out of

" that
*'

city the natives,

with

and educated, and with " good, and bad events, both
*'

whom you have been bred, whom you have fhared many
in

you will not, if you " manner agreeable to your former behaviour, and judge of
*'

peace, and in war ? No, defire to adt with juftice, and in a

your

intereft

without paffion.

LVI. " But, fome may fay, we are not lefs convinced " than you that the fedition ought to be appe.ifed, and we *' It is, now, incumbent on have, earneftly, defired it you *' to fhew, what we means it For by may appeafe you fee
: :

*'

how

imperious the people are grown; who, though they

M2

" them-

84

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VI.

themfelves are the offenders, neither fend to us to treat of

an accommodation, nor return fuch anfwers to thofe we have fent to them, as become men, or fellow-citizens ;
but affume an exceflive haughtinefs, and threaten; fo that, it is not eafy to guefs what they aim at. Hear, then,
in

what manner
part,
I

I advife

you

to a6t in this iituation

For

my own

concilable to

do not look upon the people to be irreus, neither do I think they will execute any
:

of their threats

My

reafon

is,

that their aftions

do not

agree with their words ; and I am of opinion that they are far more earneft than we ourfelves are to bring matters

accommodation For we live in our own country, which is mofl dear to us, and have in our own power
to an
:

our fortunes, our houfes, our parents, and every thing we mofl: efteem While they are baniflied from their city,
:

and from
relations,

their habitations,

and

are deprived of their neareft flraitened in their daily fupport. If any

one fhould afk me, for what reafon, then, do not the people, even under thefe miferies, accept our invitations,

and w^hy do they themfeh^es not fend to

I

treat

with us?

fhould affuredly, anfwer, becaufe they are amufed with fair words by the fenate, but fee no adt of benevolence, or moderation flovv from thofe words, and look upon
themfelves to have been, often, deceived by us, while we,
always, promife to give them fome relief, and give them none. They cannot refolve to fend deputies to us, from
their apprehenfion of thofe,

who are accuflomed to

(C

inveigh
fled:

againft

them

here, and,

alfo, left

their defires fhould be

rejec

BookVI.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A R N AS SEN SI S.
: :

85

" be pofTeffed with fome Poflibly too, they may rejeded " fooliili Since there are fome even no wonder pride ; " and us, who are influenced by the fame Htigious,

among

and, hke the vulgar, cannot bear " to be overcome to by their adverfaries; but, always, feek " means whatever, and never confer a favor,
''

and contentious

fpirit

conquer by any "before they have fubdued thofe, who are to have the " benefit of it. When I confider thefe things, I think we

ought to fend an embafly to the plebeians, confiding of " fuch And that the can moft confide in perfons, as they
:

"

*'
(C

"

be invefted with a difcretionary perfons, fo to be fent, power to put an end to the fedition upon fuch terms, as
:

they themfelves fliall think fit, without any further appli" cation to -the fenate For the people, who, now, feem " haughty, and intradable, will be fenfible of this ; and,

"

in earneft, finding that you promote an accommodation " will defcend to more moderate conditions, and demand

" nothing of us, that is either diflionourable, or impoilible " For all men inflamed with anger, particularly thofe of a " low condition, when treated imperioufiy, are inraged ; and,
:

" when courted, appeafed." LVII. When Menenius had done fpeaking, a general murmur ran through the fenate, and each party held conpatrons of the people exhorting one another to exert themfelves, in order to bring back the
fultations together
:

The

their country, fince they had now, at their head, plebeians to the moft confiderable man of the ariftocratical party : And

thofe of this

party,

who made

it

point

to fuffer

no

altera-

86

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
how

OF

Book VI.
at a

alteration in the eftabliiKed

lofs

form of government, were

to behave themfelves in the prefent juncture, being and unable to perftft in unwilling to change their opinion, While thofe, who were uningaged in either party, and it.

entered into the contefts of neither, defired to fee peace reftored, and that the fenate would confider of the proper

means to prevent the city from being beiieged. When all were filent, the elder of the confuls celebrated the generofity of Menenius, and recommended to the reft to fhew the fame
zeal for the public, and, not only, to fpeak their fentiments with freedom, but to execute their refolutions v/ithout fear;

and

called

upon another
his

fenator
:

manner, to deliver

opinion

by name, in the fame This was Manius Valerius,

a brother of the perfon, who had alTifted in delivering his country from the kings ; a man, of all the ariftocratical
party,

the moft acceptable to the people. LVIII. Who, rifing up, firfc put the fenate in

mind of

the meafures he himfelf had purfued, when a magiftrate, and that he had, often, foretold the dangers they would be

expofed

to,

and they,

as often,

neglected his predictions.

He,

oppofed an accommodation, would not, at this time, confider the reafonablenefs of the terms ; but, fince they would not fuller the fedition to
then, defired that thofe,

who

was yet in its infancy, now, at leafl:, to confider, by what means a fpeedy end might be put to it,
be appeafcd, while
left,
it

by making a further progrefs,

come

and produce

might, infenfibly, beat lead, hard to be cured, perhaps incurable, or, great evils : He told them that the demands
it

of

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

87

of the plebeians would, no longer, be the fame as before ; neither did he think they would agree with them upon the fame terms, or be contented with an abolition of their debts ;
but that they would, pofTibly, infift even upon fome protedion, under which they might, for the future, live fecurely :
of the didatorfhip, the guardian law of their liberty was aboliflied ; which law allowed no citizen to be put to death by the magiftrates without a

For

that, fince the inftitution

nor any of the plebeians, whohad been condemned by the to be delivered up to the magiftrates, patricians, when tried,
trial,

but granted to thofe, who defired from the patricians to the people ; it, a right of appealing and that the determination of thefe fhould be final.

who condemned them

He

added that almoft

all

the other privileges, before en-

had been taken away, fince they joyed by the plebeians, could not obtain from the fenate even a triumph in favor of
Publius Servilius Prifcus,

who had

deferved this honor

it

more

than any m^an

For which

people were diflieartened,

their future fecurity
;

was probable the and entertained fmall hopes of

reafons,

lince neither a conful,

nor a didlator

were at liberty to take care of

they defired to do it ; but the concern, and care they fliewed for the people drew upon them abufes, and ignominy from the That thefe things were cfFedled by a combination, fenate. notofthemoft conliderable perfons among the patricians, but

their intereft,

when

of fome infolent, and avaritious men, eagerly, aiming at an

advanced large fumsatahigh intereft, unjuft gain, who, having

and made

flaves

of

many of

their fellow-citizens,

had, by
treating

S8

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
;

Book VI.

fevere manner, treating thefe in a cruel, imperious, and alienated the whole body of the plebeians from the arifto-

cracy

and,
it

head of

the having formed a fadion, and placed at a Appius Claudius, an enemy to the people, and

favourer of oligarchy, they, under his patronage, had ruined all the affairs of the commonwealth Which, if the fober
:

was in part of the fenate did not oppofe their attempts, He ended with danger of being inflaved, and fubverted.

and faying that he was of the fame opinion with Menenius, defired that embafladors might, immediately, be fent ; and
that thefe fliould endeavour to appeafe the fedition upon fuch terms, as But, if thefe were not

they thought proper

confented

to, that

they accept fuch, as are offered.

LIX. After he had done fpeaking, Appius Claudius, who was of the fadlion, that oppofed the people, being called

upon

to deliver his fentiments, rofe

up; a man who

juft

fet

great value

upon
life,

himfelf,

and not without

caufe:

For,

in his private

he was temperate, and folemn, and his were noble, and tending to preferve the political principles the ariflocracy He took occafion, from the fpeech dignity of
:

of Valerius, to fpeak

as follows:

" Valerius would have de-

" ferved "

lefscenfure, if

he had, only, delivered

of a without inveighing againft thofe, " For, by that means, he would have had contrary opinion " the advantage of not hearing an cxpofition of his own
timents,
:

own who are

his

fen-

" "
*'

faults.

However,

fince he has not been contented with deas

livering fuch

can end in nothing elfe, than in making us flavcs to the moft profligate of the citizens, " but

an opinion,

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
upon
thofe,

89

" but "

*'

has, alfo, caft reflexions

who
it,

difFer

from

him, and attacked

for

"
*' *' *'

me, things : and, necefiary of the charge he has brought againft firft, to clear myfelf me : For he has reproached me with a condu6l becoming
neither a citizen,

I find perfonally, alfo, to fpeak to thefe

me

abfolutely,

get

money

of worth, that, defiring to by every method, I have deprived many of

nor a

man

" the poor of their " occafioned

*'

liberty,

and that the

means.

fecefiion was, chiefly,

it is

through
:

my

Now,

an eafy matter

to convince you that neither of thefe allegations is true, " and well grounded For, fay, Valerius, who are thofe I *' have inflaved on account of their debts? Who are thofe I
*'

ever kept, or

now keep,

in prifon?

Which of the ieceders

" is deprived of his country through " You can name none. For I am " {laved any one of the citizens for " vanced to own

cruelty, or avarice ? fo far from having in-

my

having admy money very great numbers, I have *' caufed none of thofe, who did not make good their pay" ments, to be either furrendered to me, or difcredited ; but " all of them enjoy their liberty, and all look upon themdebt,
that,

"

me with my " friends, and clients, and are confidered by me in the fame *' When I fay this, I mean not to accufe any, who light. " have not adled like me in this neither do I think refped: " any man guilty of injuftice, if he has done what the law
felves to

be under the fame obHgations to

" allowed him

*'

to

do; but

fay

it

only to acquit myfelf of

the accufations brought againft me.

Vol.

III.

LX.

go

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
LX. " As
to the feverity,

OF

Book VI.

and patronage of wicked men, with which he has reproached me, calling me an enemy to the people, and a favourer of oligarchy, becaufe I
adhere to the ariftocracy, thefe accufations, equally, affed: all thofe among you, who, being men of fuperior worth,
beneath you to be governed by your inferiors, or to fuffer the form of government you have init

think

herited from your anceftors, to be transformed into the word: of all conftitutions, a democracy. For, if this man
fhall

think

fit
it

to call the

government of the

befl

men, an

oligarchy,
itfelf,

does not, therefore, follow, that the thing becaufe it is traduced by that appellation, will be

impeached.
at tyranny.

While we can

fix a

much

jufter,

and a truer and aiming

reproach upon

him

for flattering the people,

all

Since

the world

knows
:

fprings

from a

flatterer

of the people

that every tyrant And that the fliort

defign to inflave their country, is That which leads to domination through the favor of the mofl:

way

for thofe,

who

he himfelf has ever courted, profligate citizens, and courts even to this day : For you are very fenfible that

whom

and mean wretches would never have dared to commit fuch crimes, if they had not been encouraged by this venerable man, this lover of his country, and told
thefe vile,

that the adlion fliould be attended with no danger

that
it fl:iould,

and

not only, go unpuniflied, but their condition fliould even be improved by it. You will be convinced

of the truth of what

fay,

when you remember

that,

while he was frightening you with a war, and fhewing *' the

BookVI.
*' *'

DIONYSIUS H ALICARNASSENSIS.

91

the neceffity of an accommodation, he told you, at the fame time, that the poor will not be contented with an
abolition of their debts,

*'

but

will, alfo, infift

upon fome

" no protedion, and, " as before And,

you,
:

longer,
at laft,

fubmit to be governed by he exhorted you to acquiefce

" under the prefent fituation of affairs, and to grant every " fliould think fit to demand as the conthing the people " ditions of their return, without diftinguiOiing whether " thofe demands were honourable, or diilionourable, juft, " or With fo much have the fenfelefs
arrogance this old man, who has people been infpired by enjoyed " could we confer upon him. Did it, then, every honor
unjuft.
*'

*'

"
*'

to charge others with the reproaches when you yourfelf lie open to fuch they have not deferved,

become you, Valerius,

accufations?

LXI. " What

*'

have

faid

is

fufficient to refute the ca-

lumnies

this

man

has brought againft me.

Concernino-

" the fubjed of your prefent debate, I am, not only, of " what I firft propofed was juft, worthy of this opinion that " commonwealth, and advantageous for yourfelves, but I ftill " continue in the fame fentiments, and advife you not to " confound the order of the not to alter the

"
*'

government, of cuftoms unalterable your anceftors, not to banifli public " faith, a facrcd thing, from human fociety, on which the
fecurity

of every city
fo far

is

"
*'

thoughtlefs people,

who

founded, nor to give way to a dcfire unjuft, and unlawful things :

And

am

from retracing any part of

my opinion,
"
frighten

*'

through the fear of

my

adverfaries,

who

endeavour to

92

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VI.

" the plebeians that I againft me, frighten me by exciting " am much more than ever confirmed in my refentment; ** and my indignation at the demands of the people is
*'

doubled.

" turn of your

*'

" "
*'

the extraordinary difpofition, that you, who refufed to grant to the people an aboHtion of their debts, and a difcharge from their judgements, before they were in open war
I

And

wonder,

fathers,

at

againft you,

commit
elfe

fhould now, when they are in arms, and a6ls of hoftility, feem willing, not only, to make
to grant

"
*'

thefe concefHons, but, alfo,

them every thing

they will defire, and the firft of " their demands will be, to have an equal fhare of honors
they defire:
*'

And

with you, and to enjoy the fame privileges. Will not that " be to transform the government into a democracy, which, " of all conftitutions, as I faid, is the moft fenfelefs, and the " leaft expedient for you, who aim at commanding others? " This, if you are wife, you will not do Otherwife, it " would be a moft glaring abfurdity, if you, who looked a upon it as a thing intolerable to be governed by one tyrant, " ftiould, now, deliver up yourfelves to the people, a many" headed and fubmit to this without conferring an tyrant, " to it, but forced or necef:

*'

being perfuaded by had it not in as if and to do any your power you fity, " but to yield contrary thing in your prefent circumftances,
obligation,

"

to your inclination.

And, when

this fenfelefs multitude,

" inftead of being puniOied for their offences, fliall even " obtain honors, as a reward for thofe offences, how proud " and do think will render ? For this them you imperious " you

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
to flatter yourfelves with the

93

you are not

hope that the

people will moderate their demands, if they yon all concurred in this refolution.

know

that

LXII. " But, in this refped, Menenius, who is a worthy man, and judges of the good intentions of others by his
is

own,

very

much

miftaken

For they

will

urge you with

'

an importunity grievous beyond all meafure, encouraged both by the pride which, always, accompanies vidlory, and by their folly, of which they have fo great a fliare.

'

And,

if not,

at

firft,

they

will,

afterwards,

upon every

'

'

'

are not granted, take arms', occafion, and fly in your faces with the fame infolence. So that, if you yield to their flrft demands, as you will,
their

when

demands

expedient,

'

'

prefently, after that,

have fomething v/orfe impofed upon you ; and fomething elfe ftill more intolerable than the

'

'

upon a fuppofltion that your flrft conceflions flowed from fear ; till, at lafl, they drive you out of the
former,
city,

'

as it

has,

already,

happened
^^

in

'

lately,
'

at Syracufe,
If,

where the

landed

many others, and, men were expelted

'

'

then, your indignation at their demands will induce you, at lafl, to rejed them, why, do you not, from this inftant, begin to afllime the fpirit of free men ?

by

their clients.

36'

Oi

yiafA'j^oi.

Sylburgius has taken

calls thele j^a-

to our author,

becaiife the books,

in

lOtice that
juofirtf,

Herodotus

which Diodorus Siculus, very probably, gave an account of this tranfaftion, are loft. But this we know from He''

according to the Doric dialed, We which was fpoken at Syracufe. know nothing of the manner, in which hefe landed men were driven out of hat city by their flaves, as Herodotus
alls

rodotus, that

Gelon

reftored

them

to

their country, and,

by reftoring them,
Syracufe.

made himfelf mafter of

c. 15-;;.

them, or their

clients,

according
^

In Polymnia,

" For

94
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
For
it is

OF

Book VI.
iinall

better to adl with courage

upon a

provo-

*'

cation, before any

damage
to
late

is

received, than, after fuffering

"
*'

many ads of injuftice,

the
reft,

and begin

" be terrified either with the commotion of the revolters, " or with a foreign war ; nor diftruft our domeftic forces, " as infufficient to preferve the city: For the ftrength of " the is and cannot continue in
*'

complain of what is paft, refufe to grow wife. Let none of you

"
*'

they long huts during the winter, with the fame eafe as they now incamp in the open air ; and they will be fo far from
fugitives

fmall,

"

"
*'

getting provifions by plunder, when they have confumed their prefent ftock, that they will not be able even to

"
*'

purchafe any from other places, and convey them to their camp, by reafon of their poverty, as having no money,
either public,

or private

Whereas, wars

are,

generally,

" "
"

of money. Befides, anarchy, as may fupported by plenty well be imagined, and fedition, flowing from anarchy,
will feize

counfels

them, and foon difTipate, and difconcert their For they will not fubmit to deliver up themthe Sabines, or the Tyrrhenians,
thofe,

" felves either to " become flaves to

*'

and
con-

whom

they themfelves,

in

jundion with you, formerly deprived of their liberty ; " and the men, who have, wickedly, and fhamefully, en*'

deavoured to deftroy their own country, will, leaft of all, " be trufted by them, left they treat the country, that re*' For all the nations ceives them, in the fame manner
;

*'

round us are governed by

in every city, are excluded

ariftocracies,

and the people,

in the

from an equal fhare

govern-

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENSIS.

So
that,

95

" government. " who do not

the leading

men

in

every city,

fuffer their

own

fubjetls

to

"
"

attempt any

alteration in the

commonwealth,

will never receive this

"

" they themfelves fhould, one day, be deprived of their own " fhare in the adminiftration. But, if I am miftaken, and " any city fliould receive them, they will, prefently, dif" cover themfelves there to be enemies, and deferve to be " treated as fuch. We have here their wives, parents, and " the reft of their relations, as hoftages ; and better we " could not deftre the gods to give us; all whom we will " in the of their if
*'

foreign, this feditious people into their country ; left, by admitting them to afliare in the privileges of their fubjedls,

place attack us,

" fevere, and the moft ignominious tortures. And, when " they know this, be aflured they will intreat, lament, and " deliver up themfelves to you unarmed, and ready to fub" mit to For fuch diftrefles have every thing you defire " an irrefiftible power to break the moft haughty fpirits,
:

fight we will put

and, they dare to them to death under the moft

relations;

*'

and annihilate their refolution. LXIII. " For thefe reafons I affirm that a war from the
the dangers of foreign wars, this is not the firft time thofe dangers have been formidable only in difcourfe ; but, even before this, as often as we have experienced them, they have been
fugitives
is

"

not

to

be

feared.

As

to

"
*' *'

" found lefs terrible than we apprehended. " who think our doraeftic forces not
*'

And,

let thofe,

fufficiently

ftron^,

and,

for this reafon

chiefly,

apprehend a war,

know
"

that

they

'

96

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VI.

"
*'
*'

fliall not enough acquainted with them. they are have a body -" of citizens equal in ftrength to the revolters, if we think fit to chufe out the ftouteft of our flaves, and

We

*'

give
*'
*'
**'

them

their Hberty

For,

tothefe, than to be deprived

better to grant Hberty of our authority by the others.

it is

The

former

are, ah*eady, fufficiently

inftruded

in

mi-

"
(C

us in htary difcipHne, by having attended And ag-ainft our foreig;n enemies tions.
ourfelves,
clients,

many
let

expedi-

us

march
all

with

and

at the poffible alacrity, of the people, who are left :

all

head of

our

And,

in order

*'

to ingage thefe to light chearfully,

let

us grant

them an

*'
*'

"
*'

abolition of their debts, not generally, but to every one in : For, if we are, by yielding to the times, to particular fhew fome moderation, let not that moderation exert itfelf

-^

" wards fuch of them,

cc

towards fuch of the people, as are our enemies, but toas are our friends ; on whom we may

feem not compelled, but perfuaded, to beftow

favors.

And, if more fuccours fhould

" infufficient, let " and recal our colonies. " thefe will amount
to,
37-

be wanting, thefe being us fend for the garrifons of all the fortrelTes,
flill

And how many

tuv

the

number of
laft

may

be, eafily, learned

been

from the
moment

rifo?

jtAfii

yi

T?

<x(pi?y,Koluif

Roman

citizens the

they

z!oKi\m
tin

ci.yl>Tca.Xov

x,^^a,i^ojji.i)i.

TheLa-

tranflators, and, after them, the French, have rendered this fentence, as if they underftood that tmc isroAilait' was joined by our author to a;p5->)!:o7f: I own that the text will bear this conbut 1 think the fenfe will ftruflion be much ftronger, if we conneft twv nroA'?&)v with ai/lia-aAov ;^fa lloiusi;: For flaves thefe would, certainly, have
-,

had been manumitted. Whereas, if we adhere to the connexion they have

adopted,
rai^ sro?vi7av

will

be

ina<5live,

and fignify no more than t;*? ^vPeytixcIiXf without that addition as Appius faid, before, in this very fpeech, tk
-,

TUN

A^ESTHKOTHN
etc.
wifJiTreiv

Skx.

rv.v

iui]v

uuar^a,

and, afterwards fays,

jr^sj

jutjIssr^ETg^air

TOTS A4>ESTHK0TAS,

etc.

" cenfus

Book VI.
cenfus ;

DIONYSIUSHALICARNASSENSIS.

97

when there were reglftered one hundred and thirty thoufand men grown; of thefe the fugitives do not make
a feventh part. I aver, alfo, that the thirty cities of the Ladn nation would defire nothing more than to fight

by reafon of their relation to us, only grant them the fame privileges with our which they have ever defired.
our
battles,

if

you would
citizens,

own

the advantage the moft confiderable in war is That, which neither you yourfelves have yet thought
of,

LXIV. " But

This nor any of your advifers fuggefted to what I have faid, and, then, make an end.
:

I fhall

add
is

There

nothing fo neceflary to fuccefs in war, as good generals : With thefe our- city abounds 3 while there is a fcarcity of

them among our enemies

For numerous armies, when

commanded by
numerous they
misfortune
armies
:

unfkilful generals,

and,, very often, occafion their

are,

own

difgrace themfelves, defeat ; and the more

the

more they
good
fmall,

Whereas,
are

are expofed to this generals, although the

foon augment them to So that, as long as we have generals great numbers. able to command, we fhall never want men dedrous to
they receive
obey.

Confider,
this

therefore,

thefe things; refled

on the

adions of

commonwealth, and determine nothing What, mean, ungenerous, or unworthy of yourfelves. then, if any one fbould afk me, do I advife } (For, in all
defire to know this) probability, you, long fince, earneftly Neither to fend emballadors to the revolters, to decree an

abolition of their debts,

nor do any other

adt,

that

Vol.

III.

"

may

betray

98

ROMAN
difcuffed by

ANTIQ^UITIES OF
:

Book VI.

"

" "

But, if they lay down their betray fear, or perplexity arms, return to the city, and fubmit their interefts to be

you to treat them " with moderation, as you well know that all fenfelefs men, " the populace, behave themfelves with impeparticularly, " rioufnefs to the and with fubmiffion to the you
at leifure,
I

advife

fubmiffive,

"
imperious."

Claudius had done fpeaking, there was a tumult in the fenate, which great clamor, and prodigious For thofe, who feemed to be of lafted a conliderable time
:

LXV. When

the ariftocratical party, and thought themfelves obliged to of juftice to That of injuftice, adprefer the confideration

and delired the confuls the better lide, and to conlider that to particularly join they were inverted vyith a regal, not a popular, power ; or, at leaft, to keep themfelves neuter, and not to overheat either
hered to the opinion of Claudius
;

party, for the

but to count the opinions of the fenators, and declare But, if they negleded both thefe, and majority
:

affumed to themfelves the

commodation, they

faid

power of concluding the acthey would not fufFer it ; but would

fole

to the utmoft, with words, as far as they oppofe them with arms. Thefe were a conlidermight, and, if neceffary, able body, and almoft all the young patricians adhered to

the lovers of peace efpoufed the opinion of Menenius, and Valerius, particularly, the ancient fenators,
this

party

But

all

who

confidered the calamities, which

:

all

governments are

But, being overborne by the expofed to, by civil wars clamor, and diforderly behaviour, of the young men, and,
fulpedling

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

99

their ambition, and, alfo, fufpeding the confeqiiences of with which they had treated the fearing left the haughtinefs,

confuls might end in violence, unlefs fome kind of fubmifTion were made to them, they, at laft, had recourfe to tears, and intreaties, with which they endeavoured to foften their

op-

pofers.

LXVI. The tumult

final

being appeafed, and every one

filent

at laft, the confuls conferred together,

determination, which was to effed:; Fathers, " the thing in the world we defire moft, is, that you would " all be is unanimous, particularly, when the public
fafety

and pronounced " this

their

*'

"
*' *'

the fubjedl of your debate; but, if that cannot be, that the younger fenators would yield to their feniors, and not contend with them ; but confider that, when
are
arrived to
to

they the fame age, the fame deference will

their

" be paid
*' *'

them by

fpirit

of contention,

juniors the moft

But we obferve that

deftrudlive of all dif-

eafes incident to

mankind, has feized you; and that the

young men among you, behave themfelves with great ".arrogance: And, fince the remaining part of the day is
*'
*'

not time to perfed your refolutions, " the prefent ; and bring with you to the next depart for " and a better difpofition affembly greater moderation,
fhort,

and there

is

"

"
"

But, if you fhould preferve the fame contentious humor, we fliall not, for the future, make ufe of men,

young

either as judges, or counfellors;

but, from henceforward,

" we

will reftrain

their

diforderly

behaviour

by a law, " which

loo

ROMAN
which
fhall fix the

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VI.

"

''

"

members, we " of and, if they do not delivering their opinions " we fhall a fhort an end to their contefts
fenior
;

to the age required in a fenator. As fhall, again, give them an opportunity

agree,

put

by

method,
:

*' *'

which

You

proper you fhould be apprized of beforehand are fenfible that we have a law, as ancient as the city
it is

" we inhabit, by which the fenate is inverted with a fovereign " power in every thing, except the eledion of magiftrates, *' the enabling of laws, and the declaring, or putting an end
*'

to,

wars

and that the people have the power of detertheir votes

:

"

" debate has no other

mining thefe three things by

objedl,

Now,

the prefent
:

but war, or peace

So

that,

does not appear that this threat wa'^ carried into execution ;
|6^si;.)v''f f>:v.

It

is,

at leart, not ti 1 many ages after, that in the year of Rome 575 ; when,

by

the Villi.m law,

ftrates

mag

was
eft

the ages of all fixed, 'i^ Fuhitis

of that nature was before in being ; becau'e he tells us that the firft Scipio, afterwards called Africanus, was oppofed by the tribunes of the people, when he ilood for the curule edilefhip, for this reafon, that he had not
the age,

required
''

Flaccus conjul

Acidno. lata a L.

Lo

creatus

cum L. Manlio

magiftracy;

by law, for that quod nondiim ad pe.endum

anno ragc.tio primum eft Villto tribune plebis, quot anncs

legitima aetas ejj'et. the confulfhip of

This happened in

Q^

Fulvius Flaccus

nati quemque magiflralum pettrent, caperentque. This law, in ireftly, fixed

for the third time, and of p. Claudius Pulcher, and in the year of 542,

Rome

the age required in a Roman fenator becaufe the magiftracy was the feminary of the fenate, into which all magiftrates had a right to be admitt d, as fenators, upon the firfl: call of the
-,

that

is,

23 years before the Viilian law

was enadted. Vv henfoevcr the law, which the tribunes grounded upon their oppofition to Scipio, was pafled, certain it is that there was no fuch law
in

fenate after the expiration of ti.eir magiftracy, unkfs the cenfors could objeft to their behaviour.
(iiys

the early times of the

common^

wealth. This

we know from
nofiri,

Cicero,
illi,

1 houghLivy

who

fays

Majores

veteres

enafted by Vilin another place, lius, yet he himfelf, gives us reafon to think that fome law
this
fiift
'

law was

admodum
habebant.

anliquiy

Leges annales ncn

Livy, B. xl.

c,

''

44.

B. xxv.

c.

Philippic. V. c.

<(

It

Book VI.
*'
*'

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A R N ASS EN SI S.

loi

"
*'

abfolutely, neceflary that the people fhould, by their fhall, therevotes, give a fantlion to our refokitions.
it is,

We

to be prefent in the forum, purfuant to this law; and, after you have delivered your opinions,
fore,

fummon them

**

" "
*'

only means to put an end to your contefts And, whatever the majority of the people fhall determine, we fhall efteem That as valid.
fhall take their votes, as the
:

we

Thofe,

" and
*'

continued faithful to the commonwealth, are to fhare both our good, and bad fortune, well
faid

who have

deferve this honor."

they difmifled the aflembly. The following days, they ordered all the citizens, who were in the country, and in the foitrefics, to be prefent; and, having given notice to the fenate to affemble the fame day,
this,

LXVII. Having

when
tears,

they found the city was full of people, and that the refolution of the patricians was fubdued by the intreaties,

and lamentations both of the parents, and infant children, of the feceders, they went, on the appointed day,
to the forum,
forts

which was crowded with a concourfe of

all

of people,
for the

who were

there long before

it

And, going
mary

into the temple of Vulcan,

where

it

was light : was cuftoiirfl:,

people to hold their allemblies, they,

commended them
quietly,

fortheearneftnefs, and alacrity they fhewed them to wait by adlfting in fo great numbers Then advifed till the previous decree of the fenate was paffed;
:

and exhorted the

felves

relations of the feceders to

comfort them-

with the hopes of feeing thofe, who were deareffc to them, in a fhort time. After that, they went to the fenate ;

and

102

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
opinions.

OF

Book VI.

and, not only, fpoke thenifelves with gentlenefs, and moderation, but, alfo, deGred the reft to deUver mild, and hu-

mane

They,

riling up,

fpoke in

upon Menenius who, the fame manner as before, exhorting

firft,

called

the fenate to an accommodation; and, delivering the fame that embafladors might, immediately, be opinion, deiired
fent to the feceders, with difcretionary powers to an accommodation as they fliould think proper.

make

fuch

LXVIII. After him, other

upon
fame
'

confular fenators, being called according to their age, rofe up, and were all of the opinion with Menenius, till it came to the turn of

Appius
'

'' I find, to fpeak, who, rifing up, faid; fays he, the of the both is that it confuls, and of fathers, pleafure

ahnoft

'

own

the fenate, to bring back the people upon their terms ; I am the only perfon left of all thofe, who
all

'

'

and I remain expofed to the oppofed the accommodation, refentment of the people, and can be, no longer, of any
ufe to you

'

from

my

not, for thefe reafons, depart former opinion, nor, willingly, defert fyftem
:

However,
:

I (hall

my

'

of government

'

who,
iTiall,

But, the more 1 am abandoned by thofe before, efpoufed the fame fentiments, the more I

'

'

one day, be efteemed by you ; while I live, I fhall be when dead, remembered by pofterity: praifedby you and,
;

'

'

'

Capitoline Jupiter, you guardian gods of this and tutelary genius's of the Roman land, city, you heroes, of the fugitives may be honourable, grant that the return

And you, O

'

and advantageous

to

all,
:

and that

may be

miftaken in

'

my

prefages of futurity

And,

if

any misfortune fhould *' redound

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
to the

103

redound
this will
*'
(( ^'

commonwealth from

thefe counfels (for

them,

foon be manifeft) may you, fpeedily, reform and infure the fafety of the commonwealth
!

And,

to

me,

who

neither,

chofe to fay thofe things,

thofe,

upon any other occafion, ever that were moft agreeable, inftead
profitable,

" of "
*'

that

were

moft

nor,

upon

this,

" "
*'

be favourable betray the public to fecure myfelf, may you and propitious Thefe are the prayers I addrefs to the gods: For words are of no further ufe: But my opinion
!

is

the lame

it

was, that

continue in the city, upon the revolters with the utmoft vigor, as long as they " remain in arms."
*'

to difcharge the people, who of their debts, and to make war

is,

LXIX. Having

faid this,

he ended.

When

the opinions

of the fenior fenators were found to agree with That of Menenius, and it came to the turn of the juniors to fpeak,
the whole fenate being in fufpence, Spurius Nautius rofe up, the heir of a moft illuftrious family (for Nautius, the

author of his race, was one of the colony, that came over with Aeneas, and a prieft of Minerva, the tutelary goddefs of Troy ; and, when he removed from thence, he brought with him the ftatue of that goddefs, which the family of the Nautii had the cuftody of fuccefl^ively) This perfon

was efceemed the moft

for his

illuftrious

of

all

the young fenators

was expeded that he would foon be honoured with the confulfhip. He began by making the apology of all the young fenators, and faid that neither of contention towards their feniors, nor pride had a
perfonal
virtue
;

and

it

fpirit

induced

104

ROMAN ANTIC^ITIES OF
differ

Book VI.

induced them to

meeting of the fenate ; And it was an error of judgement, incident to their youth: he ended with faying that by changing their opinion they would convince them of this They confented, therefore,
:

opinion at the laft and, if they had committed an error,

from the

latter in

of better judgement, might decree whatever they thought moft conducive to the good of the no oppofition public, and declared they fliould meet with
that their feniors, as

men

from them

but,

on the contrary, an

intire

fubmiilion to

their determinations.

the fame declaration,

related to

young men making except a very fmall number, who were

all

And

the other

Appius, the confuls commended their orderly behaviour, and exhorted them to behave themfelves in the

fame manner upon

public occafions ; and, then, proceeded to the choice of the deputies, who were ten in number,
all

being the moft illuftrious of the fenior fenators, all of whom The deputies were thefe ; had been confuls, except one.

Agrippa Menenius Lanatus the fon

rius the fon

of Caius,

Manius Vale-

of Volufus, Publius Servilius, Publius Poftumius the fon of Quintus, Tubertus Titus, Aebutius the fon of
Titus, Flavins Servius,Sulpicius Camerinus the fon of Publius, Aulus Poftumius the fon of Publius, and Balbus Aulus.

the fenate being difmiffed, the confuls went to the affembly of the people; and, having ordered the decree of

After

this,

the fenate to be read, prefented the deputies : And, everyone to be informed of the inftrudlions, which the fenate defiring

had given them, the confuls

ihem

publicly, that they had ordered to reconcile the people to the patricians, by any means
faid

thev

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

105

they could, without fraud, or deceit, and to bring the fugitives immediately.

home

having received thefe inftrudlions, went out of the city the fame day. But the news of this in the city, deputation, and of every thing, that had paffed
deputies,

LXX. The

camp, before the deputies And, prefently, and met the deputies upon the all the plebeians came out, There was in the camp a man, extremely, bufy and road.
arrived at the
:

feditious,

quick in forefeeing things at a great diftance ; and, being a man of many words, and talkative, not inHis name was Lucius capable of expreiling his thoughts
:

^^

Junius,

the
;

name of

narchy

and,

the perfon, who had deftroyed modefiring to complete the fimilitude of their
alfo,

names, he would,

be called Brutus

the people laughed at the vanity of the a mind to make themfelves they had merry with him, they the additional name of Brutus. This perfon ingave him formed Sicinnius, who commanded in the camp, that it was

The generality of man ; and, when

not the intereft of the people to fubmit eafily to the propofals, that were to be offered, left, by demanding things of fmall
confequence, their return might be the lefs honourable ; but to a long time, and to adt a part in this negooppofe them for
may feem odd,
parts in this

jU8va>v

(K ssoAKa, etc.

It

///l*

but

it is

true, that

feme

charafl:;r

of L.ucius Junius bear a near refemblance to the great qualities afcribed by ''Thucydidcs to Themillocles,

x^^^^ ^X,"'^ "*' i^>jfy}(ToiiB-cit oiog n. cannot very well underftand how both the French tranflators came to
I

render

ssVof

v>i^

cet

avanturier,

this

adveniurer.

who was

tmv pAAov7v 87ri7rAfov

fB.
i.

c.

138.

Vol.

III.

tiation

io6
tiation
;

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VI.

and he promifed to take upon himfelf the defence

of the people ; and, having fuggefted every thing elfe, that was to be done, and faid, he prevailed upon Sicinnius. After which, the latter, ailembling the people, defired the deputies to acquaint them with the caufe of their coming.

LXXI. When Manius

cient,

Valerius,

who was

the moft an-

deputies, prefented the himfelf; people teftifying their affection for him by the

and the

mofl: popular

man of all the

moft endearing expreffions, and appellations ; and, after " they were lilent, he fpoke as follows ; Nothing, now, hinders you, citizens, from returning home, and being
reconciled to the fenate

For they have voted you an honourable, and advantageous return, and granted you an
:

amnefty

for all that

is

pafled

as deputies,

whom

they

knew

have, alfo, fent us, to be the greateft patrons

They

of the people, and, defervedly, refpeded by you, with to conclude an accommodation ; to difcretionary powers,
the end

we may

not judge of your fentiments by ap-

from yourfelves upon what terms you think fit to put an end to the fedition ; that, if there is any moderation in your demands, and they
pearances,
or conje<5lures,

but

may

learn

are not impoiTible in themfelves to be granted, or rendered fo by fome infuperable diflionor annexed to them, we

danger

without expelling the opinion of the grant them,fenate, or expofing the fuccefs of our negotiation to the of long delays, or to the envy of your adverfaries.

may

having decreed thefe things, receive their favors, citizens, with joy, and with all alacrity, and earfenate

The

"

neftnefs

BookVI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
;

107

" "
*'

neftnefs

great a happinefs, and returning the greateft thanks to the gods that the Roman
fetting a value

upon

fo

commonwealth, which commands fo many nations, and " the fenate, which has the difpofal of all her honors, with " whom it is an eftabliOied cuftom to yield to none of her " adverfaries, willingly departs from her dignity in favor of

" you alone, and neither thinks fit to enter into fuch an " exadl difcuflion of what belong;s to each, as might be " expedled from fuperiors, who treat with their inferiors^ " but themfelves have firfl: fent to an
they
deputies

propofe

" accommodation ; neither have they received the imperious " anfwers you gave to their former deputies, with anger ; " but have fuffered this and exertion of
forbidding,

juvenile

" your pride, like good parents That of their thoughtlefs " children; and judged proper to fend another deputation, " to from their and to fubmit to
depart
right,
*'

citizens, that

is

reafonable.

every thing, PofTefTed of fo great a felicity,

"
*'

to acquaint us with what you defire, and do not delay not amufe us And, when you have put an end to the fedi:

"
*'

tion,

return, with joy,

to your country,

have received

"
'

your birth, you have made her no good return, in having

far

which you and education, and for this

in
left her,

as

as
let

in

you

lay, defolate,

and a pafture

for cattle.

"
*'

If

you

flip

this

opportunity, you will, often, wiili for

fuch another."

LXXII. When

Valerius

prefented himfelf to deliberated properly, pught not to form a judgement of the

had done fpeaking, Sicinnius the ailembly, and faid that thofe, who

"

expe-

io8

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VI.

expediency of any meafurefrom a lingle reprefentation of it; but that arguments of a contrary nature fhould, alfo, be
fuggefted, particularly, when affairs of fo great moment were under their confideration. Then he declared that any perfon, who pleafed, might anfwcr thefe reafons, without being at
all

afhamedj or afraid

For the

fituation of their affairs,

and

their prefent diftrefs did not allow

them

to be influenced

either

by fear, or bafbfulnefs. All being upon one another to find out the man,

fllent,

and looking who would defend

Sicinnius, often^

the

common
who

caufe, '*none appeared,

though

repeated the fame thing.

perfon,
felf,

At

laft,

Lucius Junius, the fame

as

furnamed Brutus, prefented himhe had, before, promifed ; and, being received with
defired to be
:

general acclamations of the people, he fpoke in the " It feems, citizens, that the dread of the following manner

the

"
patricians,
:

is

fo far rooted in
caft

your minds, that

it

aftoniflies

" And, you " avow thofe

"

down by

that,

you dare not, publicly^

difcourfes,

which are the

common

topics of

"

your converfation. For every one of you, poffibly, thinks that the next man to him will plead the common caufe,
4-

This puts me in made by Livy behaviour the feceders, of the upon when they left the decemvirs, and incamped on the Aventine hill. As the firft feceffion ended in the creation of the tribunes of the people ; fo This ended in the fubverfion of the decernEpoiiifo
J"

uShs.

mind of ajuft

reflexion

feems, the decemvirs pretended to be ignorant of the caufe of their feceffion,

and fent deputies to them to know what they meant by it Upon which, Livy obferves that the people were not at a lofs for an anfwer: They were at
:

virate:

The
laft

a lofs for a perfon to give that anfwer. But ^ Livy has exprelTed this better

firft

eftablifhed liberty-,

than
tur
iii.

and the

abolilhed

tyranny.

It
f B.

can; Non defmt quid refponderC' deerat qui daret rej'ponfum.

c.

50.

"and

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
;

109

" and had rather ^' That man fliould undergo the danger, " if any while he himfclF, fianding fecure, experts to enjoy, " in his fhare of the benefit from the boldnels
fafety,

" of the other. But " all of this

arifing

in this

he

is

miftaken

For, if

we were

" would " confulted his own he would deftroy That of the fafety, " public: But, if you did not know, before, that you are " freed from that dread, and that you fecured your liberty, *' at the fame time you took up arms, learn it now at leaft, *' and learn it from them For they come not with pride, " and to command, as before, or to threaten ; but feverity, " to beg, and invite you to return home, and now begin to " converfe with you, as with free men, upon equal terms.
:

opinion, the backwardnefs of every individual prove a general mifchief; and, while every man

then are you, any longer, afraid of them, and why " are filent? do not afitime the of free you Why you fpirit

"
*'
'* *'

Why

men

and, having, at

" "
''

expofe myfelf to the danger of difplaying the juftice of your caufe before " them with freedom, and fhali hide nothing. And, fince
?

the injuries What are you afraid of, leader in fpeaking freely

broken your chains, publifii you have received from thefe ? Unhappy men
lafl,
!

when you
For

follow

me

as

your

I fliall

Valerius has faid that

"

nothing hinders you from going

home, the

"
*'

fenate having given

you

leave to return,

and

having, befides, granted you an amnefty, I fhall give him this anfwer, which is true, and necefTary to be infiflied on.
4"
A\j1ov f/aXAov.

This,

think, the

which ftands
manufcripts.

in all the editions,

and

fenfe requires, infteadof aravlaf ftaAAsi',

LXXIIL

no
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VI.

LXXIII. " There are many other reafons, Valerius, that hinder us from laying down our arms, and putting ourfelves in

"

your power; but thefe three are the moft con" fiderable, and the moft notorious: The firft, becaufeyou

come to accufe us, as if we had offended, and think that, " when you give us leave to return, you confer a favor on (( The next, that, when you invite us to an accommous
*'
''
:

dation,

" terms of we juflice, and humanity And, laftly, becaufe we can find no

you do

not, at

all,

explain yourfelves upon what are to enter into it :

fecurity in

" feparately, beginning with That, which relates to juftice " For it is the duty of all, who fpeak either in private, or in
:

any thing you promife us ; fince you have, always, deceived, and impofed upon us. I fhall fpeak to each of thefe points

*'

public,
*'

to

begin from thence.

If,

then,

we

injure

you

in

*'
^'

any thing, we defire neither an impunity, nor an amnefty ; we do not defire, even, to partake, any longer, of the

fame
fliall

city

with you

but will

" "
,

lead us to, leaving it to dired; our courfe. But,

to

whatever place Fate to Fortune, and to the gods to

live in
if,

" been compelled " reduced

to,
**

make trial

injured by you, we have of the condition we are, now,

not acknowledge that you your" felves have wronged us, and ftand in need of pardon, and

why do you

"
*' *'

an amnefty? Whereas, you pretend to grant the pardon you afk, and magnify your acquitting us of the refentThis is to yourfelves defire to be acquitted of: confound the nature of truth, and invert the claim of

ment you

"juftice.

That you

are not the injured, but the injurers

*'

and,

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARNASSENSIS.

made handfom
great
fervices

in

"
**

and, that you have not

returns for the

you have received from the people, ** in refped: both to your Hberty, and your fovereignty, learn " from what follows. I fliall begin from thofe tranfadions

many

*'

you yourfelves are acquainted with ; and I beg of you, " by the gods, if I advance any thing untrue, that you will " not bear it, but, prefently, refute me. LXXIV. " Our ancient government was monarchy, " under which conftitution we till the feventh
lived,

" "

gene-

ration

And,

in

all

thefe reigns, the people never fuffered

omit the many confiderable'ad*' vantages they enjoyed under them ; fince, befides the other " methods they ufed of courting, and flattering the people,
laft
:

" who reigned

any hardiliip from

their

kings
I

and lead of

all

from

thofe,

For

"
**

"

in order to gain their aftedions, and make them enemies to (which is the pradice of all kings, who aim at extend-

you

after they had made themfelves ing their power to tyranny) " mafters of Sueffa, a very opulent city, by a long iiege, " and had it in their power to grant no part of the fpoils to
*'
*'

any one, but to appropriate the

furpafs
all

Vv^hole to themfelves,

and

" do fo, " fides the "

^'

other kings in riches, they did not think lit to but gave ail the booty to the army: So that, beflaves,

cattle,

and the other

fpoils,

which were

many, and of great value, every man had five minae of All which we negleded, when they filver for his fhare
:

" ufed their power " mitted not

*^

like

againft us,

by the excefies they combut againft you, and refented their

tyrants,

behaviour ; and, revolting from our affedion to our kings,

" we

112
*'
''

ROMAN
joined you
:

ANTIQJJITIES OF
into the

Book VI.

we

*'
^'

confpiracy you had ibrmed againft them, both thofe of us, who were in the city, and thofe in the camp, we expelled them, and
:

And, entering

you with their power And, though it depended, oiten, on us to transfer that power, again, from you to " the expelled kings, and we were invited to it by promifes " of not to violate our faitli to we
invefted

"

great rewards, yet,

you,

" refufed to do it, and underwent many great, and continual " And, at this time, which dangers, and wars for your fake '' is the feventeenth year, we are worne out with fightinor " all mankind for our common For the
:

againft

liberty.

"

government

happens infudden revolutions) we ingaged the numerous forces of two very confiderable cities of Tyrrhenia, Tarquinii, and Veii, that
being unfettled (as
it,

often,

fought to reftore the kings, with an army, vaftly, inferior " in number: and, fighting with the greateft alacrity, we,

"

" not

our enemies, but preferved the power only, overcame Not long after, when Porfena, for the furviving conful.

king of the Tyrrhenians, was, allb, endeavouring to reftore " the exiles with the united forces of all Tyrrhenia command" ed which the others had, long beby himfelf, and Thofe, " fore, raifed, we, though unprovided with an army of equal " that reafon, befieged, and reduced to ftrength, and, for

"

and to the want of every thing, by fupporting " ourfelves under all thefe terrors, we forced him to depart in
difficulties,
*'

friendffiip.
*'

And,

laft

of all, when the kings, for the third

time, fought to effed; their reftoration by the affiftance ot " the Latin nation, and brought againft us the forces of
<<

thirty

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A RN A S S E N S IS.

113

thirty cities, we, feeing you humbly intreatiiig, lamenting, " caUing upon every one of us, and putting us in mind of " our friendship, our common education, and our common " warfare, could not bear to abandon you But, looking " as a moft honourable, and glorious thing to fight upon it " your battles, we rufhed into the midft of terrors, and " expofed ourfelves to a greater danger, than we had, ever " after we had received in
:

"

before,

encountered;

which,

*' *'

many wounds, and

friends,

"

many of our relations, of our and fellow- foldiers, we overcame the enemy,
loft

killed their generals,

LXXV.

" Thefe

and deftroyed the whole royal family.

are the adlions

we

" aflift you in freeing yourfclves from the tyrants, in which " our alacrity has exceeded our power, and in which we " than rather Now
ingaged
*'

have performed to

"
*'

through virtue, neceflity. hear what we have done to obtain for you the refpedl, and command of others ; and alfo to acquire for you a power
in
I

greater than was, at

if,

"
" " " "
" "
I

any degree,

expedied ; and, as I faid before, fwerve from the truth, objed to what
firft,

fay.

When

you thought you had fecured your

to ftop there;

liberty,

you were not contented

but ingaging in

bold, andnevi' attempts, perhaps looking upon every as your enemy, who defired to preferve his liberty,

man
and

declaring
perils,

war almoft againft all the Vv'orld, in all thefe and in ail thefe battles, fought to fupport that
fit

"

" number of
*'

ambition, you thought

cities that,

to lavifh our blood.

fingly,

omit the

fometimes

fometimes two
;

jointly,

made war upon you

in defence of their liberty

Vol.

Ill,

(^

"

the

114
*'

ROMAN
we took by

ANTIQJJITIES OF
in

Book VI.

the forces of
others

fome we overcame

pitched battles,

and

"

fiorm, and compelled

them

to

become

"
*'

fubjeds to you. Why fliould when the fubjedl is fo ample

aflifted

we
?

particularize the adions,

But,

who were
which

you

in fubjcding all Tyrrhenia,

they, who was divided

at

'

into twelve dynafties,

and exceeding powerful both

and fea? Whofe fuccours rendered the Sabines, a nation of fuch flrength, who had ever contended with
land,

" "
"

you for the fuperiority, unable, any longer, to contend " with you for an equality ? Who were they, who fubdued " the thirty cities of the Latines, who, not only, were
elated with the fuperiority of their
forces,

but derived

magnificent hopes from the fuperior juftice of their de-

mands, and compelled them to fly to you to deprecate " and the demolition of their cities ? flavery, in which we LXXVI. " I omit the other
dangers,
ingac-ed
v/ere difunited,

and while we ourhopes of fome advantages under the " had converted that government. But, when it appeared you " government into a tyranny, that you treated us like flaves, *' and that we, no longer, continued in the fame difpofition

" with you, before we " felves entertained the

" towards you, then it was that almoft all your fubjeds " revoked, the Volfci fetting the example, which was fol" lowed the Hernici, the Sabines, and the
*'

many Aequi, by others; and an opportunity feemed to be ofTered, the like " to which had, never before, happened, if we had counone of thefe two things, either to render it more moderate your government, or to
it,

" tenanccd " fubvert

to effect

"for

Book VI.

DJONYSIUS HALIC ARN A S S EN S

:

I S.

115

for the future

Do you remember

to

what a

defpair

of

and to what a degree of diftrefs you your fovereignty, were then reduced, left we fhould either not affift you in the war, or, indulging our refentment, join the enemy ; and promifes you had recourfe ? What did we do then, mean citizens though we are, and abufed by you? We fuffered ourfelves to be overcome by

and

to

what

intreaties,

the intreaties, and prevailed upon by the promifes, which Servilius, the beft of men, thenconlul, made to the people ;

and retained no refentment of your former

to

ill-ufage

but,

gave ourfelves up you ; your enemies in a fliort time, we prefented ourfelves to our country What return did with many prifoners, and a fine booty.
and, having fubdued
all

conceiving good hopes of your future behaviour,

we

Did you make us a return, that was juft, and worthy of the dangers we had to ? Far, far from it You violated even expofed ourfelves the promifes, which you had ordered the confal to make And this very to us in the name of the commonwealth perfon, this bed of men, whom you had made ufe of to
you make
to us for thefe fervices
?
:

deceive us, you deprived of a triumph, though, of all others, he mod deferved that honor ; and fixed this dif-

upon him defired you to do

grace

for

no other

reafon,

than becaufe he

known LXXVII. " And,

ftance
juftice,

that juftice you had promifed, to refent the impofition.

and was

more

very lately (for I iliall add one into that part of my difcourfe, which relates to

before I

make an

end) when the Aequi, the Sabines,

0^2

" and

II 6.
*'

ROMAN
and

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VI.

and the Vol fci,

againft you,

iinitins their coimfels, themfelves

took arms

"
*'

invited others to

do the fame, were not

you,
''

who

who

" " " "

*' *'

are fo awful and imperious, obliged to fly to us, arc mean and defpifed, and to promife every thing in

order to ingage us in your defence? And, that you might not feem to hav^e an intention to deceive us again, as you

had often done

before,

you made ufe of Manius

Valerius,

the greateft patron of the as a cover for your people, deceit; in whom we confiding, and thinking ourfelves
in

"
*' *' *'

no danger of being impofed upon by a didator, and,

of all, by a
alfo
;

leaft

man who

loved us,

we

affifted

you

in this

war

and, having fought not a few battles, nor thofe

either inconfiderable, or obfcure,

we overcame your enemies

"
*'

But, the war being ended in a mod glorious manner, and fooner than it was, generally, expedled, you were fo far from
to the rejoicing, and thinking yourfelves, greatly, obliged for the fuccefs of it, that you defired ftill to keep

"
*' *'
*'

people

us in arms againfl: our will, and under our enflgns, that might violate your promifes, as you had, at flrft, deter-

perlbn not fubmitting to the im" nor to the indignity of the ad:ion ; but bringing pofltion, " the enflgns into the city, and difbanding the forces, you
this
*' *'

you mined: Flowever,

'

made

*'
*'

a pretence for not doing us juftice; you abufed him, and performed not a iingle thing you had promifed us; but, atone and the fame time, you committed
this as

ufeot

" of the "

three crimes of the blackeft dye; you debafed the dignity fenate ; you deftroyed the credit of thisperfon ; and

deprived your benefadors of the recompence, that was due " to

Book VI.

DfONYSIUS H AL IC A R N A S S EN SI S.

117

"

to their labors.

" and many " we didnot-think

you,

Since, therefore, patricians, we have thefe, other things of theHke nature to alledge againft
fit

" intreaties as if ; nor, guilty " our return the terms of an impunity, and an amupon *' do we think proper to enter into an exadt nefty Neither *' difcullion of thefe things at prefent, fince weare met to treat " of an and them. to butare
:

tofolicityou byfuppHcations, of heinous crimes, to accept of

and

agreement;

willing

overlook,

forget

LXXVIII. " But why do you not explain the fubjed of " your deputation, and fay, plainly, what you are come to afk ? " Upon what hopes do you defire us to return to the city ? " And what kind of fortune would you have us take for our " or that is to receive us? What is the

" For we have

*'

guide?

alacrity,

joy,

*'
*'

not, hitherto, heard you propofe any thing humane, or benevolent ; no honors, no magiftracies, no relief of our poverty, nor any thing elfe, no, not the leafi.

you ought not to tell us what you " but what you have done; to the end that, defign to do, *' fome effect of your benevolence, having beforehand tafted

Though,

in reality,

*'

we mi^ht

conclude that vour future favors,

alfo,

would

" be of the fame nature. I expedl they will anfwer to this, " that with difcretionary powers in all things : they are come " So one another to whatever we can
that,

perfuade

"

to,

That

is

to be valid.

" event I know juftify it; " from them what is to follow upon this and, after we " have which we think fit to fignified the conditions, upon *' return, and thefe conditions are agreed to, who will " under;

fuppofe this to be fo contradid it not: But, I defire to

I
:

agree Let the

ii8

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
for the

OF

Book VI.

" undertake

*' ((

agreement? What fhall we truft to, if we lay down our arms, and fecurity put ourfelves again in the power of thefe men ? Shall wc truft to the votes of the fenate, that are to pafs upon this
performance of
this

And what fhall fubjcd ? For they are not yet pafled hinder thefe from being, again, repealed by other votes,
:

when AppiuSj and thofe of his iadlion fhall think fit ? Or fliall we truft to the dignity of the deputies, who " ingage their own faith? But the fenate have, already, *' made ufe of thefe men to 'deceive us. Or fliall we truft
cc

*'
*'

to an agreement, entered into under the fandion of the the performance of it gods, and aflure to ourfelves by oaths?

*'

For
fee

" than on any

"
*'

my own part,
it

am more
men
in

afraid of

relying on this,
give
;

other affurance

mankind can
power
;

becaufe

defpifed by the

and, becaufe I
as well as this,

have obferved, upon many other occafions,

" that involuntary agreements, entered into by men defirous *' to command, with thofe, who defire to be free, laft no *' longer, than the p^wer of that neceffity, which formed " thofe What kind of and
agreements.
is

friendfhip, therefore,

" affurance
*' *'

that,

under which

we

court one another againft our will,

be obliged to while each of us are

fhall

watching our own opportunities to furprife one another ? This fituation will be fucceeded by fufpicions, and con" tinual accufations of one another, by envy, and hatred,
*'

" and
*'

of every kind; and by an eternal contePc which of us fliall firft effed the deftrudlion of his adverfary, left
evils

" a delay may prove the means of

his

own.

LXXIX.

Book VI,

DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENS IS.

all

119

LXXIX. " And

*'
*' *'

know

there

is

not a greater mlfchief,

war, in which the conquered are unfortunate, and the conquerors criminal ; and in which the former

than a

civil

are deftroyed
friends.

by,

and the

latter

*'

To

fuch misfortunes, and

deftroy, their deareft to fuch abhorred cala-

" "

mities invite us not, patricians;

their invitations, citizens
:

neither let us yield to But let us acquiefce under that

which has feparated us. Let them have the whole to themfelves, and enjoy it without us ; and let them city
fortune,

" "

other advantage, after they have driven poffefs alone every from their country. the mean, and obfcure
plebeians

" Let us us ; depart to whatever place Fortune fhall condud '' and look upon That we leave, as a foreign country, not " our own For none of us leave there either his lands, his " habitation, common ficrilices, or the
:

paternal
is

dignity every

*'

li

country; the delire of which us to be fond of ftaying there, even things might induce have not there even the contrary to our refolutions; we
intitled to in his

man

own

which we have purchafed " with our arms, and with many labors: Since fome of " thofe have been deftroyed by the enemy, fome confumed " by the fcarcity of daily neceffaries, and others we have " been creditors For whom thefe of
liberty

"

of our

own

perfons,

*'

v/e,

imperious by deprived miferable men, are, at laft, obliged to

till

our

own

"
*'

plowing, tending flocks of fheep, becoming fellovz-fervants to our own flaves taken by us in " war fome of us ; beipg bound with chains, fome with
lands, digging, planting,
fetters,

*'

and

others, like the

mofl mifchievous of

all

wild

"
beafts,

20
beafts,

ROMAN ANT

QJJ

TIES OF
:

Book VI.

"

with wooden, and iron

collars

fay

nothing of

" the blows,

*'

" Freed let us, by heaven from fo many, and fo great evils, " the fpeed, and pov/er we joyfully, fly from them with all *' are able; and, following Fortune, and that god, who " our liberty as our preferves us, as our guides, look upon (C riches. For every nation country, and our courage as our
ii

and every outrages, flripes, the continual labors, other cruelty, abufe, and infolence we have undergone.

will receive us into their

" "

community, becaufe we

fhall be,

in

fome refpeds,
"

inoffenfive to thofe,

who

will receive us,

and, in others, ufeful.

LXXX.

Of

this let

" be examples to us, particularly the anceftors both of thefe " men, and our own Some of whom, leaving Afia with " Aeneas, came into Europe, and built a city in the country " of the Latincs; and others, coming from Alba, under the *' condudof Romulus, as chief or the colony, built, in thefe *' "V\'e have with us the city we are, now, leaving. parts, '' forces more numerous than they had, even three times
:

many

Greeks, and

many

Barbarians

*' ''

their
thofe,

number, and a morejuft caufe of removing; For who left Troy, were driven out by their enemies ;
there
their
is

" but we, by our friends ; and *' due to fuch, as are expelled by " who are
thofe,

more compaffion

" Romulus
*'

expelled dcfpifed the country of their anceftors, in hopes of acquiring a better ; but wc, who quit a life attached
to

own people, than to by foreigners. The colony under

*'

no

city,

and to no habitation, ingage

in a

colony, that
to

"

will be neither envied

by the gods, troublefome

men,
*'

nor

Book VI.
'

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN A SS EN S I S,

121

'

nor grievous to any country. blood of our fellow- citizens

We
who

have neither

fpilled the

'

country
'

we quit, with fire, monument of an everlafting hatred, cuftom of all nations, who have been
of
treaties,

expel us, laid wafte the and fword, nor left any other

according to the abufed by a viola:

'

tion

'

But, calling

and reduced to unavoidable necefllty upon the gods, and genius's, who dired: all
with juftice,
as witneffes to

'

human affairs

'

our complaints; and, leaving it to them to revenge our wrongs, we, only, defire this favor, that you will reftore our infant children,
parents,

'

'

and fuch of our wives, as are willing to fhare Thele will fuffice ; and we defire our fortune nothing elfe from our country be and lead the May you happy, and
: :

'

life

you chufe
civil

fince your fentiments are fo inconliftent

fo

'

with

government, and

incommunicative to your
:

inferiors."

Brutus thus ended his fpeech When all, who were prefent, looked upon every thing he had advanced in
relation tojuftice to be well-grounded,

LXXXI.

the fenate ; againft the pride of fhew the affurance, offered for the performance of the agreehe ment, to be full of fraud, and deceit : But, when,
laftly,

asalfowhathe alledged particularly what he faid to

defcribed the abufes

which the people had fuffered from their creditors, and put every man in mind of his own misfortunes, none were fo obdurate, as not to flicd tears, and to

and, not only, the people were affedled in this manner, but the deputies of the fenate
bewail their
calamities
;

common

alfo

For even thefe could not

III.

refrain

from

tears,

Vol.

when they
con-

122

ROMAN
:

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VI.

confidered the misfortunes, that would flow from a feparation of the And they continued, a long time, people

confounded, pouring forth tears, and at a lofs what to fay. But, after this great lamentation ceafed, and the aflembly was filent, Titus Lartius prefented himfelf to anfwer thefe
accufations
citizens
;

a man,

who feemed
as well
all

to excel the reft of the

conful

by his dignity and had, of

as

age,

and had been twice

befl:

men, made the

and refpedable.

ufe of the

dictatorial

power, and caufed that invidious magiftracy to

as facred,

be looked upon
tors for

He

fpoke

firft

to the point of juftice;

and, fometimes, cenfured the credi-

having aded with cruelty, and inhumanity; and, at

others, glanced at the poor for defiring things unjuft, and aiming at being difcharged of their debts by violence, rather

than favor ; and told them they were in the wrong to quarrel with the fenate for refufing to grant them what was reafonable, rather than with thofe,
refufal
:

who were

the caufe of that

He,

alfo,

endeavoured to fhew that there was a

fmall part of the people, whofe offence was involuntary, and who were forced, by the excefs of their poverty, to demand an abolition of their debts; but that the greatefl part of them were abandoned to libertinifm, and infolence, and to

of pleafure, and prepared to gratify their pailions by robbing others ; and he thought a difference ought to be
life

made between the miferable, and the wicked, and between thofe, who deferved favor, and thofe, who deferved hatred:
faying fome other things to the fame purpofc, that were true indeed, but not grateful to all who heard him,.

And,

he

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARN AS S EN SIS.

123

he did not gain their approbation ; but every thing he faid was received with a great murmur, fome being difcontented at his renewing the memory of their forrows ; and others owning that he concealed no part of the truth. But inferior to the former, and being drowned thefe were,
greatly,

with numbers, the clamor of the difcontented prevailed. LXXXII. After Lartius had added a few things to what

he had,

before, faid,

and touched upon

refolutions

their revolt,

and the
then

Sicinnius, ; precipitancy of their at the head of the people, replied, and inflamed them flili " nore, faying that, by what Lartius had advanced, they ' learn what honors, and favors were like to receive
'

who was

might them, when they returned to

their country:

For,

if thofe,

'

who

'

'

the height of their apprehenfions, who imof the people, and are come hither for plore the afliftance that purpofe, cannot, even now, prevail upon themfelves
are in

'

'

to fpeak to them with moderation, and humanity, fentiments are you to expedl they will entertain,

what

when

'

fhall have fucceeded according to their wifhes ; every thing and that thofe, who are, now, abufed by their words,

'

fhall

'

become fubjed to what tyrannical flripes,

their adlions

What
lives,

cruelty will they

all

pride, forbear ? If

what

you

'

are contented to be flaves

your

to be bound,

'

'

and every fcourged, and deflroyed by fire, fword, famine, other abufe, defer it not ; but throw down your arms,
and follow them with your hands
as for

'

'

behind you But, bear not this ufage. And, if you have any love for hberty,
tied
:

'

you, deputies,

either explain the terms,

upon which *' you

124

ROMAN
you

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VI.

" you defire to recal us ; or, if you do not explain them, " withdraw from the affembly: For, after this, we fhall not " allow to
fpeak."

LXXXIII. When he had

by
After they were
filent,

faid this, all prefent

teftified,

their acclamations, that they

approved of

his reafons.

Menenius Agrippa, the fame perfon,

pleaded the caufe of the people in the fenate ; and, having moved that deputies might be fent with difcretionary powers, had been the chief caufe of that deputation,
fignified that he,
alfo,

who had

had a

delire to fpeak.

The

the thing they had wifhed ; at Icaft, expeded to hear propofals tending to a lincere accommodation, and to the fecurity of both parties And

looked upon

this, as

people and, now

with a great fhout, and called out they encouraged him After that, they were quiet, and fo great to him to fpeak
firfl:
:

a filence prevailed in the afl'embly, that the place refembled a folitude. He feemed, in all refpeds, to fpeak in the moft and the beft fuited to the inclinations of perfu alive manner, his audience And, at the end of his fpeech, it is faid he
:

made

ufe of a kind of fable,

like

Thofe of Aefop, which

:

bore a near refemblance to the prefent occafion ; and, by For which reafon, this means chiefly, prevailed with them
it

has been thought worthy to be recorded, and is celeThe difcourfc made brated in all the ancient hiftories.
this
:

by
*'

perfon,

as chief

of
to

the

deputies,

was to

this

"

purpofe
*'

We

were

fent

you by the

fenate,
:

citizens,

neither to excufe them,

nor to accufe you

For thefe "

prefent

or expedient in the things were not thought feafonable,

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENS IS.

poflible

125
but,,

"
*'
*' ((

prefent diftrefied condition of the commonwealth ; to an end to the fedition with all zeal,

put

and

by all methods ; and to reftore the government to its former ftate And, for that piirpofe, we are inverted with
:

" mane conditions, upon which we think fit to put an end " to the fedition what affu ranee we fhall ; give you for the " of our convention and the refolutions we
performance
;

not think ourfelves, at all, obliged, like Junius, to fpend a long time in debating the " point of right: But we fhall acquaint you with the hufull

(C

"

powers.

So

that,

we do

" are come to When we confidered that concerning both. " every fedition is then cured in all cities, when the caufes, " that produced the difagreement, are removed, we thought " it both to and the an end
*'

difcover, neceflary put caufes of this diffention: And, having

primary found that the

to,

" from whence the prefent evils flowed, have been fprings, " the fevere exadlions of debts, thus we reform thofe ex-

who have con" trailed debts, and are unable to pay them, be difcharged " of thofe debts And, if the perfons of any, who have " fuffered the day appointed for the payment of their debts, " to elapfe, are, already, confined by legal proceedinos " thereupon, we determine that thofe, alfo, be free. And,
*'

adions; we think

it

juft that all thofe,

" as to fuch, as have had judgement pafled againft them, " and have, already, been delivered over to the perfons, who ' fued them to judgement, we order that thefe, alfo, be
*' *'

judgements. Concerning on account of which you thought your paft debts, therefore, "fit

enlarged,

and we

reverfe thofe

126

ROxMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF
to fecede,

Book VI.

"
**
*'

fit

we

redrefs

them

in this

manner.

And,

as to

future debts, whatever fhall be approved of both by you, who are the people, and by the fenate, after a law has

*'

" "
*'

Are not thefe pafTed for that purpofe, let it be fo ordered. the things, citizens, that divided you from the patricians?

you could have obtained them, would you not have been contented, and aimed at nothing elfe ? They

And,
are

if

now

" with joy

granted to you
*'

Return then to your country

LXXXIV.

The

affurances,

which

(hall

confirm

this

" convention, and fecure to you the performance of it, fhall " be fuch, as are founded both on law, and on the pradice
*'

of

all

" "
*'

men, who put an end to

their enmities

For the

*'
*'

up. the conditions agreed upon, be drawn up will and the fenate them. That the here, by us, ratify concefTions, nov/, made to you, may remain firm ; and that

fenate will confirm thefe things by a vote, and give the force of a law to the conditions, that fhall be drawn

But rather

let

" nothing contrary to them may, for the future, be enaded " by the fenate, firfl:, we, the deputies, are your fureties, " and our lives, and our families, as give you our perfons, ^^ " the whofe And, in the next
pledges.
place,
fenators,
42-

Bihi^jlxi,
I

oaoi

Toi J^tj^pKTMo'i

ewi[-

fenate.

The

fenfe,
I

therefore,
:

of the
It

French ^fa(pv;<ro>7ai. the fenfe of miftaken have tranflators

afraid

am

the

Greek words
iifual

take to be this

was

to infert in

the decrees of the

thefe words.

Le Jay

has faid

tout ce

fenate,

betore the enading part, the

a defenateurs, en figiiant Parreji qti'il y les autres fenadufenat; and M. ***,

teurs
I

qui figneront
it

le

J'snatus-confulle.

fenators, who, to tcftify their approbation of th.it decree, afTifted at the drawing it which was

names of thofe

up;

do not think

was the cuftom for

fignified

by thefe word.s

[crib,

affue-

the fenators to fign the decrees of the

runt; \.\\2.tis,fcribendoaffuirunt: Aiter

" names

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H A'L IC A R N A S S EN S
will be infer ted in
:

S.

127

" names
(I

the decree or the fenate, fhall

*'

For nothing can be enter into the fame ingagcment mentioned in it contrary to the intereft of the people, while we oppofe it ; iince we are the leading members of
fenate,
laft

" the
*' *'

The and, always, deliver our opinions iirft. affurance we fhall give you is That in ufe among all

men, both Greeks, and Barbarians, which no time fhall " ever abolifh, and which, by the interpoGtion of oaths,
and libations, makes the gods fureties for the performance " of agreements ; under this affurance, many great enmities '* between private men, and many wars, arifen between na~ " have been then, this affurance
tions,
*'

*'

*'

compofed. Receive, alfo, and confider whether you will allow a few of the of the fenate to give you their oaths in principal members
the

" " "

" "

name of their whole body,

whofe names

or infift

upon

it

that

all

the

fenators,

will be inferted in the decree, fhall

fwear, by every thing that is facred, that they will, inTraduce not, Brutus, violably, obferve the agreement.
affurances, given

" firmed by pledging " the moft illuffriousof all human inftitutions Neither do *' fuffer him to mention the impious violations you, citizens, " of committed and menj
:

under the fandion of the gods, and conhands, and by libations j nor deftroy

oaths,

" adions

far

by wicked, diftant from the Roman

tyrannical

virtue.
^

which words, the names of thefe fenators were inferted. The famous decree of the fenate, relating to the confular provinces, which tended to recal

Coelius fends a copy to

faid.

explain what I have pears that thirteen fenators attended at the drawing up of that decree,

Cicero, will It there ap-

Caefar

from Gaul,

and of which
^

Cicero's Epiftles, B.

viii. Epift. 8.

LXXXV,

128

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
"
I fhall

OF

Book VI.

LXXXV.

" no man is " What is That ?

mention one affurance more, which ignorant, or doubts, of, and then have done.
It is

the affurance, that introduces the

" common advantage, and preferves both parts of the con*' ftitution by their mutual afTiftance. This was the lirfl:, " and only motive, that brought us together, and will never " fuffer us to be afunder For the multitude
:

ignorant

will,

"
*'

"
*'

always, want, and never ceafe to want, prudent leaders ; and the fenate, who are capable of governing, will never
ceafe to

want a multitude willing to obey. This we know by experience, and not by fpeculation, and conjecture alone. " Why, therefore, do we terrify, and difquiet one another ? " Why do we treat one another with ill language, when it '* is in our power to do good offices to one another ? Why " do we not rather open our arms, embrace one another, " and return to our country, to tafte the pleafures we, *' formerly, enjoyed, and gratify defires, of all others, the
*'

mofl: agreeable
curities,

Inftead of that,
;

we

" "
*' (C

and

faithlefs affurances

are feeking frail felike thofe who are the

greateft enemies,

and

of every thing. fufped; the worfl:

other affurance, citizens,

As

for us fenators,

we want no

you return, behave yourfelves ill to us, than the knowledge we have of your good education, *' of your adherence to the laws of your country, and of " of which you have given many proofs every other virtue, " both in and war. But, if there fhould be a necefthat

you

will never, if

peace,

*'

fity
<*

of a further affurance from an expedation of a benefit

by reforming the joint agreement,

now

entered into,
*'

we
are

Book VI.
*'

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

129

" "
"

are (o far convinced of your thing that we fhall require,

oaths,
ever,

good difpofition in every from the people, neither Hovvnor hoftages, nor any other ailurance.
fhall

oppofe nothing you delire. And fo much " concerning our fidelity, upon which fubjeft Brutus en" deavoured to impeach us. But, il any groundlefs envy

we

"
*'

poffefles

you with an

ill

opinion of the fenate,

defire to

*'

" and

fpeak to that point alfo, citizens ; and I beg of you, in the name of the gods, that you will hear me with filence,
attention.

LXXXVI.
" "
fure, a

"

commonwealth
:

refembles, in
is

fome mea-

compofed of many parts ; and each of thefe neither has the fame " And, if thefe powers, nor is applicable to the fame ufes *' of the human body fhould each of them be indued parts " with a particular fenfe, and voice, and then a fedition " fhould arife, and all of them unite againft the belly ; and " the feet fhould fay that the whole body refts on them ;
:

human body

For each of them

" the hands,

that they exercife arts, get provifions, fiaht

" with the enemy, and fupply the community with many " other the that bear all
advantages
;

llioulders,
it

they

" burdens " and "

the mouth, that

fpeaks
in

the head, that

it fees,

hears,

and comprehends,

itfelf, all

the other fenfes,

by which the body is preferved; and then fliould fay to " the belly ; and you, good creature, which of thefe things

do you do? What return do you make, and what advan" tage are you, to us ? You are fo far from doing any thing, *' and from allifting us in eftedling any good for the com" VoL. III. S munity,
*'

130
<(
'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
that

OF

Book VI.

munity,
(C

"
*'

you are a hindrance, and a trouble to us, in impoiing on us an intolerable drudgery, and in comall parts, fupplies for your pelling us to bring to you, from

luxury. Come, let us aflert our liberty, and free ourfelves from the many troubles we undergo for the fake of this
indolent creature. If they fhould refolve upon this, and none of the parts, any longer, perform their offices, is it poffible
that the
not, in

''

"
*'

"

" famine ? None can Now, fay otherwife. " commonwealth in the fame For this, light
: :

body fhould fubfifl: for any confiderable time, and a few days, be confumed by the worft of all deaths,
conlider the
alfo, is

com-

" pofed of many ranks of people, not at all, refembling one " another Every one of which affords fome particular ufe to *' the commonwealth, like the members to the human body: " For fome cultivate the lands fome ; fight againfl: the enemy " in defence of thofe lands; others carry on a beneficial " trade by fea ; and others exercife neceflary arts. If, then, " all thefe different ranks of fliould rife the "
*'

which is do you do good, fenate,

fenate,
fhall
live

againft people compofed of the beft men, and fay. What

us
?
?

And,

for

what reafon, do you

"
*'

others pretend to govern

we not,

at laft, free

For you can alledge none. And ourfelves from your tyranny, and

without a governor? If, then, they fhould take this " refolution, and quit their ufual employments, what could *' hinder this miferable city from perifliing miferably by

"

"
*'

*'

famine, war, and every other evil? Beaffured, therefore, citizens, that, as in our bodies, the belly, thus reviled by the members, while it is nourifhed, nouriflies the body,

"

and,

Book VI.
'

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
it is

131

and, while
ftorehoufe,
all,

'

preferved, preferv^es it; and, like a common diftributes that, which is beneficial to them
:

'

'

and maintains their harmony So, in commonwealths, the fenate, which adminifters the affairs of the public, and confiders what
is

'

expedient for every one, preferves,

'

'

'

and reforms all things : Ceafe, therefore, to throw guards, out invidious expreilions againft her, and to complain that you are driven out of your country by her : and that,
by her means, you wander about, like vagabonds, and beggars: For he neither has done you any harm, i]or
deligns to
'^^

'

'

'

'

and,

you, fhe intreats you ; opening her arms, together with her gates, is de;

do you any

but fhe

calls

'

lirous to receive you."

LXXXVIl. While Menenius was

fpeaking,

many and

various were the expreflions of the audience throughout his whole fpeech. But, when, at the clofe of it, he had recourfe

and, enumerating the calamities, that would befal thofe, who remained in the city, and thofe who were
to lamentations
;

driven out of

of both, tears flowed from all, and they cried out to him, with one voice, to lead them back to the city, without lofs of time And
it,

bewailed

the misfortunes

were very near quitting the affembly that moment, and leaving all their concerns to the deputies, without fettling
they

any thing relating to

43-

their fecurity, if Brutus

wvXai;
feafonable
occafion.
is

had not ftood

up of a

Tag

x^^oi;

Juiv

a';x T/f

at

the winding
fo

Afking OUT author's this prettinefs, which might pardon, do well enough in a comedy of Ariftophanes, is, in my opinion, below the dignity of hiftory ; and very unfcv7rs'?airo-.

fpeech made upon

However,

inteiefting ai this, I believe,

the only time he has indulged his imagination at the expence of his

judgement.

S 2

up,

132

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VI.

retrained their cagernefs, faying, that the promifes, np, and made by the fenate, were, indeed, advantageous to the people ; and he defired that great thanks might be returned

them for thofe conceffions But he faid that he was afraid of what might happen in future times ; and that tyrannical
to
:

men

an occafion offered) attempt to make the people feel their refentment for what they had done : And that the only fecurity to thofe, who were afraid of their
might, one day,
(if

was, for the former to be convinced, that, if the others had the will to injure them, they fhould not have the
fuperiors,

For, as long as ill men had the power, thev would never want the will. If, therefore, they could obtain this fhould want nothing more. And Menenius fecurity, they

power

having replied, and delired him to name the fecurity he thought the people yet ftood in need of; the other faid ;

Give us leave to chufe, out of our own body, every year, a certain number of magiftrates, who fliall be inverted with

no other power, than to

injury,

relieve thofe
;

or violence

is

offered

and

plebeians, to to fuffer none of

whom any
them

This favor we intreat, and to be deprived of their rights. to Thofe you have, already, granted us, if beg you to add
our accommodation
without
cffedt.
is

not defigned to end in words only, heard

LXXXVIII. When the people

and
to grant this alfo.

this,

they gave great,

long acclamations to Brutus,

and defired the deputies Thefe, having withdrawn from the afafter.

returned not long fembly, and conferred together,

And,

all

being

filent,

Menenius prcfentcd

himfelf,

and

faid

" This

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
a matter of great
:

133

" This

is

moment, and

full

of ftrangc

fufpicions
left

And we

are difquieted with fear,

we

fhould, by this,

and anxiety, form two commonwealths in one

city.

However,

as for ourfelves,
:

we do

not oppofe your

defire even in this

"

your
city,

own

intereft

But grant this to us, which is, alfo, for Allow fome of the deputies to go to the
:

and inform the fenate of thefe things For, though we have a power from them to conclude an accommodation in fuch a manner as we think fit, and can, at our
**

own

difcretion,

" " "

pleafe, yet
felves:

we

fuch promifes in their name, as we do not think proper to take this upon our-

make

But, fince a

new matter
:

has been, unexpedledly,

propofed to us,

" and

power, refer it to the fenate However, v/e are perfuaded the fenate will be of the fame opinion with us in this refpel.
I,

we

defign to abrogate our

own

therefore,
:

fliall

*'

deputies
*'

And

with me, fome of the Valerius, with the reft, ftiall go to the
ftay here, and,

fenate."
to

pointed
all

This was refolved upon ; and the perfons, apinform the fenate of what had happened, rode in

confuls having prcpofed the affair to the fenators, Valerius was of opinion to grant this favor,
hafte to
alfo, to

Rome.

The

the other fide, Appius, who, from the beginning, had oppofed the accommodation, did not fail to oppofe this demand alio ; crying out, calling the gods

the people.

On

to witnefs,

and

foretelling

what

feeds of future evils

they
to

were fowing
prevail

in the

commonwealth. But he was not able

with the majority of the fenate, who, as I faid, had refolved to put an end to the fedition. They pafled a decree,

by

134

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
ratified all the promifes,
;

OF

Book VI.
the depu-

by which they
ties

made by

The

fecurity they defired. deputies, having tranfadted thefe things, returned to the

to the people

and granted the

the next day ; and made known the refolutions of After which, Menenius advifed the plebeians to the fenate.

camp

fend fome perfons to receive the affurances, which the fenate was to give And, purfuant to this, Lucius Junius Brutus, of
:

whom
Icilius

made mention, Marcus Decius, and Spurius were fent With thefe, one half of the deputies reI

before

turned to the city ; and Agrippa, with the reft, remained in the camp, being defired by the plebeians to draw up the law
for the creation of their magiftrates.

LXXXIX. The next day,

fent with

Brutus, and thofe,

who had been

fe-

him, having completed the agreement with the

:

people dividing themfelves into the0^a7^/a/, confifting of the citizens then in the camp, or, however they may be termed, which the Rothey chofe for their annual magiftrates the following perfons, Lucius Junius Brutus, and Caius Sicinnius
Cu?'iae^

nate, by the intervention ot the Ei^y]vo^imiy called mans, 'Feciaksy returned to the camp And the

by the Ro-

mans call,
Bellutus,

'

who, to that time, had been their leaders And, to thefe, they added Caius, and Publius Licinnius, and Spurius '^ Icilius Ruga. Thefe five perfons were the firft, who received
:

44-

Ou7o
ei

iy,[xi>'.^x'^r,v

t^isftxv
'

-ir^oHloi

However,
iieve,

there

is

great reafon to be-

srafsAaSou

sr>7

anJ^ef.

Livy does

not fecm to contradict our author concerning the number of the firft tri-

bunes ib
two,

much

as

to

doubt whether
firft,

with Dionyfius, that their number was, originally, five-, becaufe ''Livy himfelf iays that, when ten tribunes were created thirty fix years
after,
^

or five, were, at

created,
ii.

two were chofen out of each

B.

c.

33.

B.iii. c. 30.

the

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASS EN SIS.

135

the tribunitian power, with which they were inverted on the before the ides of December, as it is fourth

day

pradlifed

clafs

the laft being not confidered

a primis trihunis tricefimo fexto anno creati funt ; bint ex fingulis plebis, decern

into the ancient hiftory of his country I wifh I could commend as much as his impartiality in ftating the

fubjeds

probable that in the crewas obferved rule fame the the firft of ation tribunes, and that one was then chofen out of every clafs.
clqffibiis.

It is, therefore,

of difpute
people,

between

obferve, not without fome indignathat

all

his juft difputes, and his eloquence in expreffing thole reflexions. Livy, therefore, will tell us that the news of the
'

fenate, and reflexions on thofe

the

tion,

modern

writers,

whofe

works have

fallen into

my

hands, treat

the tribunes of the people, as incendiaries, and difturbers of the public not confidering that the eftapeace
,

death of the laft Tarquin tranfported the fenate with too luxurious a joy, the tirft effedl of which was to
injure

the people,

courted

whom, till then, they had Eo nuncio ereSIi patres, ereHa

:

blifhment of the tribunefhip was, not only, the fource, but the fupport, of and that, if the Romans had liberty not been a free people, they would have figured in the world as little as
,

plebs; fed patribus nimis

fuit laetitia

Plebi,

cut

ad

luxiiriofa ea. earn dient

fummd

ope infervitiim erat,

injuriae

primoribiis fieri coepere. expelling their tyrant,

any of their neighbours, and would never have ereded fo immenfe a alone could raife, power, which liberty
as the lofs

pel tyranny too

people, in defigned to exagainft the return of

The

of that liberty fubverted

fay this,
I

it.

When

do not mean

to

the extravagance of every hot juftify brained tribune but only to fhew that
-,

another fhape, they could find no fecurity, after the fenate had, fo often, deceived them, but in the inftitution of their own magiftrates. Thefe " Ciccro compares with the

which,

in

the liberty of the

to this inftitution
;

Romans was owing

and that the formed

Lacedaemonian ephori, and thinks it was not without reafon that the ephori
were oppofcd to the kings at Sparta, and the to the confuls at tribi|pes Rome, ^mre nee ephori Lacedaemone
fine caiifd a Theopompo oppofni regibiis ; nee apiid nos confulibtis tribuni. This was the opinion that great man enter-

after the expulfion defign of the fenate, of the kings, and, particularly, after the death of the laft, was to render the as great flaves to ariftocracy,

people

as they had, before, been to monarchy, and not to free them from tyranny,

but, only, to
tyrants.

make them change

their

tained of the inftitution of the tribunes; which has been traduced with fo much

This I (hall fhew, not from our author, whofe hiftory will fupply the reader with numberlefs inftances of what I have advanced ; but from Livy, whofe diligence in fearching
'B.
ii.

virulence by flavifh writers, who, no

doubt, underftood government in general, and the Roman conftitution in

particular,

much
7.

better than Cicero.

c.

21.

'"

De

Legibus, B.

iii. c.

even

136

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
this time.

Book VI.

even to

The

the fenate looked upon

eledlion being over, the deputies of every thing, contained in their in-

flrudions, to have been performed : But Brutus, calHng the render this magiftracy plebeians together, advifed them to
facred and inviolable
;

and to

eftabliOi the fecurity of

it

both

all ; and by a law, and an oath. This was approved of by the following law was drawn up by him, and his coUegues
:

*'

Let none compel a tribune of the people, like a private " Let none whip to do any thing againfl; his will
perfon, him, or order another to
:
:
:

whip him Let none kill him, <* or order another to kill him And, if any perfon fhall " adl let him be accontrary to any one of thefe injundlions, " curfed, and his goods confecrated to Ceres: And, if any " one kills the thefe things, let perfon, who has committed
*'
*'

him not be guilty of murder." And

not, even in future times,
it

to the

end the people

it

might

beat

liberty to repeal this

law, but that ordained that

might, for ever, remain unalterable,

the

was

all

Romans
it.

fliould fwear,

by every thing

facred, that both they, and their pofterity would, ever after,

moft

afTu redly preferve

addejjj

And
:

this

cation was

to the oath

and impreThat the heavenly, and

^^^

prayer,

infernal gods
45-

might be propitious to the obfervers of

is

it,

and

A^.

This

for us tranflators.

It

an unlucky word both a fignifies

word of

this

double import

Portus

prayer, and a curfe ; and, the following fentence containing both, the word

has faid Precatio, and his follower, le Jay, Prieres ; Sylburgius, Imprecatioy and M. * * I have ufed
*, Imprecation.

no doubt exceeding proper in this But, what are Latin, French, place and Englifh tranflators to do, whofe
is
:

both ; becaufe it is as abfurd to apply an imprecation to a prayer, as it is to apply a prayer to an imprecation,

language cannot fupply them with a

chaftife

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARN AS S EN SIS.

of
it,

137

of the mod perfons guilty execrable impiety. This gave birth to the cuflom eftabliflied the Romans of looking upon the perfons of the
chaftife the tranfgreflbrs
as

amotig

tribunes of the people to be all-facred tinues to this day.

Which cuftom con-

After they had voted thefe things, they ereded an altar upon the fummit of the hill, where they had incamped,

XC.

vt^hich

they named, in their

T'erribilis,

own
terror

language,

the altar of

yiipiter

from the

with which, at that

time, they were pofleffed: To whom they performed facrifices ; and, having confecrated the place, which had
to the city with the deAfter this, they, alfo, returned thanks to the gods puties. the patricians to worfliipped in the city; and prevailed upon a vote for the confirmation of their new magiftracy : pafs defired further that the obtained this alfo, And,

received them, they went

down

having

they

fenate would allow them to create, every year, two perfons out of their own body, to a6t as minifters to the tribunes
in every thing they fhould ftand in need of ; to determine fuch caufes, as the others fhould refer to them ; and to

take care of the confecrated,

the market be

and public places

and that

fupplied with plenty of provifions.

Hav-

this conceffion, alfo, from the* fenate, they ing obtained chofe tliofe perfons, whom they called the minifters, and

the collegues of the tribunes, and judges : However, they funcare, now, called, in their language, from one of their
tions, Aediksj
46-

that

l^uvToa-wvT(MsA.i1au

Supef^intendcmts of the holy edifices Thefe were ferent from the curule aedil^s who
is,
',

^^

the plebeian aediles.

They were

dif-

were not

iiifticuted

till

the

year of

Vol.

III.

and

138

ROMAN
flill

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VI.

and

retain a

power fubordinate

to other magiftrates,

which they were,

moment
refemble

before, pofTefled of : Many affairs of great are intruded to them ; and, in moft things, they

thofe

magiftrates,

among
fettled,

the

Greeks,

called

Afoooivo[/.oi,

Supern2te72claTits
affairs
its

of the markets.

XCI.
was

When
to

were

and the commonwealth

raifed,
:

reftored to

former

ftate,

an army was

by the

be employed in foreign wars In this the with great chearfulnefs ; and, in a fliort people ingaged time, got every thing ready, that was neceffary for the war.
generals,
confuls, having drawn lots for their according to cuftom, Spurius Cafliiis, to

The

whom
as

adminiftration, the govern-

ment of
forces,

the city was allotted, kept with

raifed,
as

him

many of

the

which had been

the reft to his collegue. took the field, having with

were neceflary, and gave With thefe Poftumus Cominius

him

a confiderable

number both
auxiliaries.

of the

Romans

themfelves, and of the Latin

to
fall

he took by ftorm a city belonging to them, called Longula, notwithftanding the inhabitants fliewed an appearance of bravery,

And, defigning

upon the Volfci

firft,

and

hopes of forcing the enemy to retire But thefe being put to a fhameful flight, before they had performed any remarkable adion, the others did not behave themfelves with the leaft courage in the
fent
forces into the field, in
:

fome

Rome

388

which year was remark-

"

able for three things ; the firft plebeian confiil, the inftitution of the praetorand That of the curule aediles ; iTiip,
"

fidc.lu^

annus hie crh infgnis mvihominis coninfignis novis duohus tnagifiratibus, praetiird et cundi aedilitate.

Livy, B.

vii. c.

i.

aflault

BookVr.
aflault
:

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASS EN S IS.

So
that,

139

one day, and without trouble, poflefTed themfehTs of their country ; and alfo, took their city by ftorm, without much The difficulty.
the

Romans,

in

general granted all the booty to the foldiers ; and, having left a garrifon there, he led his army againft another city of the Volfci, called *^ Polufca, not far

Roman

they of this mafters city alfo, the fame day they attacked it. After the conful had taken the city, he caufed a few of the inhabitants, who had been the authors of the revolt, to be

from Longula ; and, none daring to oppofe him, he marched through the country with great eafe, and aflaulted the walls ; when, fome of the foldiers forcing open the made themfelves gates, and others fcaling the walls,
diftant

put to death

and,

away

their effedls,

having punifhed the reft by taking and difarmed them, he obliged them to
for the future.

be fubjedl to the

Romans

XCII.

He left,

in this city alfo, a fmall part of the army, as

agarrifon ; and, the next day, marched with the reft to ^^ Corioli, a city of very great note; and looked upon as the metroof the Volfci.' In which city, there was a polis ftrong garrifon ; the walls were not eafy to be fcaled ; and every thing neceflary had for afiege been, long before, prepared by the inhabitants.

The
47'

conful ordered an attack to be

iioAiJ(ry., TO StK^tifix,

made upon

the walls

etc.

"

Clu-

ver has Ihewn that

we muft

read thefe
the edi-

words
xola
tions,

in this

manner, inftead of jtoAk?,

it

of the towns taken by Cominius this campaign, fays 5 inde Polufcam, item
Volfcorum,
48Etti

cepit.

as Siciiriy.x,

ftands in

all

and manufcripts. This is confirmed by Livy, who, in fpeaking

" Ital.

In Latin, Corioli. See the fifty fourth annotation on the fourth book.
Ko^ioav.
8.
P

Antiq.. B.

iii.

c.

B. iu

c.

33.

and,

140

ROMAN
'^^

ANTIQJJITIES OF
till

Book VI.
evening, he

and, having continued the attack

late in the

was repulfed with great lofs. The next day, he got ready the battering rams with their coverings, and fcaling ladders, and was preparing to give a general aflault to the city ;
but, receivincr intellio;ence that the Antiates defio-ned to

come

with numerous forces to the afliftance of the Coriolani, by reafon of their affinity to them ; and that they were, already,

upon

their

march, he divided
it,

his

army, and refolved,

with one half of of

it

to ajflault the city, leaving the command to Titus Lartius; and, with the other, to ftop the
auxiliaries.

march of the

By

this

means, there were two

adions the fame day ; and the Romans gained the vidory in both ; all of them having fought with great ardor And
:

one of them, in particular, lliewed an incredible bravery, and performed adlions, that exceed all relation This perfon
:

was a

patrician,
:

Caius Marcius

and of no obfcure parents ; his name He was a man of fobriety in his private life,

and of a
thefe
49:

free fpirit.

The

circumftances of both adlions were'

his

Lartius, having

marched out of the camp with

hides of oxen.

Harpocration kind of j^sppcv fignifies any fays cover, whether made of Ikins, or of any other matter *Vv <r)t7rir/^., ali
y;ffce.

Kpia^ri

XM

thaf

battering

Under this roof, the ram was fiifpended, and

played
I

againft the walls of a town,

-,

Stofjt.1ivov

file

AAijf

rtvoi. vA;}f,

j^ff'f

ov

ihiysJc.

This

is

the word: But

in this place,
;

a general explication of I take ^ffpov to fignify,

much whetherMdnieleis, in le ** *, are proper Jay, Or Gabions^ in M. tranflations of j/Ep'/ov ; becaufe neither
doubt
of thefe are covered; and, though both may be a good defence againft
fhot,

what the Romans called, fuch a one as is defcribcd by Teftudo ' Vitruvius which was a fmall moveable houfe of Carpenter's work, the roof of which was covered with the
;

which

flies in

a horizontal line,

yet they cannot defend the men from any thing, that comes from above,

iB. X,

c.

19.

army

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A R N AS S EN SI S.
many
places
:

141

army by break of day, advanced

and
affaulted the city in

to the walls of Corioli,

On

the Coriolani, elated with the expedation

the Antiates,

the other fide, of fuccours from

which they concluded would foon arrive, and made a general fally upon the opened all their gates, The Romans fuftained their firft attack, and enemy. wounded many of thofe, who charged them: After which, the numbers of the aflailants encreafing, they were forced

down a

feeing attack of the

and fled. Marcius, whom I before mentioned, with a few men, and fuftained the this, flood his ground
defcent,

whole body of the enemy; and, having killed to the city, many of them, and the reft giving way, and flying he them, killing all he could overtake ; and called
purfued his out, without intermiflion, to thofe of
fled, to face

own men, who

about, to take courage, and follow him: Thefe, afliamed of their a<5lion, rallied, and prefled upon all before In a fhort time^ them, wounding, and purfuing them: to flight thofe he was ingaged with, and every man put on to the walls of the city And Marcius, expoflng puflied advanced ftill ; and, himfelf, now, with greater boldnefs,
:

them together with thofe, who coming to the gates, entered And many others alfo, forcing were flying before him were their way into the city in various places, great numbers in the ftreets, and others flain on both fides; fome fighting
:

in the houfes they

the inhabitants,

from the

roofs.

The women, alfo, aflifted tiles upon the enemy by throwing down And every one, according to his ftrength,
were taking.
his country.

and power, bravely defended ^

However, they
did

142

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VI.

did not long refift thefe terrors, but were obliged to furThe city being taken in this render to the conquerors.

manner, moft of the Romans employed themfelves in and continued for a long time intent on the plundering,
of being found in the city a large quantity money, and a great number of flaves.

booty

there

XCIII. But Marcius, who had firft fuftained the fhock of the enemy, and diftinguiflied himfelf above all the Romans, both in the attack of the city, and in the feveral actions, which had happened within the walls, gave ftill

more
this

illuftrious proofs
:

of his valor in the fecond

battle

Antiates againft the

adion

alfo

For he refolved to have a fhare in And, as foon as the city was taken, he

took with him a fmall number of men,

to follow

who were

able

him

and, running in

all hafte,

found the two

armies, already, drawn up, and going to ingage. He was the firft man, who informed the Romans that the city was taken ; and, as a proof of it, fhewed them the fmoke, which

broke out,

abundance, from the houfes, that were on fire ; and, having obtained leave of the conful, he drew up his men oppofite to the ftrongeft body of the enemy. As foon as the fignal for the battle was given, he charged
in great
firft

and, having killed many of thofe he encountered, he forced his way into the middle of their army. The Antiates
;

durft,

no longer, ingage him hand to hand ; but, leavwhere he attacked, they furrounded him ing their ranks, in a body ; and, retreating as he advanced upon them, affailed

him with

millive weapons.

Poftumus, being informed of

Book VI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENS IS.

143

and fearing left the man, thus left alone, might meet with fome misfortune, fent fome of the braveft youth
of
this,

to his relief: Thefe, doubling their

charged the enemy ; and the firft line not fuftaining their charge, but flying before them, they prefled forward, and found Marcius covered
files,

with wounds, and many lying round him, fome dead, and others expiring. After which, they joined their forces ; and, led on by Marcius, attacked thofe of the enemy, who ftill

who made any refiftance, and Many Romans gained great retreating them like flaves. but thofe, who putation by their behaviour in this adion
kept their ranks, killing
all,
;

defended Marcius, greater than the reft ; who was, without any doubt, the felf the greateft of all ; chief caufe of the victory. When it grew dark, the Romans
retired to their

and Marcius him-

camp, greatly exulting

in the advantage they

had gained, having killed many of the Antiates, and carrythem a great number of prifoners. ing with

XCIV. The next day, Poftumus, having aflembled the army, to Marcius and crowned him with gave great commendations
;

the crov^ns, ufually, given to the perfon,

greateft bravery,

who

has fhewn the

as rewards for his behaviour in both the

adions

He

with a war horfe, adorned prefented him, alfo,

the enfigns belonging to That of a general; together with ten captives, fuch as he fhould chufe ; and as much filver,

with

all

as

things,

he himfelf fhould be able to carry ; and many other valuable This being followed as the firft-fruits of the booty.

of the army, in token of their apby great acclamations and congratulation, Marcius advanced, and faid, that plaufe, he

144

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
:

Book VI.

he returned great thanks both to the conful, and to all for the honors they did him However, that he prefent, jfhoLild not accept them ; but would be contented with the war horfe for the fake of the illuftrious enfigns ; and with one captive, with whom he happened to have an intercourfe of hofpitality. The foldiers, who had, before, admired the

man

for his valor,

riches,

now admired him

for his

ftill

more

for his

con-

moderation in fuch profperity. From this aftion, he was furnamed Coriolanus ; and became the mofl: illuftrious man of his age. This having been

tempt of

and

the event of the battle with the Antiates, the

reft

of the

Volfcian nation, together with

their refentments,

all

thofe,

made peace with

it
:

the

who had efpoufed Romans and fuch

;

as were, already, in arms, or preparing for war,

laid

adds

the thoughts of

All of

whom

Poftumus treated with

humanity

home, dilhanded the army. CafTms, the other conful, who had been left at Rome, in the mean time confecrated the temple of Ceres, Bacchus, and which ftands at the end of the great circus, and Proferpine, is built over the ftarting places ; and which Aulus Poftu;

and,

returning

mius, the dictator, made a vow to dedicate to the gods, in the name of the commonwealth, when he was upon the

of ingaging the army of the Latines ; and the fenate, after the viftory, having decreed that this temple fhould be built, intirely, out of the fpoils, the work was, then,
point
finilhed.

fame time, the treaties of peace, and friendrenewed with all the Latin cities upon oath The ship were
:

XCV. At the

reafon

Book VI.
reafon of

DIONYSIUS HALICAR.NASSE^SIS.

145

which was, that they had not attempted- to raife any commotions during the fedition ; and had, not only,

made pubHc

of the people:, but had, alfo, fliewn great readinefs to afllft the Romans in reducing thofe nations, which had revolted from them. The articles ot
rejoicings
for the return

thefe treaties

were

as follows

" Let there be peace between

:

" the Romans, and all the Latin cities, as long as the heavens, " and the earth fhall remain in the fame iituation Let " them neither make war upon one another themfelves, " to in nor a fafe
bring
foreign enemies,

grant

paflage

thofe,

" who "

fliall

another,
let

make war upon either: Let them aiTift one when warred upon, with all their forces; and
lliare
:

"

"
"

both have an equal in their common wars

trails,

of the

fpoils,

and booty, taken

private conthat people,

Let

fuits, relating to

be determined in ten 'days

the contrail was

among
let

" where

nothing be added " to, or taken away from, thefe treaties, but by the joint " confent both of the Romans, and of all the Latines.".
:

made

And

Thefe were the

articles

of the

treaties

entered into by the

oaths.

Romans, and the Latines, and confirmed by their

fenate,
alfo,

The

be offered up to the gods, in thankfgiving for their reconciliation with the and added a third day to the ' Latin feftivals The people,
decreed that
facrifices fliould
:

firft

of which was appointed by Tarquinius, when the Romans overcame the Tyrrhenians The fecond the people
:

they had freed the commonwealth by the To which the third was, now, expulfion of the kings:

added,

after

5='

AIivif

h^Kn. See the

fifcy

eighth annotation on the fourth book.

Vol. in.

added,

146

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VI.

added, on account of the return of the feceders. The fuperintendance, and care of the facrifices, and games, performed

during thde feftivals, was committed to the minifters of the tribunes of the people, who are, now, as I faid, invefted

with the agoranomical, or aediHtian power ; and they were honoured by the fenate with a purple robe, an ivory chair,

and the other enfigns,

before,

made
:

ufe of by the kings.

XCVI. Not
come

long after

this feftival,

one of the confular

fenators, died

Menenius Agrippa, This perfon had over-

the Sabines, and triumphed in a mod glorious manner for that vidtory : By his perfualion, the fenate allowed the
feceders to return

and the people, through the confidence He was buried they placed in him, laid down their arms at the expence of the public ; and his funeral was, of all
;
:

moft honourable, and the more Iplendid. The fortunes of this perfon were not fufficient to defray the
others, the

So that, expence of a magnificent funeral, and interment the truftees of his children refolved, after confultation, to
:

carry

him out of

the city, and bury

him

like

one of the

This the people would not fuffer ; but tliQ tribunes having aflembled them, and, with both the military, and pogreat commendations, difplayed litical v^irtues of the man, his temperance, and the fimplivulgar, without

any expence.

city

of his

life

and, above

all

things, celebrated, with the

higheft praifes,
riches,

his abftinence
it

they faid

from every method of amafiing would be the moft difhonourable thing

:

fuch a man fhould be buried in an obfcure, imaginable, that and ip noble manner, by reafon of his poverty And they
advifcd

BookVI.

DIONYSIUS H AL ICARNASSENSIS.

147

advifed the people to take the expence of his funeral upon themfelves, and every man to contribute towards it in fuch

a proportion as they fhould order.

this

The

people received

with joy : And each citizen, prefently, bringpropofal he was taxed at, the contribution ing in the proportion amounted to a large fum. The fenate, being informed of

were afhamed of the thing, and refolved not to fuffer the moft illuftrious perfon of all the Romans to be buried
this,

highly, reafonable, that the expence fliould be defrayed by the public, and committed the care of it to the quaeftors. Thefe,
it,

by a private contribution, but thought

having given a very large fum of money for the exhibition of his funeral, decorated his body with the moft fumptuous ornaments
;

and, furnifhing every thing

elfe,

that could

tend to magnificence, interred him in a manner worthy of his virtue. Upon which, the people, in emulation of the fenate, refufed even to receive the fum they had contributed, which the quaeftors offered to return, but prefented it to the children of the deceafed in compaffion to their
to prevent them from ingaging in any purfuits poverty, and There was alfo, at this derogatory to their father's virtue.

time,

a cenfus performed by the confuls According to which, the number of the citizens was found to amount to
:

above one hundred and ten thoufand.

adtions of the

And

thefe

were the

Romans under

the confuls of this year.

The end

of the Sixth book.

U2

THE

THE

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
O F

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
THE SEVENTH BOOK.
Geganius Macerinus, and Publius Minucius

TITUS
having
ginally,

entered

upon
:

their

confulfliip,

great

fcarcity of corn was

felt at

Rome,

occafioned, ori-

by the feceflion For the people feceded from the about the autumnal equinox, at the beginning of patricians
feed time
:

And
;

the

hufbandmen

left

the country

upon

this

dividing themfelves, thofe, who were eafieft in their fortunes, joined the patricians ; and their

commotion
fervants,

and,

the
till

afunder,

From that time, plebeians the commonwealth was

:

they remained

compofed, and reunited,

the reconciliation not being effcdcd long before the winter folftice And, during that interval, which is the proper feafon for fowing all forts of winter corn, the country was
:

deftitute

of people to cultivate the land, and remained fb So that, even when the hufbandfor a confiderable time
:

men returned,

it

was not

eafy for

them

to repair this

damage^
par-

Book VII.

ROMAN
as

A N T I QU I T IE S,

etc.

149

they particularly defertion of their flaves,

had been great fufferers both by the and the lofs of their cattle, with

which they were to cultivate their land ; and that few of them had made any proviiion, for the next year, of corn
either for feed, or for their fupport.

The

fenate, being in-

formed of thefe things, fent embafladors to the Tyrrhenians, and to the Campanians, and alfo to the Pometine plain, to

buy up

all

the corn they could.

'Publius Valerius, and

Annotations
'

on the Seventh Book.

Regillus,

UoTrXiog

OvciAs^ioi.

Glareanus,

him, points, mentioned by our author, concerning the Valerian family. The lirll relates to Marcus Valerius, who, they fay, was flain at the battle near
and, after
the lake Regillus, and, afterwards, created diftator. And the other, that
Valerius,

M.

* *

was not Publius, poflibly

like

*, cenfure

two

Manius,
was,
the

That of

his uncle,
;

who
is

afterwards, didator

which

more probable, becaufe his brother Marcus, who was killed at the fame
had the fame name with his whofe defence he loft his life. As for the perfon, who was fent to He Sicily, his name was Publius was conful in 279 with Caius Nautius, under the name of Publius Valerius
time,
uncle, in
:

Dionyfius makes Publius,and Marcus the fons of Poplicola, to

have been killed

at the

fame

battle

and, here, introduces Publius, as one of the two embafladors, who were fent
to Sicily.
is,

The

firft

eafily,

anfwered,

of thefe objeilions and would not

Poplicola. However, as great miftakes are imputed to our author by Glare* * *, in anus, and, after him, by M.
relation to the Valerian ramily and, as no family, ever, produced a fucceflion of greater, and better men,
-,

have been made, if they had read, as they ought to have done, Manius Valerius, and not Marcus, for. the

fhall

name of
which,

the

I fhall

Concerning not repeat what ^ I have,

that occafion.

diftator.

to
as

beg leave of the reader, lay before him a pedigree of it, far, at leaft, as thefe remaining
will carry
it
;

already, faid

upon

As

books of our author

which,
I

by

to the fecond, I do not think it, at all, probable that Poplicola fliould have had two fons, whofe names were Pub* * * lius, which is the expedient M.
I rather think that has recourfe to the name, or rather praenomen of his fon, who was flain near the lake
:
'

great exaftnefs, hope, rather than his inaccuracy, will appear. The reader will find this pedigree of the Valerian family to be, totally, different from That given of it by Sigonius in his notes

his

upon

the third

book

of Livy.

See the twenty feventh annotation on the fixth book.

AlClUS

150

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
:

OF

Book VII.

Lucius Geganius were fent to Sicily Of whom, Valerius was a fon of Poplicola, and Geganius, brother to one of the At that time, the cities of Sicily were governed by confuls.
kings, the

moft

illuftrious

of

whom
v^i

was

Gelo, the fon of

VoLUSUS.

PuBLIU3 \'aLERIUS PoPLlCOI.A.

MarcusValerius. ManiusValerivj.
Poplicola.

PubliusValerius
Poplicola.

MarcusValerius. ManiusValerius) LuciusValerius

-^

LuciusValerius Potitus.

We know

nothing more of Volufus, than that he was the father of Pubhus

Valerius Pophcola,

made
ranny

fo noble a ftand againft the tyof the decemvirs in 305, and,

'

Marcus Valerius,

and Manius

Valerius.
'

Of the
''

firft

He author has faid a great deal His brother Marfour times conful. cus was conful with Publius Poftumius Tubertus, in the year 249, the fifth year after the expulfion of the kings,
:

our was

with him, chofen conful the fame, or the followAs for Marcus, the fecond ing year. brother of the firft Poplicola, I find
after their abolition, was,

he had a fon, called Lucius Valerius

being quaeftor in Poplicola, who, accufed 269, Spurius Caffius for aiming at tyranny, and was very inftrumental in bringing him to puniftiment. He was "chofen conful in 271 with
""

and

loft his life at the battle

"

near the

lake Regillus in 258.

His brother

Manius was di^^ator in the year 260. Publius Valerius Poplicola, the eldeft fon of Publius Valerius Poplicola, was fent '^embaflador to Sicily in 262, ^ was conful in 279 with Caius Nautius; and, alfo, in "29+ with Caius Claudius Sabinus and, during his
;

Marcus Fabiusj and,

in 284, cannot find any thing relating to the defcent of

alfo,
I

"

with Tiberius Aemilius.

Marcus Valerius, who was

'

conful

with Spurius Virginius in 298.

x^cciaf is

at the attack confulfhip, of the capitol, then in the pofleftion of His two broAppius HerJonius.
loft his life
'

mcciSoov TU^ai'vicf* ar^A>;^aif.

It

aftonifliing that both the French tranflators fliould have taken their

thers, Marcus, and Manius, as read his name, loft their lives
their

would
in de-

notes upon this paflage,word for word,

from a Latin noteof Cafaubon,witiiout

latter has, juftly,

uncle Marcus in 258. fending The fon of this Publius Valerius Pop^ licola was Lucius Valerius Potitus,

who, with Marcus Horatius Barbatus,

''B.v. c. 40.

of him. The obferved ciat Gelo was not the brother of Hippocrates, as our author makes him, if we read
taking the
leaft notice

BookVir.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENSIS.

who

151

had, lately, fucceeded in the kingdom to the fons of Hippocrates, and not Dionyfius the Syracufan,

Dinomenes,

T aJA(p!?, as

it

{lands in

all

the edi-

tions, and manulcripts. reafon I have fubftituted

For which
araJwi', the

cording to the Medicean manufcript) the fons of Hippocrates, Gelo, under the pretence of thefe, overfupporting

very word made

in the

room

ufe of by Herodotus, Since it is of t fltJacpa

:

came the inhabitants of Gela in battle, and made himfelf king of that city.

not poffible to imagine our author did not know that Gelo was not the brother of Hippocrates; particularly,
fince his favourite author,

Some time
felf

after this,
alfo,

he poflefied him-

of Syracufe

by reftoring the
'

Herodotus,

has Ihewn who Gelo was, and, by what means, he, firft, made himfelf king of Gela, and, afterwards, of Sy-

laid Gamori, already, So far Herodotus. 'Diodorus Siculus fays that Gelo died in the archonfhip of Timofthenes, after he had reigned
:

as has been,

feven years at Syracufe.

Timoftiienes

misfortune that the whole five books between the fifth,

racufe.
It is

and the eleventh, in which laft Diodorus Siculus treats of the death of Gelo, are loft ; otherwi'e, we fhould be much better informed than we are, now, of many things relating to HipGelo. However, I fhall pocrates, and reader a fhort account the before lay of both, not from Cafaubon, but from Herodotus and add to it the number of years Gelo reigned at Syracule and the time, when he died, fromDio,
-,

was archon at Athens in the third year of the fcventy fifth Olympiad So that, he muft have begun his reign at
:

Syracufe in the firft year of the feventy fourth Olympiad, when Leoftratus

was archon

at

Athens.

From

this, it

appears that the two embaftadors, who went to Sicily to buy corn in the fe-

cond year of the feventy fecond Olympiad, were fent thither fix years before

Gelo was king of Syracufe.

fords
le

This

af-

doi us Siculus. Cleander, king ot Ge!a,

a reign being (lain by Sabyllus, after of feven years, his brother Hippocrates fucceeded him. In his reign, Gelo, a defcendant of Telines, prieft of the
infernal gods, having given many inftances of his conduft, and bravery,
"^

Jay, who has miftaken Cafaubon, matter of great cenfure, as he thinks, againft our author, who does not fay that Gelo was king of Syracufe,

when

the

Roman

embalTadors

to Sicily; on the contrary, he fays, plainly, that he had then, lately, fucceeded to the kingdom of the fons

went

was made general of the horfe ; and Hippocrates being killed at the fiege
of feven years, of Gela growing and the inhabitants under the uneafy government of Eiiand Cleander (or Caffander, acclides,
of Hyb!a,
after a reign

of Hippocrates; Now, thefe were not kings of Syracufe, but of Gela Confequently, Gelo had then, lately, fucceeded to the kingdom of Gela ; vta^i
:

A>)$)M|,.

Gelo fucceeded

to the

kingdom

of Hippocrates, not to Hippocrates.

.

ilnPolyin.c. I54andi5(;.

'

See the thirty fixthannot. on the fixth book,

'B.xi.

c.

38.
avS

152

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
hiftorians,
as the

Book VII.

as Licinniiis,

and Gellius have written, and many other Rowithout examining the circumftances of ihe
thing
itfelf fliews, but,
itfelf:

man

time with accuracy,

relating the
firft

rafhly,

account, that offered

For the emthat ifland in

baffadors, appointed to

go to

Sicily,

fet fail for

the fecond year of the feventy fecond Olympiad, Hybrilides being, that year, archon at Athens, feventeen years after the

expulfion of the kings, as thefe, and almoft all other hiftoWhereas Dionyfius, the elder, having invaded rians agree the liberties of the Syracufins the eighty fth year after
:

this,

the

poffefled himfelf of the tyranny in the third year of ninety third Olympiad, Callias being, then, archon at
after Antigenes.

Thofe, who write the hiiT:ories of fuch as contain the tranfadlions ol many early times, and be forgiven an error of a few years ; but ages, may, indeed,

Athens,

not a deviation from the truth of two, or three

rations
:

intire

gene-

probable that the firft, who gave this fadl a place in his account of thofe times, whom all the reft have followed, finding only this, in the ancient writings,

.However,

it

is

that embaffadors were fent, under thefe confuls, to Sicily to corn, and returned from thence with the prefent of corn,

buy
If

I I fhew this, hope it will recominend the alteration I have made of

their domination,
>^i-^'^im

T cciif^^n, into wotJm, to the approbation of the reader. ' Herodotus fays that the pretence of Gelo, when he took arms againft the inhabitants of

^nKofMvm twv wo1 hey This had, therefore, fubmitted to it. is the force of the word fn ; which is
a

Koclr,KDOivKTl i\\a.iru ^fui

fo

very llgnificant, fo often ufed by

Gela, was to
crates
;

alTift

the fons of

Hippobecaufe

the beft writers, and fo often left out by their trann;itors, that I would defire

Toifj

IzTTox^otiOi wctic-i,

every gentleman,

who

reads thofe

the former would, no longer^ fubmit to

'In Polym.

writers, to
c.

pay

a particular regard to it.

155.

which

BookVir.

DIONYSIUS HALIC AR N A SS EN S I S.

153

which the tyrant had given them, never informed themfelves further from the Greek hiftorians, who was, at that
time, tyrant of Sicily, but, without examination, and, as
it

happened, called him Dionyfius.

II.

The

embaffadors, therefore,
fea,

who imbarked

for Sicily,

having met with a ftorm at

and, being obliged to fail round the ifland, were a long time before they arrived at the king's court ; and, having ftaid the winter there, returned to Italy in the fpring, bringing with them a great

quantity of provifions. But thofe, who had been fent to the Pometine plain, were very near being put to death by the Volfci, as fpies, the Roman exiles having accufed them

of being fuch And, having, with very great difficulty, been able to fave their perfons, for which they were obliged to the adivity of their own guefts, they returned to Rome with the lofs of their money, and without having effeded
:

any thing.

went

to

The fame misfortune happened to Cumae in Italy For many Roman

:

thofe,
exiles,

who who

had fled with Tarquinius out of the lafl: battle, refiding in that city, they, at firft, endeavoured to prevail upon the
tyrant

up the embafladors to them, to the end them to death But, not fucceeding in this, they might put
to deliver
:

detain their perfons, as pledges, till they defired they might from the city that fent them, their they fhould receive,
fortunes, which,

they
;

faid,

had been,
it

unjuftly,

confifcated

by the Romans
'

and thought
author has
it

reafonable that the tyrant

firft

Ku//>i lTA.((Jljf.

Our

added the from Ku,oi)j

laft

word

to diftinguifh

See the thirty fifth book.

annotation on the

in Aeolis in the lelter Afia.

Vol.

III.

fhould

154

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
this caufe.

Book VII.

rhould be the judge in

Ariftodemus, the fon of Ariftocrates, was, at that time, tyrant of Cumae, a man of no obfcure birth, who was called, ^ MaXaxo;, Effeminate^ by
the citizens, which appellation

came

to be

more known

in

time than

his

own name
women,
:

either becaufe,

when

a boy, he

was effeminate, and

propriated to

fuffered that treatment,

as

fome

relate

which is apor becaufe he was of

a mild nature, and of a difpolition too foft to be incenfed, as others write I look upon it not to be unfeafonable to
fufpend the relation of the Roman affairs for a fhort time, in order to give an account of the which opportunities, by he was encouraged to aim at the tyranny, and of the

meafures he purfued to obtain it ; of the manner in which he governed, and of the cataftrophe he met with.
In the fixty fourth Olympiad, when Miltiades was archon at Athens, the Tyrrhenians, who inhabited the country lying near the Ionian gulph, and were driven from
III.
4-

Of

iy.Kt"o

fj.aiXct.KOi

vjTo

im

ci-av.

Greeks
ore,

Cafaubon has a note, alfo, upon this occafion, which the French tranflators
have lend red
language, the other, v\ithout the leaft acknow" ledgement. In this note, Plutarch is
for
in their

who

and, in their language, every underftands it, knows the

like

But Plutarch, us great reafon prefently after, gives

fignification of ^Aaxof.

to believe that

quced
was not

faying that Ariftodemus

calJed jwaAaxc? for any ignominious reafon, but that he was called fo ly the Barbarians, in whofe Ian-

tliis name was given him, by the citizens of Cumae, for his infamous vice For he fays that, after Ariftodemus had prevailed upon
:

the

army

to

afllft

him

in banifliing

the

fenate,

and he had obtained the ty-

guage, that word fignifies a^outh. I wifh Plutarch had told us who thefe Barbarians v.ere, who gave him this name. They could not he his fellowcitizens of Cumae, becaufe thefe were
"
rt/ai)r.

ranny, he furpafled himfelf in that very vice, from which he, probably. derived his name: >;v //v v ti? ws^jj/'.vixaf

xi

nAIAAS

Au9fff

a^ixi**;

aviof eu7!< /wo;t^>}golIof.

an\. p. 261,

thence.

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A RN A S S E N SIS.

155

thence, in procefs of time, by the Celtae, together with the Umbri, the Daunii, and many other Barbarians, endeavoured
to fubvert

Cumae, a Greek

city, fituated in

the country of

the Opici, and built by the citizens of Erecria, and Chalcis, without being able to alledge any other juft caufe of their

of the city For Cumae was, animolity, than the profperity at that time, celebrated throughout all Italy for its riches,
:

other advantages, as poffeiling the moft power, and many of the Campanian plain, and being miftrefs of the fertil part

moft convenient havens round the promontory

Mifenum.

The

Barbarians,

therefore,
this

inticed

by thefe

advantages,

with an army, coniifting of no lefs marched againft city than five hundred thoufand foot, and eighteen thoufand While they lay incamped not far from the city, a horfe.
to them, of fo wonderful a nature, that prodigy happened to have fallen out at any time, nothing like it is recorded or in any place, either among the Greeks, or Barbarians :

For the
called
their
5-

rivers,

that ran near their

camp, one of which

for a
now,
to

is

the ^Vulturnus, and the other,

natural courfe,

the Glanis, leaving

flowed back, and,

Volturno,
is,

long time,
be
feen.

See the one hundred and annotation on the firft fecond eio-hty book. 6rAnf. The firft of Ovxlu^voi thefe is the moft confiderable river of
Uify.vov.

The

other river was called Glanis, Clams,

Glanius, and Litentus, now, // Lagno. the right of this river, and near the mouth of it, flood the city of

On

Campania, and, ftili, retains its name, being called, by theltalians, "/^o//rKi?, and Voltorno. At the mouth of this a river, and on the left of it, flood callwas the from river, town, which, ed VultHrnum, where Cajlello a mar di
w Cluver,
Ital.

Liternum,
exile

famous for the voluntary of the firft Scipio Africanus, whofe country houfe was here ; on the ruins of which, a watch tower, called
la

Torre di Patria,

was, afterwards,

erefted.
iv. c. 2.

Antiq. B.

con-

156

ROMAN

ANTIQJLJITIES OF

Book VII.

continued to run, from their mouths, to their fources. The Cumaeans, being informed of this prodigy, were encouraged by it to fight the Barbarians, in confidence that Heaven defigned to depreli the elevated condition of the latter, and to raife their ovi^n, \vhich then feemed low. And,

having

divided

all

their

one of them

youth into three bodies, they appointed to defend the city, another to guard the fhips,

and the

enemy

third they drew up under the walls to receive the Thefe confifled oi fix hundred horfe, and of four
five

thoufand

hundred

foot.

And, though

fo

few in number,

they fuPcained the attack of fo many myriads. IV. When the Barbarians heard they were refolved to fight, they came on fhouting, according to the cuftom of
Barbarians, without order, the horfe intermixed with the
foot, in expectation

of cutting them

all in

pieces.

The place,

being a narrow valley, furrounded with mountains, and lakes, which was a friend to the valor of the Cumaeans, and an enemy to the
lay before the
city,

where they ingaged,

multitude of the Barbarians

For, being thrown

down, and

trampled upon by one another, particularly in the boggs near the lake, the greatefl part of them were deftroyed by their own people, without, even, ingaging the army of the
Greeks.
bers,

means, their foot, confifting of fuch numdefeated itfelf ; and, without performing any brave

By

this

a6lion, difperfed themfelves every w\iy,

and

fled.

However,
:

the horfe ingaged, and gave the Greeks great trouble But, to unable furround of reafon the narrownefs them, by being

of the ground, and the gods

afiifting the

Greeks, in fome

mcafurCj

BookVII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

157

meafure, with lightning, rain, and thunder, the others were feized with fear, and ran away. In this adion, all the Cumaean horfe fought with remarkable bravery ; and were

allowed to have been the chief caufc of the vidory. But Ariftodemus, furnamed Malacus, diftinguhhed himfelf above
For, he alone fuftained the attack of the enemy, and killed their general, and, with him, many other brave
all

the

reft

men.

The war

being at an end,

the Cumaeans, having

offered facrifices to the gods in thankfgiving for their victory, and buried, in a fumptuous manner, thofe, who had been
flain in the battle, entered into great contefts to

whom

they

ought to give the iirft crown, as a reward for his fuperior bravery : For the impartial judges were deiirous to beftow
honor upon Ariftodemus, who was, alfo, fupported by the favor of all the people. On the other lide, the men in
this

power

defired to confer
;

of the horfe

and, in

upon Hippomedon, the general this, the whole fenate concurred :

it

The Cumaeans

were, at that time, governed by an ariftocracy, and the people had not the difpofal of many things. fedition arifing from this conteft, the men of a more ad-

vanced age, being afraid left this emulation iTiould proceed to arms, and murders, prevailed on both the parties to confent that each of the pretenders ftiould receive an equal
fhare of the honors.

beginning, Ariftodemus Malacus became a leader of the people ; and, having acthis

From

quired a faculty of fpeaking

upon

political fubjeds,

he

fe-

duced them by

harangues, improved their condition by popular laws, difcovered the depredations of the men in
his

power.

158

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VII.

power, and relieved many of the poor with his own money. By this means, he became both odious, and formidable, to the leading men of the ariftocracy.
twentieth year after the ingagement with the Barbarians, embaffadors from the Aricini came to the Cumaeans with the enfigns of fuppliants, to beg their affiftance

V.

The

the Tyrrhenians, who made war upon them For, againft ^ as I related in a former book, Porfena, king of the Tyrmade with the Romans, fent his fon rhenians,
:

having peace of with one half the army, at Aruns

fovereignty for himfelf.
Aricini,

his defire, to acquire a

His fon was, then, befieging the

fly

whom

he had forced to
it,

to their city for refuge,

and expedled

to take

foon, by

famine.

When

thefe

embafladors arrived, the

leading

men

of the ariftocracy,

hating Ariftodemus, and fearing he might do fome prejudice to the eftabliflied government, thought they had the fairefl:

of him, under a fpecious preopportunities to get rid tence: And, having prevailed upon the people to fend two thoufand men to the relief of the Aricini, and

of

all

appointed
for his

Ariftodemus to be their general,

as a

man

famous

military achievements, they, after that, took fuch meafures, them room to exped: that he would either be deas

gave

battle by the Tyrrhenians, or For, pcrifh at fea ftroyed in the fenate to raife the forces, that being impowered by were to be fent as auxiliaries, they employed no men of
:

family,

or reputation

but,

chufing out the

poorefl:,

and
they
book.

the moft profligate of the

common

people, from

whom
fifth

1; IV TOff

w^a ntln

SiSviKuAiA

f^efeif.

See the thirty fixth chapter of the

were

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A R N ASS EN SI S.

159

were under continual apprehenfion of fome innovations, they, with thefe, made up the complement of men, who

were to be fent upon this expedition ; and having brought out of the docks ten old fhips, the worft failors they had,

and appointed the pooreft of all the Cumaeans to command them, they imbarked the forces on board thefe fhips, threatening with death every one, who fhould defert the fervice. VI. Upon which, Ariftodemus, having only faid that he was not ignorant of the defign of his enemies, who were

fending him, in appearance, to the affiftance of the Aricini, but, in reality, to manifeft deflrudlion, accepted the command, and, immediately, fet fail with the embaffadors of
and, having performed the voyage with great difficulty, and danger, he arrived on the coaft near to Aricia ; and, leaving a fufficient number of men to the
;

the Aricini

guard

fliips,

he marched, the firfl: night, from the fea, was not far diftant, and, unexpeftedly,

to that

city,

which

appeared the next

:

morning

early within fight of the inhabitants Then, incamping near the city, and having prevailed upon the citizens, who had fled to Aricia, to come out into the
field,

invited the Tyrrhenians to an ingagement. a And, fharp battle infuing, the Aricini, after a very fliort refiftance, all gave way, and, again, fled to the city : But
he, prefently,

Ariftodemus, with a fmall body of Cumaeans, chofen men, fuftained the united fhock of the

who were
;

enemy

and,

having killed the general of the Tyrrhenians with his own own hand, he put thefe foreigners to flight, and gained the moft glorious of all vidories. After he had performed thefe
things.

6o

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
he
failed

OF

Book VII.

things,
cini,

and been honoured with many prefents by the Ari-

away immediately, deliring to be himfelf the He was meiTenger to the Cumaeans of his own vidory. followed by a great number of merchant fhips belonging to the Aricini, laden with the fpoils, and prifoners, taken from
they were arrived near Cumae, he his army, brought his (hips to the fhore ; and, aflembling chief men of the city, inveighed, vehemently, againft the
the Tyrrhenians.

When

and gave great commendations

ing

to thofe foldiers,

who had

the late diftinguiflied themfelves in given money to every one of

prefents he defired they

ingagement ; and, havthem, and divided the

all,

he had received from the Aricini among them

would remember
and,
if

thefe favors,

when they

he fhould be threatened with any them would danger from the oligarchy, that every one of All the foldiers acaflift him to the utmoft of his power.
returned
;

home

to be under great obligations to him, not only, for their unexpected prefervation, for which they were indebted to him, but, alfo, for their not returning

knowledged themfelves

home with empty hands and promifed to own lives, fooner than to abandon him to Upon which, he commended their zeal, and
;

facrifice their

his

enemies

difmiffed the

afl'embly.

among the who were moft and the moft them, profligate, daring in their own perfons and, having corrupted them with prethis,
;

After

he called into

his tent thofe

fents,

words, and hopes, the feducers of all men, he ingaged them to ailifl him in fubverting the eftablifhed
fair

government.
VII.

Book Vn.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

i6i

had fecured the concurrence, and afliftance of thefe men, and acquainted every one with the he fet at Hberty all the prifoners he had part he was to a6l,
VII. After he

brought,

without ranfom, in order to gain their afFedlion alfo, and failed into the ports of Cumae, his fhips carrying the enfigns of vidlory. When the foldiers difimbarked, they

were met by
tears,

their fathers, mothers, the reft of their rela-

tions, their children

and

kiffes,
:

and wives, who, embracing them with faluted each of them with the moft tender

And all the other citizens, receiving the geappellations him to his houfe. neral with joy, and applaufe, conduded
The
chief

men
the

of the

city,

particularly thofe,

who had
of appre-

given

him

command, and concerted

were grieved
fafety.

the other meafures

for his deftrudlion,

at this,

and

full

After a few days were in which Ariftodemus employed himfelf in perpaffed, forming his vows to the gods, and in waiting for the merchant fhips, that were not yet arrived, when the time was
henfions
for their future

come, he

he defired to give the fenate an account of the circumftances of the battle, and fhew them the fpoils.
faid

The

ailembling in great numbers, he prefented liimfelf, alnd made a fpeech to them, in which he related
fenajtors

every thing, which had palled in the ingagement. While he was fpeaking, his accomplices in the confpiracy rufh-

ed into the fenate,

garments,

and
all,

a body, with fwords under their killed ail the partifans of the ariftocracy.
in

Upon
privy

this,

who were

in

the forum,

except
;

thofe,

to the
III.

confpiracy, faved

themfelves by flight

fome

Vol.

running

i62

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.
:

In running into their houfes, and others out of the city the mean time, the confpirators poflefled themfelves of the
citadel,

and the docks, and the other ftrong places of the The following night, he releafed out of prifon all city. under fentence of death, who were many; and, arming
his friends,

them, together with

among whom were

all

the

Tyrrhenian

prifoners,

he formed of

thefe a

guard for

the fecurity of his perfon. When it was day, he aflembled the people ; and, after many invedlives againft the citizens, who had been put to death by his orders, he faid that, havoften fought his life, they had been juftly punifhed by him, and that he was come to give liberty, equality, and many other advantages to all the reft of the citizens.

ing

VIII. Having faid

this,

and

filled all

the

people with

wonderful hopes, he eftablilTied two inftitutions, which are, of all others, the moft deftru6live, and the prologues to
every tyranny, a divifion of lands, and an abolition of debts ; and promifed, that he would take upon himfelf the care of

both thefe things,

lute power,
till

he were appointed general with abfothe public tranquillity fhould befecured, and
if

The populace, and, they had eftablifhed a democracy. particularly, the moft projfligate part of it, joyfully receiving
a propofal, which expofed the fortunes of other men to their rapine, Ariftodemus invefted himfelf with the abfolute

command, and propofed another meafure, by which he deceived them, and For, deprived them all of their liberty
:

pretending to fufped: that the rich would raife difturbances, and infurredtions againft the common people, on account

of

Book

VII.

DIONYSIUS H AL ICARNASSENSIS.

163

againft miferies before they happened, was, for all of them to bring their arms out of their houfes, and to confecrate them to

of the diviiion of lands, and the abohtion of debts, he faid the only means he could think of to prevent a civil war, and the flaughter of citizens, and to guard thefe

the gods, that they might make ufe of them againft the invafions of a foreign enemy, whenever there fhould be a

and not againft one another ; and that, in the mean time, they would be, properly, difpofed of, when
neceffity for
it,

placed in the temples of the gods.

upon

to agree to this alfo,

he difarmed

They being prevailed all the Cumaeans

the fame day, and, the following days, he fearched their houfes; where he put to death many worthy citizens, pretending they had not delivered up all their arms to be conthe gods: After which, he ftrengthened his tyranny by three forts of guards ; the firft confifted of the nieaneft, and the moft abandoned of the citizens, whofe
fecrated
to
.

by

means he had deftroyed the ariftocracy ; the fecond, of the moft impious flaves, whom he himfelf had manumitted for having killed their mafters and the third, of the moft favage
;

Barbarians, hired by

not amount to
foldiers

lefs

Thefe did mercenary troops than two thoufand, and were far better
as
:

him

than any of the

reft.

Fie removed the ftatues of

all

thofe he had put to death,

from

places,

both facred and

profane,
their

and placed his own in their room; and, feizing and their and the reft of their houfes, eftates, fortunes,

he referved tor himfelf the gold, and iilver, and every thing the elfe, that was not too mean for dignity of a tyrant, and

divided

64

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
among

Book VI L

divided the remainder

the inftruments of his ufur-

the greateft part of thefe prefents, and the pation: But moft valuable he gave to the llaves, who had killed their
mafters
:

However,

thefe infifted, alfo, to

marry

their wives,

and daughters.
IX.

At

firft,

he made no account of the male children

of thofc, who had been put to death ; but afterwards, either he by the diredion of fome oracle, or from the reflexion
in them, no fmall danger was might, naturally, make, that, to murder them all breeding up againft him, he refolved in one day But, as all the men, to whom their mothers were married after the death of their former hufbands, and whom the children themfelves were bringing up, begged,
:

by

earneftly, of

him
:

to fpare them,

them this put them

favor alfo;
to death

he was willing to grant and, contrary to his refolution, did not

to prevent their entering into

However,

the tyranny, he took this precaution; any confpiracy againfl: he ordered them all to depart the city, and live in the here and there, and to be inftrudled in no country difperfed
fcience,

or difcipline becoming the children of freemen; but to tend flocks, and perform other works of agriculture ;

one of them, who fhould be threatening with death every found in the city. Upon which, thefe children, being turned
out of the houfes of their
ancefl:ors,

were brought up

in the

and ferved the murderers of tlieir fathers. country like flaves, And, to the end that no generous, or manly fpirit might up in the reft of the citizens, he refolved to efi^emifpring
nate,

of the youth, then by education, the whole race

bringing

Book VII.

DIONYSILTS HALICARNASSENSIS.

165

with that view, he fupprelled bringing up in the city ; and, the fchools, and the exercife of arms; and changed the manner of hving, before in ufe among the youth For,
:

he ordered the boys to wear their hair long, Hke girls, to ^dye it yellow, to curl it, and fliften thofe curls to cauls of net-work, and to wear imbroidered vefts, that reached down
to their feet, and, over thefe, thin,
pafs
their lives in the fhade
:

and

foft

mantles, and to
to the

And, when they went

fchools,

where dancing, playing on the flute, and fuch kinds of mulical allurements were tauo-ht, their o-overneffes attended them with umbrellos and fans, wafhed them with

their

own

hands,

with combs,
the youth,

they bathed, and fupplied them alabafter pots full of precious ointments, and

when

looking-glaffes.
till

By

this education,

he continued to enervate

they had completed their twentieth year ; and, from that time, fuffered them to be confidered as men. Having by thefe, and many other methods, abufed, and

infulted the
luft,

Cumaeans, without

refraining

from any kind of

or cruelty, when he thought himfelf fecure in the pofhe was feflion of the tyranny, being now grown old,
puniflied
to the fatisfadion
all his

both of gods, and men, and

"

extirpated with
*

family.
Ariftophanes,
nvsf
this
<?
'/

Eav6i^of/.fva<-.

am
:

afraid Cafau-

KS)i/^6' ^>iv5/(r^svr

bon is miftaken in interpreting this Per I cannot word au^fiTi sronlouiv!^^

find

xai to s|v9(^f(v AauSawcr/v v1i t

ufed in that fenie in any author, But I find f|4kfli{ai taken in the fame fenfe with ^avOi^w, againft which Cafaubon cautions his readers. However,
it

aTrAx |av6i^e(v, tuT ss-i |vSov z^oihv. For reafon, I do not think it neceffary, with Stephens, to fubftitute
|vOi^OjUvyf in the

room

off|vSi^o//.evi(f.

the

Greek

fcholiafi:

makes
"

the follow-

''JuHus Pollux, in fpeaking of thofe, whofe hair was dyed yellow, or black,
fays,^a;v6j^o9^*T>}VKo,w);v5)(o!(/A8Aaivo9j'.<.
J

ing obfervation upon thefe words of

Ati<7ir. V.

43.

B.

ii.

Segm. 35,

V"

'Tlig

i66

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
All of

OF

Book VII.

X. The perfons, who rofe againfl: him, and freed their country from the tyranny, were the fons of the citizens he

had murdered

whom

he had, at

firft,

refolved to

put to death in one day ; but, being prevailed upon by the intreaties of his life guards, to whom he had given their

mothers in marriage, he changed his refolution, as I faid, few years and ordered them to live in the country. after, as he was making a progrefs through the villages, he

faw a great number of thefe youths,

appearance
;

who made

a brave

and, fearing they might concert an infurrec-

tion againfl: him, he refolved to prevent it, by putting them all to death, before any one of them fhould be aware of it :

And, allembling his friends, he confidered with them by what means, they might, with the greateft eafe, and expe-

The youths, being apdition, be, privately, put to death. prized of this, either by the information of fome
perfon,

acquainted with the defign, or fufpedling it from well-grounded conjectures, fled to the mountains, taking with them the iron inftruments they ufed in hufbandry.
were, prefently, joined by the Cumaean exiles, who reflded in Capua ; the moft confiderable of whom, and

who was

They

brought with them the greateft number of Campanians, their guefts, were the fons of Hippomedon, who had been general of the horfe in the Tyrrhenian war :
thofe,

who

Thefe came well armed themfelves, and brought with them arms for the youths, and alfo, a good body of Campanian
mercenaries, and of their

When

they were

all

which they had raifed. joined, they came down from the
friends,

own

moun-

BookVII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSEN S IS.

167

mountains, and plundered the lands of their enemies ; inticed the Haves from their majfters j releafed the prifoners armed and them and the ; effedls, and cattle everywhere,
they could not carry off, they either burnt, or killed. While the tyrant vi^as at a lofs to refolve in what manner he fhould
becaufe they neither made their attempts openly, nor ftaid long in the fame places, but meafured their incurfions, either from the coming on of the
night, to the break of day, or, from thence, to the return of the night; and, after he had, often, fent out forces to

make war upon them,

the relief of the country in vain, one of the fugitives, fent by the reft as a deferter, his body being torne with whips, came to him ; and, after fuing for impunity, promifed the
to condud: the troops he fhould think- fit to fend with tyrant him, to the place, where the fugitives propofed to incamp The tyrant, being induced to truft the following night.

man, who afked nothing, and offered his own perfon as an hoftage, lent thofe of his commanders, whom he, chiefly, confided in, with a great number of horfe, and the band of
this

mercenaries, with orders to bring all the fugitives, if poffible, if not, the greatefi: part of them, to him in chains. The

pretended deferter led the army,

through untrodden paths,

the

during the whole night, and defert woods, where they

fuffered exceedingly, to thofe parts, that

city.

were

fartheft

from

XL
who

time, the revolters, and the fugitives, on the hills, with which the lake lay in ambufcade

In the

mean

Avernus

i68
'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
is

Book VII.
iii-

Avernus

fiirrounded, not far from

Cumae, belns

formed by the iignals, made by their army was marched out of the city,
the moil refolute

with faggots of found means to get into the

among them, brufli wood upon

fcouts, that the tyrant's fent thither about fixty drelled in leather doublets,
their flioulders
:

Thefe

city

about the clofe of the

evening, hke labourers, fome at one gate, and fome at another, without being taken notice of: When they were
there, they

faggots,

drew out the fwords they had concealed in the and all met in the fame place. Marching from

thence, in a body, to the gates, that led to the lake Avernus, while they were afleep ; and their they killed the guards, own army being, by this time, arrived near the walls, they the gates, and received them all into the city ; and, in

opened
doing

For, that night, they were not difcovered there happened to be a public feftival, and all the citizens were drinking, and employed in other diverfions, which
this alfo,
:

an opportunity of marching through all the gave the others ftreets, that led to the tyrant's palace, without being difturbed
9:

Neither did they find,

This was the Greek name The reafon of
is,

even at the gates, any

Ao^vov.

for the Avernus lacus.

this
^

Greek appellation
i

thus, given

ftagnating over this lake, which was " fo noxious to birds, was owino- to the hills covered with wood, that

by Virgil ^ r filter

furrounded
,

, atns V i J r. J r I. con'vexa Tauabus e^undens fupera ad ferebat : locum Graiidixerunt nomine koxt^^m. Vnde

^, V

Sluatn

haud
;

ullae tolerant imtune 'volantes

, I rr balitui I i: talis fee

and

i enaere Iter , tennis

authors agree ; appeared, when Agrippa, by ..u^ ^J the order of Auguftus, cut down thefe
it,

as

all

as

it

fA~/x
-r^ii

ji,^
. .

woods: For,
.,,
,.

-r-^

r i ^ after that, the --"^ "" air "-'i'oft 'is its

i .

^^\T il
''

^^^^^^^""^ "O^' ^^^'^^d.

lago ^'Averno,

and

it

The

peftiferous
Aeneid, B.

quality of the
23 9.
=

air,

p^r^o/^, lies, nearly, eaft

Cluver,
Ital.

lago di Treof Cumae.

iv. c. 2.

vi. ;^.

Strabo, B. v. p. 37 j.

Antiq. B.

number

BookVir.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
;

169

number of guards upon duty

afleep,

but, here alfo,

fome were

and others drunk,

all

whom

difficulty;

found

and, rufhing into the reft infeebled both in body,

they killed without anythe palace in a body, they

and mind, with

:

drunkennefs,

and ftabbed them

himfelf,

like fheep

And, having

with his fons, and the reft of his relations, they tore their bodies with whips, and tortures, durino- a. great part of the night ; and, after they had infeized Ariftodemus

flided on
death.

them

all

Having extirpated leave neither children, wives, nor to fo as

to them,

kinds of punifliments, they put them to the whole family of the tyrant,

any one related

out
all

and fpent the whole night

:

in finding

the

inftruments of the tyranny, as foon as it was day, they proThen, calling the people together, ceeded to the forum their arms, and reftored the ancient gothey laid down vernment.
was, at that time, in the fourteenth year of his tyranny over the Cumaeans, the Romans, who had been banifhed with Tarquinius, prefented

XII. Before

this

Ariftodemus,

who

themfelves, and
their country.

defired

him

to

ftt

in

judgement againft

embafiadors oppofed this for fome time, alledging that they were not come to enter into other powers than thofe this conteft, nor furnifhcd with any

The Roman

from the fenate, which did not extend to they had received But, when this made no a defence of the commonwealth faw the tyrant, through the earneftncfs, impreflion, and they and folicitations of the exiles, inclined to the other fide,
:

time to prepare for their defence; and, having they defired Z Voj.. III. depofitcd

i-jo

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VII.

depofited a fum of money, as a pledge for their appearance, while the fuit was depending, and they were, no longer, guarded, they fled. Upon which, the tyrant feized their domeftics,

fumpter horfes, and the money they had brought with them to purchafe corn. Thefe feveral embafl'adors, theretheir
fore,

having been treated in the manner I have mentioned, returned without But thofe, who had effeding any thing. been fent to Tyrrhenia, Qf millet, up a

and

fpelt

bought quantity in that country,, and brought it to Rome

in boats.
:

This fupply maintained the Romans for a fhort time But, when confumed, left them in the fame want as before. And there was no fort -of food mankind were, ever, reduced to
through
neceffity,

which
as

it

which they did not attempt to eat. By happened that not a few of them, as well by want,

by the mifchief arifing from unaccuftomed food, were thrown into difeafes ; or, by being negleded by reafon of
their poverty,

were,

intirely,

When
this,

the Volfci,

who

unable to help themfelves. had been lately overcome, heard

they folicited one another, by private embaflies, to enter into a war againft the Romans, upon a fuppoiition,

any one attacked them, while they were diftreffed both by war, and l^imine, they would be unable to reiift.
that, if

But the benevolence of the gods, who were, always, careful not to fuffer the Romans to be fubdued by their enemies^
fliewed her

power upon this occafion, alfo, For, fo great a peftilence fpicuous manner
:

in a

moft con-

feized, at once,
it

the inhabitants of the Volfcian

cities,

that the like to

either

had
the

never, been heard of in any other parts,

among

Barbarians,

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A RN A S S EN SIS.
and deftroyed them without

171

Barbarians, or Greeks,

diftinc-

tion of age,
tiitions.

condition, or fex, or of ftrong, or weak conftiVeHtrae, a confiderable city of the Volfci, of large
till

extent, and,

then, very populous,

;

was an inftance of the

all

greatnefs of this calamity

left

of whofe inhabitants the plao-ue

the
reft.

but one part out of ten, and carried off

laft, thofe,

At

who

furvived this misfortune, fentembafladors

to the
deliver

Romans,

to inform
city to

up

their

them of their defolation, and to them For they had, even before
:

that time, received a colony from Rome ; for which reafon , they, now, defired a fecond to be fent to them.

XIII.

When

the

Romans were informed of

their misfortune
;

thefe

things,

they compailionated

and thought themtheir enemies,

felves obliged to retain

no refentment againft
an afflidion
;

when under
fufficiently,

fo

fevere

iince the gods had,

punifhed them for the defigns they had formed As to the city of VeHtrae, againft their commonwealth.
they thought proper to receive it, and to fend a numerous colony thither, in conllderation of the many advantages, that would refult to them from that meafure For the place
:

ftrongly garrifoned, feemed very proper to check, and obftrud: the deftgns of thofe, who might be difitfelf,

when

And it was expofed to innovate, or raife commotions pe6led that the fcarcity of proviilons, under which the city, then, laboured, would be far lefs fenftble, if any confiderable
:

number of

the citizens were removed.

But, above

all

other

conftderations, the frefh fedition, wliich was, then, breaking out, before the former was quite appeafed, induced them

to

172

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OT

Book VII.

to order the colony to be fent to Velitrae : For the people to be inflamed, as before, and to Idc exafperated began, agairij And the fevere were reflexions patricians many againfl:
:

thrown out

againfl: tliem,

fome accufing them of negled:,

and indolence, in not having, long, forefeen the fcarcity of corn, and taken the necefl^ary precautions to avert that
out that this fcarcity was occalamity ; and others giving caiioned by their contrivance, and flowed from their refentment, and a delire to diftrefs the people, in remembrance of
their feceflion
:

For thefe

reafons, the colony was, prelently,

fent

three perfons being appointed by the fenate to be At flrft, the people were pleafed that the leaders of it. lands were to be allotted to fome of their number, who, by
;

'

that means, a
fertil

would be
:

freed

from the famine, and inhabit

they confldered that the peftilence had raged violently in the city, that was to receive them, and deftroyed the inhabitants, and gave room

country

But, afterwards,

when

to fear that

colony in the fame manner^ they, by degrees, entertained contrary fentiments-: So that, not many oiTered themfelves to partake of the colony, but
it

would

treat the

fewer,

And thefe, by many, than the fenate had decreed already, blamed themfelves for having taken an imprudent
:

refolution,
"=*

and declined going out.

However, they were

were created

Toiwv ayS^av. Thefe were called,

prefly, that thefe triumvirs

by the

-Triumviii y^gy^rii, OT Thefe Triumviri loloniae deducendae. triumvirs, le Jay fays, were created by

Romans,

by the fenate:

And

the people, in the Comiiia trihuta. Les triumvirs fe credent dans une acmblce du
peiip/epar In the iiift
trikis.

were, as yet, no trial of Coriolanus having given occafion to tht- tribunes of the people to
i

fecondly, there tributa comitia ; the

nftitute thefe comitia.

will

The

reafons of

Hereisadoubleerror. explace, our author fays,

which

in the fifty

be explained by our author ninth chapter of this book.

taken

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
it,

1-3

taken into
join

and

fo

were the others, wiio did not, wilhng]y,

a;l

them ; the fliould draw lots

thofe,
fevere,

fenate having ordered that for completing the

the

Romans

upon whom the lot fell, and inexorable manqer,

colony ; and that all -fhould be punillied in a

they did not go.

if

This

colony, therefore, was fent to Velitrae by a fpecious comAnd, not many days after, another colony was puliion. " fent to Norba, which is no inconfiderable city of the
Latines.

the deiign of the patricians, as far as It related to the appealing of the fedition, was, intirely, difap-

XIV. However

pointed

For the people,

who were
before,

left at

home, were, now,

violently,

more exafperated than

and clamoured,

againft the fenators : They aflembled, at firft, in fmall numbers, and held meetings with their friends ; but, afterwards, as the famine encreafed, they met in a body j and, running into the forum, called upon the tribunes. And

was, of head the the of rofe the tribunes, then, at college up, ufed invedives the fenate not himand, only, many againft
felf,

thefe having affembled the people, Spurius Icilius,

who

inflaming, by

all

poffible

means, the envy of the people

againft them, but, alfo, called

upon

others to deliver their

fentiments in public
Brutus,

who
;

and, particularly, upon Sicinnius, and were then ediles their each of them
;

(calling

by

name) and had been the authors of the

people
"

firft

feceflion of the

and, having introduced the tribunitian power, had,

'^

Ek No^Sdtv aro^iv. Ncrha, now called, Norma, and Norme, was a city
Cluver,
Ital.

of the Latines, after Latium extended eaftward as far as the Liris.

c. 8.

Autiq. B.iii.

firft,

174
firft,

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF
it.

Book VII.

been inverted with

Thefe, having, long before,

prepared the moft malicious fpeeches, rofe up, and enlarged upon thofe points, that were grateful to the generality of
the people, alledging that the want of corn was occadoned by the contrivance, and treachery of the rich, againft whofe will the people had acquired their liberty by the feceflion. And they fhewed that the rich had not, in the leaft degree,

calamity with the poor ; the former having provifions, privately, hoarded up ; and, wanting no
this

an equal fhare of

money

to purchafe Thofe, that were imported, they laughed

:

Whereas the plebeians were in want of both. They added, that they had fent the colony, which was deftined to breathe a peftilential air, to a manifeft, and much
worfe dcftrudion; and, exaggerating, with all their power, the terror of thefe things, afked. What end there was to be of their miferies ? They put them in mind of the
firipes

at the (amine

they had, formerly, received from the rich, and laid open many other things of this nature with great freedom. And

Brutus clofed his fpeech with this threat, that, if they would follow his advice, he would, foon, compel thofe, who had kindled this mifchief, to extinguifh it. After which, the
ailembly was difmiffed. XV. The next day, the
being terrified with thefe new commotions, and looking upon the popularity of Brutus to threaten the commonwealth with fome crreat evil affembled the fenate Where and various were
confuls,
:

many,

things

propofed, both by the confuls themfelves, and by the reft of the ancient fenators Some being of opinion that they ourht
:

to

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H A L IC A R N A S S EN SI S.
by
all

175

to court the people

and by promifes of their leaders by communicating their counfels with them, and by inviting them to deliberate, jointly with themfelves, on the public utility But others advii'ednot to yield, or relax,
:

oi kindiiefs, poffible expreiTions of effe6lual relief, and to moderate the heat

in

any thing, to an imperious, and ignorant multitude, and to the bold, and infufferable madnefs of the flatterers of the
;

but to clear themfelves of their accufations, by affuring the plebeians, that the patricians were, in no refpedl, the occalion of what had happened ; and that they would
people
poflible care to remedy this evil; and, alfo, to reprimand the difturbers of the people, and to let them

take

all

know,

that, if they did not defifl:

from inflaming the

fedition,

they fhould be brought to condign punifliment. Appius was at the head of thofe, who were of this opinion, which

So very great contefts among the fenators that, even the people, hearing the clamor at a great diftance, was ran, in diforder, to the fenate, and the whole
carried
it,

after

city

alarmed.

After

this,

the confuls, going into the forum,

called the people together (the day being almofi: fpent) and to inform them of the refolutions of the fenate: were

going

But the tribunes oppofed

they neither fpoke in their turns, nor obferved any decency in their de" bate : For they cried out together^ and endeavoured to exSo that, it was not clude one another from the ailcmbly
it.

Upon which,

"

E^fitA.f(ov. I

cannot find

this

word

ever, obferved

it

to be taken in

is

That

ufed in the ienle, whi^h all the tranflators hive given to it ; that is ctjire-

of
I

phant. The

which, for that reafon, think mylelf obliged to sdhere to.

excludelajit^

only fignification

havSj

eafy

lyb

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
who were
prefent,

OF

Book VII.

eafy for thofc,

to underftand

what they

meant.
reafonable that, as they had the fuperior power, they fliould have the fole command in On the other fide, the tribunes iniifted that the the city
confuls thought
it
:

XVI. The

affembly of the people was their pecuHar fphere, as the fenate was That of the confuls ; and that, whatever the people had
the authority to judge, and determine, was fubjed to their
alone.
,

power

The

people fupported thefe by their accla-

and, at the fame time, were prepared (if necefl'ary) to attack their oppofers: On the other fide, the patricians,

mations

gathering
other, as

round the confuls, encouraged them

if,

and a violent
to the

conteft infued, each fide infifling

upon not yielding

by

this

fingle

defeat,

the claim of each was,

for the future, to be given up.

The

the reft of the people ran out of their and, if the night had not put an end to the conteft, they had proceeded to blows, and throwing of ftones. But, to

now, declining, houfes to the forum ;

fun,

prevent
fuls

Brutus prefented himfelf, and deftred the conto give him leave to fpeak, promifing to appeafe the
this,
:

tumult

they, looking upon this as a yielding to them, becaufe, when the tribunes were prefent, that patron of the

And

people

had not afked

being
filent,

this favor

And

all

of them, gave him Brutus made no fpeech, but,

j

leave.

only,

nfked the confuls the following queftion

ber, faid he, that,

when we put an end

to

you rememthe fedition by an

tlie

Do

accommodation,

this

right was granted to us, that, Vv^hen

tribunes fhould aliemble the people

upon any account whatever.

Book VII.
ever,

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

177

the patricians iliould not be prefent at the affembly, remember it, anor create any difturbance there ?

We

fvvered Geganius.

" Then, Brutus added, Why, therefore, " do us, and not fuffer the tribunes to fay what you oppofe " " Becaufe the " ? To this
:

Geganius repHed ; they pleafe " tribunes did not affemble the If, people, but the confuls " therefore, the people had beenaflembled by them, we fhould " have neither were nor into what
oppofed,

"

they inquired doing; but, fince we ourfelves have aflembled them, we do " not hinder the tribunes from that fpeaking, but complain " we ourfelves are hindered by them." Then, Brutus faid ;

" "

We

have conquered, citizens

and our
I

adverfaries

have

to us yielded every thing

part,

we
:

defired.

Now,

therefore, de-

and ceafe to contend

And

promife you that, to

morrow, I will fhew you your ftrength. u the forum to them, for the prefent yield
*'

And you, tribunes, You will not, al:

ways, yield

it,

when you know how

:

great a power your

ma-

"
giftracy

is

poITefled of

This you will be informed of fhortly ;

it

" and I myfelf ingage to make " fame time, to humble the

appear to you ; and, at the pride of thefe men: And, if you " find I have impofed upon you, treat me as you think fit." XVII. None having oppofed this, both parties left the

For the poor affembly ; but not with the like impreffions were of opinion that Brutus had found out fomething ex:

made a promife traordinary, and that he had not, rafhly, On the other fide, the patricians defpifed of that nature. the levity of the man, and thought the boldnefs of his
promifes

would go no
III.

farther than

words
a

They imagined
that

Vol.

178

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

that no other
tribunes,

power had been granted by the fenate to the than That of reheving the plebeians, when oppreffed.
this

However,

inattention to the importance of the

affair

did not, equally, poflefs all the fenators,. and, leaft of all, Thofe of a more advanced age, who were upon their guard, left the madnefs of this man might occaiion fome irreparable
mifchief.

following night, Brutus, having communicated his tlioughts to the tribunes, and prepared a good
the plebeians to fupport him, went with them to the forum ; and, before fun-rife, they pofleffed themfelves

The

number of

of the temple of Vulcan, where the affemblies of the people were, ufually, held, and the tribunes called the citizens And the forum being crouded (for greater multogether
:

had ever been known before) Icilius, the tribune, rofe up, and made a long fpeech againft the patricians, putting the people in mind of all After which, he told they had fuffered from them
titudes appeared

upon

this

occalion, than

them

the day before, he had been hindered by them from fpeaking, and deprived of the power of his magiftracy. " What other fliall we have after if we power, fays he,
that,

" are not allowed even That of fpeaking ? How fhall we " be able to relieve any of you, when oppreffed by them, " if we are deprived of the authority of affembling you ?
*'

this,

For " that

all

" "

anions are governed by words ; and it is manifeft thofe, who are not allowed to fay what they think,

will not be allowed to execute

what they

pleafe.

kefume,

therefore, the power you have given us, fays he, unlefs " you defign to fecure that power; or enad a law to prevent

"

all

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSE N S IS.

to us for the future."

179
this,

"

all

oppoHtioii

Having

iliid

the people cried out to him with great acclamations, to Which Icilius, who had it ready drawn bring in the law: up, read to them ; and, immediately, put For the affair feemed to admit of no delay,
fition
it

to the vote

might be made

to

it

by the confuls.
is

fome oppoThe law was as

left

follows

"

When a

tribune

fpeaking to the people,

:

let

no

" man or interrupt, him Whoever fhall adl conoppofe, " let him, required, give fureties to the tritrary to this,
il:

(C

bunes for the payment of the fine they fhall impofe upon him If he refufes to give fureties, let him be punifhed
:
:

by people." had taken their tribunes votes in favor of this the After
tefts, relating

" with death, and his goods be confecrated And let the con" to thefe fines, be determined the
:

And the people departed law, they difmiffed the affembly full of joy, and gave great thanks to Brutus, whom they
looked upon as the inventor of the law. XVIII. After this, there happened many contefts upon
various fubjeds between the tribunes, and the confuls ; and neither did the people efteem valid what the fenate had decreed, nor the fenate approve of

mined

what the people had deter But both of them perfifted in their oppofition to, and

one another. However, their hatred did not fufpicions of, break out into any irreparable mifchief, as it often happens in
the like diforders. For the poor did not attack the houfes of the rich, where they might expeft to find provifions laid up, to rob the markets ; but fubmitted to buy fmall nor

attempt of viduals at a great price quantities

and,

when they wanted

money,

a 2

i8o

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
patiently

Book VII.
:

money, they fed

on

roots,

and herbs

Neither

did the rich, in confidence of their own ftrength, and of the ftrength of their clients, who were very numerous, ofter
violence to the weaker fort
;

and aim

mafters of the city, by driving

killing

making themfelves out fome of the poor, and

at

others

But, like fathers,

who

treat their fons

with

the greatefl prudence, they continued to bear their errors with a '^ difpofition full of benevolence, and folicitude for
their

happinefs.

While

Rome

was

in this fituation,

the
it,

neighbouring
to live

cities invited

fuch of the

Romans

as defired

among them,

alluring

them by a communication of

the privileges of their cities, and the hopes ot other good from the bell of motives, friendfhip, and ufage ; fome, misfortune ; but the greateft compaffion for their part, their former profpcrity. of And through envy very great their whole with families removed fome of whom numbers ;
returned,
the affairs of the city were others remained where they were.

when

compofed

and

XIX. The confuls,

forces, in

which

feeing thefe things, thought fit to raife the fenate concurred, and to march with

them out of
frequent
'3'

the city.

Their defign was favoured by the

incur fions, and depredations of their enemies, by

xi w,htxo-n
tij

Evivo5-(!

offij.

occafion, in the flime fignification, in

fhould have' imagined thefe two epithets might have taught the tranflators in this place, does not figniiy that
o^Jk,

which

Thu^ydides

ules

tlie

word,
;

when

Pericles fays to the Atiienians

kch
eu

Kosia-cf ^a,f Ti<f ^vS^wTra? n rvi av'tj

av7rf)6o,Mfviif ts aroAe^uv,

OITfjl

Anger.

Yet Syiburgius, and the two

tw i4m
fcholiaft

French
fenfe.
Ojfi)

tranflators, have given it that Portus has avoided the millake, is ufcd by our author, upon this
''B.
i.

w^ucao^lxi:

Where
by

the

Greek

explains

ocfr.,

$ie<.\Qiu,

t^ottw, ckotsu.

c.

140;

which

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
country was laid wafte
;

iSi

and they, alfo, coniidered the other advantages, that would refult from fending an army into the field ; that thofe, who were left, being fewer in number, would enjoy a greater plenty of provifions ;
their

which

that the army,

by fupporting themfelves in the enemy's country, would live in greater abundance ; and that the fedition would be appeafed, as long as the expedition lafted
:

But, above

all, it

feemed, that

if

the patricians, and plebeians

ferved together, an equal fhare both of good, and ill fortune, in all the dangers of the war, would, effedually, confirm their But the people did not obey them, nor reconciliation.
willingly, as before, offer themfelves to lift in the fervice : And the confuls did not think fit to inforce the law againft
thofe,.

were unwilling to voluntiers, together with their when they marched out of the
fmall

who

ferve.
clients,
city,

But fome patrician were inlifted And,

:

they were joined by a

This army was commanded who had taken the city of Corioli, and by Caius Marcius, himfell above all others in the battle againft diftingui{l:ied

number of the

people.

the Antiates.

The

greateft part of the plebeians,

who afTifted

in this expedition,

feeing

him

take the field, were induced

to

from the hopes of fuccefs : For this man was, already, famous, and the enemy, greatlyj This army, having marched as far as the afraid of him.
it

from

affedlion,

and

others,

city of

mafters, not only, of a of corn they found in the fields, but, likewife, of great deal a great number of fiaves, and cattle ; and, after a fliort

Antium, made themfelves

time,

returned better fupplied, than before,

with

all

the

necef-

i82
neceffaries
lervice,

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
of
life
:

OF

BookVII.
declined the

So

that,

thofe,

who had

of confufion, and of refentment againft their demagogues, by whofe means they looked upon themfelves to have been deprived of the fame felicity. Thus Ge-

were

full

the confuls of this year, after great, ganius, and Minucius, and various ftorms, in which they were, often, in danger of fubverting the commonwealth, occafioned no misfortune to

but preferved it intire, by ading, upon every occafion, infuch a manner, that their prudence was moreconfpicuous than their good fortune.
it;

XX. The
with
this

following confuls, Marcus Minucius Augurinus,

and Aulus Sempronius Atratinus, who were both inveftcd

magiftracy for the fecond time, being not unflcilled either in military affairs, or in fpeaking, took great care to the city with plenty both of corn, and of all other fupply the union ot the people with the provilions, looking upon

depend upon that abundance. However, they had not the good fortune to obtain both thefe ends at the fame time ; but the fatiety of thefe advantages was attended with
fenate to

the infolence of thofe,

who had

the benefit of them.

Upon

which
fent to

occafion,

Rome

danger,

when

it

was, again, expofed to the greateft was leaft expeded For the embaffadors,
:

buy corn, brought all they had purchakd, both in the maritime, and inland markets, to the city for the ufe of
:

the public: And the merchants alio, corn, flocked thither from all parts

who ufed to import Of whom the comand

monwealth bought
preferved
it

their lading

with the public money, and

carefully.

At

the fame time, Geganius,

Valerius,

Book VII.
Valerius,

DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS.

who
had, before, been fent embaffadors to
in

183
Sicily,

which they brought {hips, thoufand '* Sicilian bufliels of wheat; one half of which fifty was purchafed at a very low price, and the reft the king
arrived with

many merchant

had made the Romans a prefent of, and fent it at his own. it was known at P.ome that the fhips were expence. When
arrived

laden with corn, the patricians deliberated, a long time, concerning the difpofal of it : For thofe among them, who were moft humane, and the greateft favourers

from

Sicily

of the people, refleding on the public neceility, advifed them

to diftribute the corn, given them by the king, among all the plebeians ; and to fell That, which had been purchafed with the public money, to them at a low price; fliewing
that,

by thefe favors, more than by any other means, the animofity of the poor againft the rich would be foftened.
the other fide,

On

difpofition,

of a more haughty and more zealous for the oligarchy, were of

thofe,

who were

all their endeavours, and opinion that they ought to employ the plebeians ; and thefe advifed every method, to opprefs

to

fell

the corn to

them

at the

higheft price polTible

to

the end they might, through necefiity, become more modeft, and more obfervant of the rules prefcribed by their confti-

XXI. One of
cius,
'4*

thefe oligarchical patricians

was that Marlike

^'^'^^^^^ V^"^

furnamed Coriolanus,
ME<fi/Ava)v SiicsAiicMv.

who

did

not,

the

reft,

Suidas, from

was the

jusfJijuuof

AtI/xo?.

But

there

was

Harpocration, fays that the ^-J(|Wvof contained forty eight choenix's, that is, according to Arbuthnot, four pecks,

another;oif<Ji|Uvof, called j/tajf/Ijcof, which, I believe, was the fame with the ^ujJ'iavo?

Socs^owf

This contained
is, fix

fix

Roman

and

fix pints, Englifli

meafure

This

Modii-, that

Englifh pecks.

deliver

i84
deliver

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
his

BookVII.

much
which

opinion with fecrecy, and caution, but with fo opennefs, and boldnefs, that many, even of the pleBelides his complaints againft them, were of a public nature, he had, lately, received fome
that

beians,

heard him.

perfonal provocations,
:

feemed to

juftify his hatred of

the plebeians For, having offered himfelf as a candidate for the confuhhip at the laft eledlion, and being fupported by the patricians, the people oppofed him, and would not
fuffer that magiftracy to

be conferred on him
left

To which
man
of his

they were induced by their apprehenfions,

reputation, and boldnefs, might attempt fome innovation to the fubverfion of the tribunefliip ; and they were the more afraid of him, becaufe the whole body of the patricians

promoted

his

intereft

with a zeal they had, never

therefore,

before, fliewn for

any other candidate. The man,

this

being exafperated with

time, defirous to

ignominy, and,

at
its

the fame
'^ancient

reftore

the government to

form, he, not only, endeavoured openly, as I faid, to fubv^ert the power of the people himfelf, but, alfo, fought to ingage the reft of the patricians in the fame defign. He was fupported by a ftrong fadion of young men of great birth, and of the greateft fortunes, and by many dependants, ingaged by the booty they had gained under him in the
wars.

came
'5-

advantages, he exulted, beconfpicuous, and arrived to the greateft degree of

Elevated

with thefe

E|
it

f;^>)f.

fViould rather

read
to

oiiaSAfiiejEv s^jsjpt^*)?;

which two fynony-

lf?C>!^5

araAiv, adverbially, is, often, joined by Ariftophanes: As he fays inPlutus; 'waroA.v

for

which

mous adverbs have the fame fenle with waAm auOic, which he had joined together a tew lines before.

fplendor.

Book

Vir.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
But
:

185

iplendor.

cataftrophe
calion,
firft

could not preferve him from a fatal For the fenate being affembled upon this oc~
all this

and the elder fenators having, according to cuftom, delivered their opinions, of whom there were not many,

it came to againft the people, when the turn of the younger fenators to fpeak, Marcius aflced leave of the confuls to fay what he thought proper ; and,

who, openly, declared

meeting with great encouragement, and attention, he made

the following invedive againft the people. XXII. " Fathers, lam confident that almoft
<c
((

all

of you,

J^C^^'^''

the advantages, which the people gained by the accommodation, are fenfible that they did not revolt

when you confider

<(

through necelTity, and want, but were induced to it by a the and unjuftifiable hope of deftroying your ariftocracy,
:

" of making themfelves mafters of the commonwealth " Since they were not fatisfied with abolifhing the faith of " contrails, and the laws made to fecure that faith, without
C( cc

a carrying their views any farther ; but they introduced new magiftracy with a defign to fubvert That of the confuls,

n
(( (( (( ((

which magiftracy they made facred and inviolable by law ; and have now, unobferved by you, fathers, acquired a tyrannical power by the law, lately, enabled For, when the leaders of the people, deriving, from the great
:

power they
((
'^%ix.i

are inverted with, the fpecious pretence of

relieving the plebeians,

Aj'wo-f
(pi^va-i.

when

This military
it

opprelTed, '*ruin, anddeftroy fiance of which we fee in Cicero's letter

toOtavius,which,ifnot genuine, contains, at leaft, many ofhis expreflions ;
there

exprefiion

is,

Ibmetimes, applied to

civil aEfairs, as

we

find

here.

The

Romans, who inriched their language with many Gieek turns, tranfplanted An inth's, alfo, into their own Toil.

we find, eum agere, raperc renipublicam, cut nulla virtus, mdlae hello fubcoiaectad imperium adjunilaeprovinclae.

Vol.

III.

"

whom

i86

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

"
*' *'

they pleafe by virtue of that power, and that no man, whether a private perfon, or a magiftrate, dares

whom

oppofe their violence for fear of this law, which, at once,

" deftroys the liberty both of your words and actions, by " impofing the punilliment of death on all thofe, whofpeak " the language of freemen, what other name ought to be *' given by all men of fenfe to this domination, but That, *' which is the true one, and which you will all own to be ** fo, a tyranny? And, what is the difference whether we " fuffer the tyranny of one man, or of a whole people ? " For the effed: of both is the fame. The beft thing,
*'

"
*'
*'

could have done was, not to have fuffered, even, the feed of this power to have been fown, but rather
therefore,

we

to

have undergone every thing,

as

Appius, the beft of

:

*'

*'
*'

men, who forefaw thefe mifchiefs from afar, advifed But, fince that was not done, we ought, now at leafl, unanimoufly to pluck it up by the roots, and cafl it out
of the
city,

while

it is

" Neither fliall we be " whom the fame

*'

yet weak, and eafy to be deftroved. the firfl, or the only perfons, to

thing has happened ; but many, and frequent have been the inftances of men, who, being re" duced, by involuntary neceffity, to commit errors in thino-s
*'

*'

" their growth And the repentance of thofe, who beo-in " late to grow wife, though inferior to forefight, yet, v/hen " feen in another light, appears not lefs valuable in effacing " an original error, by preventing its confequences.
:

of the greateft confequence, though unable to give a check to evils in their infancy, have endeavoured to prevent

XXIIL

BookVn.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARNASSENSIS.

187

if any of you look upon the adtions of " the to be outrageous, and that they ought to be people " hindered from into farther but are afraid
*'

XXIII. " But,

excefTes, running feem firft to violate the left they fhould agreement, and " their oaths, let them know that tranfgrefs they are not

" the
''

when they repel an injury, nor violate the aggreftbrs, agreement in doing this, but chaftife the violaters of it;
will be guihlefs in

" and that they

*'

refped to the gods, and

"
*'

ad: with juftice, while they confult their own intereft. And let this be a ftrong argument to convince that

you,

not yourfelves, but the plebeians

firft

agreement, and the treaty, by not obferving the condi" tions, upon which they obtained their return : For they

"

began to

violate the

" delired the tribunitian power, not to opprefs the fenate, " but to fecure themfelves from their And they, oppreffion " no longer, employ this power in the things they ought, " or within the terms they obtained it, but to the corrup" You tion, and confufion of the eftablifhed government. " remember the late of the and the ha:

affembly

people,
;

"
**

rangues there

made by their demagogues

;

what arrogance

and indecency they fhewed

and, now,

how

thefe

dan-

" " " " " "

gerous men are elated, fince they have difcovered that the whole ftrength of the commonwealth conlifts in votes,

of which, as the people exceed us in numbers, they are fure to have a majority. What, therefore, remains for us to do, lince they have begun to violate the and treaty,
the law, but to repel the attacks of the aggrelTors, juftly
are,

" to deprive them of what they

now,

unjuftly, pofTefled

b 2

"

of,

i88

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VII.

and put a flop to their ambitious views for the " future ? While we return thanks to the gods, for not " having fuffered them, when they had gained an uncon*' ftitutional advantage, to ad, after that, with modefty, but " for having infpired them with this impudence, and thefe " various aims, by which you are reduced to a neceffity of
of,

"

"
*'

endeavouring both to recov^er the rights you have loft, and to preferve Thofe, that remain, with all the care they
defer ve.

"

XXIV. " The

*'

prefent opportunity
if,

is,

of

all

others, the

moft favourable,

now

at leaft,

you

will begin to

grow

"

wife, when the greateft part of the people are reduced to *' the utmofl: extremity by the famine, and the reft cannot, " the want of money, if corn is long, hold out through

"
*'

and they are forced to give a great price for it; by which means, the moft profligate, and thofe, who were
fcarce,
,

" never pleafed with the ariftocracy will be forced to leave, ' the and the more modeft, to behave themfelves with city,
*'

decency, without giving you any farther trouble. Place a the corn, and abate nothing of the guard, therefore, upon but pafs an order that it fhall, now, be fold at as i
price

"high
" and " the
*'

a price,
as

as ever;

for

which you have

juft reafons,

fuch as the ungrateful clamor of plauftble pretences,

people,
it

when

the fcarcity of corn was contrived by you, was occafioned by their own revolt, and the deif

"
"
*'

folation of the country,

fiercenefs, as if it

which they ravaged with the fame had belonged to an enemy; to which

may

be added the money, paid out of the treafury to the

perfons

Book
*'

VII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
;

i8y

and many other inftances, *' in which you have been wronged by them: By this means n alfo, we fhall know at laft, what grievous punifhment it
perfons fent to purchafe corn
(C ((

is

they defign to

inflict:

upon

us, if

we

refufe to gratify

(C il

the people in every thing, as their demagogues threatened, in order to frighten us. But, if you let flip this opportunity alfo,

you

will, often, wifli for

fuch another.

And,

if

(C

the people hear that you defired to fubvert their authority, but defifted through fear, they will bear much harder

*'

upon you, and look upon that delire to proceed from " enmity, and your want of courage from your want of
power."

After this fpeech of Marcius, the opinions of the fenators were divided ; and a great tumult arofe

XXV.
:

among

them

thofe, who, from the beginning, had oppofed the plebeians, and fubmitted to the accommodation againft their will, among whom were almofi: all the youth, and the

For

richeft,

and moft ambitious of the

elder fenators,

who

refented the

impudence of the people, fome from the lofs fuftained in their contrads, and others, from they had being
they fued for honors, applauded Marcius, as and a lover of his country, whofe advice fpirit, was of the greateft advantage to the commonwealth. On

rejeded a man of

when

the other fide, the fenators of popular principles, who fet no greater value on '^ honors, and riches, than they deferved,
'7' Kai Tt)v Thefe words I have Ti/>n)v. taken the liberty to fubftitute in the room of Tov t^ottov, whicli Sylburgius faw could not have a place here for
,

which reafon, he changed it to x^olav, meaning the applaufe of the fenate. Cafaubon would read ;ii tovt^ottov, and conneft thefe words with Tf zr^osjjf ;<:;.

and

190

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

and looked upon nothing to be more necefTary than peace, were offended at his fpeech, and rejeded his advice Thefe defired they would not think of overcoming their inferiors by violence, but by humanity ; ^nd that they would not
:

efteem moderation, as unbecoming, but neceffary ; particuwhen exerted towards their fellow-citizens from a larly,
principle of benevolence

they fhevved that his advice was madnefs, not freedom of fpeech, nor But thefe liberty.
:

And

were few ; and, being unfupported, were overborne by the

tribunes, feeing this (for they were prefent in the fenate, being called in by the confuls) cried out, and were in a great agitation, calling Marcius the and bane of his country, for peft, iiaving uttered malicious words againft tlie people ; and, unlefs the patricians prevented his defign of kindling a civil war in the
city,

violence of the others.

The

by

punilhing him
threatened to do

either
it

with death, or

themfelves.

banifhment, they Thefe words of the tribunes

having encreafed the tumult, particularly on the part of the younger fenators, who bore their threats with impatience, Marcius, animated by their refentment, now attacked the
tribunes with greater arrogance, and boldnefs, faying to them; " If you do not ceafe to difturb the and

" "

to inflame the poor by your harangues, I fhall,

commonwealth, no longer,

oppofe you with words, but with adions."

then, be a very natural antithefls, if we that o, r>,v Ti,.,. x, rov ^\Jov a

can approve of neither of thefe alteraThe reafon, that induced me to read tijv ti/ahv, is this ; our author h:is told us that CI z!T\^<rtc>Pd]oi, Kcti (piKoJiuoI

tions.

za^^a.

t^ Smlt^
?

iy^ilt'iJiy,KQJi!

rejefted his

advice

rx'oi

applauded Marcius

Will

it

not,

XXVI.

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASS E NS IS.

191

fenate being, novv^, in a flame, and the tribunes, finding that thofe, w ho defiixd tt> take av^-ay the power granted to the people, were fuperior in number to the fenators, who advifed to adhere to the agreement, ran

XXVI. The

out of the fenate, crying out, and calling upon the gods, who were witnelles to their oaths After which, they affembled the people ; and, having acquainted them with the
:

fpeech
to

made by Marcius in the fenate, they fummoned him make his defence. But he, paying no regard to them,

and repuliing the officers, by

whom he was fummoned,

with

abuiive words, the tribunes grew the more inraged ; and, taking with them the ediles, and many other citizens, ran
to feize him. Marcius

happened to

be, yet, ftanding before

the fenate houfe, attended by a great number of the patricians, and by the reft of his fadion. When the tribunes faw him,

they ordered the ediles to apprehend him ; and, if he refufed to follow them, to bring him away by force. The
ediles, at that time,

Icihus

Ruga

were Lucius Junius Brutus, and Spurius Thefe advanced with a defign to feize him.

the other fide, the patricians, looking upon it as an infufferable thing, that any one of their body fhould be, forcibly,

On

carried

away by the

tribunes,

before he was tried,

all,

before Marcius; and, ftriking placed themfelves

who

them away. The news of this adion approached him, drove all ran out of their being fpread through the whole city,
the magiftrates, and the men of fortune, with a in proteding Marcius, and to defign to afTift the plebeians recover the ancient form of government ; and thofe of low houfes
;

con-

192

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
and
to obey their orders
;

BookVII.
affift

condition, and narrow circumftances, with a view to

tribunes,

the

had, hitherto,
excefles againft

and that modefty, which withheld them from daring to commit any
:

one another, was, then, baniflied However, their conteft did not, that day, breakout into any irreparable
mifchief ; but, in deference to the advice, and exhortations of the confuls, they deferred the decifion of it to the day after. XXVII. The next day, the tribunes came firft to the

forum

many
had

and, afiembling the people, they, fuccefllvely, made inve6liv^es againft the patricians, as againft men, who
;

and tranlgrefled the oaths, by which they had promifed the people to forget all, that was to fhew that they were not, fincerely, reconpaflcd ; and,
violated
their treaties,

ciled to the plebeians,

they alledged the fcarcity of corn,

which they had contrived, the two colonies they had fent out, and many other things they had pradlifed with a view
After that, they inveighed, violently, againft Marcius, repeating the words he had fpoken in the fenate, and told them that, when he was
to leflen the

number of

the people:

defence before the people, he had, not only, not vouchfafed to come, but had, alfo, with blows, driven away the ediles, who were fent to him. They called
to
his

fummoned

make

upon the

mony

fenators of the greateft dignity to give their teftiof what pafled in the fenate ; and, to prove the in-

fult offered to

the ediles,

then, prefent in the to the patricians to

upon all the plebeians, who were, forum. Having faid this, they gave leave

make

their defence,

if

they thought

proper

and, for that purpofe, kept the people togetlier,

till

BookVir.
till

DIONYSIUS HALIC AR N A SS EN S I S.
:

193

the fenate fliould be diftniffed

For

it

happened that the

this

very affair, and coniidering whether they fliould clear themfelves to the or remain quiet people of the crimes they were accufed of, And the majority inclining to humane, rather than to imconfulting
:

fenate were, at that time,

upon

the confuls difmifled the fenate, and came perious, meafures, to the forum, with a defign both to juftify the patricians in their whole order, regard to the accufations brought againfl:

and to

intreat the people

not to come to any fevere refoluMinucius,

:

fpoke
'

tion againft Marcius: in the following

And

the fenior conful,

manner

'

defence, in relation to the fcarcity of corn, is very fhort, citizens, and we fliall call no other witnelles to prove the truth of what we than
yourfelves

XXVIII. " Our

'

'

'

For, even, you yourfelves know bore no corn, becaufe it was not fown ; and you have no oc<:afion to be informed by others, from what caufe
:

alledge, that the land

'

'

the feveral devaftatations of the country have proceeded, what means, at laft, the greateft, and moft fruitful and

by

'

the land part of

came
it is

to

want
it

'

and

cattle

partly,

becaufe

of grain, Haves, was laid wafle by the enemy,

all forts

'

'

'

incapable of fupplying you, wlio So that, are fo numerous, and have no other refource the famine was not occafioned by what

and

partly,

becaufe

concluding

your

'

'

but by what you yourfelves demagogues charge us with, are fenfible of, ceafe to attribute this misfortune to our
contrivance,

*' **

and to be angry with

us,

when we do you
neceflity for

no injury. Vol. III.

As

to the colonies, there

was a
.

"
fending

194

ROMAN
all

ANTIQJJITIES OF
it

Book VII.

" "
*'
*'

fending them out, lince

you

to

garrifon places,
fent,

was the unanimous opinion of that will be of ufe in time of war:

" " former will, by

*'

the occafion was fo very urging, they have proved of great advantage both to thofe, who went out, and to you, who remain at home For the

And, being

when

this

means, enjoy there a greater plenty of

thofe,

all neceffaries,
lefs

and

who remain

here, will fuffer the

"
" "

from the

fortune,

And the equality of of provifions. to which we like you, in patricians fubmitted

fcarcity
lot,

fending out the colony by

deferves

no

cenfure.

XXIX. " What,

fault

" to find
*' *'

provoke the demagogues with us for thofe things, in which both our

therefore, can

opinions,
hurtful,
(C

and our fortunes are the fame, whether they are as they fay, or advantageous, as we think As to
:

the accufations, with

which they charge

us, in relation to

(C *'

what palled
not think
fit

in the laft aflembly

" forming defigns to " refented

we,
ftill,

of the fenate, that we did to moderate the price of corn ; that we were
abolifh the tribunitian
fecefiion,

power

that

your

and were
;

defirous,

by

thefe, and all every method, to diftrefs the plebeians " fuch accufations we fhall, foon, clear ourfelves of by our " adiions in no degree ; ; by hurting you by confirming, even " now, the tribunitian power upon the fame terms we, then, " granted it to you, and by felling the corn at the price you " fliall all of Have patience therefore ; and, you appoint.
*'

**

if all thefe

things are not performed, then accufe us.

But,

"

if

"

you

will, carefully,

examine our

contefts,

you

will find

that

we

patricians have greater reafon to accufe the people,

" than

Book VII.
*'

DION YSIUS H AL IC A RN A S S E N S IS.

195

"
<'

than you to complain of the fenate : For you wrong us, citizens; and be not ofFended at being told of it; fince,

without waiting the event of our counfels, you think fit to " find fault with them But, who knows not that already.
it is

<

the eafieft of

"
(C

banifli

harmony charging others with deof which the proof being in fufpence, and not figns, yet is no to the accufed fome manifeft, guard againft fufFering
prejudice,

things for a from a city, by

all

man

to confound,

and

Whereas, it, now, aphaveaded with that you greater hafte, than prudence, pears " and in your malice. placed your fafety " XXX. Concerning the crimes, with which the tri" bunes have charged the fenate in general, I think what I
:

" " " " " "

but rather a pretence to the accufer tojuftify his accufation ? And, not only, your leaders deferve cenfure
for accufing,
felves

and calumniating the fenate, but you yourdeferve it no lefs for giving credit to them, and

refenting injuries, before

juries

you were

afraid

you feel them For, if the inof were future, your refentment
:

ought to have been future

alfo

"

*'
*'

have faid fufficienf

But, fince they calumniate everyone

*'
*'

"
('

of us, in particular, for what we faid there, and comwe divide the city, and are, now, endeavourplain that ino- to put to death, or banifli, Caius Marcius, a man, who loves his country, and who fpoke of the public affairs

"
*'
*'

defign to treat this fubjeil, alfo, with all the regard, that is due to juftice ; and do you confider

with freedom,

if

what

When

founded on moderation, and truth. you were treating of your reconciliation with the
I fhall

fay

is

Cc

"

fenate

196
*'

ROMAN

ANTIQJLJITIES OF

Book VII.

you thought it enough for you to be difto chufe macharged of your debts ; and you deiired leave " out of your own body, to prote6l the poor from giftrates Both thefe things you obtained, for which you oppreffion
fenate, citizens,

"

thought yourfelves under great obligations to us

abollfli

But, to

the confular power, to render ineffectual the authority of the fenate in prefiding over the commonwealth, or to fubvert theeftablifhed

*'

government, you neither, then, deiired,

((

nor will you, ever, defire: What, therefore, provokes you to attempt, now, to confound all thefe things ? Or, by what right do you leek to deprive us of our honors ?
For,
if

you deter the

fenators

from fpeaking

their fenti-

" ments with freedom, what moderation is to be expeded " from the of leaders ? Or, what law, will by your language
**
*'

they pretend or banifliment

to punifh any of the patricians with death, ? For, neither the old laws, nor the agree-

"
**

ments,

"
** *'

the fenate, give you this power. But, to tranfgrefs the bounds prefcribed by the laws, and to render violence fuperior to juftice, is, no longer, populately,

made with

lar,

" of the advantages you have

"
*'

my

defire to hear the truth, tyrannical. advife you neither to give up part, I ftiould any

but, if

you

For
one

obtained from the fenate, nor

to claim any you did not defire, of a reconcilation with them.

when you were

it

treating

XXXI. "
*'
*'

But, in order to

make

Hill,

more

plainly,

defire a tinng inconappear to you that your demagogues fiftent both with moderation, and juftice, and that their

" aims

are illegal

and impradicable,

transfer this queftion

" from

Book VII.
'*

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

and confider
it

197
:

from

the Tenate to yourfelves,

in this light

"

Imagine the fenators accufed your magiftrates of ufing, " in your aflembly, m^Hcious expreflions againft the fenate,

" of endeav^ouring to fubvert the eftabhlTied ariftocracy, " and of railing a Edition in the city (all which they may " affert with for are of thefe
*'

which is all, that they aini at " a greater power, than was granted to them, in attempting " to And, put one of our order to death without a trial " then, imagine the fenate refolved that the perfons, guilty " of thefe crimes, fhould be put to death with impunity " How would you bear this arrogance of the fenate ? And " what would you fay ? Would you not be out of patience, *' and complain you were, feverely, treated, if anyonefhould *' deprive you of the freedom of fpeech, and of your liberty, " with the fevereft who
:

they guilty the mofl: heinous crime of

truth,

things) and,

by threatening

puniflmient thofe,

" in favor of the people? This you muft fpoke, freely, " do you think it reafonable that others fhould grant. And, " bear what you yourfelves would not fubmit to? Do thefe *' fentiments of yours become citizens, and flow from mo" deration ? Do you not, by iniifting on fuch things, juflify *' the accufations you are charged with, and fhew that thofe,
*'
''

who
gain

advife us not to fuffer your

lawlefs

domination to

new

ftrength,

confult the good of the

I

common-

" wealth? For

*'

"
*'

But, if you dcfire to confute thefe accufations by a contrary behaviour, follow my advice, moderate your fentiments, and bear the fpeech,

my

part,

think

fo.

with which you are offended, like

citizens,

and with "

temper.

198
*'

ROMAN
And,
;

ANTIQJJITIES OF
you do
this,

Book VII.

temper.

if

"
*'

vantage

you

will

you will gain a double adand your enemies appear good men,

will repent.

XXXII. " Having, now, juftified ourfelves in a convincing " manner, as we think, weadvife you to run intonoexcefs " we have no with the benefits, delign to reproach you " and favors, we have conferred on you, as well formerly, " as at to moderate your anger; your return, but only " which benefits we are but you ought to willing to forget, " remember. However, we are under a neceflity ot men" tioningr them at this time, when we defire that, in return " for the many great favors we have beftowed upon you at " us this, neither to put to will
;

"

"
"
*'
*'

grant your requeft, you a man, who loves death, nor banifh excels all others in the art of war: For
lofs to us, as

his
it

country, and will be no fmall

" mind how many of you he has faved in the wars and, " inftead of retaining any refentment for his unguarded *' words, to remember his glorious a6lions: For his words *' but his actions hav^e done have done you no mifchief you
; ;

you well know, citizens, if we deprive the commonwealth of fuch valor. You ought, therefore, on his account, to relent, when you call to particularly

*'

"
"
*'
*'

Flowever, you are irreconcilable to this great fervice man, at the interceilion of us at leaft, and of the fenate,
:

if

forgive
reftore

him

be, at laft, fincerely reconciled to us,

and

*'

unanimity to the commonwealth: Whereas, if you yield not to our perfuafions, be affured that, on our we fhall not yield to your violence; but this trinl of
part,

" the

Book VII.
*'

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

199

the people's affedion will prove to all the fource either of " a fincere and of ftill greater kindnefs, or of civil friendfliip,

"

war, and irreparable evils." XXXIII. After Minucius had fpoken in this manner, the tribunes, feeing the people moved with the moderation of
his fpeecli,

and the humanity of his promifes, were offended,

;

and

difplcafed

particularly,

Caius Sicinnius Bellutus, the

fame perfon, who had prevailed upon the poor to fecede from the patricians, and been appointed by them to be their while they were in arms ; a man, the moft inveterate general,
the ariftocracy, and, for that reafon, raifed by the againft citizens to dignity ; and, being inverted with the tribunitian

power

for the fecond time, he,

it

leafl:

thought

his intereft

that the
its

the demagogues, commonwealth fhould be

all

of

imited, and reftored to

former

ftate

For he was

fo far

from expe6ting
an ariftocracy,

to enjoy the
as

fame honors, and power under he was a bad man in his nature,
obfcurely
either in

educated, and had, never, diftinguifhed himfelf

war, or in peace, that he knew he fhould, even, be expofed to the greateft danger for having occafioned the fedition,

commonwealth. After he had considered, therefore, what he was to fay, and do, and confiilted with his coUegues, and they concurred with him, he
and many other
evils to

the

and, having, fhortly, lamented the misfortunes of the people, he commended the confuls for vouchfafing to
rofe

up

give

them an account of their

;

actions,

low condition

and, likewife, faid

without defpifing their he returned thanks to

lafl,

the patricians tor taking fome care, at

of the prefervation

of

200

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

of the poor ; and that he fhould, ftill more willingly, join with all his fellow-citizens in publifliing this, if they would confirm their words by their adions. faid this, and thereby feemed moderate XXXIV.
in his
'"

Having and difpofition,

valiant

inclining to an

turned to Marcius,

who

accommodation, he flood near the confuls, and faid ;

" And you,

**
*'

man, why do you not clear yourfelt to of what you faid in the fenate ? your fellow-citizens, Rather, v/hy do you not make fupplication to them, and
deprecate
their anger,

"
*'
'' **

to the

end they may punilh you

" " think

*'

I not advdfe you to deny the rigor ? For would with it, or to have refadlj as fo many are acquainted courfe to fhamelefs apologies, as you are Marcius, and Unlefs you above That of a private man have a

with

lefs

fpirit
it

that

becomes the

confuls,

and the

patricians, to

you to the people, but that it does not be" come you to do the fame thing for yourfelf." This he that a man of his great fpirit would never faid, well knowing fubmit to be his own accufer, and to deprecate his punifliintercede for

ment, as if he had tranfgreffed ; or, contrary to his charader, have recourfe to lamentations, and intreaties but, that
;

he would

either not vouchfafe to

or, preferving his

inbred

to the people, nor fpeak

:

make any defence at all, haughtlnefs, make no fubmiflions to them with moderation Which
:

happened accordingly For there being a general filence, and almoft all the plebeians, earneftly, deiiring to acquit him,
'8-

0'Jy,v.

See the
boolc.

thirteenth anno-

tation

on

this

M. ***

has,

again, miftakcn the fenfe of this word, ^n^X i^uS., -plus modsrc dans fa coLre.

if

BookVir.
if

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASS ENS I S.

201

he had availed himfelf of the prefent opportunity, he fpoke to them in fo haughty a manner, and fhewed fo great a he contempt of them, that he did not deny a fingle thing

had

faid in the fenate againft the people

faid,

nor, as if he
raife their

had

repented of what he had

paffion,

endeavour to

com-

He would not, even, or deprecate their anger. allow them to be his judges in any cafe, as having no lawful
But, if any one thought fit to accufe him before authority the confuls, or to require an account either of his words, or his actions in a place appointed by law, he was ready to
:

he prefented himfelf to the themfelves had fummoned him, with a people, fince they defign, not only, to reprimand them for the illegal proceedfubmit to
his trial.

He

faid that

ings,

exceiTes they had been guilty of, as well during their revolt, as after their return ; but, alfo, to advife them,

and

now at leaft,
able defires.

to put a ftop to,

and

reftrain, their

unwarrant-

After which, he inveighed againft them all with great feverity, and boldnefs ; and, particularly, againft In his fpeech, there was no prudent the tribunes.
refpedt,

becoming a citizen, who informs the people; no modeft itfelf to the refentment of the fear, powerful, fuch

oppofing as might be expeded from a private perfon under a general but the ungovernable fury of an enemy, indifpleafure \
fulting the of their fufferings.

fubdued with impunity, and a fevere contempt

XXXV.

For thefe

reafons, while

he was yet fpeaking,

there arofe a great tumult, the people, frequently, changing their opinion, as it happens in aftembiies of different

Vol.

III.

fenti-

202

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
and
different inclinations
;

BookVII.

fentlments,

fome being pleafed with his fpeech, and others offended at it. And, when he had done fpeaking, the clamor, and tumult encrealed For
:

the patricians, calling

him the

braveft of

him

for his

man

of

liberty of fpeech, their whole number,

and

faid

men, commended he was the only veQ

who

neither feared the attacks

of a numerous enemy, nor flattered the infolent, and illegal On the other fide, the attempts of his fellow-citizens.
called him haughty plebeians, impatient of his reproaches, and fevere, and the greateft of all their enemies : And fome

of them were, already, dilpofed to have put him to death by an adl of violence, which they could, eafily, have accomplifhed.
In

demagogues J
their paffion.

they were affifled, and abetted by the and Sicinnius, in particular, gave a loofe to
this

At

laft,

therefore, after

he had ufed

many

inveilives againfl:

him, and

inflamed the

minds of the

plebeians by miniftring, largely, to their fury, he clofed his " That the accufation with faying, college of the tribunes " condemned him to death for infulting the ediles, whom

" he had, the day before, driven away with blows, when " they were ordered by the tribunes to bring him before " them For they alledged that the infult, committed by " him againft their minifters, could be levelled at no " other who had but at thofe
:

"

perfons, orders." Having

thofe,

given

faid this,

he commanded him to be

carried

to the hill, that overlooks the

forum: This
to die.

is

an

exceeding high precipice, from whence they ufed to throw

down

thofe,

who were condemned

The

ediles,

there-

Book VII.
therefore,

DION YSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS.

203

advanced in order to lay hold of him; but the out with a loud voice, rufhed patricians, crying upon them in a body Upon which, the plebeians fell upon the patricians ; and great indecency of adion, and mutual infults hold palled between them, both iides pufhing, and
:

laying

of one another.

compelled to
the confuls,

However, the authors of this tumult were be quiet, and to ad: with more temper by
forced their

who

way

into the midft of the

lidlors

contending parties, and ordered their So great a refped did the multitude
:

men

to quell the of thofe times

bear to this magiftracy, and fo

royal dignity.
force with force
after

much

did they honour the

Upon which,
afraid
;

Sicinnius,

being perplexed,

and difturbed, was

of obliging his adverfaries to repel

defifl:
it ;

but difdained to

he had, once, ingaged in

attempt, and, finding himfelf

from

his

unable to purfue his refolution, he confidered, long, what

he had to do.

XXXVI.
who

Junius Brutus, that popular orator, had contrived the terms of the accommodation, a man
perplexity, came afide, advifed him not to perfift in a
in this

Lucius

of great fagacity in every thing, but, particularly, in finding

expedients in
to
difficulties, feeing

him

him

and, taking

him

warm, and illegal undertaking, when he faw, not only, the whole body of the patricians in a flame, and ready, if the
upon them, to run to arms, but, alfo, that part of the pecJple, which was moft able to defend their caufe, heconfuls- called
fitating,

and not,

moft

illuftrious

put the perfon of the city to death, and that without d 2 a trial.
his v/illingly, receiving propofal to

204
a
trial.

ROMAN
He,

ANTIQJJITIES OF
him
left

Book VII.

therefore, advifed

to yield for the prefent,

and not to ingage with the confuls, caufe of fome greater mifchief; but
trial

he fhould be the

to bring the

man

to a

in

upon a day appointed ; to take the votes of the citizens their tribes, and to a6t purfuant to the determination of
;

the majority

and
of
of
to

violent,

that his prefent attempt v/as tyrannical tending to conftitute the fame perfon both his

faying

accufer,
his

and judge, and, alfo, the ordainer of the degree punifhment: But that it was agreeable to the fpirit
government, that a criminal fhould have liberty his defence according to the laws, and fuffer fuch
as the majority of his judges fliould determine.

all civil

make

punifhment

Sicinnius yielded to thefe arguments, finding he could take no better refolution ; and, prefenting himfelf to the people, " You fee, citizens, the eagernefs of the patricians for faid,

murder, and violence, which induces them to prefer one

man, who wrongs the whole commonwealth, to you all. However, we ought not to refemble them, and run headeither in attacking them, or in defendlong to our ruin,
attacks. ing ourfelves from their

But, fince fome people

make

fupporting punifhment citizen to be put to death without a

ufe of a fpecious pretence, and fcreen him from the law, which allows no by
trial,

let us

grant

them the

benefit of this law,

though we ourfelves have

not been treated by them either in a legal, or juft m'anner; and make it appear that we chufe to overcome our fellowcitizens,

Do

than in violence. injure us, in lenity, rather for the approaching you, therefore, depart, and wait

who

" time.

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

In the

205

" time.
*'

mean

while,

we

that
to

is

neceflliry; and,
his defence,

having appointed

will prepare every thing a day for Marcius

"
*'

make
be

fliall

his

judges.

manage the trial, and you And, when you are, legally, pofTefled
will

we

of the right of giving your votes, inllidl fucli punifhiment " on him, as you fhall find he deferves. So much for this.

*'

and diftribution of the corn, ifthefe men, *' and the fenate do not take fome care that this affair be *' ordered in the moll equitable manner, we fhall take That " care ourfelves." Having faid this, he difmiffed the
*'

As

to the fale,

upon

affembly.

XXXV

II.

The

confuls, prefently, affembled the fenate,

at leifure,

and confidered with them,

by what means the

difturbance might be appeafed : And the firft refoprcfent lution they came to, was to court the plebeians, by felling the provifions to them at a very cheap, and low price : In to endeavour to prevail upon their leaders the next
place, their purpofe in favor of the fenate, to defift

from

and not

to bring Marcius to his trial ; and, if they could not prevail, to put it off to the longefl; time poiTible, till the refentment of the people fhould grow languid. Having come to thefe laid their decree, relating to the provihons, refolutions,

they before the people, by

ral applaufe.
*' *'

was confirmed with a gene" That This was the fubftance of the decree:
it

whom

the prices of fuch provifions, as are neceffary for the daily loweft they were, ever, fupport of the people, be the
at before the civil

"

commotion."

As

to their application
it

to the tribunes in favor of Marcius, the effedt of

was

this

They

2o6

ROMAN
:

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VII.

They could not, byany intreaties, prevail upon them to remit him abfolutely However, they obtained of them a delay for
as

long a time as they defired. And they themfelves contrived another delay, by laying hold on the following occafion It
:

landing the prefent of corn he had given td the people, were taken by fome pirates, fent out by the Antiates, while they lay at anchor

happened that the embaffadors, fent from as they were returning home by fea after

Sicily

by the king,

not

far

from
in
;

their ports,

who

ordered their

fliips

to

be

brought

and, not only,

made

the fame advantage of

their effeds, as if they had belonged to an enemy, but, alfo, fecured their perfons. The confuls, being informed of this, refolved to march againft the Antiates ; fmce, upon fending

embalTadors to them, they refufed to do them any fort of And, having raifed an army confifting of all their juftice youth, and procured a decree of the fenate for the
:

fufpenfion

of

all

private,

and public

fuits, as

long as they fhould

con-

tinue in arms, they both took the field. However, this war did not lad near fo long, as they expedted For the Antiates, hearing the Romans were them
:

marching againft

with

all

their forces,

made not

the leaft refiftance

but,

havino-

recourfe to prayers, and intreaties, they reftored both the perfons of the SiciHan embafladors, whom they had taken, and their effeds alfo So that, the Romans were under a
:

necefiity of returning to the city.

being difbanded, Sicinnius, the afiemblcdthe tribune, people, and acquainted them with the day he had appointed for the trial of Marcius at
;

XXXVIII. The army

the fame
time,

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS HALICA RN ASS EN SI S.

who Hved
at

207

time, he exhorted the citizens,

Rome,

to

come

every one, and take cognizance of this caufe ; and thofe alfo, who refided in the country, to leave their biifinefs, and
attend that day, lince their Hberty, and the prefervation of the whole commonwealth their votes. He

depended upon

fummoned Marcius, alfo, to appear, and make his defence, aiTuring him that he fliould be deprived of no advantage the law allowed him. In the mean time, the confuls,
they had confdlted the fenate, refolved not to fuffer the people to poflefs themfelves of fo great a power.
after

a juft, and legal method of oppoHtion, by which they expedled to defeat all the defigns of their adverfaries. After this, they invited the leaders of the

They had found out

people to a conference, at which their friends affifted, when " It is our Minucius fpoke as follows opinion, tribunes,
:

*'

that we ought to ufe all our endeavours to banifh fedition " from the the people in any city, and not to contend with *' thing ; particularly, when we fee you fly from violent " to and reathat are founded on

methods,

Thofe,

juftice,

*'

fon. .But,
tions,

" "
*'

however commendable we think your refolu-

" from the time our

*'

opinion that the fenate ought to lead the way by making a previous order, as it has, always, been pra6lifed among us For, you yourfelves can teftify that,
:

we

are of

anceftors founded this city, the fenate have, always, been pofleffed of this privilege, and ''that the
Kail
sSsv
'

^9-

TffojTTo'i

Sf.'MOi nit

ri

fMj
ali

Tsr^oaisMvo-eiiv
f!r6;l/)j$(o-ev.

I6>g^yi,

jTrsit^ivfv,

to contradidl what our ^author has, before, told us, viz. that the refolutions of the people were, originally,
14,

This feems,

ac firft

fight,

fJB. ii. c.

"
people

20

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

"
*'

" under the kings, who laid before the people the refolu" tions of the and received their concurrence. Do
fenate,
*'

people never determined, nor voted any thing without a of the fenate, not previous order only now, but, even,

not, therefore, deprive us of this right, nor abolifh this

laid before the fenate for their approbation. In order to reconcile thefe two afiertions, I fhall not have recourfe to

they might,

legally,

refufe,

if

they
that,

thought

fit

My

reafon for

it is,

iTTiK^iviv,

upon agrammatical and 7rs4'>;?'>'5 which,

criticifm

the

words
in rea-

in the year of 388, the fenate, and people, after a great conteft, entered into a kind of compromilc, the

Rome

lity,

For

a confirmatory judgement: fignify this would be to get over the dif-

ficulty by making fenfe ; fince, if a previous order of the

our author talknon-

terms of which were, that two curule cdiles fhould be chofen among the formtr, and that, in return, the fenate fliould confirm all the refolutions the
people fhould, that year, pafs in their comitia For fo I underltand thele words of ^ Livy, Patres auSiores omni:

fenate was not pafTed, it would be imfor the people to confirm that pofTible order. The only way I can think of to
1 look upon folve the difficulty is this in their curiata, and it that the people,
:

bus ejus anni comitiis fierent : And that they are to be taken in this fenfe, I
''

centuriata comitia, could not take cog-

think,

nizance of any thing, before them by the magiftrates, as the confuls, or the tribunes of the people, Neither could after their inftitution
till it
:

was

laid

thererore,

have, already, proved. If, the fenate, in conllderation

of an advantage to themfelves, agreed to ratify all the refolutions of the people for that year, it a power of rejeding
is

the magiftrates lay any thing, regularbefore the people, without a previous order of the fenate, fignificd by
ly,

them

plain they had before that

time,

and

after
this

However,

the expiration of it. negative voic^ of the

thefe words, ferrent

ad pkbem.

This

previous order

take to be v/hat the

Greek writers call arfoSxAtu^ao;, which was not fo much a declaration of the f-nfe of the fenate upon the queftion, as an impowering the people to take And, after the peocognizance of it
:

fenate was fubjed to rertridions ; and the people had, conftitutionally, a foin three very efiential vereign power
'

points, in which the fenate could not controUthem Thefe were theeledion
:

declared their approbation of ple had the matter propofed to them, their reiblution was carried up to the fenate \ov their concurrence ; which I think
t B. vi. c. 42.

of magiftrates, the enading, or repealing laws, and the declaring war, or making peace. Upon thefe occafions,

they fpoke with an authority, that became their fovereign power; Folumus, etjubemus.
on the fecond book.
'Dionyfius, B.
iv. e.

''See the 122'' annotation

2?.

"

ancient,

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

209

" "
*' *'

ancient,

and well grounded cuftom; but inform the fenate that you defire a juft, and reafonable thing ; and,

whatever they fhall refolve upon, do you refer That to the determination of the people."

XXXIX. While
grew impatient

the confuls were

liiying this, Sicinnius

at their difcourfe,
:

to the decifion of the fenate to the advice of Lucius,

and would leave nothing But his collegues, purfuant

that

confented

the fenate fliould

the previous order, after they themfelves had made a could not deny For they juft requeft, which the confuls delired that the fenators would allow liberty of fpeech as
:

make

well to thofe, who were concerned for the people, as to thofe, M'ho fupported the fame interefl, or delired to

and that, after they had heard all parties, they oppofe it would, then, decree what they thought juft and advantageous to the public That the fenators fliould all give their
,

in a court of juftice, after taking the oath apopinions, as a by law ; and the queftion be determined

pointed

by

The tribunes having confented that the majority of votes. fenate fhould make the previous order, as the confuls delired, the conference ended. The next day, the fenate met, when
them with the terms of the agreement they had made with the tribunes, and called upon the latter to offer what they had to fay. Upon which, Lucius,
the confuls acquainted

who had
manner.

confented that the fenate fhould

make

the pre-

vious order,

prefented himfelf, and fpoke in the following

Vol. in.

XL.

4IO

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
our

OF

Book VII.

/,/riiii ju/ru^^

XL. " You

yjeifJii^g

"of
4t
*'

Cvn*-

'

are not ignorant, fathers, of the confequence appHcation to you, for which, as well as for

to your previous order,

we

fhall

be accufed beare

"
*'

fore the people

to,

upon fuch grounds,

as

we

no Grangers

by a perfon, ourfelves; and

who who

poffefTed of the fame power with did- not think that we ought to aflc
is

" That of you, which the law " as a favor. And, if we

right,

gives us, or to receive a are tried for this, we are

"
*'

fenfible

we

fhall

as deferters,

run no fmall hazard, but be condemned and traitors, and fuffer the worft of punifh-

" ments.

But, though fenfible of thefe things, we have refolved to apply to you, in confidence of our right, and of the oaths, under the obligation of which you will deliver

"
*'

We are, indeed, inconfiderable men to your opinions. treat of fuch important fubjefts, and of much lefs confequence than they require
of,

*'
*'
*'

but the fubje6ls we fhall treat are not inconfiderable. Attend, therefore, to thefe ;
;

and,

** *'

they fhall appear juft and advantageous to the public (and I may add, even, necefiTary) allow us, volunto obtain them. tarily,
if

"

After fpeak to the point of right. you had expelled the kings by our afliftance, fathers, and fettled our prefent conftitution, Vv^hich we find no fault
I
fliall firft

XLI. "

u with, you obferved that the plebeians had, always, the " difadvantao-e in their fuits, whenever they had any dif-

"
*'

ference with the patricians, which, frequently, happened ; and paffed a law, by the advice of Publius Valerius, one of
confuls,

" the

by which

it

was made lawful

for the plebeians,

" when

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARNASSEN SIS.

2ii

the patricians, to appeal to the people : opprefled by And, by the means of this law, more than by any other meafure, you both preferved the union of the commonwealth, and repulfed the attacks of the kings. It is in virtue of this law, that we cite Caius Marcius to appear before

when

the people, on account of the injuftice, and oppreflion he has been guilty of towards them all, and call fay

we

upon

him

to

make

his defence before

is

them.

And,

in this cafe,
:

a previous order of the lenate

not neceflary

For, with

regard to thofe things, which are left at large by the laws, you have a right to make a previous order, and the
to confirm
it
;

people

But,

when there is an

inviolable law,

though

you

fliould
:

make no
it

obferved

For

previous order, that law muft be cannot be faid that, to private

this

when aggrieved by any judgement,

is

perlbns, to the people appeal

allowed, but not to their tribunes.

Supported, thereand, for th^t reafon,

fore,

by

this

conceiTion of the law

of fubmitting to your determinaexpofed to the danger

tion,
this

requeft

fupported are we by unwritten, and unenacled law of nature, when we of you, fathers, that the condition of the people

we come

before you.

Nor

lefs

may

be neither better, nor worfe than your own, at leaft in point of right ; fince they have afTifted you in carrying

on many conllderable wars ; have fhewn the greateft zeal in putting an end to thofe wars, and have had no fmall fhare in enabling the commonwealth to receive laws from none, but to give laws to others. Now, the moft effedual means you can take, fathers, to put us in no worfe a con" dition Ee 2

212

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
their eyes the terror

Book VII,

"
<'

ditlon than yourfelves in point of right, will be, to prevent the illegal attempts of men againfl our perfons, and liberties,

" " " "

*'

by placing before

of a condemnation.

look upon it as our duty to confer magiftracies, precedence, and honors upon thofe among you, who are
diftinguifhed by their virtue ; but, at the fame time, we think it reafonable that to fuffer no injury, and to receive

We

" to the wrong fuftained, fhould be equal juftice adequate " and common to all who live under the fame thofe, go" vernment. we As, therefore, give up to you the things, *' that are illuftrious and great, fo we mean not to depart " from Thofe, that are equal and common. This is enough " concerning the point of right, though many other argu" ments might be ufed to fupport it. XLII. " Suffer us, now, to fhew you, in few words, that

"

" " upon to be the greatefb mifchief a commonwealth can " labour under, and the caufeofthefwifteftof alldeftruftions, " would ? I own, I think fo. Who you not fay it is difcord
:

the demands of the people will be, even, advantageous to the public For, if any one fhould alk you what you look

*'

is

there

among

you, then, fo weak,

fo perverfe,

and fo
that,

" immoderate an enemy

*'

to equality, as not to

know,

if the people are allowed to exercife their jurifdi6lion in

"
*'
*'

caufes, of
live in

which the law

?

gives

them cognizance, we

fhall

But, if you fhould determine otherwile, and refolve to deprive us of our liberty (for you will,

harmony

"
*'

really, deprive

and law) you

us of liberty, if you deprive us of juftice, will drive us, again, into fedition, and a

"

civil

Book VII.
*'

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
:

213

civil

*'

For, if juftice, and law are banifhed from a commonwealth, fcdition, and war will enter there. It is
if thofe,

war

" " " " " "

no wonder, indeed,

the calamities of a civil

never experienced war, are neither affedled with paft

the

who have

" able excufe is left, if they fall, again, under the fame mif" fortunes? Who is there, who would not accufe you of " great folly, and madnefs, when he conliders that, very " lately, you fubmitted to many things againft your incli" nation, fome of which, poilibly, were neither very hon" ourable, nor very advantageous, in order to appeafe a " fedition of the people ; and now, when neither your " nor other
*'

you, expofed to the fmalleft dangers, thought themfelves happy to fiad relief by feafonable concefTions, what fpecious, or reafon:

misfortunes, nor take early precautions to prevent future when But, to thofe, who, like

private fortunes, your reputation, intereft is, in any degree, concerned,

"

" enemies?
"

afperate

the plebeians

again,

public you refolve to exin order to oblige their

if

any

This you will not do,

you

are wife.

But

"
*'

would, willingly, afk you, what motive, then, induced you to confent to our return upon the terms we defired
:

"

" "
*'

influenced by your forelight of what was moft or by your fubmiilion to what was moft eligible, neceilary ? For, if you thought thofe conceflions to be of the greatefl:

Were you

" "

advantage to the commonwealth at that time, why do you not adhere to them at prefent ? And, if they were
neceflary,

and every other meafure impradicable, or if they flowed from true reafoning diredled to the public " good.

214

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

" of having made them? good, why do you complain " Poflibly you ought not to have granted tliem, at firft, if " you could have avoided it ; but, fince you have granted " them, you ought, no longer, to find fault with your own " conceflions.
think you a6ted with " the to the accommodation, greateft prudence in regard " to which you are obliged to yield, in order to obfervethe

XLIII. " For

my part,

fathers,

" terms of it for you have given us the gods as furetiesfor " the performance of the agreement, by loading with many " grievous imprecations both thofe, who hould violate any " for ever. and their of But I do not
:

part

it,

pofterity

*'

" "
*'

neceifary to trouble you with faying any more in order to convince you that our demands are jufi: in them-

think

it

felves,

and advantageous to you

your oaths, you

and fuch

as,

when you
you

confider

will all be confcious that

" "
*'

are under the greateft necellity of confenting to. Learn now, fathers, or rather call to mind, the grievous outrages we have fuffered from this man, which have made it a

any plebians attempted fay, or " do fuch things againft your order in an afiembly of the " as Marcius has dared to advance to this place, people, " what

" conteft, which nothing but the greateft necefiity could " have prevailed upon us to undertake: For I fliall advance " nothing you are not all acquainted with; and I beg, at " the fame time, that you will apply what I fay to your" felves. If of our had to

point of no fmall importance to us not to be either by fear, or deluded by artifice, to

pelled

com-

relinquiili this

BookVn.

DIONYSIUS H AL ICARN ASSEN SIS.

would you have been
the
firfi:

215

v/hat refentment

fired

with againft

him ?
you, who endeavoured to diffolve the unalterable, and almoft adamantine bonds of our agreement, entered into not quite four years fince, which neither you, who fwore to the ob-

XLIV. " ForMarcius was

man among

nor your pofterity can violate without a This agreecrime, as long as this city fhall be inhabited ment he did not feek, privately, to undermine, or cover
it,
:

fervance of

his

defign by the fecrefy of the place, but, openly, declared his opinion here, in the all, that hearing of

you

you

ought, no longer,
tian

to allow us the exercife of the tribuni-

power, but to abolifh the firft, and only guardian of our liberty, in confidence of which we confented to
the accommodation:

Neither did his prefumption ftop here; but, traducing the liberty of the poor with the name of infolence, and equality with That of tyranny, he
advifed

you to deprive us of both. Call to mind, fathers, the moft wicked of all his fuggeftions at that time, when
this to

be the proper feafon for you to revive your refentment againft the plebeians for their former offences;

he declared

and advifed you, while they were diftrefied of money, and had, long, been ftreightened in
ceffary fubfiftence,

for

want

their ne~

him, and to find means that the fame For fcarcity might continue it was not to be expedted, he faid, that, being poor, and
to
to
:

leave the

whole

obliged to pay an exceffive price for a fmall quantity of corn, we could, long, hold out; fcut that fome of us

" would

2i6
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VII.

" " "

leave the city, and thofe who ftaid, be deftroyed But he was fo infaby the moft miferable of all deaths. tiiated, and deprived of his reafon in giving you this ad-

would

vice,

as

not to be able to fee even

this,

"
*'
*'

" would be compelled to fall upon the authors of " So calamity, without diftinguifhing their friends.

of which the advice he gave the fenate to break " through the accommodation, was produftive, that fuch a " number of poor, when deprived of neceffary fubfiftence,
mifchiefs,
their
that,

"

among many

other

you had been fo mad, ended infallibly, have

if

as to

purfue his advice,

alternative,

it

muft,
the

in

this

either

whole body of the people muft have perifhed, or That of " the For we fhould not have patricians been deftroyed " fuffered ourfelv^es to be or to death in
:

baniftied,

put

" " " " " "

*'

fo

ftavifh a

manner

but, having called

upon the gods,

be
aflTured,

and genius's

to be witneiTes to our fufferings,

filled

we

fhould have
;

the forum, and the

ftreets

with

having made a lake of civil blood, we fhould, in that condition, have received our deftined Of fuch impious adlions, fathers, was he the profate.

dead bodies

and,

moter,
fubjedl

and fuch things did he think

of his harangue. " Neither can it be
faid that the

fit

to

make

the

"

XLV.

words of Marcius

" tended, indeed, to divide the city, but that his adions " had no fuch For, being furrounded with a tendency " body of men, ready to obey him in any thing, he refufed *' to appear before our magiftrates, when called upon, and
:

*'

ftruck our ofticcrs,

when, by our

orders, they endeavoured " to

BookVir.
to brinop

DIONYSIUS HALIC AR N A S S EN S I S.
him away ; and,
to be,
at laft, did not,

217
'

even, refrain

from offering violence will qiience of which

fhall bear the fpecious

our

own

perfons.
in

The
him

confe-

that,

as far as

lies,

we

name of an

inviolable magiftracy,

given in ridicule, but perform no part of the functions

appropriated to that magiftracy.
relief to others,

For how

fhall

who complain

they are injured,

we give when we

ourfelves cannot enjoy fecurity ? When, therefore, we, who are poor, have been, thus, infulted by one man, not yet a tyrant, but aiming at tyranny ; when we have, al-

ready, fuffered

you, fathers, more, have we not reafon to refent

outrages ; and, if the major part of had not prevented it, were near fuffering

many

fome

relief,

expe6t not without the hope of your efpoufing our

this,

and

to

refentment,
fathers, in

when we

call

him

to a fair,

and

legal trial,

which the whole body of the people, in their tribes, after every man, who defires to fpeak, has been heard, ? will Go thither, Marcius, give their fuffrages on oath
and, what you defigned to fay here, fay
fellow-citizens, for

your juftification

your alledge that, with

it

before

all

the beft intention, you gave the beft advice to thefe fenators ; or that, even, your advice, if followed, would

have been advantageous to the commonwealth ; that it is inconfiftent with juftice that thofe, who deliver their opinions
in this place, fliould give an account of their words; that it was not with a premeditated, or a treacherous

but, through paffion, you advice ; or fly to any other defence

that

delign, offered this abominable

you can

Defcend,

Vol.

III.

"

unhappy

2i8

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF
that

Book VII.

"

unhappy man, from

" haughtinefs, to a " hke other men; aflume the appearance of a

and tyrannical popular behaviour; become, at laft,

overbearing,
perfon, who an appearance calculated

" has erred, and deprecates anger ; " to exprefs humility, and excite compaflion ; fuch a one, " as calamities require; and feek not your prefervation by
*'

" fubmitting to their " men be an

w^orthy

offering violence to

thofe

you have injured

pleafure.

by Let the conduct of thefe

;

but

" time ; yet thefe refpedable, thefe great " no cruel, no haughty refolutions againft " and but
conliderable,
firft,
*'

example of moderation to you, which 1 if you imitate, your fellow-citizens will have no caufe to complain of you. Though fupported by fuch numbers, (( as you fee here prefent, and adorned with fo many military, " and civil accomplifliments, which I could not, eaiily, " enumerate, though I fhould take up a great deal of

"

perfons
us,

came

to

who

are in-

propofed a " dation, when Fortune had divided us

*'
*'

obfcuremen; they themfelves, even invited us to an accommotreaty, and

;

and confented to

thought moft advantageous to themfelves; and thefe laft jealoufies " we had entertained on them account of the diftriagainft " bution of corn, they took great pains to remove. " XLVI. I omit other in favor of
things
:

fuch conditions, as

we

defired, not to fuch, as they

But,

yourfelf,

*' *'

" beians both

'*

and, to deprecate the punifhment due to your madnefs, what interceirions did they not employ with all the plein their

public,

the confuls, and the fenatc,

and private capacity ? Since who have the government of " fo

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H A L IC A RN A S S E N SIS.

219

fo coniiderable

a city, have thought it no dishonor to them, Marcius, to fubmitto the judgement of the people,
to
to
it

in relation to

you

thought

what they were charged with, will it be any fubmit to the fame tribunal ? All thefe have no difgrace tointreatthe people to acquit you,

and do you think the fame thing a difgrace to yourfelf ? However, this is not enough for a man of your fpirit; but, as if you had performed fome great achievement,

you appear with an exalted mien, and magnify your a6lions, abate nothing ol your pride I refolving to might add your reviling alfo, acculing, and threatening the people.
;

And, do you not refent his arrogance, fathers, a greater value upon himfelf alone, than, even,
fet

for
all

fetting

of you

yet it is his duty, though you fliould be unanimous in your votes to ingage in a war for

upon

yourfelves

And

his fake, to

be

fatisfied

with

this

proof of your benevolence,

at the

expence of the public ; but to fubmit to make his defence, even to be condemned, if that fhould happen to be his cafe,

and

zeal,

and not to accept a private favor

any punifliment For fuch would be the behaviour of a good citizen, and of one, who pradtifes virtue in his a6lions, rather than in his words. But, what courfe

and to

fuffer

of

what defigns does the violence, which this man now makes ufe of, difcover? Does it not difcover a defign
life,

to A^iolate oaths,

to break

through folemn ingagements,

the people, to abufe

to abolifh treaties, to

make war upon

;

the perfons of magiftrates, and to refufe to give an account

of any one of thefe adions

but,

untried,

undefended,

f 2

"
courting

220

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VII.

" no man, and, difdaining an courting no man, fearing " with any one citizen among fo many, to walk equality (( about with impunity ? Are not thefe the indications of a " ? in And
tyrannical difpofition

They

are,

my

opinion

(C

"
*'

yet this

your implacable hatred againft the plebeians, and cannot fee that the birth " of this evil threatens the moll dignified citizens, not lefs

man is encouraged, and applauded own order, who are poffeffed with an

by fome of

" than thofe of an inferior rank hut ; imagine that, when " their natural adverfaries are inflaved, they themfelves fhall " be fecure But this is not fo in O men of miftaken
:

reality,

For you may learn from the experience Marcius " exhibits to you, and by time, by foreign, and domeftic
notions
I

*'

foftered againft the examples, that tyranny, people, is " foftered againft the whole commonwealth ; at prefent,

"

^^

"
*'

indeed,
it

it

begins with us

but, after

it

has gained ftrength,.

even you." XLVII. After Lucius had fpoken in this manner, and the reft of the tribunes had fupported him by adding what
will not fpare
2-

Moa^iMo^ivij. fufficient to tranflate this

it,

alio, necelTary to ftgmhas, a young plani

do not think it word ; I think explain it. Moac?

;

taken in the
jwoj^of,
I

it

fignifies alfo

young of every kind, "When Agamemnon is going to fet fail from Aulis to Troy, ^ he fays to Clyboy,
i/je

a young

and

have given to can lee no analogy between tyranny, and a young plant; but, if the word is taken in the other fenle, the comparifon between encoufirfl fenfe I
I

own

taemneflta,

Xf,^a<reAe.<rvWaM0IX0Nuj..v>, Zrxv z^Tfo, c,..t.

<.

.T/^vvoivT

Here

his fon Oreftcs, juo^of fignifies If is then, very young. juo^evcjmi>j

"Eurip. Iphi. in Aul.
;?.

raging tyranny, and nurfing up, for example, a lion's whelp, will be very natural. I am the more inclined ta think that 'our author had this in his ^.^^^ j^^^.^^^^-^ ,^^ makes Brutus fay fomething very like it, when he fpeaka of Tarquin's fons ; h-x h ^x'idi oas
e-xvAxf i'//<v);Ta^itvnif7vjvufu'7rc7t;f.
1623.
'B. iv. c. 81.

thev

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

221

they thought he had omitted, and it v/as time for the fenators to deHver their opinions, firft the mofl: ancient, and

the moft dignified of the confular fenators, being called upon by the confuls in their cuftomary order, rofe up ; and, after them, thofe who were inferior to them in both thefe

refpeds

and,

laft

of

all,

the youngeft fenators,

who made

no fpeech

(lor that

of modefty in man thought himfelf wifer than thofe of an advanced age) but aflented to the opinions delivered by the confular fenators*

would have been looked upon as a want the Romans of thofe times, and no young

There had been an order that

votes give their

upon

the fenators prefent (liould Then oath, as in a court of juftice.

all

Appius Claudius,

mentioned before, as the greateft enemy to the plebeians of all the patricians, and who could, never, relifli the agreement they had entered into with the
I

whom

the pafling of the previous order in the people, oppofed

following fpeech. VIII. " I have wifhed, and, often, prayed to the gods " that I be I entertained miitaken in the might opinion
>/
,

XL

^^^^/W^^/^;^^

concerning the accommodation with the people, when I " thought that the return of the fugitives would be neither

"

" honourable, juft, nor advantageous to you; and, during " the whole courfe of that tranfadion, whenever any thing
"
relating to this fubjedl
I

was propofed to our .conlideration,

laft,

*'

was the

firft,

and, at

the only perfon, after the reft

alfo,

" had deferted me, who oppofed it ; and I, " that v/ho entertained better
you, fathers,

wiihed

"

hopes, and,
juft,

chearfuUy,

came

into every concefllon

both

and

"
unjuft

222

ROMAN
in favor

ANTIQJLJITIES OF

Book VII.

of the people, might appear to have aded *' with greater prudence than myfelf. 'But, fince your " affairs have taken a turn contrary to my wiflies, and
iinjuft

"

" "
*'

" "
*'

expedlations, and that prayers, but not contrary to your favors have been returned with envy, and hatred, I fliall forbear to cenfure you for your paft errors, and to

my

you a fruitlefs uneaflnefs (which is a very eafy tafk, and a very common pradice) as a thing altogether unfeafonable at this juncture However, I fliall endeavour to fuggeft to you the means of corredling fuch of your paft
give
:

errors, as are not, abfolutely, incurable,

and of a6ling

in

*'
(C (C

now, before you with greater prudence. I am not ignorant that I fhall appear to fome of you to have loft my fenfes, and to court deftrudlion, in delivering my
the
affairs,

opinion, freely, concerning thefe things, how great dangers a liberty of fpeech is

when

coniider
to,

expofed

and

(I

refledl on the calamities of Marcius, who is, this minute, " in of his life for no other reafon. But my danger loling " opinion is, that I ought not to be more anxious for the " fecurity of my own perfon, than for the advantage of the " For the former has, longfince, been dedicated to public " the that attend perils, your caufe, fathers, and devoted to " contefts in defence of the commonwealth. So that, what" ever Heaven pleafes to ordain, I fhall fuffer it, refolutely, " with all of you, or with a kwy or, if neceffary, alone. " while I have no fear fhall deter
:

But,

life,

me from

"

ipeak-

ing what

think.

XLIX.

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A RN ASS EN SI S.
firfl:

223

now at place, I defire you will, laft, be convinced of this, that the body of the people are
(C

XLIX. " In the

difaffe6ledj

and enemies to the prefent eftablifhment, and

that

all

the conceflions you have, through foftnefs,

made

to

" them
((
'

not only, thrown away, but have expofed you to contempt, as granted by you through neceility, and not
are,
will,

flowing from good

and choice

For

deflre

you

to

'

conflder that this people, took arms, and had the

when, revolting from you, they boldnefs to declare open war

:

((

againft you, had received no injury, but pretended their inability to pay their creditors And, after you had granted

them an
'

abolition of their debts,

and an impunity
:

tor the

crimes they had committed in their revolt, they declared

Upon which they would make no farther demands "' the greateft part of you, though not all, mifled occaflon,
by thefe counfellors (which
-'
EfvaitTiKv
01

wifh had, never, happened)

TsM-ing

u'^av.

have
this

followed Cafaubon
paflfage

in

reftoring

of by Cafaubon to juftify this expreffion, aJ? u>) no's w^piAou, becaufe every
perfon, vv-ho has read the bell: Greek authors, particuhirly the poets,

with the addition of two words to connedt it with Thar, which goes before. This addition Cafaubon thinks neceffiry, though he added nothing
himfelf.

mud

have met with

Latin, and,
tranflators,

The frequently. the French confequently,

it

have, therefore, faid toIe ^>i which the reader will, I hope, think a In this manner, fufficient connexion. read the pafTage, would I therefore,
I
-,

with

this period.

have made ftrange work By fuppofing, with

Gelenius, that
fixed to

ffvuitrxv,

and, according to thisjl have tranflated

it
;

Tils

Sn

e>'vai7;4v

o'l

srAf

u",uav (k ycco

or,z:sA^!'ci)T!ia^!itv.o^i&i^'\i':^irojui'i<T\ju.Q^Kwv
(ftjV
f*i)

.approves of, our author fay that the fenate voted an abohtion of debts, and an amnefty,

ought to be prewhich Hudfon, alfo, the former have made

Y.ixfTi^

wols wcpsAcy)
I

axu^wo-ai Txs i-m

t>)

notwithftanding the majority were of

opinion, xaiTr;^ oi T^Aem; ifvcoaav, that neither of them were proper to be

have, alfo, added vOjUiif. after lifairti're, in the next paragraph, which is, vifibly, wanting. I fhall not ufe repeat any of the authorities made
cr;f Ti6='>15

enaded,

" came

224

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

" " " "

came

to a refolution to abrogate the laws calculated to fupport public faith, and to grant an amnefty for all the

However, they were outrages they had been guilty of. not fatisfied with this favor, the obtaining of which alone

" they faid was the aim of their revolt, but, prefently, " defired another ftill defired greater, and more illegal ; they " leave to be them to chufe tribunes out of their
granted

" " " and oppreffed

*'

" own body

oi every year, making our power the pretence this demand, to the end, truly, that Ibme relief, and refuge might lie open to the poorer citizens, who were injured,
;

but, in reality, with an inlidious defign againft our conftitution, and a view to change it to a

" " " " " " "

*'

This magiftracy, alfo, the counfellors, I democracy. before mentioned, prevailed upon you to introduce into the commonwealth; the introdu6lion of which mufl: ruin

and create envy to the fenate in particular ; while I, if you remember, exclaimed againft it, and called both gods, and men to witnefs that you would bring into
the ftate,
ev^erlafting
civil

" the commonwealth an

war, and foretold

every thing, that has, fince, befallen you. L. " What then did this grateful people do, after you had

granted them

" "
(C

magiftracy alfo ? They retained no a nor received it with refpect, gratitude for fo great favor, and modefty ; but as if they had extorted it from your
this

((

dread of their power, and from your confternation. After that, they faid this magiftracy ought to be declared facrcd

" and
^'

and fecured by oaths, defiring that a honor might be annexed to it than you yourfelvcs, greater
inviolable,
*'

ever,

Book Vir.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
upon the
confuls:

225

"

ever, conferred

This,

alfo,

you fub-

" mitted "

*'

to; and, {landing

by the vidims, you curfed both

if

yourfelves,

and your

pofterity,

you

violated the oath

they had ob" tained this alfo? Inftead of acknowledging the favor, and " maintaining the form of government delivered down to

you, then, took.

What

did they do,

when

" them from their anceftors, they began from thefe advan" and made thefe illegal fuccefles the fteps to future tages,

"
'^
*'

enterprifes,

and, not only, bring in laws without a previous order of the fenate, but enadl them without your
:

regard to the decrees you " and accufe the confuls of male adminiftration ; publifli, " and, if, by chance, any thing happens contrary to the " agreement you made with them (as there are many

concurrence

They pay no

*'

which human reafon cannot provide

it

things, attribute againft) they

"
*'
*'

not to chance, as I faid, but to a premeditated defign in you: And, while they pretend that fnares are laid for

them by you, and that they are afraid you lliould either " deprive them of their liberty, or expel them their country, " they themfelves are, continually, forming the fame defigns " againft you; and they, plainly, fhew that they guard " the mifchief, they fay, they apprehend, againft by no " other means, than by firft infliding it: This they have, " often, made apparent, even before, and upon many oc" cafions, which I muft not mention at prefent ; but, par*'

ticularly,
*'

by

their

country, a
inferior to

man

treatment of Marcius, a lover of his of no obfcure birth, and who himfelf is

**

none of us in courage ;

whom

Vol.

III.

they accufed of

"

forming

226

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

" forming defigns againft them, and of giving evil advice " in this to put to death without a place, and attempted " trial And, if the confuls, and thofe of the beft fentiments " among you had not affembled in a body, and reftrained " their had been deprived, in one illegal attempts, you ** anceftors acquired for you day, of every thing your ** with many labors, and of every thing you yourfelves,
:

"
"
*'

after as

many

contefts, are poffeffed of,

:

your dignity, your

fovereignty, and your liberty

who had more

life

fpirit,

While thofe among you, and would not have been con-

" tented with

*'

alone,

enjoy thofe advantages,

unlefs they could have lived to would either then, or, foon after,

" have loft their lives rather than have been deprived of " them For, if Marcius had been fuffered to be feized in " fo fhameful, and a manner, as in a folitude,
:

daftardly

*'

what could have hindered me alfo, after him, and all of " ever had oppofed, or were like to oppofe, the you, who " unwarrantable attempts of the people, from being torne *' in pieces by our enemies? For they would not have been " fatisfied with taking off us two only, neither would they, " after fo far, have flopped in their career of they had gone " wickednefs, if can be formed of their
*'

conjedure future behaviour by That which is paffed ; but, having *' have rulhed, like a torrent, begun with us, they would " upon ail their adverlaries, and upon all thofe, who did

any

" not fubmit

to them,

and would have borne them down,

birth, virtue,

" and overwhelmed them, without fparing " or

age.

LL

Book VII,

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENSIS.

227

LI. " Thefe, fathers, are the grateful returns, which the if you had not oppofed people have, already, made, and,

them, would have made, for the many fignal benefits they have received from you. Nowconlider, alfo, in what manner they behaved themfelves, after you had,
fion,

upon thisocca-

aded with

fo

much

refolution,

and prudence, to the

end you may learn from thence how you ought to treat them. As foon, therefore, as they found you refolved, no their infolence, but were prepared to attack longer, to bear
them, they were ftruck with terror, and foon recovering themfelves, as from a fit of drunkennefs, or madnefs, they
defcended from violence, and had recourfe to law j and, appointing a day, they cited Marcius then to appear, and
take his
accufers,
trial,

which they themfelves were to be the the witneiTes, and the judges, and to determine
in

the degree of the punifhment : And, when you oppofed this alfo, becaufe you thought that he was called upon not
to be tried, but to be punidied, the people, who know have, upon no occafion, an abfolute power, but only

they

That of

ratifying

your previous orders by

their fuffrages,

abate of the arrogance they were, before, poffeiTed with, and are come to requeft that you will grant them this favor alfo. Refied, therefore, upon thefe things; learn,

now

the favors you have, hitherto, with greater weaknefs than prudence, have granted them, brought calamities, and mifchiefs upon you ; and that every
at laft,
all

and know that

vigorous oppofition

you have given

to their illegal,

and

violent proceedings, has turned to your advantage.

What
advicej

Gg

"

228
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VII.

advice, therefore,

" thefe things ? " ? It is this ; that, whatever favors, and prefent queftion " conceffions you made to the people at the time of your *' reconciUation, however you came to make thofe con" and violate ceflions, you adhere to them as valid; " none of the articles you, then, granted to them ; not " becaufe they are honourable in themfelves, and worthy " the dignity of the comm^onwealth ; hov/ fhould they ? " But becaufe are and without As
they
neceffary,
*'

do I give you now you are fenfible of And what opinion do I deHver upon the

*'

" " you in general, and every one in particular, to oppofe " them both by your words, and adions: For, if a perfon " has committed one error, either through delufion, or ne" for that reafon, to a6l in the like manner ceffity, ought he, ** in every thing elfe ; on the contrary, he ought to remem*' ber that error, and to confider by what means his future " conduct not refemble his former. Thefe are the

to any thing beyond this, which they may extort from you againfl: your will by violence, arid illegal means, I advife you not to grant, or allow it; buc all of

remedy. endeavour to

may

refolutions I think you ought all of you in general to take ; " and I advife you to be prepared againft the unwarrantable " defires of power in the people. " That this which is the LII. of
affair,
is,

*'

**

prefent confideration,
unjuft,

alfo,

fubjedl your of the fame caft with their

" other
*'

attempts, and not, as the tribune endeavoured to prove in order to deceive you, a juft, and " reafonable requcll, let thofe among you, now, learn, who
illegal

and

" are

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
The
upon was not enadled againft the

229

" " " "

are,

not yet, convinced of it.

to popular judgements,
flrefs,

law, therefore, relating which Lucius laid the greateft

patricians,

but for the

fuch plebeians, as are opprelled, as the lawitfelf, fecurity of

:

" the terms of which admit of no doubt plainly, fliews; " And you yourfelves, who are, perfe6lly, acquainted with " the fenfeofthis law, with great unanimity, always, declare " it to be fo. And this is, clearly, evinced by time, the beft " of every ambiguous law, nineteen years being, interpreter " now, paffed fince this was enaded ; during all which,
*

Lucius cannot produce one inftance of a

trial,

either

" or private, attempted againft any patrician in virtue public, " of this law: But, if he will fay he can, let him produce it, " and the debate is at an end. As to the late agreement " into entered with the it is you people, necefTary you fhould
*'

be informed of
himfelf an
ill

its

tenor; fince the tribune has fhev/n

*'
*' *'

interpreter of it:
;

This agreement compre-

hends thefe two conceflions

charged of their debts, and

"

that the plebeians be difthat this magiftracy be, an-

"
"

nually, created for the relief of the opprefled, and the of injuftice, and for no other purpofe whatever. prevention

But,

"
"
*'

the prefent conduft of the people themfelves be the greateft proof to you that, neither the law before
let

mentioned, nor the agreement, have given them the power of trying a patrician For they a/k this power of you now,
:

"
*'

*'

being, before, intitled to it : And no man would condefcend to receive That from others as a favor, to which he has a right by law. And how can this, fathers,
as not

" be

ANTIQUITIES OF 230 " be an unwritten law of nature this (for in

ROMAN

Book VII.
light,
alfo,

" Lucius defired us to confider that the people fhall try it) " all caufes, in which the plebeians are concerned, whether " the adions are the them
brought
againfl:

by

patricians;

*'

And that the patricians, by them, againft the latter " whether or defendants in any fuit with the plaintifs, ^* to determine thefe contefts ; plebeians, fhall have no power
or,
:

" but that the advantage, in both cafes, be given to the " people, and we have no fbare in either ? If Marcius, or " any other patrician, whofoever he be, has injured the " and deferves either or let him
((
*

a Unlefs you are pleafed to fay, Lucius, that the people will " ad; the part of an impartial judge, and fhew no favor to " themfelves, when they give their votes againft an enemy; and that thefe, if they are fuffered to vote in his cafe, will (hew more favor to the guilty man, than to the common" wealth, that fuffers by his guilt, when, by their fentence, " they are fure to draw upon themfelves a curfe, the infamy " of the deteftation of mankind, and the perjury, anger of " the and to live in of It is un*'

banifhment, be punifhed for the injury he has done them ; but not be tried by them, but in this place, as the law
people,
death,

let

him

diredls.

"
**
*'

mifery. worthy oi you, citizens, to entertain thefe thoughts of the fenate, to whom you own you refign honors, magistracies,

gods,

expedation

and the

greateft dignities in the

virtue,

commonwealth, on ac:

count of their
obliged to

and

fay

you think yourfelves much

"

"

they expreffed for your return Thefe things are notconiiftent ; neither is it reafonable that

them

for the zeal

"

you

BookVII.
*'

DIONYSIUS H AL ICARNASSENSIS.

231

you commend, and intruft the fame of the greateft moment, while you perfons with things *' them in Thofe of lefs confequence. Why do you fufpedt " not rather all agree to truft them with every thing, or to *' them in every thing ? You think them capable of fufped:

"

you

fliould fear thofe

*'

making

" " "

a previous order with juftice, but not of judging I had in confequence of that order. other many things
to fay concerning the point of right, fathers, but let this
fuffice.

LIII.

"

But, fince Lucius, in order to convince us of the

" of this meafure, has fhewn how utility advantageous a " thing union is, and how deftrudive, fedition ; and that, " if we cultivate the people, we fliall live together in har" mony but, if we hinder them from banifhing, or mur" oi the think we fhall be
;

" "
"
*'

dering any involved in a

patricians they

fit,

things to this head, I fhall content fay upon myfelf with very few. And firft, I cannot help admiring the vanity of Lucius to call it folly) for thinking himfelf a better of (not
;

civil

war

though

have

many

" the
*'

judge

intereft

of the

ftate,

though
affairs,

juft

come

into the adare

miniftration of the public

than we,

who

" old in
*' *' *' **
*'

grown

it, and haveraifed the commonwealth, from being inconfiderabie, to the greatnefs fhe, now, enjoys And, in
:

the next place, for imagining he could perfuade you to deliver up any man to his enemies to be punifhed : and
particularly,
diftindlion,

"

your fellow- citizen, a perfon of no fmall or merit; but one, whom you yourfelves look
for his military exploits,

upon

.as

famous

moft exemplary

"in

232
**

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
life,

BookVII.

in his private
civil affairs.

and

inferior

to

none

in his abilities for

" "
"
*'

And

thefe things he has dared to advance,

" when

knows you, always, jfhew the greateft refped: to fupplicants, and do not, even, exclude your enemies, who
'he

for refuge, fly hither

nity.

from

If

"
*' *'

you knew we

inftance of your humapradlifed the contrary of all thefe,

this

Lucius; entertained impious fentiments concerning the gods; were guilty of injuftice towards men ; what adion

more infamous than

fubmit
to,

this

(C
C(
*'

*'

by which we gods, and men, and be, utterly, and, totally, deftroyed? We want not your advice, Lucius, either in delivering up to any of our citizens, or in any other affair we have
tranfadl; neither

could you have advifed us to muft incur the hatred both of

long an experience both of good and bad fortune, think we " ought to be direded, in forming a judgement of our own

" " "

do we, who,

at this age,

have had fo

intereft,

*'
**

our

own

by the prudence of young men, who are not of body; nor do we fear the threats, with which you
terrify us,
firfl

endeavour to

which
;

are not,

you

for the

time

but,

now, employed by having experienced them

fliall

" them with our ufual mildnefs, and bear them with in" And, if you carry your threats into execution, trepidity
:

many

times,

and urged by many perfons, we

treat

*'

we

fhall

defend ourfelves with the affiftance both of the

are,

"
*'

"
*'

always, enemies to the aggreffors in an no fmall number of whom will unjuft war, and of men, For, all the Latines, to whom we, fupport our caufe the rights of Roman citizens, will declare lately, granted
gods,
,

who

*'

for

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A RN A S S E N SIS.

233

" for us, and fight for this city, as for a country, now, their " own and the ; many flourifliing colonies we have planted, " zealous for the prefervation of their mother city, will fly " to her defence. And, if you reduce us to the neceffity of
*'

*'
ii

embracing every kind of afliftance, we will fubmit, Lucius, to invite even our flaves to liberty ; our enemies to friendfliip
;

and

all

mankind
:

to a fhare in our hopes of vid:ory

and then ingage you

*'

who guard

this

city,

"
*'

But, Jupiter, and all ye gods, may there be no occafion for any

thing of this kind ; may thefe terrible threats go no far" ther than words, and produce no difagreeable effe6l
!

LIV. Thus Appius fpoke ; when Manius Valerius, who was the greateft friend to the people of all the fenators, and had fbewn the greateft zeal for the accommodation, upon this occafion alfo, openly, efpoufed their intereft ; and made a ftudied Ipeech, in which he cenfured thofe fenators, who would not fuffer the commonwealth to remain united, but
from the patricians ; and, fought to divide the plebeians for trifling caufes, to rekindle the fire of a civil war He,
:

then,

commended

thofe,

who

public, and thought tage in queftion to to an union of all the every confideration fliould give way citizens ; and told them that, if the people obtained the
this man, and received this power they defired of trying of the fenate, they would, favor, alfo, from the confent

" be That of the

looked upon the only advan-

poflibly,
=^-

not even proceed to

extremities;

but, fatisfied

To xoivov. Inftead of ftrikingout Kdi, with Portus, I have fiibftituted to in its place ; and am apt to think that,

if he had feen the Vatican manufcript, which has b to <ruf*(p5ov, he would have done the fame.

Vol.

III.

with

234

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
:

OF

Book VII.

with having him in their pgwer, would treat him with lenity, rather than feverity However, if the tribunes fnould, by
all
it

means,
in their

infift

on

their

proceeding to judgement, and put

power to give their votes, they would acquit him, as well from their refped to the perfon himfelf, then in danbrave adions they might remember, as ger, whofe many
to return the favor of the fenate,

who had

granted them this

power, and had oppofed them in nothing, that was reafonable: And he advifed the confuls, and all the ienators,
together with the reft of the patricians, to be prefent, in a body, at the trial, and to alTift Marcius in makinpr his
defence, and intreat the people to come to no fevere refolution agalnft him (for he afTured them that the prefence of thefe would be of no fmall weight to facilitate his
acquittal)

and that they fhould

aflift

him, not only, in their

own

perfons,

clients,

but that each of them fliould ingage their own and aflemble their friends; and, if they thought

that any of the' plebeians were attached to them from the had received from them, they fhould folicit obligations they

would fhew their gratitude for former favors, when they came to give their votes. He told them, alfo, there would be many among the people, who were
thefe,

and

defire they

lovers of their country, enemies to all injuftice,

and men of

who would be moved with the viciflitude of human affairs, and know how to compailionate men of dignity, when humbled by fortune. But the greateft
worth; and
ftill

more,

his difcourfe was addreffcd to Pvlarcius himfelf, in part of which he joined an exhortation to a remonftrance, and

intreaty

BookVir.
iiitreaty

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASS ENS I S.

:

235

For he begged of him, fince he was accLifed of dividing the people from the fenate, and, alfo, charged with being tyrannical by reafon of his haughty behaviour, and that all men were afraid left, through his means, caufe fhould be given for fedition, and for all the irreto neceffity

which flow from civil wars, that he would parable mifchiefs, not verify, and give a fandion to, thefe accufations againft
himfelf,

by

perfevering in

his

invidious behaviour, but

;

fubmit his perfon to the power of thofe, who complained of being injured, and not decline to clear himfelf of an unjuft charge by a juft defence
:

change it to an humble deportment

For

he told him, were the moft fafe with with regard to the glory regard to his prefervation ; and, he aimed at, the moft illuftrious, and of the fame tenor with
thefe meafures,

the great adions he had, already, performed

Whereas, if he fliould adt with greater pride, than moderation, and deftre
:

the fenate to expofe themfelves to every danger for his fake, he fliev/ed him that he would be the caufe either of an

unhappy defeat, or of an opprobrious vidlory to thofe, who had fufifered themfelves to be perfuaded by him. And, upon this occafton, he laid himfelf out in lamentations, and enumerated the moft conftderable, and the moft obvious
misfortunes, to
diflentions.

which commonwealths

are expofed through

things having been uttered with many real, not feigned, and affedted tears, by a man, eminent for the both of his age, and virtue, the fenate was moved

LV. Thefe

t^V, (ToSjC^'^

dio-nity

with his difcourfe; which he obferving, proceeded with

Hh

greater

236

ROMAN
*'

ANTIQJJITIES OF

BookVII.

But, fays he, if any of you, fathers, greater confidence : " are alarmed with an apprehenfion that you will introduce " a pernicious cuftom into the commonwealth, if you grant

" the people a power of giving their fuffrages againft the " patricians, and entertain an opinion that the tribunitian

" power, if " advantage, " and their

confiderably ftrengthened, will prove of no let them learn that their opinion is erroneous,

" perpetual union, and harmony " effedtual will be to the

give
*'

imagination contrary to found reafoning: For, ** if any meafure can tend to preferve this commonwealth, " to aflure both her and power, and to eftablifh a liberty,
in all things,

the moft

people a fhare in the govern-

ment

And

the moft advantageous thing to us will be,

" not to have a " neither *^ a

23- rrfl\i7av aKPoJov,

and unmixed form of government, monarchy, an oligarchy, nor a democracy,

fimple,
junleMONAPXIAN,
I

ment.

I fhall,

now,

defire the reader

fjL^i of\iyoi^^iav, urji iv.ucic^aliav.

am

very

much

furpriled that none of the

learned men,

who have beftowed

their

Our author, paragraph, Ihews by what means the excefTes of monarchy, olito confider the context.
in the next

pains upon Dionyfius, faw the necef-

of adding f^oiaf;^!^^, which is omitted in all the editions, and manuWithout this addition, our fcripts. author's language is not Greek, and
fity

garchy, and democracy may be corredled, and begins with monarchy. This I muft think very abfurd, if he

had

The firft his reafoning is imperfefb. of thefe alTertions will appear, when
confidercd that, after he has mentioned thefc different forms of governit is

But not, before, mentioned it. he goes on, and fays, the Romans had taken all poffible care that the monarchical

power fliould not degenerate into tyranny, by inverting twoperfons with it, inftead of one, and by confiningthe
exercife
it to a year; and, then, to the proceeds propereft methods of preferving both the fenate from a lu-

ment, he
xa15-<rii'
;

fays,

f*ixl>;v

|
if

AITASfiN

r^lav

of

he had fpoken but of two, he would have faid, f|

whereas,
raloiv.

cc/x.'tioli^m

Again, inftead o^nslay

sroAi1sujMa7fcv,

EKASTON

xurious abufe of power, and the people from licentioufnefs. I'his recapitulation I think, that, plainly

Tuv

he would

have faid Uxli^cy, if he had, before, mentioned but two forts of govern-

proves

in defcribing the different

forms of

" but

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A R N ASSEN SI S.
all

237

" but a conftitution tempered with

*'

of them

For each

of thefe forms,

when

" abufe, and excefs ; but, when all of them are, equally, " mixed, that part, which happens to innovate, and to ex" ceed the reftrained ancuftomary bounds,
is,

iimple, very eafily

deviates into

always,

by

" other, that is fober, and adheres to the eftablifhed order. " Thus monarchy, when it becomes cruel and infolent, and " begins to purfue tyrannical meafures, is fub verted by an " oligarchy condfting of good men: And an oligarchy, " compofed of the beft men, which is your form of govern" ment, when, elated with riches, and dependants, it pays " no regard to juftice, or to any other virtue, is deftroyed " by a wife people And, in a democracy, when the people, " from modeft in their and obfervant of
:

"
*'

being

deportment,

the laws, begin to run into diforders, and excefles, they are forced to return to their duty by the power, with

**

which, upon thofe occafions, the beft

man

of the com-

" monwealth is inverted. You, fathers, have ufed all pof" fible precautions to prevent monarchical power from de" into tyranny For, inftead of a fingle perfon, generating " have inverted two with the ;
:

*'

you though you committed

at
firft,

this

and, magiftracy to them not for

fupreme power

Upon the whole, if the reader pleafes to caft his eye upon the fixth book of Polybius, he will there
fame reai'oning upon the threeforms of government, from which reafoning our author, probably, defind

government monarchy.

he did not omit

rived this true political fyftem

that

every one of them, when fimple, and unmixed, which the former calls, very
properly, a'-Aijv xi y-ovonSti, is faulty ; and that the only perfect form is Thar,

the

which

confifts in

an union of

all three,

^P. 459.

*'an

238 " an
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
indefinite time, but only for a year,

OF

Book VII.

you, neverthe-

appointed three hundred patricians, the moft refpedlable both for their virtue, and their age, of whom " this fenate is compofed, to watch over their conduft But
lefs,

"

*' *'

" bounds. As
*'

you do not feem, hitherto, watch over your own, and

for yourfelves, I

to to

have appointed any to

keep you within proper am, as yet, under no appre-

henfions

left

" by great, " delivered your country from a long tyranny; and, through " continual, and lafting wars, have not, as yet, had leifure " to grow infolent, and luxurious; but, with regard to your " fucceflbrs, when I confider how great alterations length " of time brings vv'ith it, I am afraid left the men of power " in the fenate fhould innovate, and, filently, transform our " conftitution to a monarchical tyranny. " the if admit to a fhare in LVI.

you fhould fuffer your minds to be corrupted and accumulated profperity, who have, lately,

Whereas, people you " the no mifchiefcan fpring from the fenate ; government, " but the man, who aims at greater power than the reft of *' his fellow- citizens, and has formed a fadlion in the fenate

" of all, who " crimes

*'

ought
*'

are willing to partake of his counfels, and his who deliberate concerning public affairs, (for thofe, to forefee every thing, that is probable) this great,

this

**

awful perfon, I fay, when called upon by the tribunes to appear before the people, muft give an account
his
as

" both of
*'

adions, and thoughts to this people, incon-

fidcrable
if

"

they are, and fo much his inferiors; and, found guilty, fuffer the puniftiment he deferves. And,

"left

Book
*'
*'

VII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

when
veftecl

239

left

the people themfelves,

*'

power, fliould grow wanton ; of demagogues, become dangerous to the beft citizens
the multitude, generally, give birth to tyranny) of confummate created didlator perfon prudence,
(for
felves, will

with fo great a and, feduced by the worft

" " "

fome

guard

againft this evil,

by yourand not allow them to

" run into excefs ; and, being inverted with abfolute power, " and fubje6l to no account, will cut oii" the infefted part " of the commonwealth, and not fuffer That, which is not
"
yet infedled, to be vitiated
;

reform the laws

excite the

citizens to virtue, and appoint fuch magiftrates, as he " thinks will govern with the greateft prudence; and, hav" the fpace of fix months, ing effected thefe things within " he will, again, become a private man, without receiving cc any other reward for thefe actions, than That of beino^ " honoured for them. Induced,

"

having performed therefore, thefe considerations, and convinced that this is the by " moft form of government, debar the people from
*'

perfed:
;

" "

nothing

but,

as

you have granted them a power of

who are to prefide over chuiing the annual magiftrates, " the commonwealth ;. of confirming, and repealing, laws;
war, and making peace ; which are the " and the moft important affairs, that come under greateft, " the conftderation of our government, not one of which you
''

of declaring

*'

have fubmitted to the abfolute determination of the

nate, allow them,
in like

fe-

*'

manner, the power of trying

are

"

offenders,

particularly

fuch, as

accufed of crimes
*'

"

of raifmg a fedition, of aiming at tyagainft the ftate,

rannv

240
*'

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VII.

*'

" nature "

ranny, of concerting meafures with our enemies to betray the commonweahh, or of any other crimes of the Hke
:

" " "

For, the more formidable you render the tranfgreilion of the laws, and the alteration of difcipline, by appointing many infpedors, and many guards over the infolent, and the ambitious, the more will your conftitution be improved."

LVII. After he had

faid this,

and other things to the

fame purpofe, he ended. And the reft of the fenators, who rofe up after him, except a few, concurred with him in When the previous order of the fenate was to be opinion. " You and faid Marcius defired leave to drawn
up,
fpeak,
I
:

all

know,

fathers, in

what manner
;

have afted with re-

gard to the commonwealth

tereft has

brought

me

zeal for your ininto this danger, and that your

that

my

behaviour to
expedlation
this,
;

me upon
and you
affair
is

this occafion

is

contrary to

my

will,

ftill,

be more convinced of

when my

determined.

However,

fince the

opinion of Valerius prevails,

may

thefe meafures prove of

form a wrong judgement of future events. But, that you, who are to draw up the know upon what terms you are going previous order, may to deliver me up to the people ; and that I myfelf may, alfo, know for what I am to be tried, I defire you will
advantage to you, and

may

order

the tribunes to declare, in your prefence, what the crime is they defign to accufe me of, and what kind of
to thecaufe." they will give

title

LVIII.

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
He
faid
this

241

LVIII.
tried for

from an opinion that he was to be the words he had fpoken in the fenate ; and, alfo,

from a

figned to ground their

after confulting together, declared

DO

defire that the tribunes

might acknowledge they deaccufation on them. But the tribunes, '

they accufed him of aimto prepare himfelf to make

him ing at tyranny ; and ordered For they were unwilling his defence againft that charge to confine their accufation to one article, and That, neither
:

nor acceptable to the fenate; but chofe ftrong in itfelf, rather to leave to themfelves a latitude of accufing him of

what they fhould think

fit

By which means, they expeded

to deprive Marcius of the afliftance of the fenators. Upon which, Marcius faid ; ''If this is the crime I am to be tried

"
*'

fubmit myfelf to the judgement of the plebeians, and let the previous order be drawn up without oppofifor,
I

"

tion."

The
that,

that he was

greateft part of the fenators vvere well pleafed to be tried upon this charge, for two reafons ;

the
for

firft,

from thenceforward,

it

would not be

crirninal
;

any perfon to deliver

his fentiments, in the fenate freely,

and the other, that Marcius, whofe courfe of life had, albeen modeft and irreprehenfible, would, eafily, clear v/ays,
himfelf of that accufation. After
the
trial

this,

the previous order for

to prepare

was drawn up; and Marcius had time given him For the for his defence till the third market day
:

Romans
day
city
;

had, then, markets, as they now have, every ninth thefe days, the plebeians reforted to the and,

upon

of

country, parts their lands for what they wanted

III.
I

from

all

of the

and exchanged the produd:

;

decided their contefts

in

Vol.

242

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

ina judicial way,and, by their votes, gave their fandion to thofe pubHc affairs, which either the lavi^s fubmitted, or the fenate And, as the greateft part referred, to their determination
:

of them were employed in labor, and poor, they paffed the

interval, confifting of""^ feven days, in the country.

As

foon,

therefore, as the tribunes received the previous order of the

and, calling the people commendations to the fenate ; and, together, gave great read the order, they appointed the day for the trial,
fenate,
;

they went to the forum

having

at

which they

defired

all

the citizens to be prefent, as affairs

then, be fubmitted to their

of the greateft
deliberation.

moment would,
thefe

be divulged, the plebeians, and patricians appeared againfl; one another with great zeal, and oppoiition ; the former defiring

LIX.

When

tranfaclions

came

to

-!

Et7

>!,woaf.

Cafaubon, and,
fay that either

af-

ter

him,

M.

* *

*,

our

author, or the tranfcriber, has, by miftake, faid

sttI*,
is

inftead of

ciclft',

which,

the true reading. In this I they fay, cannot agree with them becaufe, as
-,

the

iVirz^/K^i?,

amongthe Romans, were

held every ninth day, it is plain there could be but feven days between each, And, that the Romans underftood it
fo themfelves, I fhall prove from undoubted authority. " Varro, in fpeakin<y of the encouragement given to aoriculture in the early days of the

nundinal letters were the eight firft letters of the alphabet and, in whatwas the firft nundiever year, the nae, every nundinae in that year fell upon an A ; and, going round from to A, it is plain that there were no more than feven intervening letters, The dominical letters, being the feven firft letters of the alphabet, were, with
,

old
in

many other things, borrowed from the Romans by the Chrillians and,
;

commonwealth, fays It^qtie (majores mjlri) mnian ita divifentni, ut nonis

-,

Sunday falls upon an A, every Sunday in that and year will, alfo, fiill upon an A to it is from A equally plain, that, there are no intcrmore than fix A,
,

whatever year,

the

firft

fnodo diekis urbcinas res ufurparent, reThe ut rtira colerent.

liiuis

vening days.

feptem

-B.

ii.

De Re

Pecuaria. In the preface.

to

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSE NSIS.

moft arrogant of
all

243

to cliaftife the

men ; and

the latter to

of the ariftocracy from falHng avidini prevent the champion to his enemies ; both parties looking upon their prefervation, to depend upon the event of this trial. and their
liberty

V/hen the third market day was come, there was fuch a concourfe of people from the country, as had, never before, been known, who got poffeilion of the forum by break of
day.

The

tribunes, then, caufed the people to affemble in

having, beforehand, divided the forum with and appointed a feperate ftand for each tribe. And ropes, iirft time the people of Rome were ever this was the
their tribes,
'''

jority of fingle votes determined

mAi{o-i <pvhi1iy.nthe difference between the comiiia cen>i

Our

author fhews

turiata, and tributa. To fully, together 'with the reafons, which induced the

the vote of every curia. Whereas, in the comitia centuriata, the firft clafs, which confifted alone of eighty centuries of foot, and eighteen of horfe, all com-

tribunes to
it

infift

upon the

would be to very little add any thing to what he has

this

Luter, that purpofe to

faid

pofed of the
:

richeft

fubjedts
a-

of the

upon
have

fubjea
it

particularly,

fince

treated
fion.

at large

upon another occa-

I fliall, therefore, only fay that, inftitution of the comitia tributa, the by the people were reftored to a right from the founever,

majority of three Confequently, if they all agreed, it was to no purpofe to take the votes of the remainmg ninety five centuries: By which method of voting, the follow-

commonwealth, made

ing

clalTes

were feldom, and the inferior

enjoyed they had, dation of their city, till they were dewhen it by Servius TuUius, prived of centuriata ; comitia the he introduced in other reafonable however

claiTes, fcarce ever, called upon to give their votes. As to the comitia tributa,

the citizens voted in thefe, as they did in the comitia curiata : The majority of

which,

ous to the people, as to their right of the only comitia voting For, till then, the vote of which in were the cmiata, of was citizen equal imevery Roman the curiae of The majority portance the maand carried every quettion queftion
:
:
-,

refpedts, were,

moft

certainly, injuri-

was conclulive ; and the vote of every tribe was known by the maof fingle votes in that tribe. By jority
tribes
it appears that, by the inof the tributa comitia, the people gained no new right; but were,

this detail,

ftitution

only, reftored to a right their ani-eftors had, before, enjoyed.

"See the

122''

annotation on the fecond book.

aflembled

244

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VII.

aflembled in their tribes to give their votes.

tricians, violently,

This the pa-

oppofed, and infifted on their aiTembling the people in their centuries, according to the eftabliilied

cuftom
give

For,

before that time,

their votes

upon

the people were to any point referred to them by the

when

fenate,

the confuls aflembled

them

in their centuries, after

;

they had offered up the facrifices appointed by law to this day, fome of thefe are Then the performed
:

and,

people

affembled in the field of Mars, before the

their centurions,

and

their

enfigns,

city, drawn up under as in war They did

:

not give their votes promifcuoufly, but each in their refpective centuries, when called the confuls: And upon by
there being, in all, one hundred and ninety three centurres, and thefe diftributed into fix claffes, that clafs was firfh

and gave its vote, which confifted of thofe" citizens, whofe fortunes were of the greateft value the
called,

upon
:

regifter,

and who flood in the foremofl: rank

in battle

In this were
:

comprifed eighteen centuries of horfe, and eighty of foot The clafs, that voted in the fecond place, was compofed of thofe of inferior fortunes, whofe poft, in anions, was in the fecond rank, and who were armed in a different, and lighter

J |

manner, than thofe in the firft rank; all thefe formed twenty centuries, and to them were added two centuries of
ters,

carpen-

and armourers, and other artificers employed in makinnwarlike engines Thofe who were called to vote in the third
:

completed twenty centuries; thefe had fmaller fortunes, than thofe of the fecond clafs, and were pofted behind them, and not armed like thofe of the fecond rank The next
clafs,
:

"
called.

Book

VJI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN A S S ENS

inferior in fortune

I S.

245
fafer

called,

were

to the

laft,

and had a

pod: in battle,

and

their
alfo,

expedition

Thefe,

armour was more calculated for were divided into twenty centuries ;

and to them were added two centuries of blowers on the The clafs, which was called in the horn, and trumpeters
:

fifth

place, conlifted of fuch, as

javelins,

and whofe arms were

certain poft,

had very fmall fortunes ; and flings Thefe had no

:

when

the

army was drawn up

but,

being

light armed men, and prepared for expedition, they attended the heavy armed men, and were diftributed into thirty centuries
:

merous Thefe were exempt from ferving in the army, and tury from the taxes paid by the reft of the citizens in propor:

pooreft of the citizens, who were not lefs nuthan all the reft, voted laft, and made but one cen-

The

tion to their pofleflions ; and, for both thefe reafons, their fuffrages were of the leaft weight. If, therefore, ninety feven of the firft centuries, which confifted of the horfe, and of

fuch of the foot, as ftood in the

firft

rank in time of adlion,

were of the fame opinion, the poll was at an end, and the remaining ninety fix centuries were not called to give their

were otherwife, the fecond clafs, compofed of twenty two centuries, was called, and, then the third ; and fo on, till ninety feven centuries were of the fame opivotes:

But,

if it

Generally the points in difpute, were determined by So that, it was needlefs to take the votes of the firft claftes
nion
:
:

Thofe of the

laft.

fo doubtful, as

feldom happened that a point was to make it necefiary to have recourfe to the
it

And

votes of the pooreft citizens, of .whom the

laft clafs

was

com-

246

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
:

OF

Book VII.

hundred and ninety two centuries were, equally, divided, the laft vote, added to either fide, was in the nature of a final determination, and turned the

compofcd

But,

if

the

firft

fcale.

The

advocates, therefore, of Marcius defired that this

kind of aflembly, founded on the poffeffions of the citizens, might be called, from an expeftation that he might, poffibly, be acquitted, upon the firft call, by the ninety eight centuries ;
if not, at leaft

upon the

fecond, or third.

On

the other fide,

the tribunes, fufpeding this, thought it their intereft to call an aflembly of the people in their tribes, and to impower
that kind of aflembly to decide this caufe ; to the end, that neither the poor might be in a worfe condition, than the

nor the light armed men be placed in a lefs honourable ftation, than the heavy armed ; nor the body of the thrown off to the laft calls, ftand excluded people, by being
rich
;

from an equality of

fuffirage

But

that,

all

the citizens

might be equal in their votes, and equal in their ranks, and, The claim of at one call, give their votes in their tribes. the tribunes feemed to be the befl: founded ; becaufe they
contended that the tribunal of the people ought to be a not an oligarchical, tribunal, and that the cognipopular,
zance of crimes committed againft the commonwealth ought
to be

having obtained this, alfo, from the not without difficulty, when it was time patricians, though for the trial to begin, Minucius, one of the confuls, was the
firft

common to all. LX. The tribunes

who afcendcd the roftrum, and fpoke in the perfon, manner the fenate had diredcd him : And firft, he put the
people

BookVII.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARNASSENSIS.

247

people in mind of all the benefits they had received from the patricians ; then he delired that, in return for fo
offices,

many good

hapwhich each of them to pinefs, brought every government ; and inveighed againft difcord, and civil wars, by which, he told them, many cities had been deftroyed, with all their He exhorted inhabitants, and whole nations extirpated
:

the people would grant them one favor, which they were under a neceffity of requefting, as it would tend to the good of the commonwealth. After this, he difplayed the advantages of concord, and peace, fl-iewing the great

them not

to indulge their refentment fo far, as to prefer to with calm deftru6tive, reafon, to falutary, counfels, but,

contemplate future events, nor to take the worft of their fellow- citizens for their advifers in affairs of the greateft

importance
they
in

but thofe they efteemed- the

country had received

beft,

from

whom

knew

their

many advantages both

natures were

peace, and war, and

whom,

as if their

changed, they would not think it reafonable to diflruft. However, the fingle aim of his whole difcoiirfe was to perfuade them to pafs no vote againft Marcius ; but to acquit
the

man,

for his

own

fake, particularly

bered in what manner he had

aded

they rememwith regard to the

when

he had gained in fighting for her liberty, and fovereignty; and that they would ad neither with piety, juftice, nor a due regard to themfelv^s,
battles

commonwealth, and how many

they refented his unguarded words, and were ungrateful to his glorious aftions : This, he told them, was the proper
if

feafon for

them

to acquit him,

when he

himfelf was

come
to

248
to yield

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
up
his

Book VII.

perfon to his adverfaries, and was ready to acquiefce in whatever they fhould think fit to determine But, if it was impofTible for them to be reconciled to him,
:

continued fevere and inexorable, he defired them to confider that the fenate, confifting of three hundred,

and they,
all

ftill,

the beft

men

of the

city,
feel

were come to intercede

for

him,

and begged of them to

not, for
terceflion of fo

fome companion, and relent ; and the fake of punifhing one enemy, to rejed: the in-

but to difregard the chaftifement of a fingle man, in favor of fo many worthy perfons. Having faid this, and many things to the fame purpofe, he

many

friends

ended

with this fuggeftion ; that, if they acquitted the man by their votes, it would be looked upon that they acquitted him becaufe they thought him not guilty of any
his fpeech

crime towards the people

ceedings, they

would

but, if they put a ftop to the proappear to have gratified his interceflbrs.
;

Minucius had done fpeaking, Sicinnius, the tribune, prefented himfelf, and faid, that he would neither

LXI.

When

of the plebeians himfelf, nor, willingly, betray the liberty fufter others to betray it: But, if the patricians, really, confented that the

man

fiiould be tried

by the

plebeians,

he

would take " "

<'

their votes,

Minucius advancing,

Since, tribunes, youdefire, at all events, that the people fliould give their votes conthis man, confine yourfelv^es to the charge
:

and do nothing more. " faid

After

this,

cerning

you

" have brought againft him ;

he aims
prove
it

and, as

you have alledged that

at tyranny,'
j

fhew

this,

and bring your evidence to

*'

but neither mention, nor charge him with, the " words

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H A L IC A RN A S S E N SI
:

S.

249

thought proper that he fliould appear before the people, upon the terms con" tained in their order." After which, he read the previous
acquitted
accufation,
*'

" words you accufe him of having fpoken in the fenate " For the fenate have, by their votes, againft the people " him of this and

and conjured them to adhere to it, he defcended from the roftrum. Sicinnius was the firft of the tribunes, who opened the charge, which he did
order; and, having faid
this,

and elaborate fpeech, attributing every thing the man had, ever, faid, or done againft the intereft of the When he had done people to a formed defign of tyranny.
in a ftudied,

fpeaking, the moft eloquent of the tribunes purfued the accufation. ^

LXII. After
ning from

this,

Marcius made

his

defence

and, beginall

his firft entrance into the

world, he enumerated

the campaigns he had made in the fervice of his country ; the crowns he had received from the generals as rewards of victory;
the prifoners he had taken, and the citizens he had faved in
battle

occafion, he produced thefe rewards, cited the generals, as witnefTes, and called upon the citizens
:

And, upon every

he had faved, by name : Thefe prefented themfelves with lamentations, and intreated their fellow-citizens not to deftroy,
as

an enemy, the man, to whom they owed their prefervation, begging one life in return for many,and offering themfelves,
in
his

The

be treated by them as they thought fit. were plebeians, and men, exgreateft part of thefe

room,

to

ti-emely,

ufeful

to the

commonwealth*: Their

afped:,

and
that

^treaties raifed fuch a fenfe of

fhame

in the people,

Vol.

III.

they

250

ROMAN
his

ANTIQJJITIES OF
tears.

Book VII.
Marcins,

into comiiiifcration, and they melted

Then

rending

breaft full of wounds, and garment, fhewed his of his body covered with fears, and afked every other part

that to preferve many in war, and to they thought in time of peace, were adions of the fame deftroy the preferved man ; and, if any one, who forms a defign of tyranny, ever from a city, by whom tyranny is, expels the common people abetted, and nourilLed. While he was yet ipeaking,

them

if

chiefly,

thofe

among

the people,

who were

inclined to moderation,
;

and lovers of merit, cried out to acquit the man and were afhamed that one, who had, fo often, defpifed his own life to been brought to his trial preferve them all, fliould, even, have upon fuch an imputation :,.But thofe, who were by nature envious, enemies to virtue, and eafy to be led into any kind of fedition, were forry they were going to acquit him, but
found they could do no otherwife, iince they faw no manifeft proof of his having aimed at tyranny, which was the point,

upon which they were

to give their votes.

LXIII. This being obferved by Lucius, who had fpoken in the fenate, and prevailed on them to pafs the previous order for the trial, he rofe up ; and, having commanded " faid the have
iilence,

acquitted Marcius of the words he fpoke in the fenate, and of the

;

Since, citizens,

patricians

violent,

and overbearing adions, that flowed from them,

and do not, even, fuiTer us to accufe him of either, hear what an adion, independent of thofe. words, this valiant

man

has been gailty of, how infolent and tyrannical ; and learn of what nature that law is, which he, though a
*'

private

BookVir.
**
*'
*' *' ''

DIONVSIUS HALIC ARN A SS EN S I S.

251

private perfon, has violated : You all know this dains that the /|5oils, taken by us from tlie
valor, fhall

lawor-

enemy by our

" the quaeftor, receiving them, fells them, and brino-s the " money into the public treafury. And this law no one " has, yet, found fault with, fmce we have inhabited this " Marcius is the only man, city, fo far from violating it *' who has defpifed the authority of this law ; he alone has
:

belong to the public, and that it is fo far from being in the power of any private perfon to difpofe of them, that even the general himfelf has not this power; but

*' *'

" crime is of no For, when you made an incurlong date " fion into the of the Antiates, and took territory many " and a of to:

thought ht to appropriate to himfelf thofe fpoils, citizens, that belong to us in common ; this he did laft year; his

prifoners,

"

gether with

many cattle, many other

corn, great quantity effedls, he neither produced thefe

before the quaeftor, nor fold them himfelf, and brought the money into the treafury; but diftributed, and lavifhed

the whole booty among his own friends. This adlion I aver to be a proof of his aiming at tyranny. fliould

How

" " "

*'

be otherwife, when he applied the public money to the of his flatterers, his guards, and the accomgratification
it

plices

Let Marcius, then, open ftand up, and prove one of thefe two things, either that he did not diftribute the fpoils he took from the enemy's
to

be

in the tyranny he meditated ? violation of .the law. an

And

this I

maintain

country among his own friends, or that, in doing foy he " did not violate the laws : Neither of which will he be able
"^

Kk

"to

252
**

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF
:

BookVII.

" with both ; you know the law, you know the fact ; and, " if you acquit him, your refokition mufi: be looked upon " as both to oaths. and
" Marcius, with your crowns, your rewards of valor, your " wounds, and all the reft of your oftentation ; and anfwer
''

to prove before

you

For you yourfelves are acquainted

contrary

juftice,

your

Away

then,

to thefe points

LXIV.
other fide
:

give you liberty to do it." This accufation caufed a o-reat alteration to the
:

For

I ftill

For thofe among the people, who were moft moderate, and earneft for the acquittal of Marcius, upon hearing thefe things, grew more remifs ; and all the illdifpofed,
at
all

the greateft part, defiring to deftroy him events, were ftill the more encouraged to his ruin, by

who were

laying hold of this ftrong, and manifeft proof: For the diftribution of the fpoils was faft, but done with no ill
intention, nor to

promote a deftgn of tyranny, as Lucius alledged againft him ; but from the beft motive, and to redrefs the miferies'of the public: For the fedition, then,
continuing, and the people being divided from the patricians,
their enemies, defpiftng

them, infefted their country, and

;

plundered

it

without intermiftion

and, whenever the fenate

thought fit to order an army to be fent out to its relief, not one of the plebeians would ferve in it, but rejoiced at the
defolation,

and fuiTered

it

to continue

and the forces of

'the patricians alone

were not fufBcient

this,

to defend the country.

Marcius, obferving

promii'ed the confuls, that he

would

march
would

againft

the

enemy with an army of

voluntiers, if they

give

him

the

command

of

it,

and, foon, take revenge

ODi

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A R N AS SEN SI S.

253

on them.
defired,
citizens,

Marcius, being authorifed in the manner he had aflembled his cHents, and friends, and fuch of the
as
expe(!n:ed

were wilHng to fhare the advantages from the general's fortune in war, and his valor
:

When he

thought the forces he had aflembled equal to the propofed expedition, he led them againft the enemy, who had no
his defign: And, entering their country, intelligence of which was well ftored with every thing valuable, he poffeflcd himfelf of a vaft booty, all which he diftributed

among
him
in

his foldiers, to the

this expedition,

end that

thofe,

who had

aflifted

by receiving the

fruit

of their labor, might,.

chearfuUy, ingage in the fervice upon other occaflons ; and that the others, who had declined it, feeing what advantages

might adt with greater were propofed I'his prudence, when other expeditions was the intention of the man in that affair ; but to the and invidious multitude, this adion, when confljealous,
loft

they had

through

their fedition,

dered by itfelf, appeared a kind of flattery of the people, and a corruption tending to tyranny. So that, the forum,

was

and, as the charge apand unexpeded, neither Marcius himfelf, peared uncommon the conful, nor any other perfon, could make any defence to
full
;

of clamor, and tumult

it.

When

nothing further was

faid- in his favor,

the tribunes

called

upon the

tribes to give their votes,

and confined the

punifhment of Marcius to perpetual banifliment ; fearing^ I imagine, left, if they had extended it to death, he fhould
have been acquitted. After they had all voted, upon counting the fuffrages, the difference did not appear conflderable
:

For

254

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
at that time,
'^
;

OF

Book VII.
tribes,

twenty two So voted, nine of them acquitted Marcius

There

For there being,

that

that, if

two

number of twenty
is, I

one, therefore, will

believe,

no pafiuge

in this,

or in any other author, upon which the commentators havebeftowed more Which I am pains to lefs purpofe
:

anfwer thefe purpofes, nor any other number but twenty two out of which, if we take the nine votes, that were for him, there will be found thir,

not

not at
text,

all

now,

furprifed at, fince, as the ftands in all the editions,

teen againfl him From this number, take two, and add them to the firft
:

and manufcripts, it is not poflible to reconcile it to figures, which arc of

greater authority than any editions, and manufcripts whatfoever. Bur, before
1

nine, and there v/ili for him, and as

be found eleven
againfl

many

him

give
I

my own
fhall

which equality, he muft have been acquitted, as the law re-

by

virtue of

opinion upon this

quired.
is

It

may be
;

faid

this folution

paflage, lay before the reader the different expedients different commentators have had recourfe to ; in order to convince him that, as the
text,

very eafy
at it, I

but that, in order to

come

muft

alter the text

from

twenty one to twenty two tribes. This I own But, at the fame time, I defire
:

now,

ftands,

it

be explained.

Our

impoffible to author iays that

is

the reader to confider, that, as the rea-

Marcius was acquitted by nine tribes; and that, if two more tribes had voted for him, he would have been acquitted

by reafon of the equality of votes, as the law required. Now, the number of twer>ty one tribes, as it flands in the
text, will not agree either as our author ftates it, or

foning of our author depends upon numbers, it mufl be explained by numbers and no other pofTible number can fupport it, but That, which I have mentioned. Every one, who has exa;

mined Greek manufcripts, muft knowthat nothing

relation
is

fo

common,
;

as to find

with the fadi:, with the con:

miftakes committed by tranfcribers in

fequence he draws from that fa6l For, if nine tribes of the twenty one acquitted Marcius, twelve mufl have condemned him ; take two from the twelve, which condemned him, and

was
x3
?

it P

numbers and how eafy them to write ic, inftead of Manucius, in order to folve the
to
for

difficulty of the text, which nil the commentators have adhered to, im.a-

add them to the nine, that acquitted him, according to the fuppofition of our author, the confequence will be,
that eleven will

gines that there were, at that time,

thirty

one

tribes

at

Rome, of which

only twenty one voted in the affair of Coriolanus. This fuppofition is, intirely, gratuitous,

condemn him

in

acquit him, and ten which cafe, he will

and founded on no
* * *

not be acquitted by an equality of votes, as our author, alfo, fuppofes, but by a majority of one vote. The
r

authority

However, M.

has

Le Jay, indeed, rejeds adopted this imagination of Manucius, but fubftitutes another in its room, which
it.
c. 2,

De Comic. Rom.

more

BookVJI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENS IS.

in his favor,

more had voted

by
is

he would

iiave

255 been acquitted

reafoii

of the equahty of votes, as the law required.

relating,

founded on the Greek lanand the Roman laws, as the guage, other is on the Roman hiltory. He
as little

much
if

ablurdities,

in refuting, fuch his brother jefuirs, the

lefs.

fuppofes that

ifovj^jj^ia fignifies,

in the

journalifts of Trevoux, had not dignified thefe very abfurditics with the
title

Greek authors, not only, an equal number of votes, but an equal force,
an equal authority in the fufFragcs, although the number of them be not pas feukment un nombre egal de equal
,

of

'ifiibtil

reflexions.

The

only

objeftion, that can be made to the alteration i contend for, is, that there

I'oix et de
uiie

fuffrages, mais une egale force, egale authorite dans les fuffrages ; quoyque le nombre rCen foit fas egal.
this pofition, for

were no more than twenty one tribes in being, when Coriolanus was tried. '1 his fuppofition, I know, is embraced
of learning notwithI cannot, after the Ilanding moft fcrupulous examination of this queftion, find any foundation for it.

by

feveral

men

-,

yvhich,

which he neinor pretends to have, any authority, he concludes that, as Marther has,
cius

From

It is a

fubjeft,

which

is

far

from being

had

nine tribes in his

favor,

if

cleared

up with

the certainty requifite

tribes had come to their lupthe law would have faved him ; porr, becaufe the law gave to the eleven

two other

to enable any one to form a judgement either way. But, that I conceal

may

as he fays, that would, then, have acquitted him, an authority equal to That of the twelve tribes, that condemned him. Note, that le Jay has, all along, contended, and endeavoured to prove, that there were only twenty one tribes in being, when Coriolanus was tried ; and, now, he makes them But he goes on, and twenty three. here mentioned by that the law, fays

tribes,

nothing from the reader's view, I (hall ftate every thing I can find relative to this In the firft place, our queftion. author tells us that Servius Tuliius (for I think it to no purpofe to go back to
'

the divifions ot the people made by Romulus) divided the city of Rome into tour local tiibes, called the Palalina, Stibura>ia, Collinay

and that

Efquilina; he, alfo, divided the whole

and

Dionyfius, did not allow a criminal to

be condemned,

who had but one

vote

country intoacertain numberof tiibes, which he does rot fpecify but quotes Fabius for faying it was divided into
;

more
le

againft him, than ior him. Here, Jay aiTumes a higher charadcr ;
critic,

and, as in the capacity of a

he

gave a fignification to a word, which it, never, had before ; fo now, in That
he has enaded a law, which, never before exifted. I iliould not have employed fo much time in

twenty fix, and Venonius for alleJginoit was divided into thirty one tribes. It is plain that he follows neither i fince he fays that, at the trial of
that

of a

legiflator,

Coriolanus, which happened fo m.any years after, there were no more than tv.enty one, or, as I fay, twenty two tribes. are, theretore, at a lofs to

We

See the preface.

B.

iv.

c.

14.

Id. ib

c.

15.

LXV.

256

ROMAN
This was the

ANTIQJJITIES OF
firft

Book VII.

LXV.

citation of a patrician to the tributhis time,

tried it

nal of the people:

And, from

became cuftomary
tribes,
I

know how many

ruftic tribes Servius.

by twenty two

make

Tullius inftituted. Neither do we hear any more of tribes, till the year of Rome 259, when Livy fays there were twenty one tribes at Rome ; Roijjae tribus una et viginti faSlae, as Si'

thirty fix tribes in all; whereas, it is well known, that their number, never,

exceeded thirty five. But it is certain, and muft be allowed that the epitome of Livy was not written by Livy ;
beeaufe
there are

gonius reads
editions have
alfo, in the
till

it,

mm et trighita,
I

though

all

the other
as
it

many

errors in

it,

was,

epitome of the fame book, he himfelf altered it in his edition

;

which Livy was not capable of comBut I have fomcthing more mitting.
againft the authority of this ep'tome, with relation to thefe two
to fay
tribes.

of Livy
this

and

find,

by

his note

upon

paffage,

that the chief reafon of

The name
is

of one of them, viz.

his altering it, was, becaufe Dionyfius fays that, at the trial of Coriolanus, which was but four years after, there

^irina,

inferted

by Sigonius
as
it

in the

were prefent twenty one tribes. This is the which queftion, againll begging I contend. And, in his " book, de he anliquo jure civium Romanortm, thinks the two tribes Crujiumina^ and Ocriculana were added at the time Livy means. That they were Roman tribes, I do not in the leaft doubt, but rather believe them to have been two of the ruftic tribes inftituted by Servius Tullius; becaufe the

all Efquilina, the other editions, which was the name of one of the old city tribes: However,
it is

room of

itands in

fcarce poffible, but

fome of

thefe

fourteen tribes might have had two names ; and, if that happened to have been the cafe but of one of them, my

purpofe

is

will not be^

anfwered ; and, then, there even according to my own

in

hypothefis,
all.

above thirty five tribes muft beg of the reader not

to

they took

their

towns, from which names, had, before

look upon the fuppofition I have made to be calculated only to anfwer an objeftion

that time, been conquered by the Romans. After this, that is, after the year 259, we find, by Livy, that many
tribes

There is frequent mention made,in ancient monuments, of Roman tribes, that are not to be found in any
:

authors

as,
;

were inftituted

at different times,

and Camilla

the tribes Horatia, Pcipia, and, in later times, we

no lefs than twelve, and two more, in the epitome of his nineteenth book ; that is, the Velina, and farina. If
Livy it would weaken, though not dertroy, what I have faid becaufe the confequence would be that, by
himfelf,
this

find the tribes Julia^ Flavia, called fo in compliment to

Vefpafian, and

and Ulpia, Auguftus, Trajan, which were

to

was

in

and not
;

in

only
fince

new names given

it

old tribes;
that the
thirty five

the epitome,

is

certain, as

fliid,

Romans,
tribes.
if
I

never,

had but
it

know
were

may

be faid that,

/uppofing Coriolanus to

have been
'

there

twenty

two

tribes,

JB. ii. c.

21.

"P.

for

Book VII.
for thofe,

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

257

who were, afterwards, power, to fummon any of the

invefted with the tribunitian

appear before the people, From this beginning, the power of the people rofe to a great height ; while the ariftocracy loft much of its ancient dignity

citizens they thought fit to in order to be tried by them.

by admitting the plebeians into the

fenate,

and allow;

ing

them

to ftand candidates

oppofing their
tribes, there

by not being inverted with the priefthood, and by

magiftracies
:

for

But

could be nocafting vote anfwer that, in criminal cafes,

when
ted
;

the tribes were, equally, divided,

the offender

and, in

would have been acquitcivil contefts, the morion

"

" fend. V/hen, therefore, the votes " are the is profecutor equal, judged " half the votes to offend with preby " meditation and the defendant is
;

would have been rejeded.

gives
this

Ariftotle

" judged by the reft " but not with

many fubtil
;

reafons in favour of
I

law

one of which

fhall lay be:

fore the reader in his

own words
(l\JKO(S}iX.i\(jCV

Et(

iK TS^QVOlXg. ZypOVOIOii OiOlHH'

fiVl

O jUEV
O

" that, fince the profecutor is judged " to be a greater delinquent than the " dedefendant, the legiflator " termined that the leffcr wifely delinquent
"

to offend indeed, So premeditation.

J*!

UH

IK
TS4

Si ItSPOV TI J'uMV,

"

lAVi

Si

oty'yv.r,\i'

TOi St Si

ayvotav'
(TMfATrnflei.
jw.fi'

tcs cTj,

OTTWf
Si
iffoii

ilu^iv uSi-AHv
yitiayloit al

avlu

Orav

\]/t)(f oi, o

Sioikuv Klr.Pi-

Ti viro

Toiv

rifjiifsuv

ik wpotoioif aSiiieiv' 6 Si

have the advantage over the greater." The law, here, mentioned by Dionyfius, was borrowed from the Greeks by the Romans, and, from thefe, by the greateft part of the weftern world, where it is, ftill, in ufe, as
fliould

(pi\jyuv, utto toiv Acittwv

oiaiKeiv fMv,

iK uT^OVOIK;. ilfSSTTH OiSlHeiV fMilot yi jJttf^Ol StuKuiy Tss >t6Xg(] (pivyovlo;, etxoiug o voiJio^diliyiKciv iK^m Toy rx ihoi-ilui aSm'i^'loi.

with us, upon many occafions. Praefumitm' pro negante feems to be a

it
is

maxim,
the

" "

generally, received. Euripides derives the inftitution of this law from

trial

Befides, the

man, who offends with

is

*'

"

a greater delinpremeditation, quent than he, who offends without

pagus

of Oreftes, before the areofor the murder of his mother

" " tion Whereas, the perfon, who is " guilty of any other crime, fome" times offends through neceffity " fometimes through ignorance and " at others, as he may happen to of:

premeditation. Now, the calumniator always offends with premedia-

Clytaemneftra, when he was acquitted by an equality of votes ; of which Minerva gives this account ";
xvtii' i^icraiircc <r(,

Tir^ivy A^Hct! m^xfoii ^H$OTS I2A2 K^ivatr , O^irm, kch voy.iau' en tuxPio yi NiKxv, I2HPE12. oyij y Vh^OTS A^Eif.

Kai

* Problem. Sea. zg. Queft. 13.

"

Iphig. in Taur. /. 1469.

1

Vol.

III.

com-

258

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
to all

Book VIT.

communicating
nities,

even thofe,

themoft confiderableof their other digthat were peculiar to the patricians ; fome

of which concefTions they yielded to through neceffity, and their will, and to others through forefight, and wifagainft

dom:
at

All which

I fliall

mention

at a proper feafon.

How-

ever, this cuftom, I

mean That of

citing the

men

of power
are dif-

Rome

to a

trial,

where the people were judges, might

afford a fubjedl for many reflexions to thofe, either to commend, or blame it: For it

who
is

pofed

certain that

in a manner good men have been treated fuffered a fhameful, and unworthy of their virtue, and have

many

brave, and

miferable death, at the inftigation of the tribunes. On the men of arrogant, and tyrannical difpofitions, other fide,

many

an account of their lives, and conduct, being compelled to give have fuffered the punifliment they deferved. When, therewith the beft intenfore, thefe inquiries have been purfued

and the pride of the great was, juftly, humbled, this inftitution appeared grand, and admirable, and met v/ith
tions,

general applaufe

a virtuous, and able ftatefman was put to death through envy, and contrary to juftice, the reft of the world were (hocked at the inftitution, and the
:

But,

when

authors of

it

detefted.

The Romans

have, often, deliberated

whether they fhould repeal this inftitution, or preferve it in the fame vigor they had received it from their anceftors ; but "never came to any refolution. If I may be allowed to
give
fo great moment, I look opinion in affairs of to be advantageous, upon the inftitution, confidered by itfelf,

my own

and, abfolutely, neceffary to the

Roman commonwealth

but

BookVIL
but that

DI0NY5IUS H ALIC ARN ASSENSIS.

it
is

259

good, or
:

charaders of the tribunes

bad, according to the different For, when this power falls into

the hands of juft, and prudent perfons, who prefer the intereft of the public to their own, the man, who has injured his country, when punifhed in the manner he deferves, firikes
terror into the

minds of

all,

who

are prepared

to

commit

the like crimes; while the worthy man, who a6ls in the adminiftration with the moft upright intentions, is in no
to an ignominious trial, or accufed. danger of being brought But the contrary of crimes inconfiftent with his conducl:
:

of

all this

men

happens, when wicked, abandoned, and interefted are invefted with fo great a power. So that, inftead of

reforming the inftitution, as faulty, they ought to confider by what means good, and worthy men may be placed at the

head of the people, and that a

tance

may

of the greateft impornot, injudicioufly, be conferred on men of no

truft

character.

LXVI. Thefe were

the
firft

the caufes, and this was the event of

after the

fedition, that

happened among the Romans

their kings. I have related all the circumftances expulfion of of it in an extenfive manner ; .to the end that no one may

patricians could fubmit to inveft the people with fo great a power, without being terrified into it by the muider, or banifhment of the moft confiderable of their order;

wonder how the

both which

when know

For, extraordinary events are related, every one defires to the caufe, that produced them, and confiders That
I

have happened in

many

other

citites

alone, as the fource of their credibility.

refle6led, therefore^

z6o

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Eook VII.

I fore, that the relation

have gained little, with faying that the patricians refigned their power to the and that, when they might have maintained the
plebeians,
ariftocracy, they inverted

have given of this tranfaftion would or no credit, if I had contented myfelf

them with the greateft prerogatives, and had omitted the motives, that induced them to come into thefe concefTions For which reafon, I have related them all.
:

And, fmce they did not make this change in their government by compulfion, and force of arms, but by perfuaiion,
I

to infert the fpeeches, abfolutely, neceffary which the heads of both parties made upon that occafion. fome hiftorians think themfelves I furprifed to find that

thought

it,

am

of military tranfaflions, obliged to give an exad: account and, fometimes, throw away many words in the relation of
a fingle battle, in defcribing the fituation of the places, the the difpofition of the armies, the exhortaparticular arms, tions of the generals, and every other circumftance, that
contributed to the vidlory on either fide ; but, when they come to give an account of civil commotions, and feditions,

they think themfelves under no obligation of relating the

fpeeches,

by which extraordinary, and wonderful events were

:

For, if any thing in the Roman commonbrought to pafs wealth deferves to be admired, and to be imitated by all man-

kind, this circumftance, in

furpafies,

my

opinion, deferves

it,

or rather

in

its

luftre, all the great things,

which moft deferve

our admiration, that, neither the plebeians, in contempt of the patricians, took arms againft them, and, after murdering

many

of the beft men, feized

all their

fortunes

nor,

en

Book Vir.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
fide,

261

on the other
or,

the

men

in

power, by their

own

forces,

the plebeians, and, after that, lived in the city without moleftation : But, conferring together upon their common rights, like brothers with brothers, or children with their parents in a well go-

by foreign

affiftance, deftroyed all

verned family, they put an end to their contefts by perfuafion, and a communication of their thoughts, and, never,
allowed themfelves to commit any irreparable, or wicked adion againfl: one another; fuch as the Corcyraei were guilty of at the time of their fedition ; and, alfo, the Argivi,
the Milelii, and
wealths.
all

Sicily,

as well as

For thefe

reafons,

many other commontherefore, I chofe to make my

;

every one judge of my condud:, in this particular, as he thinks fit. LXVII. This having been the event of the trial, the

narration rather accurate,

than fhort

but,

let

people went away, extravagantly, elated, and thought they had deftroyed the ariHocracy. On the other fide, the patri-

were confounded, and dejeded, and complained of Valerius, by whofe perfuafion they had been induced to
cians

leave the trial to the people

and

thofe,

who conduced

Marcius home, lamented, and filed tears, in commiferation of his misfortune ; but he himfelf was feen neither to bewail, nor

lament his

own

fate,

or to fay, or do the leaft thing

he went home, unworthy the greatnefs of his mind. When and favv his wife, and mother tearing their robes, beating their breafts, and uttering fuch lamentations as are natural
to

women

in the like calamities,

when

they fee themfelves

upon the point of being

their deareft relations feperated from

262

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

by death, or banifliment, he fhevved ftill greater fortitiide, and refolution, and was unmoved at their tears, and their lamentations ; but, only faluted them ; and, exhorting them
to fupport their misfortunes with firmnefs, he recommended his fons to them , the eldeft of whom was ten years old, in arms ; and, without (hewing any other and the

youngeft,

marks of
might

tendernefs, or taking any thing with him, that be of ufe to him in his banifhment, he haftened to

the gates of the city, acquainting no one to what place he

propofed to

retire.

LXVIII.

few days

after this,

the time

came

for the

eledion of magiftrates,

Sulpicius Camerinus, Lartius created Flavuswere confuls, thelaft being andSpurius chofen for the fecond time. The city was, this year, greatly alarmed with prodigies: For unufual fights were feen by

when Quintus

many, and

voices were heard, uttered

cattle,

by no man;

births,

both of children, and and monftrous were

given in
fury,

faid to

extremely unnatural, incredible, have happened ; oracles were

and women, poflelTed with a divine foretold miferable, and dreadful misfortunes to the com-

many
;

places,

monwealth

a kind of contagious diftempcr was, alfo, felt

:

by

the people, and dcftroyed great numbers of cattle However, not many men died of it, the mifchief going no farther Some were of opinion that thefe thincTs than a malady.

proceeded
citizens

angry with them for having banifhed the mod: defervinp- of all their
;

from the

will of the gods,

who were

others,

the

work

nothing, which had happened was of Heaven, but that both thefe, and all other
that

human

BookVlI.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS.

263

events were fortuitous. Afterwards, a certain perfon, whofenamewas Titus Latinus, being ill, was brought to the
fenate in a litter
;'

human

he was a

man advanced

a competent fortune, but worked with his This perpafied the greateft part of his Hfe in the country fon, being brought into the fenate, affirmed that the Capitohne Jupiter had, as he thought, appeared to him in a dream,
:

and of own hands, and

in years,

and

"
faid,

Go, Latinus, and

^^

let

"
"

your fellow-citizens
not give

know
an ac-

that, in the late proceflion, they did

me

"
**

ceptable
feftivals,

leader

of the dance

let

them renew the

for I

and perform others from the beginning,

have not accepted thefe:" He added, that, when he waked, he difregarded the vifion, and looked upon it as a

common, and
apparition
fleep,

deceitful

dream

that, afterwards,
itfelf to

the fame
in his

of the god prefenting

him, again,

was angry, and difpleafed with him for not. having the fenate with the orders he had received, and acquainted threatened him that, if he did not prefently do it, he fhould
learn,

by the experience of fome great calamity, not to That he had no better negled fupernatural injundions
:

the fecond dream, than of the opinion of

*" Toti
^
yi-yify-ivov oc^y,?y,v.

firft

and, at the
it.

Livy

calls

fliould

make

ufe of

The

noble,

I believe, this dancer, praefiiltatorem. or, at leaft, hope, that the generality readers will bs as much tired of

my

with reading prodigies,

as I

am
is

with

though partial, hiftory of the Earl of Clarendon is, alfo, difcoloiired with a dream, as I have faid, not very unlike to this However, all authors may be
:

; better, or, tranClating that they will fkip over the prodigies, till they find fomething more worthy

them

which

afllired that the

lull

moft

efFeftual

way

to

their readers afleep is to talk to them of dreams. It is as contagious

as

of their attention the fame liberty,

If a tranflator
I

had

gaping

in

company,

am

very fure I
y

B.ii. c. 36.

fame

264

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

BookVII.

fame time, was afliamed, being a perfon, who worked with his own hands, and an old man, to talk to the fenate of
ominous, and frightful dreams, for fear of being laughed at However, a few days after, he faid, his fon, Vv^ho was young
;

and

beautiful, died, fuddenly, without ficknefs, or

:

any other

apparent caufe of death

After

this,

the god, again, ap-

peared to him in his fleep, and faid that he had, already, been puniflied in part, for his contempt, and negled: of the orders he had received, by the lofs of his fon, and fhould
other punidiments That, when he heard this, he received the threats with pleafure, and, being weary

foon

feel

however, that the god did not inflid: tliis punifhment on him, but fent fuch intolerable, and fliaro his limbs, that he could not move a pains into all joint
life,

of

defired to die

without the

greatefl:

torment: Being in
to

this condition,

he

communicated what had happened

their

his friends

and,

While he was advice, was come to the fenate. by giving this account, his pains feemed to leave him by dehad related every thing, he rofe from grees ; and, after he the litter ; and, having invoked the god, walked home
through the city in
perfecfl

health.
full

LXIX. Upon

this,

the fenate were

of fear

every one

was aftonifhed, and at a lofs to guefs what was meaned by the god, and who fhould be the leader of the dance in the
proceflion,

who

appeared unacceptable to him. At

laft,

one

of them, remembering the thing, related it to the refl, and It was this : all of them confirmed it by their tcflimony.

A Roman

citizen of

no obfcure condition, having ordered one

Book Vir.

DION YSIUS H ALICA RN AS SEN SIS.

265

be put to death, deHvered him to his companions to lead him to his punifliment ; and, with a viewto render the chaftifement the more exemplary, he diredled

one of

his flaves to

the forum, and every other confpicuous part of the city, as they whipped him ; and that he fliould go before the procefTion, which the Romans were,
to drag
at that time, performing in

them

him through

honor of that god.

The men,
pieces

ordered to lead the flave to the place of punifliment, having extended both his arms, and faftened them to two

of wood, which reached crofs his breaft, and flioulders as far as his wrifts, followed him, tearing his naked body with

whips The criminal, fubdued by the feverity of fuch treatment, cried out ; and, not only, uttered execrations, fuggefted by the torture, but threw himfelf into indecent con:

All thought this man to be the unacceptable dancer, fignified by the god. LXX. Since I am come to this part of the hiftory, I
torflons at

every ftroke.

ought not, in
the

my

Romans on

opinion, to omit any thing performed by the occaiion of this feftival : In this, I have

more agreeable by the addition of theatrical entertainments, and florid difcourfes, but to prove fomething neceflary, which is, that the nations,
no defign
to render

my

narration

who

the city of Rome, were Greek joined in founding colonies, fent out from places of the greateft repute ; and not, as fome imagine. Barbarians, and vagabonds : For I

promifed at the end of the

firft

book, which

compofed,

and

publiflied concerning their origin, that I

would prove

what I, then, advanced, by a Vol. III.

great

number of arguments, m drawn

266

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VII.

drawn from their ancient cuftoms, laws, and inftitutions, which they preferve to this day, fuch as they received them from their anceftors For I am of opinion that it is not
:

enough

for thofe,

who

write ancient, and local

as

hiftories,

faithfully

to relate fads,

they have received them from

;

the inhabitants of the country

but that they ought,

alfo,

expedt

to fupport thofe fa6ls by many indifputable teftimonies, if they their relations fhould find credit. Among thefe teftiI

look upon the firft, and the moft confiderable of all others to be the ceremonies relative to the eftablifhed worfhip
monies,

of the gods, and genius's, which are performed in every city : Thefe, both the Greeks, and Barbarians, have preferved for the greateft length of time, and have, never, thought fit to
innovation in them, being reftrained from it by their fear of the divine anger ; this fear makes the greateft

make any

the Barbarians for many reafons, which I impreflions upon do not think this a proper opportunity to alledge ; and no length of time has, hitherto, induced either the Egyptians,

the Libyans, the Celtae, the Scythians, the Indians, or any other Barbarous nations whatever, to abandon, or tranfgrefs

any thing relating to the worfhip of their gods; unlefs fome of them have been fubdued by a foreign power, and comto exchange their own inftitutions for Thofe of the pelled
conqueror.

Whereas, the

Roman commonwealth,

never,

experienced fuch a misfortune ; but has herfelf, always, the Romans had been, given laws to others. If, therefore,
originally.

Barbarians, they
their firft rites,

would have been

and the cuftoms

fo

far

from
their

abandoning

eftabliflied in

BookVIL

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASS EN S I S.

267

their countiy,
fperity,

to fo great proby which they had arrived '^ intereft that they would, even, have made it the

of

all

their fubjedls

Roman

to worfhip the gods, according to the ceremonies ; and, if they themfelves had been

Barbarians, nothing could have hindered all Greece, which Romans near ^^ feven generahas, now, been fubjecl to the
tions,
^S"

from being rendered Barbarous by them.

xcjAo) noiJi^tie-mv.
I

Ev

do not think

^9-

ES^i/xy/j

yividv.

find

here a

that any of the tranflators have given the lenfe of this paflage. Sylburgius Portus has faid, has paraphraied it. aliis omnibus, quibus imperabarJ, praeLe Jay has clarmn fore exijlimajent. rendered it, ih Je feroient fait un devoir

note of Glareanus in Sylburgius, which M. *** has tranflated without the leaft acknowledgement. In this note, Gla-

de fair e honor er leur 5

il

dieux-.,

and M.***

reanus thinks thefe generations ought to be computed from the vidory gained by the Romans over Perfeus, king of Macedon, or from the end of the

un devoir d'inlroduire fe feroient fait leurs ceremonies. Nothing of all this

f^ives the fenfe

of theGreek text. Ev

y.ci-

fignifies opportunely, advantageoufly. ^ Thucydides ufes it in the laft fenfe,

f^ai

fecond Punic war, when, he fays, the Romans had fome footing in Greece. I cannot approve of either of thefe The firft is not early enough aeras.
:

And

the

little

the

Romans

poffefTed in

when he
ici^oit
,

fays,

Ev xaw
is,

^;>tfi

n'

fAaxi

Greece
:

at

the

laft

aera does not de-

by

the

which Greek

very well, explained

e^i
(ru,iA<f)efoi/l(.

fchoiiall,

ferve the application of the word x^So that, I would rather date TSjuevov

To
I

apply think it very plain that

xfls'sf >i<rv

this to the pafTage before us;

01

the conqueft of Greece from the confulfhip of

?uy,o(,ioi

sv

XCjAa

TOif

AAof

C7ro-(y

wv K^X"^
fig-

M.
in

L. Furius Purpureo, and Claudius Marcellus, which fell out

Tiif 9-saf Toif ff^ili^oic

ri[A,ci,\i

vO|Ui^oK,

the year of

Rome

558

when T.

nifies

that
it

the

Romans would have

all

made

the intereft of

their fub-

Qiiindlius Flamininus, after he had defeated Philip of Macedon at Cynof-

to jefts

honour the gods, as they honthat is, to embrace their oured them is a piece of policy, This religion. of Europe, at moft which princes by
;

cephelae, caufed that famous decree to be publifhed at the Ifthmian games.

By

this decree, all the Greek cities, v;hich had been under the dominion

their condudl:. day, regulate wifti they would ftop here, and not
this
I

of Philip, were declared

populufque Romanus
fuis legibus effejubet
:

free:

"

Senatus

liberos,

perfecute

thofe,

who

refufe to

con-

Then

immunes, follow the

form to the rehgion of their courts, where thereis, feldom, any to be found.
^B.
'

names of
this

noble benefit.
c.

the cities, that were to enjoy Sure no nation,

32.

V. c. 59.

Livy, B. xxxiii.

Mm

LXXI.

268

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF
now
pra6tifed

BookVII.

LXXI. The

ceremonies,

by the Romans,

might, poiTibly, be looked upon by others as no fmall indications of their ancient inflitutions. But, left any one fhould think this a weak argument, and continue to o;round their
opinion on
this

improbable notion, that,

all

after the

had conquered

Greece, they might forfake

Romans their own

cuftoms, and, willingly, embrace others, that were better, 1 fhall deduce my proof from the time, when they were

not yet mafters of Greece, or of any other country on the other fide of the fea and fupport it by the authority of
:

Quintus Fabius, without having recourfe to That of any other author: For he is the more ancient of all the

Roman

hiftorians,

and proves what he

oi
others,

aflcrts,

not only,
his

from the information

knowledge.
This

but,

alfo,

from

own

feftival,

therefore, the

Roman

fenate,

ordered to be celebrated, as I faid, purfuant to the vow made by the dictator, Aulus Poftumius, when he was upon the point of giving battle to the Latines, who had
revolted from the

Romans, and
:

w^ere

Tarquinius to the fovereignty

they ordered
^

endeavouring to reftore In confequence of this vow,

filver to

five Iiundred

minae of

be expended,

every year, in the facrifices, and the games ; and this fum the Romans laid out on the feftival, till the time of the
vidory with fo much Livyiays this prociamagenerofity. tion rail'd ftich an ecflacy of joy in the minds of all the Greeks, who were
ever, ufed their

by their repeated acclamations, made it eviJent, that, of all bcatfits, liberty

is

the greateft.
3- niiiocy.ofioi; imvet^.

1614

1.

iis.Sd.

games, that they could prefcnt icarce contain it: I'hey cauied the
at thefe

of our money.

See the twenty fecond annotation on the fourth book,

proclamation to be read again, and,

Punic

Book VII.

DIONYSIUS HALICA RN ASSEN SIS.

:

269

Punic war

And, during

thefe

holidays,

many

things were

performed, according to the cufloms of the Greeks, fuch as the general ailemblies, the reception of ftrangers, and the cefTation of hoftilities ; all which it would take up a great
deal of time to defcribe
ceflion, the facrifice,
;

but fuch as relate to the pro-

and the games (for from thefe a judgement may be formed of thofe I have not mentioned) are

as follows.

Before the games began, the principal magiftrates performed a proceilion in honor of the gods, from the capitol Thofe, who led the through the forum to the great Circus
:

LXXII.

proceilion, were the fons of the Romans, approaching hood, and of an age to bear a part in this

toman-

ceremony,

who

marched on horfeback,
fortunes,
to be knights

if their fathers
;

were

intitled,

while the others,

who

by their were de-

signed to ferve in the infantry, went on foot; the former in fquadrons, and troops, and the latter in batallions, and

they v/ere going to their place of exercife ; to the end that ftrangers might fee the number, and beauty of thefe youths, who were growing to be men able to ferve Thefe were followed by charioteers, fome their country.

companies, as

if

drove chariots drawn by four horfes in front, and fome chariots drawn by two, while others rode unyoked

of

whom
:

horfes
light,

After thefe,

came the
all

''

combatants both in the

their

and heavy games,

naked except
wreftlers,
oi

middle.
Kui

31' 0iTMvA5A>),wa7wv aywvifoji. A^Auai a general word in Greek, and fignifies all the gymnic combatants, as
is

runners,
fAiv

boxers, etc.
5Ai;7i

yv/nuKoi
''

w^iwi

kxA^uoh,

fays

Julius Pollux,

"B.

iii.

Segm, 143.

This

270

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
this

OF
at

Book VII.

This cuftom continues, even to

was, originally,
pradlifed

day,

Rome

as

it

by the Greeks ; but it is, now, aboliflied in Greece, the Lacedaemonians having put an end to it The firft perfon, who attempted to appear naked, and
:

ran, in that condition, at the

Olympic games, in the fifteenth For, before Olympiad, was Acanthus, the Lacedaemonian that time, all the Greeks were afhamed to appear, intirely,
:

games, as Homer, the moft credible, and the moft ancient of all witnefles, fhews by introducing his heroes

naked

in the

defcribing the wreftling of Ajax, and UlyfTes at the funeral of Patroclus, he fays, they girded themfelves^ a7jd advanced to the middle

girded with cindlures

'^'^

Thus, when he

is

of the UJi : This he makes ftill plainer in the Odyfley, upon the occafion of the boxing between Irus, and UlyfTes, in
thefe verfes;
would have found the two
fuppofe our author quoted this verfe of Homer upon memory ;
verfes to

aymx.

becaufe, in reality, the latter applies it to the boxing match between Epeus, and Euryalus ; and not to the wreftlirg between

Ajax, and UlyfTes, to which he applies the following verfe ';

This was
it,

fcarce

of; neither fhould

worth taking notice I have mentioned

have been applied in the manner I have mentioned. I am fo great an admirer of Pope's tranflation of the Iliad, that I Ihould, certainly, have given the reader his tranflation of this verfe, as I fhall of the others, which our author will, prefently, quote, if he had not, I fuppofe to avoid a repetition, left out of his tranflation the very circumltance, for which our author
quotes this
^u-a-xfAfvw.

verfe, I

mean, the word

om.it-

had

it

not been to Oievv the great

However, he has not

implicitnefs, which the French tranflators pay ali along to their guides,

ted

it

little

before, where he has, very

properly, rendered
^u)[ji.

the Latin tranflators.

Hudfon

calls

St

it

the verfe, quoted by our author, thi which they have followed 685''', in

aj-ffcTov

ara^)t(itSCAtv,

Officious with the ci7iiuregirds him round.

him

But, if either Hudfon, or th.ey, had read the context in Homer, they
:

Though the reader will

.

find that hehas,

i^-^X'^yiiu

afterwards, left out lAnhnnt

4-.
j,'.

'

Iliad

710.

The?i,

BookVn.
7^^;/,

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENS IS.

girding
his

271

Jlrong

loins ^ the

kiftg

prepares
;

'To clofe

in combat, a?id his body bares

his

Broadfpread

Jhotdders,

and

By jiijl
Afuple

degrees,
his
chejl,

like

well turn

nervous thighs columns rife ;

his

his arjus

are round andJlro7ig.

Pope.

And, when he introduces the beggar unwilling

through fear, declining the combat; he
fays.

to ingage, and,

Thus they poke

But Irus fckened with fear

even in
this conditio?t, to be

however, the fiiitors forced hi?n,

girded, and dragged him t7'efnhling to the combat. Thus it is plain that the Romans, who preferve this ancient Greek cuftom to this day, did not learn it from

us afterwards, nor, even, change it in procefs of time, as we have done. The combatants were followed by bands of dan-

thefirftconliftingofmen; thefecond, of youths; and the third, of boys; thefe were accompanied by on the flute, who made ufe of ancient flutes, fmall and
players
fhort,

cers, in three divifions;

time ; and by players on the who ftruck ivory lyres with feven firings, called iSa^S'i]^^, lyre, barbital the ufe of which is left off", at this day, among fuch as are ufed at
this

the Greeks, though pradlifed by their anceflors ; but preferved by the Romans in all the ancient ceremonies relating to
their facrifices
:

The

dancers were drefled in fcarlet vefts,

from which hung their fwords, girded with brafs cindtures, and, in their hands, they carried fpears fhorter than ordinary; the
crefts,

men

had, brazen helmets, adorned with beautiful

:

and plumes

Each band had

its

leader,

who

pre-

fcribed the figure of the dance to the

reft,

and, generally,
repre-

272

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VII.

" time he and quick motions, in the reprefented warlike, beat. This, alfo, was a very ancient Greek inftitution, I

mean, the armed dance,

invented by Minerva,

called the Pyrrhic, whether it was to lead bands of who firfl:

began

dancers, and to dance in arms

upon the

deftrudlion of the

Titans, in order to celebrate the vidory by this token of her ftill earlier introduced it, when, joy, or whether the Curetes,

nurfing Jupiter, they defired to divert him by the clalhing of arms, and the motion of their limbs in time, according Homer fhews, in many places, the antiquity to the fable.

of

this alfo,

and that

it

was a national cuftom among the

Greeks ; but, particularly, in enumerating the ornaments of the fhield, which, he fays, Vulcan made a prefent of to Achilles For, having reprefented in it two cities, one flou:

rifhing in peace, the other fuffering by war, in That, on which he has beftowed the happier fate, he defcribes feftivals,

marriages, and entertainments, the natural effeds of happinefs, faying.

33- PuOjwoK.

word

is

fo

The fignification of this much altered, that we have

profe, and drefled in rime to pleafe the extraordinary tafte of his country-

of it. In not tune and ; Greek, fignifies time, modern languages have reduced the word to figniiy the bane of all poetry, rime. We have, indeed, almoft fiiaken

almoft

loft the original fenfe

it

men.
becaufe

This is the more furprifing, it muft be allowed that the

French dramatic poetry, for regularity, decency, and every thing but
ftrength, excels all the performances of that kind, which our or

off this
it

monkifh yoke have baniflied it from the

;

at leaft,

we

country,

ftage

where

any other has produced,

furreftion

fince the re-

is, ftill, in fo great admiration in France, that, not only, tragedies, but comedies, alfo, muft be in rime: Nay I have been told in France, that the Mifanthrope of Molierc, one of the

of

letters.

reader would allow

7oif
ssTf oxfAfU(rjUix7/jco;f

me

If an Englifh to render y
in proceleuf"
faid,

p'u^jucj?,

matic rythms, as

M.

* * * has
it

en

rythiiies procelcufmatiques,

would fave

beft comedies, that, ever, appeared in any language, was written by him in

a tranflator a great deal of trouble.

rhe

BookVir.
"The

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
youthful dancers i7ta
circle

273

bounds

To the foft Jlute, and cittern s fther found : in a row Through the fair fireets^ the matrons
Stajid in their porches ,

and enjoy

the

fjow.

Pope.
again, in defcribing another Cretan that conftfted of youths, and maidens,

And,

fhield

was adorned, he fpeaks

;

in this

band of dancers, with which the manner ;

Afgurd dance fucceeds

In
lofty Gnojfus^

for the

fuch as wasfeen Cretan queen,

bounding hand

Fornid by Daedalean

art.

A comely band
and hand.
Pope.

Ofyouths, and maidens,

And, fhew

in defcribing the drefs of thefe dancers, in order to that the youths danced in arms, he fays ;

Of thofe Of thefe
'That

the loch with flowry wreaths inroWd,

the ftdes

adorn

d with fwords
belts

of gold,

glitfriftg

gay frojn fiver

depend.

Pope.

And, when he introduces the

prefcribed
fays;
"The

leaders of the dance,

reft,

who
he

the figure of

it

to the

and began

it,

around \ gazing multitudes admire Two aElive tu?nblers in the center bound ;

Now

And gen
Vol.
III.

their pliant limbs they bend. high, 7J0W low, the fprightly revel end. ral

fongs

Pope.

Nn

It

274
It
is,

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

not only, from the warlike, and ferious dance, which the Romans employed in their facrifical ceremonies, and to the proceffions, that any one may obferve their affinity

Greeks, but,
For,

alfo,

from That, which

is

fatyrical,

and jocofe

armed bands, others marched in proceffion, perfonating fatyres, and reprefented a Greek dance, called '* were drelTed Sicinnis : Thofe, who perfonated the Sileni,
after the
'^ Chortaei^ and in mantlets hairy vefts, called by fome, of various flowers : And thofe, who reprefented fatyres,

in

had

cindtures,

and wore

fkins

of goats

the manes of fome animals ftanding upright, things of the like nature Thefe rallied, and mimicked the
:

and, on their heads, with other

ferious
loufly.

motions of the others by counterfeiting them ridicu-

The

triumphal procefTions,

alfo,

fhew that

raillery,

and

were an ancient, and national entertainment among the Romans For the foldiers, who attend the triumphs, are allowed to fatyrize, and ridicule the moft
fatyrical jokes
:

confiderable

men, without fparing

as

their generals,

in the

fame manner
carts

the Athenians,

who
:

rode in proceffion in

formerly, were permitted to rally every one they

met

have feen, even, in the funerals of illuftrious perfons, bands of dancers perfonating fatyres, who, together with the reft of the fhow,

Now,

they

fmg extemporary

verfes

And

34- Sixivvjv. I fhall lay before the reader the account, given by the author of the Etymologicum of

eHi&a.i-,

xi

){rjo9-r
J's

tj

aTio

luiixus

ra

AS>iviwv/3(riA.saif*oi

7roT5r<(J)'aij'a

the fatyrical dance, called

Siicnv/f.

magnum^ by theGreeks, That author fays it was cxlv(J'e,

-xm QifAi^oKMo; zi^oiiim Sixava.

Xoclaiog is, thus, exXo^ans^. other lexicon plained by Suidas, and
35-

f "'->! o^X'^'^'f' fiWjMfA.

r^ayiKi)'

KO^iu^

writers,

<fo-uy y-ai f^oiKhiAog ;^i]wv.

;to^7o5-,

It is

^f,

<D/^K>f.

{n7(!(i

ii

cmnn

jr{ TO

derived from

which fignifiesij^j.

preceded

BookVir.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS,
bier,

275

preceded the
nerals

called Sicinnis,

and imitated, in their motions, the dance, which is, particularly, pradifed in the fu:

of the rich

And,

that this fatyrical

manner of rally-

I have fpoken of, was not the invention ing, and the dance, either of the Ligures, the Umbri, or of other Barbarians,

any

who

inhabited Italy, but of the Greeks,

left I

I fhall

to prove,

fhould, even,

difguft

my

not go about readers in endea-

vouring to confirm, by more arguments, a thing, univerfally, allowed. After thefe bands of dancers, came a number
great

And, them, the perfons, who carried the cenfers, in which perfumes and frankincenfe was burned all the way they went ; and, alfo, the men, who bore the pageants made of gold, and fllver, both Thofe, that were appropriated to religion, and Thofe,
lyre,

of players on the

and the

flute

after

that belonged to the public.

The

images of the gods clofed

the proceftion ; they were borne on mens fhoulders ; and appeared in the fame fliape with Thofe made by the Greeks, and had the fame habits, the fame fymbols, and of
prefents,

which each of them is faid to have been the inventor, and Thefe were the ftatues, not only, of the giver to mankind
:

Juno, Minerva, Neptune, and of the reft, whom the Greeks reckon among the twelve j but, alfo, of Thofe ^^more ancient, of whom the fables fay the twelve were born
Jupiter,

The 3^- AKXaiiai Tui\' Tsr^cymi^f^m. reader will find by many paffagcs in Herodotus, and Diodorus Siculus, that
borrowed the names of almofb all their gods, and the whole fyftem of their abfurd religion from whofe country was the the Egyptians
the Greeks
-,

fchool of

mankind

for

two things
moil learned
to be the

feemingly inconriftenr, learning, and

fuperftition.

How

the

nation,

of

all other'^,

came

mod
and

fuperfticious, contrary to reafon, contrary to experience in all other

is

parts of the world,

not fo eafy to be
(as,

276
(as

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VII.

of Saturn, Rhea, Themis, Latona, The Deftinies, mofyne, and of all the refl:, to whom temples, and
accounted for
this-,
:

Mneholyac ne
ej/e

The foludon may

:

be
I

quihus nos,
quis

deum,

el

patrem:

that the learning, and the fuper-

nomen
eo

ejus requirerct,

avajiujuoi/

ftition

were in different hands

For

dixit,

quod nominis proprietate

noit

imagine that the priefts had learning without fuperftition ; and the laity To this fuperftition without learning. if the be it laity objefted, that, may had fuperftition, they learned it from their pi iefts ; no doubt ; but, we are not to conclude, that, becaufe the were priefts taught fuperftition, they
themfelves fuperftitious
trary,
;

egeat, oh ipfam fcilicet unitat em : Ipfius haec verba funt, k Qio; ;, St '; ovo-

Deo
iiec

igitur

opus eft crimen exigit multitudo, ut unamquamque perfonam fiid notd et appellatione defigquia jemper tinus efty This was the nomen Deus. proprium this great Egyprehgion taught by in tian philofopher, and legiflator ;
;

quia folus eft ; propria vocabulo, nift cumdifejl,

nomen non

nes

T)eo autetn,

on the con-

pafTages in the ancient writers give us great reafon to believe, and hope, that, in the earlieft times, and, when they, they were Deifts

many

'

honor
the

to

whom

the Egyptians called

-,

afterwards,

taught fuperftition, they bepreached, not the doftrine they lieved, but the doftrine they were to live by, becaufe they were fenfible that fyftems, and ceremonies would afl'ord a more abundant crop to the priefthood, than a religion, which, inflead of wanting, defpifes the foppery of
both.
that the Egyptians were, originally, Deifts, I am juftified " in it by Laftantius, whofe words I If
I

thirir year by his now, impoffible to know when he lived ; but, by a quotation of ^ Eufebius from Sanchoniathon, it appears that his laws were written on pillars, and copied by Mercurius Triffirft

month of

name.

It is,

megiftus in hieroglyphical, or hiero-

grammatical charadlers after the flood:

Though
laft

arn

much

afraid that thefe

faid

fhall

Thot, or Thoth, whom we Sanchoniathon in ''Eufebius

quote at length.

In fpeaking of
find
to

by have

invented letters, contrary to the opinion of many divines, who have a great mind that Mofes ihould be efteemed the invcnt'ir of them, he fays. Hie
I hros^ et fcrip/it qtiidem midtos, ad cogdivbiaru.-n nitiov.em rerumperlincntes, in

words, pel* tov Y.oi\ci.-AK\)ffiA.avy are not the words, or the fenfe of the words, This I fiiy, ufed by Sanchoniathon. becaufe every one, who is converfant with the manner ot Eufebius, muft know that he is a very unfair quoter; and, if Sanchoniathon had given an account of the flood, we ftiould have heard of it from him in ar leaft as ample a manner, as the other had related
it.

his,

however, we

may

ga-

ther

qutius majeftaUm

fummi ac

Jingularis

DEI
^

afferit
B.
i.

iifdeMq^ue nominibus appelLt,

'

quotation, that Thot a at lived, leaft, thouland, and nobody knows how many tiioufand, years be-

from

his

Dc

praepar. evang, B, i.e. 9, 10. B. 1. c. 9, i o. praepar. evan^.

c. 6.

Dc

Cicero

De

Nat. Deor. B.

iii.

c.

22.

places

Book VJL

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
the Greeks
;

277

places are dedicated among are fabled to have lived afterwards,

and of thofe, who from whom Jupiter

received

Nymphs,

the kingdom) and of Proferpina, Lucina, the the Mufes, the Seafons, the Graces, Bacchus, and

the Demigods, whofe fouls, after they had left their mortal bodies, are fiid to have afcended to Heaven, and to have

obtained the fame honors with the gods ; fuch as Hercules, and many Aefculapius, Caftor and Pollux, Helena, Pan,
others.

But,

if

the founders of

Rome, and

the inftitutors of

had been Barbarians, what could have induced them to abandon their national gods, and genius's, and to one lliew any worfhip all Thofe of the Greeks ? Or, let any befides the Greeks, among whom this was the other
this feftival

people

eftablifhed worfhip
as groundlefs.

and, then,

let

him cenfure

this

proof,

and the

priefts,

After the procefTion was ended, the confuls, to whom it was allowed, with their affiftants,
oxen.
:

prefently

facrificed

The manner

of which

facrifice

was the fame as with us For, after they had wafhed their hands, and puriiied the vidims with clear water, they flower on their heads, and prayed ; and, then, gave
fprinkled orders to their minifters to facrifice

them

Some of whom,

while the viftim was yet ftanding, ftruck it on the temples with a club others received it, as it fell, upon knives, made After which, they flayed it, and cut it up, for that purpofe
:

Mofes, in whofe time, as it apin the pears from numbsriefs paffiges exhad Pentateuch, the Egyptians
fore

changed the noble

initirutions of
;

Thot
c.

^ other pafTage in the Scripture, it alfo that even the Ifraeiites themappears felves had, during their fervitude in Egypt, caught the infedion, and were

for a wretched idolatry

and, by an''

become
xxiv, S^.^.

idolaters.

Jo(hua,

taking

278

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VII.

of the inwards, and from every taking off a piece from each limb, as a firfl: offering ; which they fprinkled with the
flower of barley, and carried to the facrificers in bafkets Thefe placed them on the altars ; and, making a fire under
:

them, poured wine upon them, while they were burning. It is eafy to colle6i: from Homer's writings, that every one of

was performed according to the cuftoms For he eftablifhed by the Greeks in relation to facrifices introduces the heroes both wafhing their hands, and ufing he fays ; Thm they wajljed their hands.^ barley cakes, where and took up barley cakes : And, alfo, cutting off the hair from
thefe ceremonies
:

the head of the vidim, and placing

thus
;

it

on the

fire,

faying

But
into

he, begiitning

the facrijice,
alfo,

head

the fire.

He,

threw the hair of the them ftriking the reprefents

foreheads of the vidims with clubs, and ftabbing them, when they were fallen, as in the facrifice of Eumaeus
:

his heady knotty fiake then aifiling at Down dropf d he groaningy and the fpirit fled :

T'he

fcorching flames

cli?nb rouftd

on

evry fide.
Pope.

He fays alfo, that they took the firft offerings from the inwards,
and
herd
the limbs,

them upon
them up
yet

and fprinkled them with flower, and burned the altars, as in the fame facrifice: Thefume^
them
ivrappi?2g the altar, while they were upon

took the fiffl offerings from all the limbs y aitd,

in the faty laid

raw ;

theny flrewing

them with flmery he threw them

into the fire.

Thefe

BookVJI.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARNASSENSIS.
I

279

Thefe things

Romans
with
this

acquainted with, by having feen the perform them, even in my time ; and, contented fmgle proof, I am convinced that the founders of

am

were not Barbarians, but Greeks, affembled together from many places It is, indeed, poflible that fome Bar:

Rome

barians, alfo,
fices,

may perform
in the

kw cuftoms,

relating to facri;

and

feftivals,

fame manner with the Greeks

all thefe, is

but, that they fhould obferve

not to be believed.

now, remains for me to give a fhort account of the games, which the Romans performed after the proceflion The firft was a race of chariots, drawn by four horfes in front, and by two, and of unyoked horfes, as it was

LXXIII.

It,

pradifed

by the Greeks, anciently, at the Olympic games, and is fo to this day. In the chariot races, two very ancient cuftoms
are,

to this very time, obferved by the Romans, in the fame manner as they were, firft, inftituted ; one of which relates to the

drawn by three horfes^ which is, indeed, difufed by the Greeks, though an ancient, and heroical inftitution, which Homer fays the Greeks ufed in battle For to the two horles that were yoked, in the fame manner as when chariots are drawn by two, a third was added in front, that was faftened
chariots
:

to the chariot by traces ; which horfe the ancients called, ^^ an additional horfe^ becaufe he was faftened, and
noi^Yjo^oVy
37"

Cafaubon has a note which le Jay has tranfword, upon laccd without taking the leaft notice of him. In this note, Cafaubon connat^jfo^si'.

(ru^7sjf

i'T5rf,

took their

rife

from the

this

ancient

Greek cuftom of adding a

third horfe in front, called sr^i;o^or, to the two, called ^\iy\oi. Jt is true that
this third horfe

tends that the led horfes, introduced

was,

alfo, called c-^^ojiof:

by
ed,

the

emperor Theophilus, and callby the Greeks of thole times,

is derived from has not the leaft (r^, analogy with

But

this

word, which

joined

28o

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
The
other inftitution
is

BookVII.

joined to the others.

the race, run

;

by thofe
ftill,

perfons, who fate obferved in a few Greek cities

facrifices
:

with the charioteers

which

is,

upon the occafion of

the horfe races were

fome ancient
ended, thofe,
call
^^

For, after

who fate

JJa^x^oijxc,

with the charioteers, whom the poets and the Athenians ATro^ccJa;, leap from
in the ftadium
:

their chariots,

and run with one another

the horfe races were over, thofe, who contended in their own perfons, entered the lifts, that is, the

So

that,

when

foot racers, the boxers, and the wreftlers

For thefe were the

as

three

games

in ufe

among

the ancient Greeks,

Flomer

fhews in the funeral of Patroclus.

(ruf''o?,

And,
;rexo4'e

in the intervals

which

is

derived from

o-u^u

ufe, alfo, of thefe horfes was as The linrot different as their names.

The

AV^;
38-

HAPHOPON ^
This
is,

was faftened to the chariot, and drew with the two others Whtreas, the a-v^lo? Ittttoi; was no other than what we call a led horfe. In Homer, the chariot of Achilles was drawn by three horfes, Xanthus, Balius, and Pedafus ; the laft of which was the [irTsog T^a^yio^og we are confissrafi^ofof,

or

Tloi^oiS^laf.

indeed, the

(riof,

word ufed by
ther
'

the

Greek

isa.^oi,i&lai^
;

poets, or rafor the fake of the

is, flill,

metre

but the word

the fame.

Homer

'

diftinguiilies the jsa.^at^x'.oit

from the >;v;o;)(;oi, when he is fpeaking of the Myrmidons, who, by the order of Achilles,

dering.

The

three games, prefently fpoken of by Dionyfius, fucceed the chariot race in Homer, though not, exaftly, in this order ; which I mention, becaufe Gla-

reanus feems to think that our author

After

this,
-,

poor Pedafus
-,

is

killed

by

and, falling, puts the other two horfes in diforder but Autome-

Sarpedon

don drew

his fword and, by cutting the traces of Pedafus, fet every thing
-,

fuppofed the chariot rai e to have been one of them Whereas, nothing can be plainer than that he fays thefe three did not begin, till the horfe races were ended ; iiKi^i^m Si -xm irnnxtov
:
'

right again,
''Iliad

w,

;>.

148.

'<Ib.;f'

.473.

Iliad

ij'.

3^.

132.

between

Book VII.
betv\'een

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A RN A S S EN S IS.

281

the games, they obferved a cuftoni the moft agreeable to the genius of the Greeks, and the moil commendable of all others, which was, to crown the perfons,

and proclaim the names, of thofe they honoured benefadors (as it was pradifed at Athens, during the

as their
feftivals

of Bacchus) and expofe to the view of all the fpedlators the had taken in war. But, concerning theie things, fpoils they
as it

would not have become

me

to

make no mention of
it
is

them, when the fubjed required it ; fo proper to extend the relation farther than

would be imneceflTary.

It is,

now, time to return to the narration we have interrupted. After the fenate were informed of all the circumftances

who had been led to punifhment by relating to the Have, the order of his mafter, and had preceded the procefHon,
had happened that this man was the upon that occafion, they concluded of the dancers, pointed out by the god," unacceptable leader as I faid ; and, inquiring after the mafter, who had ufed his
flave

by the perfon, who remembered what

fo cruelly, they puniflied to be ordered another

him

as

he deferved
in

and

performed proceffion other games to be exhibited, at double the expence god, and And thefe were the tranfadions of this of the former.
confulftiip.

honour of the

The end

of the Seventh book.

Vol.

III.

Oo

THE

THE

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
O F

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
THE EIGHTH BOOK.

THE
third

confuls,

who were

Olympiad,

Caius Julius who entered upon their magiftracy in the feventy at which Aftylus of Croton won the prize
at

chofen after thefe, were lulus, and Publius Pinarius Rufus,

||j

of the ftadium, Anchifes being archon

Athens

Thefe
and,

were not, in the leaf!:, warlike men, magiftrates, who for that reafon chiefly, had obtained the confulfliip

from

the people, were, contrary to their inclination, ingaged in many great dangers ; a war breaking out in their magiftracy, which had like to have deftroyed the commonwealth from

For Marcius Coriolanus, who had been accufed of aiming at tyranny, and condemned to perpetual baniOiment, refenting his misfortune, and, at the fame time,
its

foundation

deliring to revenge himfclf upon his enemies, confldered by what means, and by the forces of what nation, he might
effedl
it ;

and found that the Volfci were,

at that time, the

-

only

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN A SS ENS I S.

283

only people, whofe power was able to encounter That of the Romans, if they could be brought to unite, and make war upon them under an able general. He concluded, there-

he could prevail on the Volfci to receive him, and to give him the command of the war, his defign would and prefently, be brought to bear. On the other iide, eafily,
fore, that, if

his

hopes were checked by the confideration of the calamities he had often brought upon them in battle, and in

However, the greatnefs of the danger did not deter him from the attempt ; on the contrary, he refolved to ruh into thefe very dano-ers,
forcing

many

cities to forfake their alliance.

and

whatever might be the confequence. Takino-the advantage, therefore, of a dark night, he went to Antium,
fuifer

the moft confiderable city of the Volfci, at the time when the inhabitants were at fupper ; and, going into the houfe of a man in power, who, by reafon of his birth, his riches

and

military adions, had a high opinion of himfelf, and generally, led the whole nation, whofe name was Tullus
his

Attius,

he became

his

fupplicant,

and

'

fate

down

at the

Annotations
"
KaSs^oja^i'Of
fTTi

on the Eighth Book.

MololTians
;

Tur

8,-iui!'.

Cafaubon
ia

who, not

bein^r at

home
to

has fliewn

great fagacity

reading

his wife inftrufled

him what he was

as it xaS^^cMsvof, inftead of x6:-^o/y.fvK, Hands in all the editions; this does him

the greater honor, as it is plain he had never feen the Vatican manufcript,

do, in order to gain the proteftibn of her hufb.^nd, fays, i h^ t^s yvvamoi
lKi\i j-Evo,f^oc,
iJoi<TKtloii

vV

at",,?

tov

where we
juftifies

find

Kx^t^op-wr,

Calaubon

hiscorreftion by "Thucydides,
fled to

who,

in

when he

fpeaking of Themiftocles, Admetus, king of the

B.i.

Kah^iS-ui itti ryji i^ixv or, rather, as I think, ts-i T>;f I ,-;(. Cafaubon goes on, and confirms his reading by quotations from many other authors, which I think it needc.

Tn-xJa

(tj:uv

AaSm

136.

OO

foot

284

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
neceffity,

BookVIII.

foot of the altar confecrated to his houfliold gods : Then, which had reduced him having related to him the

he begged of him to entertain fentinients of moderation, and humanity with regard to a perfon, who was become his fupplicant, and, no longer, to look upon
to fly to his enemies,

that
his

power ; nor to exert ftrength againft the unhappy and the humbled ; but
as

man

an enemy,

who was

in his

to confider that the fortunes of

men

are

" This, fays he, you may learn, in a particular manner, " from myfelf, who was, once, looked upon as the moft
*'

not permanent.

"
*'

confiderable perfon in the moft

renowned

city,

and am,

now, deferred, baniftied, reduced to an abje6!: condition, and expofed to any treatment you, who are my enemy,
erecfled in

fince we are in pofleffion of the true reading by the afliilance ot the Vatican manufcript. M. * * * has taken all thcfe authorities
Jefs to repeat,

nates

every houfe to the Dii Pc' ^ is Cicero: explained by ^id efi fanSlius, quid cmni religione inun:tius, quam domus uniufcujujque ci:

This

from Cafaubon verbatim, and adorned

himfclt with his fpoils,
Jeaft

without the
:

acknowledgement to the bird, whole plumes he borrowed However, I thought it a piece of juftice to rtrip the jackdaw, and to reftore the gaudy feathers to the right owner. To what I have quoted from Cafaubon, I fhall add a word, or two ot my own, concerning the fignification of the word tf.a, becaufc I do not think that either
focus in
Latin,- or foyer in the French, tranfl^tors, explains the fenfe of it in this place For, ntither of
the
:

? Hie arae funt, hie foa, hie dii Penates, hicfaera, religiones, c'eremoniae continenlur : Hoc perfugium cftttafanEtum omnibus, ut inde abripi neminem j as fit.

vium

This

upon

Homer, calls Ulyfles, in to witnefs to the truth of what

isiot

'

he is faying,

"Where
(ouuo;

<f oj,

explained
Tijf

or Isict, is, very properly, by the Greek fcholiaft,

ff-iaf.

In

this

fcnle

alfo,

Hobbes, who, feldom, miftakcs his

author, has trandated Kaif^iS-ai f-n ry,g kiaf in the pafiage 1 quoted from

thofe words fignifies any thing more than a fire, or a hearth ; whereas the

Thucydides,
of the houfe.
0d}'ff

ajidfil

down

at the altar

proper fignification of jri* was an altar

''Prodojn.
c.

41.

.58.
((

fhall

Book VIII.
*'

DION YSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

fit

285

fliall

think

to inflid
as

upon mc. But

promife you that

"
*'

I will

perform

their friend, as I

it I great fervices to the Volfci, occafioned calamities to them,

become

when

was
let

their

enemy

However,

if

you

refolve

upon

my ruin,

fpeediefh

loofe your refentment at once, and grant me the death, by facrificing a fupplicant with your own

hand, and at the foot of your own altar." II. While he was yet fpeaking, Tullus gave him his hand; and, raifing him from the altar, delired he would affure
himfelf that he fhould not be treated in a manner unworthy of his virtue; and faid he thought himfelf under great
obligations
to

"

him

for

coming

to his houfe,

promifes conferred together in private, and came to a refolution to Tullus propofed to bec^in a war againft the Romans. put of all the head Volfci, and himfelf, immediately, at the

he looked upon even This as mifed him, alfo, that he would make all the Volfci his All which friends, and begin with his own fellow-citizens he made good. Soon after, Marcius, and Tullus
:

and fhewed that no fmall honor He pro:

march to Rome, while the Romans were yet On the other had unexperienced generals.
infifted that they

divided,
fide,

and

Marcius

dation for

ought firfl: to lay a pious, and juft founthe war ; and fhewed him that the gods interpofed

in all tranfadions, particularly in Thofe relating to war, by how much they are of greater confequence than any others, and fubjed: to uncertain events. It happened that there was, at that time, a ceffation of arms, and a truce fubfifiing

between the Romans, and the Volfci, and

alfo,

a treaty for

two

286

OMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF
:

Book VIII.

" two years, lately entered into between them If, there" fore, you make war upon them inconiiderately, fiys he, " and with precipitation, you will be the caufe of the " treaties being difTolvTd, and Heaven will not be propitious " to you Whereas, if you ftay till they do this, you will " be thought to ad upon the defenfive, and to punifh them " for their breach of How this may be elTedled, treaty. " and what means firfl: violate this and
:

by

" we feem " I have

*'

to

they may make war upon them with

fliould be deceiv^ed

treaty,

piety,
"

and
is

juftice,

difcovered, after long confideration.

to tranfgrefs deceit (which I have,

the

Romans
firfh

" deceit, " of this "

by us, and the law of nations.

in

neceffary be led, by that

It

The manner
;

hitherto, concealed in exit

" " "

*'

peclation of a proper feafon to put

praftice

but,

feeing you,
it

now, eager
I

for adion, I
is

am

forced to difclofe
are

fooner than

propofed)

this:

The Romans

going

"

to perform facriiices, and exhibit very magnificent games, at a great expence At which great numbers of ftrangers
:

will be prefent, as fpectators.

*

When
to

this

time comes, go
by
his refcnt-

i^H ^i Cp' t^uxv civ%( t^xwx^K'ii^^cii.

is

have been

fo far blinded
liis

This

a poor lubterfuge in Coriolaand nus, itrange advice from a man, \vhohad,juft before, fiiid that Heaven

country, as to facrifice every confideration to his defire of re-

mentagainll

wouM
if

venge
fion

The

not be propitious to the Voifci,

as if there could

they were the aggrelfors in thi war; be any difference be-

made him traiilgrefs the moltimporcant maxim of _p,)Htical morality,

which renders
it

impetuofity of this paf-

infamous,

the

twecn taking arms againft theRomans, and circumventing them by this mean device: The end of both was the fame,
tJiat is,

highell dcgice, tor any man, how uiijultly foever hemay'have been treated

to force the

Romans into a war,

that end, was,

and the means he employed to effeft of the two, the haft honourable. But he leems throughout

by his country (which, by the way, was not his cafej even to ailitl her enemies with his counfel, much more
to take

arms againft

her.

" thither

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

:

287

" " "

*'

and ingage as many of the Volfci as you and fee the games And, when you are at Rome, fend one of your friends you can moft confide in, to the confuls, and let him acquaint them, prithither yourfelf, can, to go alfo,

" that the Volfci have formed a defign to attack vately, " the and that it is with this view they city in the night " are come to Rome in fo For you may be great numbers
;
;

*' <'

aflured that, if they hear this, they will expel you the city without hefitation, and furnifh you with a motive for a
juft refentment."
III.

"

When

Tullus heard

this,

he was highly pleafed

and, putting off the defign of a prefent expedition, employed himfelf in preparing for the war. When the day, appointed for the commencement of the feftival, was come, Julius,

upon their magiftracy, the choiceft youth of the Volfci came from every city, at And the greateft the defire of Tullus, to fee the games them were obliged to lie in tents fet up both in the part of neither the houfes of public facred, and public places entertainment, nor Thofe of the Romans, with whom they
and
:

Pinarius, having, already, entered

had an intercourfe of hofpitality, fufficing for their reception : And, when they walked in the ftreets, they appeared in So that, there was, already, a report bodies, and companies and firange fufpicions raifed concerning them. in the
:

city,

In the mean time, the informer, fuborned by Tullus purfuant to the advice of Marcius, went to the confuls ; and,
that he had a fecret pradice to reveal to his pretending enemies againft his friends, he bound the confuls by oaths
as

288
as well

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF
own
fafety,

Book VIII.

in regard to his

as

that none of the

given the information againft them : After which, he gave an account of the pretended The confuls gave credit to the relation, and treachery.
Volfci fhoiild

know who had

immediately

fummoned

all

the fenators,

man

by

man

and

the informer, being brought before the fenate, and, having received from them, alfo, the fame aflurances, he confirmed

the account he had

before,

given.

The

fenators had, even long

looked upon it as a circumftance full of fufpicion, that fuch numbers of young men fhould come to fee the games from one nation, who were their enemies But,
:

by the accefllon of this information, the deceit of which they were ftrangers to, their opinion was turned into cer-

The refolution, therefore, they all came to, was, to fend the men out of the city before funfet, and to order to be made, that all, who refufed to proclamation obey,
tainty.

fhould be put to death

and that the confuls

fliould take

care that, in departing, they fliould neither be infulted, nor

expofed to any danger. IV. After the fenate had* pafled

this order,

fome went

through the
city

ftreets

immediately,

giving notice to the Volfci to depart the and that they fhould all go out at one

which was That called Capena ; while others, too-ether with the confuls, conduced them in their departure And, as they all went out of the city at the fame time, and at the
gate,
:

fame

gate,

it

appeared, by that means,

how numerous

they
firft

Tullus were, and how fit they were all for fervice. went out with great expedition 3 and, making a ftand

at a

proper

Book

Vlir.

DION YSI us H ALICARN AS SENS

city,

I S.

289

far from the proper place, not

he received thofe,
all

who

came

after

him: And, when they were

harangued them, uling many and (hewed that the infult the Volfcians had received from

together, he invedives againft the Romans,

them was heinous, and

ftrangers,

inexpreflible,

they being the only

:

every

proceedings in the cities, to which he belonged, and take proper meafures to put a this infolence of the Romans, by punilliingthem for flop to
their unwarrantable behaviour: After

who were driven out man would pubiifh thefe

of

Rome

He

defired that

he had faid

this,

and

the Voifci, fharpened the refentment of

who

were, already,

had met with, he difmiffed exafperated at the ufage they the affembly. When they returned home, every one related to his fellow -citizens the infult he had received, with agaravations,

which inflamed

all

the

cities to that
:

degree they

were unable to contain

their refentment

And, fending to

another, they appointed a general affembly of the Volfcian nation, in order to confult in common concerning the war:

All this was done, chiefly, at the inftigation of Tullus. And the magiftrates from every city, together with great
multitudes of other people, affembled at Echetra (for this feemed the mofc conveniently fltuated for a general city were made by the maaffembly) and, after many fpeeches aifl:rates of the cities, the votes of all prefent were taken ;

and
flrft

it

was carried to begin the war, flnce the Romans had

violated the treaty.

V. After the magiftrates had propofed to the afl^mbly to conflder in what manner they ought to carry on the war

Vol.

III.

P p

againft

290

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VIIL

againft them, TuUus prefentcd himfelf, to call in Marcius, and inquire of him

and advifed them by what means the

power of the Romans might be fubverted: For he knew, better than any man, both the weaknefs, and the ftrength of that commonwealth. This was approved of; and prefently they all cried out to call in the

man. 'Then Marcius,

his

having the opportunity he defired, rofe up with'grief in

looks,

and, after a fhort paufe, fpoke " If I as follows thought you all entertained the fame C( opinion of my misfortune, I fhould not think it neceflary (C to make any apology for it ; but, when I confiJer that,
tears in his eyes
;
:

and

"

**

" itfelf, nor dcferved by me, " not banifh me without a real, and jufl: caufe, I think " myfelf obliged, above all things, firft to clear my condudt " in a public manner, and before you all, from any impu" tation But, I conjure you, relating to my banifhment " by the gods, that even thofe among you, who are beft ** acquainted with what I have fuffered from my enemies, " and beft know that I have not defcrved this
:

among many men of different fome may be poffeiled with an

charadlcrs,

it

is

probable

opinion, neither true in that the people of Rome did

misfortune,

proceed, and that you will not dcfire to " be advifed what you are to do, before you hav^e inquired *' into the charadler of the advifer. The account I lliall give
will allow

"

me to

" of thefe I fhould date it from things will be flaort, though " their beginning. The original conftitution of the Romans " was and of
compofed
monarchy,
laft

ariftocracy
fit

Afterwards,

"

Tarquinius, their

king, thought

to

change the "

o;ovem-

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENSIS.

:

291

" o-overnment to a tyranny " men of the "

*'

For which

reafonj the leading

ariftocracy, entering into

an aflbciation againft

themfelves him, expelled him the city ; and, taking npon the adminiftration of the public affairs, formed fuch a
all

" of government, as fyftem " beft and wifeft. But, not

*'

men acknowledge
after, that
is,

to be the

long

or four years, the pooreft and idleft

within three, of the citizens, excited

"
*'

^'
*'

at laf!:, by bad leaders, committed many infolences, and, endeavoured to fubvert the ariftocracy. Upon this, all the and thought leading men of the fenate grew uneafy,

of the means to reprefs the infolence proper to confider *' Of all the fupof thefe diilurbers of the government. " of the ariftocracy, Appius, a man, who, on many porters

" accounts, deferves to be commended, mofl: diftinguiibed " himfelf I as the elder fenators, myfell did among among *' the younger And, upon every occafion, we fpoke with *' freedom in the fenate, notfo much with a view of making " war upon the people, as from a jealoufy left the government
:

*'

fhould
did

fall

into the hands of the worft citizens

neither

''

we

defire to inilave

" "

ferve the liberty of all, ftored to the beft men.

any of the Romans, but to preand that the power might be re-

" This being obferved by thofe moft pernicious " "leaders of the refolved to remove us two, people, they " v/homoft firft out of their way, profeftedly oppofed them, *' not by attacking us both at once, left the attempt fhould
VI.
<'

"

invidious and odious, but to begin with me, appear both who was the younger, and the eafter to be opprefted.

Pp

" In

292

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VIII.

" In the firft " me without

"

me

" "

place therefore, they endeavoured to deftroy a trial ; and, after that, they required to have dehvered up by the fenate in order to be to death :

put

" and charged me with aiming " not confider that

tyrants
''

But, being difappointed in both, they fummoned me to a trial, in which they themfelves were to be my judges,
at

tyranny

They did
the

never

"

people in conjundion with the

contrary, deftroy the beft
:

make war upon beft men; but, on

the

men

in

" Neither did people they fufFer the people aflembled in " their centuries to be my judges, according to the efta" bliftied cuftom, but appointed fuch an aflembly to try me, " as all allow to confift of
the moft profligate judges, a
*'

conjun6lion with the

"
"
*'

ereded againft me, labourers, vagabonds, and

tribunal

and
thofe,

me

alone,

in

which
defio-ns

who form

"
"

againft the pofleftions of others, were fure to prevail over good and juft men, and fuch as aim at the of

Mcty

the

commonwealth.

And

fo far

was

guilty of any crime, that, though tried " of which the greateft part were enemies to virtue, and, " for that condemned by two votes reafon, to me, I was " while the tribunes threatened to
^

from appearinoby the populace,

only,
I

"

refign their power,

if

was acquitted, alledging that they expeded the

laAwv
4'<P<'<?-

3'

Au(r< fAovov

Marcius,

to

like an able o ator, artfully extenuates the number of votes, that condemned

him, and yet advances nothing, that is not literally true For, though nine votcs oi.ly acquitted, and thirteen condemned, him, yaitis true tluit, iftwo of thole thirteen votes had come over
:

him, there would, then, have been eleven for him, and as many ao-iinfb him, and, confequently, as our atithor has already told us, he would have
been acquitted by reafon of the cquaof x'otes, as the law lity rcquireil. Sco the twenty fixth annotation oii the feventh book.

" worft

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN A S S ENS I S.

293

" worft of treatment from me, and, with all eagernefs and " paffion, preffed my condemnation. After I had been thus " treated by my fellow-citizens, 1 thought my future life " would prove a fcene of mifery to me, unlefs I took re" venge on them: And, for this reafon, when I was at
*'

liberty to live,
I

with

eafe, either in

"
*'
*'

any of the Latin

cities

thought

fit

by reafon of our confanguinity, or

in the

" the " the

colonies lately planted by our fathers, I declined it; and chofe rather to fly to you, I knew to have received

whom

greateft injuries greateft

"
*' *'

from the Romans, and to entertain refentment againft them ; to the end that, in

" And I think myfelf much obliged to you for the reception " you have given me, and ftiJl more for the honor you fhew *' me, without either refenting, or confldcring, the mifchiefs
*'

conjundion with you, I might take revenge on them to the utmoft of my power both by my words, where words were wanted, and, by my adions, where they were fo.

you received from me during the wars. VII. " What character, then, fhould I deferve, if, deprived " as I am of the glory, and honors I ought to have received
from

*'

"

my

fellow-citizens, to

whom

have rendered great

fervices,

and, befides, driven

away from my country,

"family,
*'

my

anceftors,

from the gods, and fepulchres of and from every other enjoyment ; and if, finding
friends,

my my

"

all

thefe

" their fake, " themfelves " and ferve

among
to

you,

whom

have

made war

againft for

I fliould

not annoy thofe,

who have behaved

me like enemies, inftead of fellow-citizens, thofe, who have fhevvii themfelves my friends,
*'

inftead

2-.94-

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
?

OF

Book VIII.

indead of enemies

For, whoever entertains neither re-

fentment againft thofe, who feek his ruin, nor affedlion for thofe, who endeavour his prefervation, defervcs not,
opinion, the name of a man. I acknowledge not that nation for my country, which has renounced me, but That, of which, though a ftranger, I am become a
in

my

citizen
as

my

nor the country, in which friend, but That, in which

have been injured,

find

my

fecurity.

And,
with

if I
all

am

aflifted
I

the alacrity

by Heaven, and feconded by you have reafon to expedl, I hope there

:

will be a great,

and fudden change

For you know that

Romans, after the experience of many enemies, fear none more than you ; neither is there any thing they have ever fought more earneftly, than the means of weakthe

ening your nation. And, to this end, they have pofTeffed themfelves of fome of your cities by force in time of war, and deluded others to fubmit to them by vain left all of you fhould unite, promifes of their friendfliip,
If, therefore, refolution of your counteracting their defigns youperfift with vigor, and all unite in carrying on the war, as you now feem determined to do, you will an end to

and ingage

in a

common war againft

them.

in

eafily

put

power. VIII. "As to the operations of the war, and your condud in this enterprife, fince, from your opinion either of defire my experience, or affcdion to you, or both,

their

you

that

ihould give

my

advice,
firft

fhall

give

it,

without
I

concealing any thing. In the

place, therefore,

advife

"

you

BookVIir.

DIONYSIUS H AL ICARNASSENSIS.
:

295

what means you may find a pious, and of war Hear then, what caufe of war will, juft caufe not only, be pious and juft, but profitable to you at the The country, which, originally, belonged to fame time the Romans, is of fmall extent, and barren; but That,

you

to confider by

which they have acquired by robbing their neighbours, is if each of the large and fertil And, injured nations Hiould
:

redemand
fo

their

own, nothing would be

as the

fo inconfiderable,.
ftate.
:

weak, and
I

fo diftrelTed,

Roman

Of this

you ought,
foi-e,

fhew the example Send, thereembaftadors to them to demand reflitution of your

think, to

cities
all

they are in poirefTion of; to defire them to evacuate the ftrong places they have ereded in your country,

and to perfuade them to reftore every thing elfe belono-inoto you, which they have ufurped by force. But, commence
not the war,
till

you have received

you follow

this advice,

For, if you will obtain one of the two

:

their anfwers

things you delire ; you will either acquire reftitution of all, that belongs to you, without danger, and ;

expence

or be furnidied with an honourable, and a juft caufe of war. For, not to covet the pofTeftions of others, but to

redemand one's own, and, not obtaining it, to declare war, will, by all men, be allowed an honourable proceeding. What refolution, then, do you think the Romans will
take, if
reftore

you purfue

my

advice?
?

the places to you

you think they will If they do, what fliould

Do

hinder them from rclinquiiliing every thing, that belonos to others ? For the Aequi, the Albans, the Tyrrhenians,

" aid

296
*'

ROMAN

ANTICVUITIES OF

BookVIII.

and many others will come, each to redemand their ov/n. *' Or do you think they will retain thefe places, and refufc " all Protefting, your juift demands? This is my opinion.
*'

therefore, that

you have been

all,

firft

injured by them, you

;

will, neceflarily,

have recourfe to arms

and you

will have,

for

"

your

allies,

pofTefllons, defpair

who, having been deprived of their of recovering them by any other means,

" than by a war

Fortune has prepared for the in" jured an opportunity they could 'never have expedled, *' and, of all others, the mod favourable, of attacking the
:

And

*'

Romans, while they

are divided,

and fufpedl one another,

" and while their generals are unexperienced in war. Thefe, " therefore, are the things, which I thought proper to fug" to you, as to perfons I wifli well to and are delivered gefl: " with all affedion, and As to Thofe, which it
;

fincerity.

will be necelTary to forefee, and contrive upon every occa" fion, when thefe deiigns are to be carried into execution,
*'

" leave them to For you may depend upon your generals " my zeal for your fervice, in whatever pofi: you iliall think t " to and I fhall endeavour to do my duty with place me ; " no lefs common foldiers, or of than
:

any your bravery officers. Employ me, therefore, your inferior, or fuperior " wherever I may be of any ufc to you; and be affured

"

"
*'

that,

if,

when

fought againft you,

was able to do you

I fliall, alfo,

*'

when I fight on your fide, great mifchief, able to do you great fervice."
IX. Thus Marcius fpoke
:

be

ing,

it

was

vifible that

And, while he was yet fpeakthe Volfci heard him with admiration. And,

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS H A L IC A RN A S S EN S
he had done, they

I S.

297

And,

after

fignified their approbation

of

by loud acclamations ; and, fuffering no one elfe to fpeak, they confirmed it by a refolution of the affembly. After the order was drawn up, they made choice of the
his advice

moft confiderable men out of every city, and fent them to Rome in quality of embalTadors. And, as to Marcius himhe fliould be admitted into the fenate they voted that in every city; be capable of the magiftracy every where;
felf,

and partake of

all

other honors,

requeft among them. And, of the Romans, they all went to work, and employed themfelves in warlike preparations ; and every one, who had

that were in the greateft without flaying for the anfwer

been,

then, dejected by their former defeats, grew, now, elated, in confidence of fubverting the power of the Romans.
till

time, the embafladors they had fent to Rome, being introduced into the fenate, faid that the Volfci were very defirous of feeing an end put to their complaints and that, for the future, they might againft the Romans ;

In the

mean

be friends and

allies,

without fraud or deceit

And

that

they fhould look upon the reftitution of the lands, and the cities, which had been taken from them, as a fure pledge of
their

mutual friendfhip

otherwife, there could be neither

nor lafting friendfliip between them ; the injured And they defired being by nature an enemy to the injurer the g^omans not to reduce them to a necefiity of making
peace,
:

war, by refufing them juflice. X. After the embafiadors had done fpeaking, the fenators ordered them to withdraw ; and held a confultation among

Vol.

III.

Qji

them-

298

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VIII.

themfelves: Then, having refolved upon the anfwer they were to give, they called them again into the fenate, and

" We are not ignorant, Volfci, fpoke to them as follows " that you do not feek peace, but only a fpecious pretence " for war For you come to demand thofe things of us,
:

*'
*'

which you well know you will never obtain, fince your demands are unjufl: and impoflible. If, indeed, you had
delivered

*'

" came now

**
*'

up

thefe places to us, and, changing your minds, to redemand them, it would have been
;

unjuft

not to reftore them

and having, no

"
*' *'

but, being deprived of them by war, longer, any right to them, you ad unjuftly

As for us, we look in coveting the pofleffions of others. upon thofe acqviifitions to be founded on the beft title,
that are founded

on our

vidtories.

We

are not the

iirft,

**

who

have eftablifhed

this law, neither

do we look upon

" it to flow from men, but from the gods. And, as " we know that all nations, both Greeks, and Barbarians,
nothing, it would hew For of our conquefts relinquidi any " a in to want of us lofe, through fear and folly, great fpirit
:

" make ufe of " nor to

this law,

we are

refolved to relax in

" what we have acquired by virtue, and valor. We neither " force you into a war, if you do not deflre it ; nor deprecate *' a war, if you do But, if you begin it, we fliall defend *' ourfelves. Return this anfwer to the Volfci ; and let them ** know that they will be the firft to take up arms, and we *' the laft to lay them down."
:

embafladors, having received this anfwer, their report to the commonwealth of the Volfci :

XI.

The

made

Upon

which.

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

299

which, another affembly being called, a decree pafled, with the concurrence of the whole nation, to declare war againft
the

they appointed Tullus, and Marcius to command their armies with abfolute authority ; and voted men to be levied, money to be raifed, and preparations to be made of every thing they thought neceflary for the

Romans.

After

this,

war.

When the affembly

and
faid
;

rofe up,

"

was going to be difmiffed, Marcius " The votes of this affembly deferve
let

commendation, and
in their

them be

carried into execution,

" each
*'

own
otlier

time: But, while you are raifing men,

preparations, which, in
all

" will employ you for fome time, and create delays, Tullus " and I will begin the work. As many of you, therefore, " as are to the and to
willing

and making

probability,

plunder

*'

a great booty,

let

enemy's country, gain them go with us. I undertake, with the

" affiftance of Heaven, to procure them many rich fpoils: " For the Romans, obferving that our forces are not yet " drawn So that, together, are unprepared to receive us
:

have an opportunity of overrunning as great a " of their country as we pleafe, without moleftation." part
fhall

*'

we

propofal alfo, the generals marched out, immediately, at the head of a numerous army of voluntiers, before the Romans were informed of their

XII.

The Volfci

approving

this

With part of which Tullus invaded the territories defign of the Latines, in order to prevent them, by this diverlion,
:

from fending any

tories.

affiftance to the

Romans

while Marcius

led the remaining part of the

army

into the

Roman

terri-

As

this

misfortune

fell

unexpededly on the inhabi-

Q^q

tants

30O
tants

ROMAN
of the country,

ANTIQJJITIES OF
many Romans of free
cattle.

Book VIII.

condition were

taken, and

many

flaves,

and no fmall quantity of oxen,

And, as to the corn other inftruthat was left ftanding, the iron tools, and ments, with which the land is tilled, fome were carried
and other
away, and others deftroyed
:

beafts of burden,

For the Volfci,

at laft, fet fire

to the country houfes ; fo that, it would be a long time, before the owners could repair them. The pofTeffions of the plebeians fuffered mofl:

upon

this occafion,
;

while Thofe of
received any

the patricians remained unhurt

or,

if thefe

damage, it fell only on their flaves, and cattle. For Marcius had given thefe orders to the Volfci, with a view of enthe patricians, creafing the jealoufy of the plebeians againft and to keep the fedition alive ; which happened accordingly : For, when the Romans were informed of this devaftation

of their country, and that the calamity had not fallen on all alike, the poor clamoured againft the rich, accufing them of having brought Marcius againft them ; and the faid in their defence, that this was fome malicious
patricians artifice in the general

But neither of them put themfelves in a pofture, through mutual jealoufies, and fear of treachery, either to fuccour that part of the country, which was laying
:

wafte,

or to preferve That,

which remained untouched.

return with his army,
after they

So

that,

Marcius had

full liberty to

and

to bring
as

home

all his

men,

had done

as

much

damage

fuffered none, and inriched they thought fit, but Soon after, Tullus alfo themfelves with a great booty. arrived from the territories of the Latines, bringing with

him

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN AS SEN SIS.

number of
were
fpoils
:

301

him

a great

For there the inhabitants,

being

unprepared, and the

calamity falhng
all

unexped:edly, fland the enemy.

alfo unfurniflied
this

upon them with an army to vviththe cities of the Volfci

By

means,

were elevated with hopes ; the army was raifed, and every for was fupplied, fooner thing elfe the generals had occafion
than could have been expe6ted. XIII. When all their forces were aflembled, Marcius confulted with his collegue concerning the future operations

" In of the war, and faid to him my opinion, Tullus, it ' will be beft for us to divide our army into two bodies ; ' and that one of us take with him the ableft, and braveft
:

'

'

'

of our troops, and lead them againft the enemy in order to ingage them ; and, if they do not decHne the ingagement, decide the conteft by one battle; but, if they
are unwilling, as I think they will be, to commit the fate of the war to a new raifed army, and unexperienced then let him lay wafte their country ; employ generals, their allies in their own defence ; deftroy their colonies,

'

'

'

'

and annoy them by every other means he can And let the other remain here, and defend both the country, and
:

'

the

cities, left

the

enemy fall upon them unawares,

if

they

'

are unguarded, and

we

ourfelves fuffer the

moft (hameful

'

of

'

what we have, while we are endifgraces in loiing It will be, alio, deavouring to gain what we have not.
all

'

'

who ftays here, fhould repair the neceflary that the perfon, walls of the cities that are fallen down, cleanfe the ditches,
and
fortify

the caftles, to ferve as places of refuge for the

''

hufband-

302
*'
*' **

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
:

OF

Book VIII.

hufbandmen

He fhould,

alfo, raife
field,

the forces, that are in the

another army ; fupply with provifions ; prepare

elfe,

arms, and furnifh, with expedition, every thing

is

that
will

"

neceflary.

Now I give

" command the army, that is to take the field, or That, " which is to remain here." While he was fpeaking, Tullus
was in admiration
propofal ; and, knowing the adliand good fortune of the man, yielded to him the vity, command of the army, that was to take the field.
at his

you the choice, whether you

XIV. Marcius, without loiing any more time, marched with his army to the town of Circeii, in which there was
'^

colony, who lived intermixed with the inhabitants, and made himfelf mafter of the town, as foon as he appeared

Roman
it.

before

the power
walls, they

For, when the Circeienfes faw their country in of the Volfci, and their army approaching the

opened

their gates

meet the enemy, defired them This preferved them from all irreparable mifchief For the caufed none of the inhabitants to be put to death, general
:

and, coming out unarmed to to take poffeffion of the town.

or expelled the city: But, having taken clothes for his foldiers, and provifions for a month, together with a moderate fum of money, he drew off his forces, leaving a fmall
garrifon

the town, as well to preferve the inhabitants from being ill treated by the Romans, as to reftrain them from innovating for the future. The news of thefe tranfin

a6lions being brought to Rome, encreafed the tumult, and diforder ; the patricians reproaching the people with having,
4*

Ki^Ktiinv

uihiv.

See the feventy fourth annotation on the fourth book.

by

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENS IS.

303

by a falfe accufation, driven out of the city a great warriour, a manof adivity, and of a generous fpirit;and contrived to

On the other fide, the general of the Volfci. leaders of the people inveighed againft the fenate, and faid the whole affiiir was a piece of treachery formed by them, and that the war was not directed agjainfl: all the Romans in
make him
but only againft the plebeians: Thefe were fupthe moft the But ported by profligate among people. neither of them had fo much as a thought of raifing an
general,

army, of ftndingto

their allies for airiflance, or

making the
people

neceffary preparations; by reafon of their mutua! hatred, and their accufations of one another, whenever the

were

afl'embled.

This being obierved by fuch of the Romans, as were moft advanced in years, they aflembled together, and
perfuadedthe moft feditious of the plebeians, both in public, and in private, to put a ftop to their jealouftes, and invedlives Since, they faid, by the banifhment againft the patricians.
of diftindlion, the commonwealth was brought into fo great danger, what were they to expedl, if, by their abufes, they forced the greateft part of the patricians to enof one
tertain the

XV.

man

fame fentiments

Thefe

men

appeafed the dif-

After this great tumult was fupprefled, the fenate met, and gave this anfwer to the embafTadors, who were come from the commonwealth of the Latines to defire
order.

was no eafy matter for them to fend af^ fiftance at prefent However, that they gave them leave to raife an army themfelves, and chufe their own generals, and
fuccours
;

that

it

to

304

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
number of
:

Book VIII.

to fend into the field an equal

forces with the

For, by the treaty of friendfliip they had made with the latter, both thofe things were forbidden. At the

Romans

fame time, the fenate ordered the confuls to raife an army ; to guard the city; and to call upon their allies to fend them fuccours but not to take the field till all things were in readinefs. Thefe refolutions were ratified by the people.
'

magiftracy of the confuls was near expiring ; So that, they could execute none of thefe refolutions, but left every thing half finiflied to their fucceflbrs.

By

this time, the

XVI. Thele were

Spurius Nautius,

and Sextus Furius,

citizens as

who

raifed as great a

number of Roman

they

poflibly could, and placed beacons, and fentries in the moft convenient fortrefies, to the end they might be acquainted

with every thing, that pafled in the country They, alfo, raifed money, and provided a great of corn, and quantity arms, in a fliort time. By this means, all their domeftic preparations were in fo good a poPaire, that nothing feemed to be wanting But, their allies did not all obey their fummons with alacrity; neither were they difpofed to aflift them
: :

voluntarily in the

war ; and the

confuls did not think

fit

to

of treachery. Some of their allies had, even openly, defer ted them, and joined the Volfci. TheAequi fet the example of this defertion, as foon as the war was

compel them,

for fear

declared, by going prefently to the Volfci, and entering into an alliance with them, which they confirmed by their oaths :

And

thefe fent to Marcius the

afiift

moft numerous army, and

the beft difpofed to

him. After thefe had begun,

many
of

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENSIS,

allies, alfo, fecretly aflifted

305

of their other

the Volfci, and fent

them

fuccours,

though not by virtue of any public order,

the

or in the

name of

commonwealth

but, if any of their

to enter into the fervice of Marcius, they were people defired fo far from diffuading them from it, that they even encou-

raged

it.

So

that,

the Volfci had, in a

jQiort

time, a

more

numerous army than they had ever been mafters of in the At the head of this moft flourifhing ftate of their affairs.
into the army, Marcius made another irruption
territories

of

the
laid

Romans
wafte

and, incamping there for many days together, all that part of the country, which he had
;

former expedition. However, he did not, in fpared in his For the this inroad, take many perfons of free condition
:

long before, retired with every thing that was moft valuable ; fome to Rome, and others to fuch of
inhabitants had,

the neighbouring fortreffes, as were moft capable of defence. But he took all the cattle they had not been able to drive

with their fervants, who tended them ; and av/ay, together carried off all the corn, that lay upon the floors, and all the
other fruits of the earth, whether then gathering, or already o-athered. Having ravaged, and laid wafte the country, none

he returned home with his army, daring to encounter him, now burdened with the multitude of fpoils, by gentle
marches.

XVII. The Volfci, feeing the vaft quantity of the that were bringing home, and being informed of the
till

fpoils,

puftl-

the Romans, who, having, lanimity of to ravage their neighbours country, could, now, bear to fee

then, been ufed

Vol.

III.

their

3o6
their

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
own laid

Book

VIII.

wafte with impunity, grew wonderfully elated, and conceived hopes of the fovereignty, looking upon it as an and a ready undertaking to fubvert the eafy, power of their
adverfaries.

They

offered facrifices to the gods, in thankf-

giving for their fuccefs, and adorned their temples, and with the fpoils ; and all paffed their time in public places feftivals, and rejoicings, in which they never ceafed to admire, and celebrate Marcius, as a warriour, of all others, the moft confummate, and a greater general, than Rome, Greece, or any Barbarous nation had ever produced: But, above
all,

they admired him for his fuccefs, feeing every thing he undertook eafily fucceeded according to his defire: So that, no

man, who, by

his age,

ferving under him ; and flocked to him

was capable of bearing arms, declined but all were eager to fhare in his adtions,
city.

from every
to a low,

The

general, after he
for-

had confirmed the

titude of the
againft the faithful to them :

zeal of the Volfci,

and reduced the

enemy

and unmanly
allies,

diftrefs, led his

army

cities

of their

who

yet remained

And, having,
:

foon, prepared every thing,

that was
5

neceflary for a

liege,

he marched againft the

Tolerini,

a Latin nation

made
ported

the
all

Thefe, having, long before, neceffary preparations for a war, and tranf-

bravely

the effedls they had in the country, into the city, received his attacks; and flood out fome time,

fighting from their walls, and wounding many of the till, being driven from thence by the flingers, and
5"

enemy;
fatigued
of

TcAe^ivaf.

Toleria

was a
*

city of the Latines fituated near the frontiers

Ital.

the Aequi.
Cluver,

Antiq. B.

iii.

c.

4.

with

Book

Vlir.

DION YSI us HALICARNAS SENSIS.

which had
of the wall.
lafted
till

307

with a

reiiftance,

night, they aban-

doned
of

feveral parts

WhenMarcius was informed

foldiers to plant

this,

he ordered fome of the

thofe parts

ladders

of the walls, that were left naked; while he himfelf, with the chofen men of his army, ran to the gates, amidft a fhower of darts, that were thrown at
againft

the towers; and, breaking the bars afunder, was Clofe to the gates flood a the firft who entered the city. of the enemies troops : Thefe relarge, and ftrong body

him from

ceived

him
till

vigoroufly,

and continued the combat

being killed, the
reft

for a

long

gave way ; and, difperfing themfelves, fled through the flreets. Marcius followed, putting all to death he could come up with, except thofe, who, throwing
lives
:

time ;

many of them

down

their arms,

While

this

was doing, the men, who

in this

begged their had afcended

by the
the

ladders,

made

themfelves mafl:ers of the walls.

The

town being taken

fpoils,

as

manner, Marcius feleded fuch of were proper to be confecrated to the gods,

cities

and to adorn the

to the foldiers.

Many

of the Volfci, and the reft he gave prifoners were taken, a great deal of
:

of corn So that, it was money, and a conflderable quantity not eafy for the conquerers to remove every thing in one

much time, while they day ; but they were forced to employ fucceeded one another in carrying away fome part of the
fpoils themfelves,

and the

reft

on

beafts of burden.

XVIII. The general, after all the prifoners, and effeds were conveyed out of the city, left it defolate, and

drew

off

his forces to

another

town
r 2

belonging to the Bolani :

3o8
*

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
:

OF
his

Book VIII.
defign to

Bolani

Thefe,

alfo,

had been apprized of

and prepared every thing, that was neceflary befiege them, for their defence. Marcius, who expeded to take the town

by florm, made his attacks upon many parts of tlie wall at the fame time. But the Bolani, watching a favorable opportunity,
forces,

opened their gates ; and,fallying out with numerous and in good order, attacked the front of the enemy ;

and, having killed many of them, and wounded more, and forced the reft to a fhameful flight, they retired into the
city.

When Marcius was informed that the Volfci were routed

he happened not to be prefent, where this defeat happened) he came up in all hafte with a few of his men ; and,
(for

rallying thofe, who were difperfed in the flight, them into a body, and encouraged them Then,
:

formed
placino-

them

he told them what they were to do, and ordered them to attack the town at the fame sates.
in their ranks,

Here, the Bolani having recourfe to the fame expedient, and fillying out in great numbers, the Volfci did not ftand
their

but, giving way, fled down a declivity, purfuant to the orders of their general; and the Bolani, ignorant : of the ftrategem, purfued them a conflderable When

ground

way

they were at a diftance from the town, Marcius fell upon them with a body of chofen youth Here many of the
:

^-

BwAi'wv,

'

Bolae,

Aequi,

as Cliiver fays,

a city of the near the bor-

to be an error of

who made

ufe

fome of a V,
in

late tranfcrlber,

ders of the Latines, not far from PraeIt has, long Once, been fo far nefte. deftroyed, that no traces of it are to be

which miftake crept

inftead of a B j about the time,

when thcGreeks, then half Barbarians, changed the power of their B, to Thac
of a V.
ii.

found.

look upon
f

Volant., in
Ital.

''

Livy,
Antiq. B.

Cluver,

c.

i6.

fB.iv.

c.

49.

Bolani

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS H AL ICARNASSEN SIS.

309

fome. defending thcmfelves, and others endeaMarcius purfued thofe, who were haftenvouring to efcape. and forced his way in, before they could ing to the town,

Bolani

fell,

fhut the gates. Atter the general had once made himfelf rnafter of the orates, the reft of the Volfci followed in orreat

numbers.

Upon

this,

the Bolani abandoned the walls, and

fled to their houfes.

this

city alfo,

Marcius, having poffeffed himfelf of gave leave to his foldiers to make flaves of the
feize
their effeds
:

inhabitants,

and to
all

And,

after

he had

carried

the booty at his leifure, and with full liberty, as before, he fet fire to the town.

away

XIX. From thence, he marched with his army to ^Labicum;

a city of the Latines ; and, like the reft, a colony of the Albans. In order, therefore, to intimidate the inhabitants, as foon as he entered their territories, he fet fire to

This was,

alfo,

thofe villages, the flame of cafe, be difcerned by them.

I

which might, with the greatefb However, the Labicani, finding themfelves defended by a ftrong wall, were neither aftonifhed
at his invafion, nor relaxed in

any refpecS, but made a brave

refiftance

and, often, repulfed the enemy, as they were Notwithftanding this, they were not able fcaling the walls. to refift to the laft, being but few in number, and obliged
;

to oppofe a large

attacks
7-

army without the leaft were made upon all parts of the

refpite

For many

city

by the Volfci,

Aag,Kvwf. g^^//?.7, a cityof the Latines, fifteen Roman miles north eaft of Rome, now called Zagaruola. This city has, alfo, fuffered the fame
E

treatment from thofe ignorant tranfcribers, and is, by them, often wricten Lavicum.

Cluver, Ital. Antiq. B.

iii,

c.

4.

who

310

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
fucceeded one another; thofc,

BookVIII.
fatigued,

who

who were

always retiring,

and

frefli forces

taking their poft.

all

Againft
all

whom

the inhabitants, fighting

day, and even

night

without intermiffion, were forced, through fatigue, to abandon the walls. Marcius, having taken this town alfo, made
flaves of the inhabitants,

and allowed
^

his foldiers to divide

the

fpoils.

Thence, he marched to

Pedum

(This, alfo, was

a city of the Latines) and, advancing with his army in good order, as foon as he came near the wails he took the town

by ftorm And, having treated it in the fame manner with Thofe he had, before, taken, he led his forces, early the next ^ morning, to Corbio. As he was approaching the walls, the
:

inhabitants opened their gates ; and, prefenting themfelvcs before him 'with the marks of fuppliants, delivered the town to him without ftriking a ftroke. Marcius commended

having taken fuch a refolution, as beft fuited their own interefl:, and ordered them to fupply his army with what they wanted, money, and corn And, his orders being complied with, he led his army to"Corioli: This city,
for
:

them

alfo,

the inhabitants furrendered without refiftance

and,

as they furniflied his

every thing

elfe

army with provifions, and money, and they were ordered, with great chearfulnefs,
their territories, as
:

he marched through
belonging to
8*

his allies

through a country For he, always, took great care that

city

Yliiuvuv.

"^

Pedum, another
about
It is,

of

tion

the

Latines,

ievcnteen miles

north eaft of
Gallicatio.
9-

Rome.

now, called

K9j6(i'.

See the fecond annota''

book. See the feventeenth anlKilr,^i?. notation on the fixth book. " See the fifty fourth Koj/oav6)v. annotation on the fourth book.
fixth
"=
iii.

on the

Cluver, Ital. Antiq. B.

c.

4.

thofe,

Book

Vm. DIONYSIUS HALICARN A S SENS IS. 311 thofe, who furrendered their cities to him, fhould fuffer none
raifchiefs incident to

of the

reftored to

war ; but them unhurt, and all the

:

iliould
cattle,

have their lands

had
his

left

in their country houfes

they Neither would he fuffer

and

flaves

army to quarter in the cities, left any mifchief might happen by their rapine, or theft; but always incamped
without the
walls.

XX. From
then, of note,

Corioli,

he marched to
as

'^

Bovillae,

city,
cities

and looked upon

one of the leading

of the Latin nation.

the inhabitants, confiding in the of the garrifon, ftrength of their works, and the number refufed to receive him, Marcius encouraged his men to
fight bravely
" BoiAAf.
;

As

and, having promifed great rewards to thofe,

read the
Bolae. But both of them forgot that our author ufes the fame expreffion in fpeaking of the fiege of Bolae ; where he fays of the Volfci, ifn^imvli! i<pivfov The mention of a xeiloi Ti Ts^^aya?.
declivity, therefore, may be a reafon for reading Bovillae in neither place,

Thus we muft

city, and not BwAf, as it Hands in the editions, and manufcripts. The Latin name of this city is Bavillae : It flood on the Appian road, about nine Roman miles from Rome, Here and near three from Albanum it was that the famous Clodius was killed by Milo, as famous a man in

name of this

'

but can be none for tranfpofing the

names of thefe
at the original

cities.

do not wonder

his

own way. Our

author has, already,

told us that Marcius took BoJae, before he befieged Bovillae ; and that the inhabitants of the latter, in a faliy,

may

in Cluver, who well be fuppofed to have read no

doubt
at

more of Dionyfius
neceffary to enable

once, than was

drove the Volfci

with Bovillae,
as

down
it

a declivity,
fituated

K7 Ti sr^aviT, which does not agree

was

in

After Cluver has quoted a plain. from our author, he this paflage *** after doubts, him, M. doubts, and, whether we fhould read Bovillae, in
this place, or in the other, infbead
'

to give an account of the cities, and places he was treating of j but, that a tranflator of Dionyfius, who copied that doubt, fliould not have remembered that he

him

read ] tb w? vaf, in the page immediately preceding, if he did read it

there,
is

very furprifing.

of
Antlq. B.
iii.

Cluver,

Ital.

c. 4.

who

\
312

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
flioukl firft

OF
fides
:

BookVIII.

who

mount

the walls, he began the attack,

was maintained with great vigor on both

Bovillani did, not only, repulfe the aflailants

which For the

from

tlie walls,

but, even, threw open their gates ; and, Tallying out in a body, forced thofe, who oppofed them, down a declivity ;

and, here was the greateft Daughter of the Volfci; and the attack was drawn out to a great length, every one defpairing

But the general rendered the lofs of of taking the town thofe, who were flain, imperceptible, by fubftituting others
:

in their

courage thofe, who were fpent with toil, by going himfelf to that part of the Where, not only, his words, army, which fuffered moft

room

and infpired with

:

frefli

but

his adlions, alfo,

were incentives to valor

For he faced

every danger, and was prefent at every attempt, till the town was taken. Having, at laft, made himfelf mafter of this
city alfo,

the fpot,

and put fome of the enemy he took to death upon and made others prifoners, he withdrew his forces;
returned laden with a
fpoils,

and, after a moft glorious victory, of moft magnificent great number

and inriched
in this

his

army with the vaft where it was found

he had taken.

funis of

money he took

city,

in greater quantity, than in

any other

XXI. After this, all the country he marched throuo-h, fubmitted to him ; and no city made any refiftance, but
Lavinium, which was the firft city built by the Trojans, who, with Aeneas, landed in Italy ; and from v>'hich the
'^

Romans
'3'

derive their original,

as

have, before, lliewn.

(Jrfl:

AnnhtQy, Seethefixty third chapter of the

book.

The

BookVIII.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARN AS SEN SIS.

313

inhabitants of this city thought themfelves obh'ged to iuffer any extremity, rather than break their faith with the

The

Romans,
walls,

whom

they looked

upon

as

their defcendants.

Here, therefore, fome brifk attacks were

made upon
:

the

and fbarp ingagements before the works However, the walls were not carried at the firft afTault ; but the
fiege

feemed to be a work of time.

the attack,

Upon

this,

Marcius gave over

and drew a
fortified

line

town, which he

of contravallation round the with paiifades, and placed guards

upon

all

the roads,

might come to them Romans, being informed both of the deftrudion of the towns, that were already taken, and of the neceffity, which had reduced others to join Marcius; and importuned with
the deputations for fuccours, which came to them, everyday, from thofe, that continued firm to their intereft ; and being,

that neither provifions, nor fuccours from without. In the mean time, the

alarmed at the blocade of Lavinium, then acftually formed; and concluding that, if this place was taken, the war
alfo,

would, prefently, be brought to the gates of Rome, thought the only remedy for all thefe evils, would be to pafs a vote

This was the cry of the whole people, and the tribunes were defirous to bring in a law for the repeal of his condemnation ; '* but the patricians oppofed
It

for the return of Marcius.

H- AA\' 01 Tiro^^iKioi evsivltw^titroiv avIoK. muft be owned that this behaviour

of the patricians was truly great. They had employed all their power, and intereft to fave

Coriolanus

menthe became
his return
;

; but, the moa rebel, they oppofed and, neither the diftrefs

country,nor the apprehenfion of feeing a Volfcian army elated with fiiccefs under a viftorious, and exafperated general at the gates of Rome, could terrify them into a compliance with the people, when thefe had fo little refolution as to defire the repeal fentence.

of his

he had, already, brought upon Vol. III.

their

them,

314

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF
:

Book VIII.

to reverfe any part of the them, being determined not And, as no previous fentence, which had been pronounced vote was pafied by the fenate, neither did the tribunes think
to propofe the affair to the people. It may well be wondered what motive could induce the fenate, who had, before,
fit

fo

warmly appeared

in favor of Marcius,

now

to oppofe the

Whether their defired to recal him. people, when they intention was to found the inclinations of the people; or to
inflame their defire of reftoring

him by

their

own back-

wardnefs in gratifying it ; or, pollibly, to clear themfelves of the accufations, with which they were charged, by Ihewneither given occafion to, nor been acing that they had the adions which Marcius had been complices in, any of
as their deliberation was fecret, it is difficult guilty of: For, to form any conjedlures relating to the motives of it. informed of thefe things by fome XXII. Marcius,

being

deferters,

marched, immediately, towards

Rome
on

leaving a fufficient

number of

forces to carry

in a rage, the blocade

'^ "The Cluilian of Lavinium, and incamped at a place, called When the Romans ditches^ within forty ftadia of the city. heard of his being there, they were in great diforder, not to befiege them doubting but his defign was, prefendy,
:

So

fome took arms, and ran to the walls without orders ; others went in a body to the gates without any one to command them ; fome armed their flaves, and prethat,

pared

to defend their

own

houfes

while others feized the

city
:

fortrefs,

and the

capitol,

and other ftrong places of the

And

the
IS-

women, with their

KAo(A(f
TCJ^^iif.

hair diflievelled, ran to tlie holy

See the third Annotation on the third book.

places.

BookVin.
places,

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN A SS EN S I S.

315

and to the temples, lamenting, and praying to the gods to avert the threatening danger. After the night was and the greateft part of the following day, and none
paffed,

they had feared, befell them, but Marcius remained quiet, all the plebeians flocked to the forum, and

of the

evils

called

upon the

patricians

to affemble in the fenate, and let

them know

that, if they did not pafs the previous vote for

they themfelves would take fuch refolutions, as the fenfe of their being betrayed fliould didate. Upon this, the patricians met in the fenate, and refolved to
the return of Marcius,

fend five perfons of thofe, who were the moft advanced in and the mofh acceptable to Marcius, to treat with him years, of a reconciliation, and friendfhip. The perfons appointed

were Marcus Minucius, Poftumus Cominius, Spurius Lartius, Publius Pinarius, and QuintusSulpicius, all confular fenators. When they came to the camp, and Marcius was informed
of their

he placed himfelf in the midft of the moft confiderable among the Volfci, and their allies, where every thing, that was faid, might be heard by numbers of people,
arrival,

and ordered the deputies to be admitted. When they came in, Minucius, who, during his confulfhip, had been the moft active in his favor, and diftinguiflied himfelf by his oppofition to the plebeians,

fpoke

firft,

and

faid as follows.

XXIII. "
*'

We

are all fenfible, Marcius,

that the people

(C

have treated you with great injuftice in driving you out of your country under a foul accufation ; and do not

wonder

to fee

you
:

with indignation

and bear your misfortune For, by an univerfal law of nature,

refent
it,

<

the

3i6
**
*' *'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
is

Book VIII.

"
*'

an enemy to the injurer. But we wonder that you do not, with a calm conlideration, examine who thofe are whom you ought to punifh, and take revenge
the injured on, and that you obferve no moderation in punifhing, but involve the innocent with the guilty, and friends with

" enemies; that you violate the inviolable laws of nature, " confound the duties of and have even forgotten religion, " who you are, from whom defcended, and where you were
*'

born.
cians,

You

fee before

"

you the

mofi: ancient of the patri-

and the moft zealous of your friends, fent by the *' commonv/ealth to lay before you our defence mixed " with a what condeprecation, and to inform you upon
*'

ditions

we

defire

"
*'

you to be reconciled to the people;

and, alfo, to advife you to a6t in fuch a manner, as we think will be mod for your reputation, and advantage. XXIV. " I fliall firft fpeak to the point of right. The
plebeians, inflamed by their tribunes, confpired againfl: you ; and, becaufe they feared you, came with a deflgn

*' *'

" " " " "

*'

to put you to death, without a are of the fenate, prevented,

fliould,
this,

This adt we, who and took care that you

trial
:

upon that occaflon, fuffer no injuftice. After the fame men, who were, thus, prevented from de-

ftroying you,

fummoned you
ill

to a

trial,

charging you with

This likewife, you " know, we oppofed, and would not fuffer you to be tried " either for the opinion you gave, or the words you fpoke.
having fpcken
fenate.

of them in the

Dilappointed of this alfo, they applied, at laft, to us, and " accufed you of affeding tyranny : This charge you your*'

*'

fcif

Book VIII.
felf

DION YSIUS

II

AL IC A RN ASS EN SIS.
defence
to,

317

fubmitted to

make your

fince

you were

far

from being guilty of it, and confented that the people

fhould pafs judgement upon you ; the fenate were, then alfo, prefent, and ufed many intercedions in your favor. Which

we been the caufe of.? And why do you make war upon us, who fhewed fo much affedion to you, during that conteft ? But it
of
tliefe

misfortunes, therefore, have

appears that

not

even

all

the
'^

For you were So that, you cannot, with juftice, be an enemy even only to thefe, who acquitted you. But I will fuppofe, if you their votes, and the whole pleafe, that all the people, by
banifhment
:

plebeians defired your condemned by two votes

by their refolutions, brought this calamity upon us all is juft ; what you, and that your hatred againft have the women done to you, Marcius, that you injury
fenate,

fhould declare war againft them

By what vote did they

condemn you to banifhment? What fpeeches did they make againft you ? By what injurious adlions, or thoughts
have our children deferved to be expofed to captivity, and to other misfortune, if the city fliould be taken ?
every

not determine juftly, Marcius, if you think you ought to hate thofe, who are guilty, and your enemies, in fuch a manner, as not to fpare even thofe, who are
innocent, and your friends : This way of thinking is unbecoming a good man. But, to omit all thefe things,

You do

what anfwer could you make,

y*? feventh book.
j6-

in the

name of Jupiter,

it

Auo-i

IflsAwj

4"i?''f

jwovojif.

See the twenty fixth annotation on the

*'

any

3i8
**

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VIII.

received any one fhould afk you, what injury you have " from your anceftors to induce you to deftroy their fepul" chres, and deprive them of the honors they receive from

*' *' *'

men? What

to fpoil, burn, and injury can provoke you demolifh the altars of the gods, their confecrated places, to fuffer

"

and temples, and not

" my part, I know of none. " Concerning the point of right, let thefe reafons be alledged " in favor of ourfelves, of the fenate, and of the other citi" zens, whom, unprovoked by any injury, you defire to " in favor of the fepulchres, the temples, and deftroy, and *' the city, to which you owe both your birth, and edu" cation.

that has always been paid to you make to thefe things ? For

them to receive the worfhip, them ? What anfwer could

XXV.

"

Is it

reafonable that

all

men, even

thofe,

who
and

your revenge, and that *' all the gods, the heroes, and the genius's, the city, and the " and country, fhould fuffer for the madnefs of the tribunes,
perifh
gratify

" have not wronged you, together with " children fhould to

their wives,

"
*'

that nothing fhould be exempted, nothing

go unrevenged?
all

Have you not

country

"
**
*'

us by the already, fufficiently, punifhed of fo large a {laughter of fo many men, the devaftation with fire, and fword, the utter fubverfion ot fo
cities,

" the worfhip of the gods, and genius's, whom you have " and their deprived of their feftivals, their facrifices, " eftabliflied honors For my part, I cannot think that a " man, who has the leaft regard for virtue, ought either to " involve
:

many

the abolifliing the

feftivals,

the facrihces, and

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

319
or

involve his friends in the fame ruin with his enemies,

to
flievv

himfelf fierce, and inexorable in his anger to thofe, who have, in any degree, offended him ; particuif he has, many times, punillied them with feverity. larly,

Thefe, therefore, are the reafons we had to offer you, both to excufe ourfelves, and deprecate your anger in favor of the plebeians ; and thefe the motives, which we, who are
the moft dignified of all your friends, are come to fuggefl to you through pure affedion ; and the promifes we

make, if you think While your power

fit
is

to be reconciled to

your country.

yet favours you, we and ufe your good fortune with economy, when you confider that all things are fubje6l to change, and that nothing

at the greateft height, and Heaven, advife you to adt with moderation,

continues long in the fame fituation. Eminence, when arrived to its greateft luflre, raifes the indignation of the
into obfcurity : This, chiefly, hapgods, and finks, again, to fevere, and haughty minds, which exceed the

pens

bounds of human nature. You have, now, an opportunity of putting an end to the war upon the moft honourable
conditions
:

For the whole fenate are defirous to

pafs a

vote for your return, and the people ready to repeal, by a law, the fentence of your perpetual banifliment. What

once more, thofe from being reftored to perfonsyou love, and honour moft; of all others, the moft worthy to your country, the thing, be contended for; from governing, as you may well exped-j
fliould hinder you, then,

from

feeing,

thofe,

who govern others

from commanding

thofe,

who

" com-

320
**

ROMAN
and

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book

VIII.

" command others, and from to your leaving the greateft glory
children,
pofterity.

We
all

are the fureties for the

im-

*'

mediate performance of

" become the

**

fenate, or people

It would not thefe promifes. to pafs a mild, or relenting

**

vote in your favor, while hoftilities againft us ; but,

you
if

are in arms,

and commit
arms,

" "
'^

you

lay

down your

the order for your return will foon be brought to you

by

us.

XXVI. " Thefe

will be
:

the advantages you will reap

from your reconciliation Whereas, if you perfifl: in your '* refentment, and are inflexible in your hatred to us, many " misfortunes will befal you ; of which I fhall mention two,

"

as

you

the moil: confiderable, and the moft evident Firfl', are infatuated with a defire to accomplidi a difficult,
:

" of
*'

rather an impofiible thing, which is, to fubvert the power the Romans, and That by the arms of the Volfci.

Secondly,
**
*'

you will Hear then, Marcius, the

you fucceed, and accomplifli your defire, be looked upon as the moft miferable of all men.
if

reafons, that induce

me

to enter-

**

" "
*'

tain this opinion concerning you ; and be not oflended at the liberty I fhall take in laying them before you.

Confider,

*'
*'

the impofllbility of fucceeding. The Romans, as you yourfelf know, abound in a numerous youth of their own nation, whom (if the fedition is once
firfl,

baniflied
fently,

" "
**

from among them,

this

as baniflied

it

mufl

be, pre-

by

war

for

common

fear reconciles all

differences) neither the Volfci, nor even

any other

Italian
is

nation, will be able to overcome.

Great, alfo,

the

"

power

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENSIS.

321"

and of the reft of our allies, power of the Latines, and colonies; moft of whom, you may be aftiired, We have generals of the fame will fly to our afliftance. merit with yourfelf, both old, and young, in a greater

number than

found in any other city. But the oreateft affiftance of all, and That, which, in the moft has never fruftrated our threatening dangers, hopes,
are to be

and
is

preferved

alone of greater efficacy than all human power, the favor of Heaven, by which our city has, not only, near eight generations, but is beher liberty
is
'''

and the fovereign of many nations. Neither ought you to compare us to the Pedani, the Tolerini, or the other inhabitants of the fmall towns you have reduced For a general lefs able than yourfelf, and

come

flourifhing,

garrifons, nefs of our city, the luftre of her military adions,

with fewer troops, might have forced places defended by and flight works. But confider the greatfmall

and the

favor of the gods, always prefent to her, by which fhe was, from a fmall beginning, raifed to the grandeur fhe now enjoys ; and imagine not that the forces, with which are undertaking fo great an enterprife, are changed ;

you

but remember well that your army confifts of Volfci, and of Aequi, whom the prefent race of our countrymen have
defeated in

dared to
that,

many battles, that is, as ohen as they have come to an ingagement with us. Know then

with troops inferior in bravery, you are going to encounter thofe, that are fuperior to them. ; and, with
'7-

OySo>i-j rih Tijvvuv yiiioi)/.

See the fourteenth annotation on the

firft

book.

Vol.

111.

"
troops

322

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VIII.
'

" that are always vidorious. troops always beaten, thofe, " But, if the contrary of this was true, it would, however, " be a thing to be wondered at how you, who are experienced " in military affairs, {l:iould not know that thofe, who invade " the of others, are not fo as thofe, who
poffeilions

daring
if

**

defend their
receive

own

For the former,

they fucceed not,

"
*'

no damage; but the

left.

others, if they are defeated,

is

have nothing

And

this

the chief reafon,

why

" armies, " beaten

**

fuperior both in number, and goodnefs, are often by thofe, that are inferior to them in both. For
is

powerful; and every man, when his all is at *' ftake, is infpired with a boldnefs, which nature had, before, " denied him. I had many other things to fay concerning the
neceflity
**

impoflibility

XXVII. "
if

of your undertaking ; but let thefe fuffice. I have one confideration ftill to fuggefl: to you,
reafon, not paffion, will, not

" which,
*'

you judge of it by

"
''

to only, gain your approbation, but, alfo, ingage you are doing. What is this confideration ? repent of what you That the gods have never given to any mortal man the
certain
in

" " "

*'

knowledge of future events

neither will

you

find,

any age, a

man

fuccefsful in all his undertakings,

un-

fuccefsful in none.

For which reafon,

thofe,

who

excel

" think experience, "

enterprife
<'

others in prudence, the fruit of a long life, and great it reafonable, before they begin any whatever, firft to confider the event of it, not

only the event they wifh

for,

but the other

alfo,
:

which
This
is,

"
*'

may,

poflibly,

happen contrary to

their defire

particularly,

the duty of generals, as the affairs they have " the

Book
'

VIII.

DrONYSIUS HALICARNAS SENS

I S.

323

the condudt of are of the greateft importance ; and as all the world attributes to them thecaufes both of vidories,

'

'

'

'

After they have, thus, considered things, if they find that the want of fuccefs will be attended with fmall, or few, mifchiefs, or with none at all, they undertake it ; but, if with great, and many inconveniences,
:

and defeats

'

they abandon

it.

Follow

their

example

and, before you

'

'

ingage yourfelf, confider what you are to exped;, if you fhould be unfortunate in this war, and every thing fhould not
fucceed according to your defire. You will be reproached by thofe, who have received you, with having undertaken
things impoffible ; and, when our army, in return, fliall march into their territories, and lay them wafte (for we

'

'

'

'

'

'

never fubmit to fuch injuries without revenging our^ felves on the aggreflbrs) you will never be able to avoid
fhall

'

'

'

put to death in a fhameful manner, either by the Volfci themfelves, as the caufe of the great calamities they will have fuffered, or us,
this alternative
;

you

will be

by

'

whom
fals

you deiigned happen

to deftroy,

and

inilave.

But

it

may,

'

poflibly,
'

them, may,

that the former, before any mifchief bein order to a reconciliation, think fit to

'

deliver

'

you up to be punifhed by us; which is a thing,' that many, both Barbarians, and Greeks, when reduced to
fuch extremities, have been obliged to fubmit to. Do you look upon thefe as fmall things, and not worth your con-

'

'

'

fideration

And that you

ought to defpife them, or rather

of
all evils ?

'

to efteem

them

as the greateft

XXVIII.

324
^*

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VIII.

" glory will you acquire ? For this, alfo, you ought to exa" mine. In the firft place, you will have the misfortune to
**

XXVIII. " On the other fide, if you fucceed, what wonderful, what defirable advantage will you obtain ? Or what

" moft nearly related, to you ; of an unfortunate mother, " to whom you make no grateful return for your birth, and " and for all the other trouble (he underwent on
education,
**
<*

be deprived of thofe perfons,

who

are the deareft,

and the

your account ; fecondly, of a virtuous wife, who, by reafon of your abfence, fits in folitude, and widowhood,

(C

<(

*'

and laments day, and night your banifhment ; befides, you will be deprived of two fons, who, as they are defcended from worthy anceftors, are intitled to the enjoyment of their honors, and to flourifh in a flourifliing
:

" commonwealth
taftrophe of
all

Of

the miferable, and unfortunate ca-

"
*'

be compelled to be a fpectator, if you dare to approach the walls with your army : For you may be affured that no mercy will be hewn to any of your relations by thofe, who are in danger of lofing their own, and are treated by you with the fame cruelty ;
thefe

you

will

" "

but, forced

by their calamities, they will inflid on them dreadful torments, cruel infults, and all other kinds of
:

"

abufe

And

of

all

" who forced them

Thefe
prife

thefe things, not the adors, but you, to ad: in this manner, will be the caufe.

will be the pleafures

you

will

enjoy, if your enterwill acquire, the

fucceeds.

As

to the praife

you
all

" "

admiration, and the honors, which

to

good men ought

will be
:

aim

at,

conlidcr of

what nature they

You

will

" be

BookVIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

325

" be "
*' *'

the parricide of your mother, the murderer of your children, the aflaffin of your wife, and the fcourge of your country ; and no man, who has any regard either
called
to religion, or juftice, will partake of the

fame

facriiices,

" " " " " " "

*'

or libations with you, or live under the fame roof whitherIbever you go : Even thofe, for whofe fake you do thefe

you ; but every one of them, after they have reaped fome advantage from your impious
not efteem things, will
will deteft
adlions,

your implacable temper.

need not

put you in mind that, beiides the deteftation of the bed men, you will be envied by your equals, and feared by

and, for both thefe reafons, expofed to " other mifchiefs, which muft, netreachery, and to many " befal ceffarily, every man, who isdeftitute of friends, and

your

inferiors

" refides in a I foreign country. fiy nothing, alfo, of the " Furies, fent by the gods, and genius's to punifh thofe, " who have been of wicked, and flagitious adtions, guilty
*'

by

whom

they are

tormented

both in their minds,

" and bodies, and, after a wretched life, die a miferable " death. Conflder thefe things, Marcius ; change your refo" lution, and forget your refentment to your country ; look " upon Fortune to have been the caufe of all the mifchiefs *' you have either fuffered from our hands, or inflidled on
us
return with joy to your family ; and, once more, receive the moft affediionate embraces of your mother,
;

"the moft
"
*'

indearing carefTes of your wife, and the moft ingaging tendernefs of your children ; and, by reftoring to your country, repay the glorious debt yourfelf

"

you

326
*'
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
to her, for having given birth,

BookVlII.

you owe
fo great a

and education to

man."
"
I

XXIX.
after a

Minucius having fpoken in

repHed
:

fliort paufe,

manner, Marcius, ov/n myfelf a friend to you,

this

"
*' *'

Minucius, and to all the with you by the fenate

fervice in

reft,
;

are fent hither together and am ready to do you

who

my

power, becaufe, even before,

when

any was your

occa-

"
*'

fellow- citizen,

and had a

fliare in

the adminiftration of
difficult

the public

affairs,

you

affifted

me

on many

" fions ; and, after my banifliment, you did not difregard " me from a contempt of my then unhappy fituation, " as if it had rendered me incapable, any longer, either to " ferve enemies ; but continued to friends, or hurt

my

my

**

" "
** *'
*'

me, by taking care of my mother, my wife, and children, and alleviating But I am an their misfortunes by your good offices
friendfliip
:

fhew your benevolence, and

for

enemy
thofe,

to the reft ot the to diftrefs

my power
I

Romans, and do every thing in them, and fliall never ceafe to hate

who,

in return for the

many

glorious adlions, for

" which "

deferved honor, drove

as if I

ignominy,

out of my country with had been guilty of the moft heinous

me

" crimes
((

"
'

the commonwealth; and fliewcd neither againft to mother, compaffion to children, nor refpedl any other marks of fenfibility for my misfortunes.

my

my

Now

apprized of my refolutions, if you deffie any thing of me with regard to yourfelves, make no difficulty to let me know it, and be aflured that you may com-

you

are

" mand any thing

in

my power

But, concerning friendftiip,

" and

Book

Vlir.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNA SSENS IS.

which you
delire

327

" " " " " " " " " " " " "

and a

reconciliation,

me

to enter into

with the people, upon the profped of my return, ceafe to fay any thing. Shall I look upon it as a fingular favor
to return to a city, where vice receives the reward of virtue, and innocence the punifhment ot guilt ? Let me know,

the gods, for experienced this misfortune? mitted, that is unworthy of

in the
firfl:

name of

what crime have

What

adlion

my

anceftors

myfeU have I com? I made my

campaign when

was very young,

at the time

we

fought againft the kings,

to force their restoration.
citizen,

who

were, then, endeavouring In this engagement, I faved a

and flew an enemy, and was honoured by the '^ the crowns due to fuperior valor. After general with
Arabians, being an excrefcence occafioned by the punfture of a
lays
its
:

Aoiff/cif feipavo/f. By thefe words, our author means the Corona civica ; becaufe be makes Marcius fay that he received this honor as a reward for having faved a citizen, and flain an enemy. As the Civic crown was the moft honourable of all others, the reader may not be difpleafed to find

'^*

fly,

which

This grain is, eggs there fometimes, ufed by the dyers ; but was much more- fo, before they were acquainted with Cochineal. The ^fctdus, called
'

by Theophraftus,

y,/Ai^i^,

here feme particulars relating to

it.

and, by Pliny, Hemeris, is the dwarf oak, EveryRoman foldier, of whatever

degree, was intitled to a civic crown, if he had faved a citizen, and killed an

This crown was

firft

made of a branch

ofthe//(?x; afterwards, of the yE/culus, and, at laft, of the oak with the acorns. This might be fufficicnt if all my readers were gardeners but, as that may not happen to be the cafe, I think it difference between neceflfary to fhew the the two firft trees, and the laft, with which they are, .often, confounded. The J/ex of '' Pliny, and the ar^iwy of
-,

enemy and the latter muft have flood upon the fame fpot, where the affair
;

Theophraftus,is the fcarlet oak, which

bears the fcarlet grain, the zanjcof ^x<Pik'>i of the Greeks, and the Kermes of the
^Nat. Hift, B.

happened, that day The citizen faved muit own it ; otherwife, no witnefTes were admitted to prove the fail ; the perfon faved muft be a Roman citizen: After the loldier had received a civic crown, he had the privilege of wearing it always When he entered any place,, where public games were celebrating, all the IpeiSlators, even the fenate, rofe
: :

xvi. c. 8,

iJb.c. 6.
(I

that,

328
'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
adion
I
I

OF
in,

BookVIIL

that, in every other

was ingaged

whether of

diftinguifhed myfelf in all, and, in all, received the rewards appropriated to the bravefl: man;

the horfe, or foot,

'

neither was
I

'

there any town taken by ftorm, of which did not mount the walls either the firft, or amons the
;

'

firft

nor was the enemy ever put to

I

flight,

but

all,

who

were prefent, acknowledged that

of
it
;

had been the chief caufe

'

'

war

or any other flgnal, or brave a6tion performed in without the afliftance either ol my valor, or fortune.
is

XXX. "It
'

pofTible

that

his favor ; alledge fuch exploits, if but, what general, or inferior officer has reafon to glory

may

any other brave not fo many, in

I

man

alfo

*
'

in taking any town, in the manner that the fame man, the fame day,

took Corioli

And

defeated the enemy's

Antiates,
?

army,
'
'

as

defeated

That of the

who were
not add

coming
^

to the afliftance of the befleged

I fliall

'

had given fo many proofs of my valor, when I might have received out of the fpoils a large quantity of gold, and fllver, of flaves, beafts of burden, and cattle,
that, after I

'

and of

fertil

land to a great extent,

refufed

them

all

'

'

and, from a defire to fecure myfelf as much as poflible againft envy, took only a war-horfe of all the fpoils ;
to
:

do him honor Upon thofe occalions, he had a right of fitthig next

up

to the fenators
his father,

The
his

and
all

foldier himfelf, grandfather, were

fiicrit : Accept a perpetiw : Ludos incunti feniper ajfurgi, etiam ab finatu, in more eft : Sedendi jus in proximo fenatui : Vacatio
;

nil proftint

ut

c'lvis

licei nti

'" Civem munerum o-.nnium ipft, public duties. patrique, et avo loeum There is Ibmethino- in this palerno. fervare, hojiem occidere : Uique inflitution too great not to be excum^ in quo fit aJJian, hojlis obtineat eo alius die: Ut fcrvatus jaicatur ; teftes plained, or imitated. Nat. Hill. B. xvi. c.

freed from

Pliny,

4.,

"

and,

BookVJir.
*'

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A RN A S S EN SIS.
all

329

and, of

"
*'

the prifoners, only one perfon, with whom I had an intercourse of hofpitaJity ; and all the reft of the

Did I, then, for thefe " adions delerve punifliment, or honor? And to be fubject
riches I refiigned to the public.

moft profligate of the citizens, or to command my *' inferiors ? However, it feems, the did not banifli people " me for thefe things ; but becaufe, in the reft of my adlions, *' I was But, who intemperate, expenfive, and irregular
to the
:

*'

" can name. the man, who has been deprived

*'

either of his

"
*'

country, his liberty, or his fortune, other calamity, to

gratify

or involved in any

my irregular appetites ? No one

" tenor of my life was irreprehenflble. But, it may be faid, " your political principles, detefted by all men, brought this " misfortune upon you: For, when you had it in your " power to chufe the better fide, you chofe the worfe : " And all and

even of my enemies everaccufed, or charged me with any " thing of this kind, but all bore witnefs that the whole

"
*'

your words,

adions, conftantly,
;

tended to

fubvert the eftabliilied

ariftocracy

and to throw the

"

" the meafures I purfued, Minucius, were the very " of all and tended to maintain the
this,
*'
*'

whole power of the commonwealth into the hands of the On the ignorant, and abandoned ^multitude
:

contrary, reverie

fenate in the ad-

miniftration of the public affairs for ever, and to perpetuate the eftablifhed conftitution. But, in return for thefe
glorious meafures,

" "
**

which our

anceftors

thought worthy of
this blefled retribu-

emulation,
tion

have received

this

happy,

from my country, Vol. III.

in being baniihed, not

by the people

"

only,

330
*'

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VIII.

*'
*'

the fenate, whoencouonly, Minucius, but, long before, by while I was oppofing raged me, at firft, with vain hopes,

the tribunes in their pretenfions to tyranny, that they them" felves would provide for my fecurity ; and, upon the firft " fufpicionoffome danger from the plebeians, abandoned me, " and delivered me up to my enemies. You yourfelf were " conful, Minucius, when the fenate paffed the previous " vote who advifed and when

concerning
to deliver

" them
"
by

my

trial,

Valerius,

fpeech : " been put, I fhould be

his

me up to the people, gained great applaufe And I, fearing left, if the queftion had
condemned by the
fenate,

ac-

"

and promifed to appear, and take my trial. XXXI. " Anfvver me now, Minucius, whether I did not " feem to the fenate, alfo, to deferve punilliment for having " befl: ot all meafures, or to the promoted, and purfued the " if you were all of this opinion at that people only ? For, " time, and if all of you baniOied me, it is plain that all of " in this, are enemies to virtue, and you, who concurred " that there is no where merit can be place in your city, " fecure. But, if the fenate were forced to comply with the '* their compliance was not voluntary, but expeople, and " torted by necefHty, you muft allow that they are under *' the government of the wicked, and have not the power
quiefced,
*'

to

ad

in

" defire me " the befl: men are governed by the worft ? You muft, " think me capable of committing a great folly. certainly, " I felicitations to
But, fuppofe
yield

any thing,

they think fit. After this, do you to return to a city thus conftituted, in which
as

your

and, putting
*'

an

BookVIir.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN A S S EN S

as

I S.

331

an end to the war

fhall I

you

defire, return
?

what fentiments
iliall

entertain after this

?

obferve

Shall

confult

And what condud my own fecurity, and

I
;

fafety

and, in order to obtain magiftracies, honors, and the other advantages I think myfelf worthy of, fubmit to court the

multitude,
If
I

who

did

this, I

alone have the power of beftowing them ? fhould be transformed from a good, to a
:

bad man, and reap no benefit from my former virtue Or fhall I preferve the fame charader ; and, adhering to
the fame principles of govern menpt, oppofe all, who are of a different opinion ? And is it not manifeft that the people

would, again, perfecute me, and meditate another revenge, and make this their firft charge againft me, that, having,
obtained

my

return through their indulgence, I did not

flatter their pafTions in

cannot be denied.

every meafure I purfued ? This Then, fome other bold demasfosue

will fpring up, like Sicinnius, or Lucius,

who

will accufe

me

of fowing difcord

among

the citizens,

of forming

treacherous defigns againft the people, of betraying my of affeding tyranny, v/ith country to the enemy, or, which Lucius charged me, or, of any other crime he
fhall think
fit
: :

an accufation
ties, I

For an enemy will never be at a lofs for And, to fill up the meafure of my iniqui-

foon be accufed, alfo, of every thing I have done in this war ; that I have laid wafte your country,
fhall

carried off a great booty, taken your towns, flain fome of thofe, who defended them, and delivered up others
to

the

enemy:

If

my

accufers

charge
2

me

with thefe

"
things,

332

ROMAN
what can
I
1

"
things,
*'

ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVIU. What afliftance fay in my defence

?

can

on ? XXXII. " Is it
rely

" make
(C il

not, therefore, plain, Minucius, that you ufe of fair words, and diffimulation ; and, with a

name, cover a wicked defign ? For, inftead of to giving me leave to return, you lead me, as a victim, the people Even this may be your view ; for I can, no
fpecious
:

*'

if you longer, entertain any good opinion of you. However, forefee defire it, I will any thing fuppofe that you do not
I fhall fuffer:

*'
*'
*'

But,

what advantage
;

fhall I reap

from your

ignorance, or folly

fince

it

will not be in your power,

fhould you even dcfire it, to oppofe any thing; but you" " will be compelled to gratify the people even in this, as well
as in other things

*'

employ many find no fecurity

unneceflary, after this, to words, in order to convi?\ce you that I fliall in what call a return, but I, the road,
?

think

it

you

"

" " honor, nor piety, fince you defire me, v^^ith great reafon, " Minucius, to have a regard to thefe, but, that I fhall adl

that will, quickly, lead me to "deftrucflion. Learn, now, in your turn, that I can find in it neither reputation,

"

" your "

*' *'

moft fhameful, and impious manner, if I follow advice. I was an enemy to the Volfci, and did them great injuries during the war, while I was acquiring foin a

vereignty, power,

and glory

for

my

country.

Was

it

not

reafonable, therefore, that

I fiiould

be honoured by thofe I

" had obliged, and hated by thofe I had injured? Certainly, " if reafon had taken Fortune has defeated both place: But " thefe and a turn to their
expedlations,

given

contrary

*'

dif-

Book VIII.
'*

DION YSIUS H A L IC A R N A S S EN SI

S.

333

"
*'

difpofitions : For you, for whofe fake I was an enemy to thefe men, have deprived me of all my fortunes, and, hav-

" while
"

ing reduced
thefe,

me to the loweft who had fuiTered

condition,

you

caft

me

ofF;

the greateft calamities from

this

me, received into

their cities

" man, who had been driven from his habitation, and from " his country ; and, not contented with this illuftrious, this " magnanimous adion, they granted to me the rights of " a citizen in all their cities, and inverted me with thofe " magiftracies, and honors, that are in the greateft requeft " among them. I omit the reft They have, now, appointed " me to command, with unlimited authority, the army they " have fent out of their country, and committed to me alone " the whole power of their commonvi^ealth. What infenft" then fhoiild I be if I
:

indigent, this abjed:

bility

*'

whom

betrayed thofe, by I have been adorned with fuch honors, without

guilty of,
it

"
"

being provoked to

by the

leaft

me, " fhould, certainly, gain a fine reputation in the world, if " I was known to be And guilty of a double treachery. " who could not chufe but praife me, when they heard " that, finding my friends, from whom I ought to have " received benefits, to become my enemies, and my ene" mies, by whom I ought to have been deftroyed, to become *' my friends, inftead of hating thofe who hate me, and " loving thofe who love me, I entertained contrary fenti*'

their favors are injurious to

injury ?. Unlefs, indeed, as mine are to I you.

ments

XXXIII.

334
*'
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
in

OF
what what

Book VIII.
difpofition difpoiition

XXXIII. " Confider, now, Minncius,

the o-ods
are
to

me

at prefent,

and

in

prevailed upon by by thefe people.

enterprife
I

to me, during the reft of my life, it I they will be to betray the truft repofed in

am
me

you

At

prefent,

they

afTift

me

in every

" attempt. " ?

piety
''

undertake againft you, and I fucceed in every How great a proof do you think this is of my
if I

For,

had undertaken an impious war againft

"

my country,
thing
;

the gods ought to have oppofed

me

in every

but, fince Fortune favors

my

arms with an auis

"
fpicious gale,
*' *'
*' **

and every thing

plain that I

attempt

crowned with
that

fuccefs,

it is

am

a pious

man, and

my

defigns are honourable.

I

What,

therefore, can I expedV, if

"
*'
*'

change my condu6l, and endeavour to encreafe your I not reafon to expe<fl power, and reduce theirs ? Have
the contrary of all
this,

and that the gods, exafperated

?

at

my

perfidy,

will revenge the injured

And,

as

by the

alliftance of the

gods,

have been raifed from a low

" condition to greatnefs, fliall I not, again, fall from great'^ *' nefs to a low condition, and my fufferings become leilbns " to the reft of the world? Thefe are my thoughts concern" and I am perfuaded that thofe Furies you ing the gods " fo and inexorable to
;

mentioned, Minucius,

formidable,

" the wicked, will perfecute me, and torment both my foul, *' and body, whenever I fhall abandon, and betray thoie,

" who
*'

you had ruined me, and, at the fame time they preferved me, conferred many illuftrious
preferved
after
n0t;jM7 5rjUjU7. See the thirty third annotation

me

'9-

on the

firft

book.

*'

marks

Book VIII.

"

" to which I called the gods to witnefs, that I did not " come among them with a defign to do them any injury, " and pledged that faith to them, which I have, hitherto, " and inviolate.
preferved pure

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENS IS. 335 marks of their favor on me, to whom I gave this ailurance,

XXXIV.

"

When, Minucius, you

call thofe,

ftill,

my

have banifhed me, and that nation, my friends, country, which has renounced me ; when you appeal to " the laws of nature, and difplay the duties of religion, you

who

" feem t<3 be unacquainted with the moft common things, " and to be alone ignorant of Thofe, which no man elfe is " or enemies are not that
ignorant of;
friends,

diftinguifhed

either by their looks, or their names, but by experience, " and We all love thofe, who do us by their behaviour. " this law we have good, and hate thofe, who do us harm *' not received from the inftitution of men, neither is it in " their power to abrogate it, when they pleafe It is the " to who and eternal law of nature
;
:

"

"
*'

ail, given will ever continue in force. For partake of fenfe, and this reafon, we renounce our friends, when they injure us,

univerfal,

" and are reconciled

to

"
*'

favors

from them

our enemies, when we receive fome and we cherifh the country, that gave
;

when we receive a benefit from it but, when " an we abandon it, and are not fond of it for the injury, " fake of- the but of the advantage we receive from place,
us birth,

"

Thefe are not the fentiments of private men only, but " of whole follows this cities, and nations: So that, whoever
it.

<'

maxim contradids neither

the divine laws, nor the received

"
opinion

336
cc

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book

VIII.

<( (<

" "
*'
*'

myfelf, the fame time, highly acceptable to the gods : Since my adlions are pleafing to them, I have no occafion to make

I aS: in this manner, opinion of all men. While, therefore, I look upon myfelf to ad with juftice, with advantage to and with honor ; and that my behaviour is, at

men judges

of thofe adtions,
;

who
do
I

" have undertaken "

**

jedure, and opinion

neither

judge of trwth by conefteem the enterprife I

guides ; future by the paft.

to be impoffible, fince the gods are if I may be allowed to guefs of the particularly,

my

XXXV.
"
*'

"

Concerning the moderation you recommend

I

to

me, and that

would

not, utterly, deftroy the

Roman

**

"
*'
*'

nor fubvert their city from the foundations, I could anfwer, Minucius, that this does not belong to my
nation,

province, neither

is

this

who am,
fole

indeed, general

requeft, properly, addreffed to me, of the army, but thefe have the
:

**
*'

power of making peace, and war So that, you ought to apply to them for a truce in order to a peace, and not to me. However, I fhall not give you this anfwer ; but,
the veneration
I

" from
** **
*'
*'

the refpedt
to

pay to the gods of our fathers, and bear to the fepulchres of our anceftors, and
I

my native country,

the compaffion

I feel for

your wiv^s

"

and children, who, though innocent, will fuffer for the errors of their fathers, and hufbands, and from my regard
to you,
is

who

are fent

hither

" which

by your commonwealth,
Minucius,
I fhall

not the
:

leaft confideration,

re-

" turn this anfwer If the Romans " the lands have taken from
they

will reftoreto the Vollci

cities

them, and the

they
((

are

Book
*'
*'
*'

VIII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARNASSENSIS.

337

are in pofleffion of, recal their colonies, enter into a league of friendfhip with them, communicate to them

perpetual the rights of

Roman

citizens, in the

fame manner

as

they

have communicated them to the Latines, and confirm " this and imprecations againft the tranftreaty by oaths, " I will Firft then, put an end to the war, grefTors of it, " make your report to them of thefe things, and urge to " them the coniideration of with the fame
*'

juftice

"
*'

you have reprefented

it

to

me

tell

them

that

it

energy is a

*'
*'

for every man to enjoy his own poflefHons, glorious thing and live in peace, and highly valuable to have no

enemy,

no

*'

"
*'

fhameful, by grafpof to the others, expofe ourfelves to an polleflions ing at unneceffary war, in which we run the hazard of lofing even all we enjoy ; lay before them the confequences,
;

crifis

to fear

but that

it is

no

lefs

"
*' *'

covet the territories of others, when they do not fucceed, as well as when they do ; add too, if you pleafe, that thofe, who defire to feize the
that attend thofe,

who

" towns of the if they do not overcome them, injured, " often lofe both their own territories, and their own cities ; " and, befides this, fee their wives to the
expofed
*'
<'
*'

greateft

decrepit to flavery : And let the fenate know, at the fame parents time, that they could have no reafon to attribute thefe
indignities,

their children to

infults,

and

their

" evils to Marcius, but to their own folly ; fince, when they " have it in their power to do juftice, and to avoid every " chufe to hazard all from the
*'

great delight calamity, they the pofTeiTions of others. You have they, always, take in

Vol.

III.

XX

"my

338
**

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
anfwer, to which you will not prevail
thirty days for

Book VIII.
to

"

my

upon me

add

any thing. Return now, and confiderwhatyououghttodo.

I will allow

you

your deliberation.

In the

(*

time, to fliew my regard for you, Minucius, and for the reft of the deputies, I will withdraw my troops

mean

*' **
*'

from your

territories

for they

would occadon
:

great da-

mage

to

you fhould they remain here

day, expedl

And, on the

thirtieth

my

return in order to receive your

**

anfwer."

he rofe up, and difmiiled the with his afiembly: And, the following night, decamped " army about the laft watch, and marched to the reft of the Latin cities (either really informed that the Romans were to receive fome fuccours from thence, as Minucius had adfaid this,

XXXVI. Having

fuch a fpeech, or, having himfelf caufed the end it might not appear that he report to be fpread) to had giv^en over the war to gratify his enemies. And, having

vanced in

his

attacked a town, called

"

Loncrola, he

made

him.felf mafter

of

without any difficulty, and treated it in the fame manner he had treated the reft, by making flaves of the
it

inhabitants,

to the city of the Satricani ; and, having taken this, alfo, after a ftiort refiftance, and ordered a detachment of his

and plundering the town. "

Then

he marched

army
^^
2'

thefe towns, to to convey the booty, taken in both Echetra, he v;^ent with the reft of his forces to a town,
rif^i
T>rv

TiMv^xictv

<S)vr.a.v.y,-i-

See

^"

1.x}e>v.a,\i,n.

the fixcieth

annotation on the third

See the
firft

chapter of the
^3'Kxiii,a.v-

fifth

See the fixty book,

fifty fixth

firfb

bouk.
*'
ho'^yoKat..

See the

an-

ninety

notation on the fourth book,

book. chapter of the fixth

called

Book VIII.
called
-*

DIONYSIUS HALICARNAS SENS IS.

:

339

Cetia
it,
;

pillaged
"^

After he had taken this place alfo, and he made an irruption into the territories of the

who, being unable to withftand him, he took their city, alfo, by ftorm And, then advanced to the fol^ '^ "^ Lavinium, and Vitellia he took by lowing towns ;
Polufcani
:

affault

Corioli by compoiition. Having thus made himfelf mafter of feven cities in thirty days, he returned to Rome with an army much more numerous than the former;
;

and

"^

and incamped on the road, that leads to Tufculum, at the diftance of fomething more than thirty ftadia from the city.
=4*

KiVxv.
for

find that

"

Cluver can
this
I

from tov/ns

But

this v^'as-far

from

make nothing of
town
;

the

name of
fhall

which reafon,
it.

not

being the cafe, as we fee by thefe cognomina ; P. Cornelius Scipio ; M.

Tullius Cicero
;

attempt to correfb
text lity, the
25-

In

all

probabi-

C. Julius Caefar, and

is

UoAvcry.civuv.

corrupted. See the forty feventh

many

annotation on the fixih book.

*<'

therefore, adhere to the corredion of Cluver, who reads inftead of Mc?j/;A;vyr. OuiteAAkxi/!;!-,
I fliall,

others.

AA.i>i7f.

Sylburgius thinks, with

that

In this, he

great

reafon,
,

we ought

to read

Ai(Vvi7;

have

Lavinium, as we was blocked feen, up before Coriolanus advanced fo near to Rome,

becaufe,
as the Cluilian ditches.
-7-

is fupported by Livy, who reckons Vitellia among the cities taken Corbionem, Vitelliam, by Coriolanus
:

Trebiam, Labicos, Pedum cepit. Vitellia flood on the borders of the Latines,

and the Aequi.

Ko^ioAixusf. This cannot be the true reading ; becaufe our author has told us that he had, before, taken Corioli.
1

MctyiKxivni.
is

that here
text
-,

fufpeit another error in the Greek

I

very much

^^'

becaufe

can find no fuch town

:

Cluver thinks we ought to read to Gronovius Kiof^nK?. Bufhe himfelf, in anprovew given by Jac. other place, makes Cora to have been there was fuch a town, is, in my opia city of the Volfci ; which makes it nion, very inconclufive, though M.*** Gronovius contends impoffible that Cora fhould have been has adopted it. one of the towns taken by them under that there muft have been fuch a town, Coriolanus becaufe the cognomen of Lucius PapiAs, therefore, I am at a lofs what city to fubftitute in the room If this is a rearius was Mugillanus. of Corioli, I have fuffered it to remain fon, the confequence will be, that all in the text. the Roman cognomina were derived
in Italy, as Mugilla

And

the reafon

" Ital.

Antiq. B. 'lb. B. iii. c. 8.

iii. c.

8.

lb.

B.

ii.

c.

6.

P B.

ii.

c.

39.

? Ital.

Antiq. B.

ii. c.

16.

XX

While

340

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
in taking,
cities

Book VIII.

While Marcius was employed

the
tations

and conciliating

of the Latines, the Romans, after

many

conful-

upon his demands, refolved to do nothing unworthy of their commonwealth ; but, if the Volfci would depart from their territories, and from Thofe of their allies, and
fubjedis, and, putting

an end to the war, fend embafladors to

of friendfhip, the fenate would pafs a previous vote to fettle the terms of that friendfhip, and lay before the people
treat

the refult of their deliberations

mained

in

their territories,
adls

but that, while they reand in Thofe of their allies,

;

committing
of the

of

hoftility,
:

they would

come

to

no

refo-

lution in their favor

Romans

was, always, the great concern to do nothing by command, or to yield to

For

it

an enemy through fear ; but, when once their adverfaries had made peace, and acknowledged themfelves their fubjeds,
to gratify them,

and yield to any thing they could, rea-

And this greatnefs of fonably, defire. wealth has preferved to this day, under both in foreign, and domeftic wars.
XXXVII. The

mind the common-

many

great dangers

fenate having come to this refolution, appointed ten other confular fenators to go to Marcius in of embaffadors with inftru6tions to defire him not quality

to

any thing, that was fevere, or unworthy of their commonwealth ; but to lay afidc his refentment, and,

command

withdrawing

his forces

from

their territories, to

endeavour

to obtain the terms he propofed by perfuafion, and conciliatory language, if he defired to unite the two nations by a
firm,

and

everlafting peace

fince all treaties, both public

and

BookVIII.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARNASSENSIS.

341

through neceffity, or in to fubferviency conJLm6liires, are foon diilblved, when the conjundlures, or the neceflity ceafes. The embaffadors appointed by the fenate, being informed of the arrival of Marcius, repaired to him, and ufed many arguments to gain

and

private, that are entered into

him, preferving, however, in every thing they faid, the Marcius made them no dignity of their commonwealth. other anfwer than that he advifed them to take fome better
refolution,

and

to jeturn within three days

after

which,

the truce fhould expire.

And, when

the

deputies were

preparing to make fome anfwer to this, he would not fufFer but ordered them to leave the it; camp immediately, if did to treat them as not, threatening, they
fpies
:

Upon

which, they withdrew in filence, and prefently departed. The fenate, being informed by the deputies both of the

haughty anfwers, and

threats of Marcius, did not, even then,

come

to a refolution of

fending out an army, from a diftruft

either of the inexperience of their foldiers, moft of them of the confuls being new raifed, or of the
as

thefe

had not the

thought

leaft
it

reafons, they

; pufillanimity fhare of : For which adivity to hazard a battle of fo dangerous

It is pofTible alfo, that the gods, the great confequence. the Sibylline books, or fome received aufpices, fcruples of religion may have deterred them from it ; which the men-

of that age did not think

fit

to negle(l, like

Thofe of

this

However, they refolvedto guard the city with greater caution, and to defend themfelves from their works, whenever they
jObould be attacked.

XXXVIIL

342

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

BookVIII.

XXXVIII. While
tions,

and had not yet Marciusto relent, if they fent embaffadors of greater weight, and dignity to intercede for them, they refolved to depute the pontifs, the augurs, and all the reft, who were invefted
worfliip : and minifters of religion,
all

in thefe they were employed preparaof all over prevailing on hopes given

with any holy dignity, or public miniftry relating to divine There being among them great numbers of priefts,

who

are the moft diftinguifhed of

their families,

others
;

on account both of

and

their

own

virtues

and that

thefe fhould carry with

rites,

them the fymbols

of the gods, whofe

and worfhip they performed, and

body to the enemy's camp, clad in their prieftly the fame intreaties with the former degarments, and ufe After they were arrived, and had acquainted Marputies. cius with the inftru6lions they had received from the fenate,

go

in a

he made no other anfvver even to thefe, than to give them notice either to depart, and obey his commands, if they
deiired

peace,

or to exped: the

war

at their gates

And

When the forbid any application to him for the future. Romans found themfelves difappointed in this attempt alfo, of _peace, and prepared for a fiege, they abfolutely defpaired the ableft of their men near the ditch, and at the difpoling who were difcharged from the fervice, gates ; and thofe, but not yet incapable of bearing the fatigues of war, they upon the walls.
placed

XXXIX.
at hand,

In the

mean

time, their wives, feeing the danger

and forgetting the decency of domeftic retirement, ran to the temples of the gods with lamentations, and
,

threw

Book

Vlir.

DION YSI us HALICARN A S S E N SI S.

feet

343
every

threw themfelves at the

of

their ftatues

And

the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter, holy place, particularly was filled with the cries, and fupplications of the women.

was that one of them, by name Valeria, a lady her birth, and dignity, and indued with diftinguidied by

Then

it

the greateft prudence, the effed: oi her age,

and

fifter

to

Poplicola, one of thofe, who freed the commonwealth from the tyranny of their kings, moved by fome divine impulfe, placed herfelf upon the upper landing of the ftairs, that lead to the temple; and, calling the reft of the

comforted, and encouraged them, defiring they would not be aftonifhed at the danger, that She then affured them there was one threatened them
to her, flie
firft
:

women

hope

left

to preferve their country,

which was placed

:

in

them them
''

alone, if they
faid;

would do their duty Upon this, one of " And what can we women do to fave our
the

country,

when
of?"

"

ftrength fo great
poftxiffed

men have given it up for loft ? What are we weak, and miferable women

" "
*'

have no occafion for arms, or ftrength, replied Valeria (for nature has excufed us from the ufe of thefe) but for zeal, and eloquence." And all

"

We

crying out, and begging of her to explain what affiftance " Let us flie meant, Valeria faid; go to the houfe of Ve-

" "
*' *'

turia,

the mother of Marcius,

in

this

mourning, and

negligent apparel, and take with us the reft of the women, and their children ; and, placing thefe at her feet, let us
intreat her

with

tears to

" have given her no caufe of

have compaftion both of us, who grief, and of her country,

" now

344
*'
*'
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VIII.

" fupplication " and fon, beg conjure him not to inflid any irreparable " mifchief on his For, while he is lamentincr, and country " intreating, compaffion, and humanity will find their " way to his heart, which is not fo obdurate and inexorable, " as to allow him to fee his mother at his feet without " emotion."
:

expofed to the greateft danger ; and that fhe will go to the enemy's camp with her grandchildren, and their mother, and take us all with her (for we muft attend her with the children) and, to her making

now

being approved of by all the women who were prefent, flie prayed to the gods to infpire their intercefiion with perfuafion, and the Graces ; and then went from
the temple
;

XL. This advice

the others followed her

reft

and, after that, taking

all

with them the

of the

women, they went

together to

the houfe of the mother of Marcius.

faw them coming,

*'

as fhe fate

Volumnia, his wife, near her mother-in-law ; and,

being furprifed at their

ladies,

arrival,

"
*'

has brought you in

" What occafion, fuch numbers to an unfortufaid

;

nate,

and

diftreffed

Both we

ourfelves,

Then Valeria replied; family?" and thefe children, now to

fly

" the "

greateft danger,
as to

expofed to you, Veturia, with fupplica-

our only help, and intreat you, firft, to take tions, "compaffion of our common country; and not to fuffer " that country, which has been hitherto unconquered, to " be inflaved by the Volfci; unlcfs, indeed, they themfelves " fhould fpare it after their conqueft, and not endeavour,

"

utterly,

to deftroy

it

And,

in the next place,

we

intreat

"

you

Book VIII.
*'

DION YSI us HALICARNAS SENS IS.

345

you
''

in favor

that

" "

we,

we who have

of ourfelves, and of thefe unfortunate children, may not be expofed to the infults of the enemy,
occafioned none of the
evils,

that have

you any " who humane are a of a and mild, difpofition, you, fpark " woman, Veturia, have mercy on women, who, once, " with you of the fame facrifices, and of the fame partook " rites; and, taking with you Volumnia, the virtuous wife *' of Marcius, and her children, and us alfo, who are your
(C

befallen your family.

If there yet remains in

fuppliants,

perfuade,

with thefe infants in our arms, goto your fon; ceafe not to intreat, and afk this one favor prefs,

" of him

many, that he will make peace with " his fellow-citizens, and return to his country, that longs '' to receive him. Be allured that you will prevail ; a man
in return for
*' *'

not fufFer you to lie profcrate at his feet in vain: And, when you have brought your fon back to

of

his piety will

" " " " " "

compofed by to in their not which it was a war, difpel ; and we power fhall fhew ourfelves to be the true defcendants of thofe " women, who, by their own interpofition, put an end to " the war, in which Romulus, and the Sabines were ingaged ; " and, by reconciHng both the commanders, and the nations, " raifed this from a fmall beginning, to its prefent city,
a glorious attempt, Veturia, to recover to fave your fellowyour fon, to free your country,
greatnefs.
It
is

immortal glory, as you yourfelf will gain may well exped, for having freed your country from fo great a danger, and fuch an alarm ; and you will caufe us to be our hufbands, for having ourfelves honoured

Rome, you

VoL.

III.

"

citizens,

346

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VIII.

"

citizens,

" us this " For the danger your departure, Veturia " admits neither deliberation, nor
:

and leave an immortal glory to pofterity. Grant favor w^ith chearfulnefs, and alacrity, and haften
is

fwift,

and

delay."

XLI. Having
{ilent
;

faid this,

and fhed many

lamenting

tears, flie

was

and the other

intreaties,

many
faid
;

" You

fly

and adding Veturia, after a fhort paufe, and weeping, to a weak, and flender hope, Valeria, the
alfo,

women

" afliftance of us wretched women, who love, indeed, " our country, and delire the prefervation of our lellow*' but want the citizens, however they may deferve it " we deflre. Marcius is flrength, and power to do what *' averfe to us, Valeria, from the time the people paffed that " fevere fentence agfainft him and hates his whole familv, " together with his country. This we can affure you of, as " of a thing we know from Marcius himfelf, and from no other perfon For, when, after his condemnation, he
;
;
:

'

came home conduced by

diftrefs,

his friends,

and found us in

*'

mourning, with his children upon our knees, lamenting with reafon, and bewailing the unhappy " fate, to which the lofs of him would, now, expofe us, he ** flood at a fmall diftance; his eyes were like Thofe of a
'

and clad

in

*'

flatue,

without

tears,

and without motion; Mother,

"
*'
*'

fays

and you, Volumnia, the beft of women, you have loft Marcius ; he is expelled the city by his fellow-citizens,
he,

*'

"

becaufe he was a brave man, and a lover of his country, and fuftained many contefts for her fake ; do you bear
this

calamity, like

women

of worth, without dcfcending

"

to

Book VIII.
*'

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSE NSIS,

;

347

to

" "

any unbecoming, any ungenerous adllon

their birth;

and educate
a

thefe children, the confolation of

my abfence, in
and,

manner

" are "' grown up, may the gods grant them better fortune " than their father, and not lefs virtue: Farewell; I now depart, and leave a city, in which there is, no longer, any
((

worthy both of me, and of

when they

room

(C C(
((

my

good man ; and you, my houfhold gods, and paternal altar, and you genius's, who prefide over this
for a farewell.

ii

" "
*'

we, unfortunate women, gave way to ,thofe lamentations, which our diftrefs our breafts, hung about him to fuggejfled; and, beating
place,
this,

After he had faid

*'

deprived you of the fupof your age ; nor your hufband, Volumnia, from port " this be happy in another, more fortunate day, may you " than I am Neither fliall I be your father, moft dear
fon, mother,

" "

had, then, the eldefl: of theie his fons by the hand, and the youngeft his mother carried in her arms: But he turned from us; and, thrufting us back, faid; Marcius, from this time, fhall neither be your
receive his
lafl:
;

embraces

my country having

-9'

Tl;^^nv jMjv!c^T7i]v<>sTx sral^o?, a^s7>)v

very ungenerous fjiy, j(^Miovo!. the French tranQators to tranflate the notes inHudfon, word for word, withit
It
is

in

Cafaubon has not faid in what tragedy of that poet thefe verfes are to be i"ound However, they are in his A,<x; /xa^yopo^of, where Ajax
occafion
: :

'

our the leaft acknowledgement to the coninentaiors, from whom they took th-n. This I have, often, taken nonce
of-,

fays to his fun

and

qtunt Herc, le Jay has tranflated a note of Cafaubon, who obf.rves that our author has imitated Sophocles

me fo freforry they give occafions to rike notice of it. am

^ ^^
The

=^"
^
5'"."'? ''^'^

'^^V^

^^I^X^^^^io,,

"t^""'' '''

>"' "

''^'"'f-

reader will obferve that this paffage of our author is very far from bang a clofe imitation of Sophocles.

upon

this
^- 55*-

Yy

"
children,

348

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
and

Book

VIII.

"
"

children; but I mufi: leave you orphans,

to be brought

deftitute,

" Having faid " or taking any care of his domeftic affairs, giving any orders, " without without a whither he was
faying
going,
fervant,
*'

up by thefe women, till you are men. this, he went out of the houfe alone, without

money, and without taking from his own fortunes, wretch" ed man, enough for the fupport even of one day. This is ' the fourth fince he was banifhed ; and, during that year,

"
*'

*'

he has looked upon us all as ftrangers, neither to us, nor defiring to hear any thing writing, nor fending concerning: us. On a mind fo formed, fo hard and intime,

" flexible, Valeria, what influence can we, by our intreaties " have, from whom, when he left his houfe for the laft time, " he withheld his embraces, his tendernefs, and every other *' mark of affedion?
XLII. " But,
*J

if

you

deflre
fee

even

this, ladies,

and

are,

ab-

folutely,

refolved to
I,

us ail this

unbecoming

part,

" " " "

*' *'

and Volumnia, with thefe children, prefent ourfelves before him In what manner fl^all I, his mother,
imaprine that
:

iirfl:

addrefs

him

What

fon

Tell me, and

intreaty fliall I employ to teach me v/hat I am to fay. Shall

my
I

exhort

him

to fpare his fellow-citizens,

by

whom, though

" " " fliould abandon, and betray thofe, who received him, " when an exile and, notwithPcanding the many dreadful " calamities he had inflicted on them, treated- him, not
;

innocent, he was expelled his country? That he fliould be merciful, and compaffionate to the plebeians, from whom he found neither mercy, nor compafTion ? That he

*'

with

Book

" with
ti
'

349 the hatred of an enemy, but with the benevolence of friends, and relations ? What fentiments muft I entertain to deiire

Vlir.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN A S SE NS I S.

have ruined him, and to injure thofe who have preferved him ? This is not the language of a fenfible mother to her fon, nor of a confiderate wife to her hufband. Compel us not, ladies,
things of him, that are neither juft with regard to men, nor pious with regard to the gods ; but fuffer us miferable women to continue in the low condition, to

my

fon to love thofe

who

to defire thofe

((

*'

which Fortune has reduced us, without expofmg ftili an ourfelves, more, by unbecoming behaviour." XLIII. After fhe had done fpeaking, there was fo great a lamentation of the women who were prefent, and the
houfe refounded with
cries fo loud, that the noife
ftreets,

was heard
near the
Valeria

through great part of the city, and the houfe, were filled with a concourfe of

people.

Then

again urged, with greater warmth, many long and affeding intreaties, and all the reft of the women, who had any connexion of friendfhip, or relation with either of them,

continued preffing them, and laying hold on their knees : So that, Veturia, unable to refift their lamentations, and
reiterated intreaties, yielded, embaily in favor of her

and promifed

to undertake the

country, accompanied by the wife of

Marcius, and his children, and by as

as

many Roman

matrons,

were willing to join them. The ladies rejoiced exceedingly at this, and invoked the gods to accomplifh their
hopes ; then, going out of the houfe, informed the confuls of every thing that had pafled Thefe, having commended
:

their

350

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
and
called

OF

Book VIII.
fenators

their zeal, affembled the fenate,

uponths

to deliver their opinions, feparately, whether they ought to fuffer the women to go upon this embaffy. Several fpeeches

were made, upon this occafion, by many of the fenators ; and they continued till the evening in great perplexity For fome alledged that, to fuffer the women with their
:

children to go to the enemy's camp, was to expofe the city to no fmall danger; fince, if the Volfci fliould, in contempt

of the eftabhOied rights of embafladors, and fuppliants, not think fit, afterwards, to difmifs them, the city v/ould be
taken without a ftroke.

And

thefe advifed not to fuffer

any other

women

to go,

but Thofe,

who were

related to

Marcius, together with his children. Others were ot opinion that not even thefe fliould be fuffered to go ; but that they to keep them fafe, and efteem them as effedlual

ought

pledges the enemy.

to fecure the city from any outrageous attempt of But others advifed to give leave to all the women, who defired it, to go upon this occafion ; with this

view, that the relations of Marcius might intercede in favor of their country with the greater dignity And, to preferve them from all danger, they faid, they would have for their
:

fureties, firft,

the gods, the protedors of fuppliants;

himfelf,
free

and,

then, the
life

man
At

to

whom

they were going, whofc

ffcain

was pure, and

laft,
it,
:

from every

of

injuflice,

and

impiety.
carried

greatly

the opinion allowing the women to go to the praife both ot the fenate, and of

Marcius

Of the
of

firR, for their

prudence

in

forming the beft

happen,

judgement

this incident,

and in forcfeeing what would

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS H AL ICARNASSEN SIS.

:

351

And deterred by fo great a danger happen, without being of Marcius, for his piety, who, though an enemy, was thouo-ht incapable of any thing impious towards the weak
when he fhould have them in his power. part of the city, After the decree was drawn up, the confuls went to the
and, affembHng the people, it being now dark, informed them of the contents of it ; giving orders, at the fame time, that all of them fliould, early the next morning,

forum

themfelves at the gates, to attend the women when and afTured the people they would take they went out ; c^re of every thing, that was neceffary. XLIV. When it was near break of day, the women went
prefent

with torches to the houfe of Veturia, leading their children ; and, taking her with them, proceeded to the gates. In the

mean
way.

time, the confuls,

having prepared mules, chariots,

and many other

other citizens,

carriages,

conduded them a confiderable

The women were

v^^ho,

followed by the fenators, and

their

many

vows, commendations, and a luftre to the proceflion. As foon as they prayers, gave were difcovered at a diftance by thofe in the camp, Marcius

by

fent

fome

horfe, with orders to inquire

what multitude it was,

that advanced
:

and what was the caufe of their coming And, being informed by them that the wives of the Romans, together with their children, were coming to him, and that they were preceded by his mother, his wife, and his fons, he was, at firft, aftoniihed at the affurance of
city,

from the

the

women,

in refolving to

come with

their children into

an

enemy's camp, unattended by men, without any regard to the

modeftj

352

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

BookVIII.

modefty becoming women of free condition, and virtue, which forbids them to be feen by Grangers, and without
apprehending the danger, which they expofed themfelves
if his foldiers, preferring their mterefl:
fit

to,

tojuftiGe,fhould think,

a profit, and But, when advantage of them. they approached, he refolved to go out of the camp, with a few of his men, and to meet his mother ; ordered
to

make

having

Hdors to lay afide the axes, which are, before generals ; and, when he came near
his

ufually, carried
his

mother,

to

lower the rods.

This

is

a cuftom obferved by the Romans,

when
riors,

inferior magiftrates

meet Thofe, who are

this

their fupe-

which continues to
as

day.

In obedience to this

cuftom, Marcius,

power,

laid

going to prefent himfelf before a fuperior afide all the enfigns of his own So dignity.

great was his veneration, and piety to his parent. XLV. When they came near to one another, his mother, Fler mourning firft, advanced to falute him. apparel, and her eyes fwimming in tears, rendered her an objed of great

Whom when Marcius faw, who, till then, had compafiion fhewn an infenfibility, and firmnefs fuperior to all impref:

fions of grief,

he became, no longer, mafter of his refolution,

his affedions, into fentiments of huma-

but was hurried, by

nity
;

and, embracing her, ufed the moft tender appellations ; and, for a long time, continued weeping ; and cherifhed, and fupported her while flie was fainting, and finking
to the ground
:

After he had

fatisfied his tendernels to his

mother, he embraced his wife, and children, and faid; " Volumnia, you have adled the part of a good wife, in
'*

living

BookVJII.
*'

DIONYSIUS H A L IC A RN A S S EN SIS.
my
mother
;

353

and, by not abandoning her in her foHtude, yon ha'/e done me the greateft of all favors." After this, he took both his children in his arms ; and,
*'

living with

having embraced them with the tendernefs of a father, he turned, again, to his mother, and begged her to let him know what (lie came to defire of him. His mother anfvvered,
that fhe

would acquaint him with

it

in public,

fince flie

had nothing criminal to requeft of him ; and defired him to give her audience in the fame place, in which he ufed
to adminifter juftice to the people. Marcius, willingly, accepted the propofal, not doubting but he fliould be able,

with numberlefs reafons, to defeat the interceflion of his mother; and he looked upon it, at the fame time, as an
honourable proceeding to give his anfwer in public. When he came to the general's tribunal, the firfl: thing he did was
to order the lidors to

remove the
;

feat that ftood there,

and

to place

it

him

to

(it

thinking it unbecoming in in a higher place than his mother, or to make a

as

on the ground

fliew of any

power where

flie

was.

Then, caufmg the mofl

confiderable of the generals, and the other officers to fit by him, and permitting every one, who was willing, to be prefent, he defired his mother to fpeak.

Veturia, having placed the wife of Marcius, with his children, and the mofl diftinguiflied of the Roman matrons near her, firPc wept, fixing her eyes on

XLVI. Upon which,

the ground for a confiderable time, and raifed great

pafTion
in all prefent
;

com-

then,

" Thefe ladies, Marcius, my Vol. III.

flie faid ; recovering herfelf, fon, alarmed at the inlults, and

"
every

354
*

ROMAN
fince

ANTIQ^UITIES OF

Book VIII,

'

be expofed to, if the every other calamity they will enemy Ihall become mafters of Rome, and defpairing of all other
ailiftance,

you gave haughty, and

fevere anfvs^ers

'

to their hufbands

when

they defired peace, accompanied

'

'

with their children, and drefled in this mourning apparel, have fled for refuge to me your mother, and to Volumnia

your wife ; and intreated us not to fuffer them to be afHided with the greateft of all human evils by your
injury ; but, on the contrary, have fhewn great benevolence to us in our profperity, and compaffion in our adverfity : For we can teftify in their favor that, fince your departure,

'

means,

fince they have never

done us the

leafl:

'

'

'

'

'

and reduced to the loweft condition, they, conftantly, vilited us under our misfortunes, and condoled with us In remembrance, therefore, of
left defolate,
:

when we were

thefe things, neither did I myfelf, nor your wife,

who

lives

'

with me, rejedt their fupplication ; but, as they defired, we fubmitted to come to you, and intercede in favor of
our country."

'

her,
(C

XLVII. While fhe was " and

faid;

yet fpeaking, Marcius interrupted Mother, you are come to defire impofUbi-

lities,
<<

in requiring

me

to betray to thofe,

who

have driven

of their country, a nation, that has received me; *' and, to thofe, who have deprived me of all my fortunes, " a have conferred on me the greateft of human people, who

me out

"

advantages

C(

mand,

i(

genius's,

and to whom, when I accepted this comgave my faith, and called upon the gods, and as fureties for my fmcerity, that I would
;

C(

neith er

BookVirr.
neither

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

355

betray their commonwealth, nor make peace without the confent of the whole nation. Induced, there-

fore,

by the veneration I pay to the gods, by whom I have fworn, and by the refpe^fl I bear to the men, to whom I have pledged my faith, I fliall continue to make

war upon the Romans

to the Volfci

to the

lafl:

But, if they will reftore

the lands, of

themfelves by force, receive

friends,
all

which they have pofiefled them into the number of their

and communicate

rights

them the fame equality of they have conferred on the Latines, I will
to

put an end to the war; otherwife, not. Return, therefore, ladies, and acquaint your hulbands with thefe things, and
perfuade them not to take delight in the unjuft pofleffion of what belongs to others ; but to be contented, if they are fuffered to enjoy their own ; nor, in confidence of
their having pofiefled themfelves

of the Volfcian

territories

by arms, to fby till they are again deprived of them by arms For the conquerors will not be fatisfied with recovering their own, but will, alfb, think themfelves intitled
:

that belongs to the conquered. However, if they in their haughtinefs, and refolve to run all perfift hazards, rather than part with what they have no right to, to
all,

impute

to

them

all

the miferies that will befall

Marcius, to the Volfci, nor to any others. you, mother, in my turn, your fon begs of you, not to invite him to wicked, and unjuft actions ; not to efpoufe the caufe of thofe men, who are the moft implacable both
to

them, not to And I beg of

me, and to yourfelf i nor

to look

upon

thofe, as

z 2

"

your

enemies,

356
*' *'
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
who
it is

BookVIII.

enemies,
as

are your greatcfi: friends: But live with me, reafonable you fliould, refide in the fame country
relide,

where

and in the fame houfe

and look upon

enjoy

my

honors,

*'

fliare in

"
*'

my

glory,

my

friends,

and ene-

mies, as your own : banifliment induced

Lay

afide this

mourning, which

my

" and
*'

you, miferable

woman,
:

to put on,
all

ceafe to torment

me

with

this habit

For

other

*'
*'

"
*'

both by the gods, and men, above my hopes, and above my wifhes But the difquiet I have felt for you, whofe age I have not
:

advantages have been conferred on

me

cheriflied in return for all

feffion

your pains, has taken fuch pof-

"
**
*'

mind, as to imbitter my life, and render all thefe bleflings of no ufe to me: Whereas, if you will efpoufe my intereft, and partake of every thing I enjoy,
of

my

I fliall,

then, vv^ant

no happinefs, which human nature

is

*'

capable of."

XLVIII. When he had ended, Veturia, after a fhort paufe, which lafted till the great, and iterated applaufes of the affembly ceafed, fpoke to him as follows ; " Neither do " I to the defire
myfelf
you, Marcius,

my

fon,
;

betray

Volfci,

*'
*' *'

who

received

you when an

exile

and,

among

other

of their army ; or that, contrary to your agreement, and to the oaths you

honors, intrufted you with the

command

*'.fwore to
*' *' *'

them, when you accepted that command, you fhould put an end to the war by your own authority without the confent of the whole nation Neither fliould
:

you imagine that the gods have fofar deprived your mother
of her
fenfes, as to

*'

make

her capable of exhorting her dear,

" and

BookVIir.

DIONYSIUS H A LIC A R N AS S EN SI S.

357

and, only fon to {hameful, and wicked adlions: AH that I defire of you is, that you will lay down your arms by a " general confent, after you fhall have perfuaded the Volfci

" "

*'

" and
*'

to ufe moderation with regard to the terms of the treaty; to make fuch a peace, as fLall be honourable and
:

advantageous to both nations

will

This

" " "

**

may

be done,

if

you

a truce for a year, and, now, withdraw your forces. In the mean time, you may, by and refending, ceiving embafTadors, effedl a real peace, and a firm accommodation. And be aflured that the Romans will be in-

make

" duced by perfuafion, and exhortation to fubmit to any " that is neither nor diflionourable
thing,

"

impoffible,

But,

if

"
*' *'

you attempt to compel them, which is the method you, now, think fit to ufe, they will not grant any favors to you whatever, as you may learn from many other inftances^

but particularly, from the conceflions they, lately, made to " the The Volfci Latines, after they laid down their arms.
*'
*'

are

grown extremely haughty, which,

ufually,

happens to

have great fuccefs ; but, if you will give them " to underftand that any peace is preferable to war ; that a
thofe,

who

voluntary agreement between friends is more lafting than " conceflions extorted by neceffity; that it is the part of " wife men, when their afFairs feem profperous, to ufe their

"

" good fortune with economy ; and, when they are in a " diftreffed, and unfortunate fituation, to fubmit to nothing " that "is If you make ufe of thefe, and other ungenerous.
*'

*'

arguments, calculated to infpire fentiments of humanity, and moderation, which you, who have the managemeiit

"of

358
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
civil affairs, are beft

OF

Book VIII.

of

acquainted with, they will, volun-

it

defcend from their prefent exaltation, and give you power to do every thing, which you fhall judge moft con*' ducive to their intereft : But, if they oppofe you ; and, " elated with the^dvantages they have gained by your means,
tarily,
*'

" " "

they were always to laft, refufe to admit your reafons, refign the command publicly; and make yourfelf neither a traitor to thofe, who have trufted

and under your command,

as if

: For you, nor an enemy to thofe, who are neareft to you *' both are impious. Thefe are the favors I am come to afk " of you, Marcius, my fon, which are neither impoflible to " be granted, as you fay ; neither do they imply any con-

"
"
*'

fcioufnefs of injuftice, or impiety. XLIX. " But, it feems, you are afraid, if
advife,

you do what

of incurring the infamy of ingratitude to your benefad:ors, who received you, when you were their enemy,
the advantages, which their For thefe are the natural born citizens are intitled to

*'
*' *'

and communicated to you

things

all

you are, ever, magnifying. And have you not " made them many illuftrious returns ? And, by the inftances " you have given them of your gratitude, which are bound" lefs both in their extent, and number, exceeded their
*'

favors

They

placed their whole fatisfadtion, and greateft

:

"
*'

*'

fuffered to enjoy their You liberty happinefs in being have, not only, fecured them in the poffefHon of it, but enabled them, already, to deliberate whether it is more
for their intereft to fubvert the

" "

to partake of

it,

power of the Romans, or by forming a commonwealth, in which " both

BookVIir.
*'
*'

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

359

When they have accompanied you in your expeditions. " been thus aggrandized by you, and raifed to fuch pro" fatisfied with the iperity, do you think they will not refl: " advantages they poflefsj but be angry with you, and ex" afperated, if you do not, alfo, pour out, by their hands, " the blood of your fellow-citizens ? For my part, I do not " think fo. There, yet, remains one point for me to fpeak " to, which, if you judge of it by your reafon, will have " great weight with you ; but, if by your paffion, none: " This relates to the bear to your country; unjuft hatred you
which was neither in a ftate of health, nor governed by " her eftablidied laws, when fhe pronounced that unjuft " fentence againft you, but diftempered, and toffed in a " violent neither did all the concur in
tempeft;
*'

" the immenfe "

I fay nothing of both nations will have an equal fliare. the fpoils, with which you have adorned their cities, nor of

riches

you have beftowed upon

thofe,

who

people

it;

*'

" " worft of the citizens, but all the reft had concurred in " your condemnation, and you had been banifhed by them, " as a even in of meafures not of the beft fort
promoter
it
;

the worft part of them only, miOed by evil leaders, deBut, if, not only, the daring themlelves againft you.

did not become you to bear any refentment " For the fame thing has, alfo, hapagainft your country *' pened to many others, who purfued the beft meafures ;
that cafe,
:

*'

*'

and there

are rew,

whofe

" has not been expofed " citizens But all

:

though acknowledged, to the unjuft envy of their iellowvirtue,

generous

men

bear thefe calamities like

"

men,

360
*'

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VIII.

men, and with moderation; and remove to other cities, " in which to their country. they live without giving offence *' This was the condud of Tarquinius, furnamed Collatinus a domeftic example, and proper for you to imitate) the (a (( fame perfon, who afllfted in deHvering his country from n the accufed of ingaging tyrants ; and, being, afterwards, a in the for that reafon, to reftore

"
*'

them, and, confpiracy banifhed, he retained no refentment againft thofe, who had baniflied him, neither did he invade his country in

nor fuffer his adions to prove conjundlion with the tyrants, " the truth of that our charge ; but, retiring to Lavinium,

" mother
*'

he fpent the remainder of his lite there, and continued an affedionate friend to his country. L. " However, let all, who have fuffered great injuries,
city,

" be allowed not to whether thofe, who have diftinguiili " are friends, or enemies, but to extend their
have you not taken *' a fufficient "revenge on fuch asabufed you, by laying wafle " the beft of their country, by facking the towns of their
''

injured them, anp-er alike to

all

even in that

cafe,

part

"

allies,

which they had acquired with

"
"

reducing them,
all neceffaries ?

now

great labor, and for the third year, to a great want of

But you carry your wild, and mad revenge " fo to inflave them, and fubvert their far, as to defire even " You fliewed no regard either to the perfons deputed city.
to
*' ^'

"

of worth, and your friends, you by the fenate, men who came to offer you your pardon, and leave to return
to your family ; or to the priefts, wealth fent lad to you, whofe age

whom

the

common"
as

<'

deferved refpedl.

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNAS SENS IS.

hands
;

361

"
*'

as well as the holy garlands of- the gods,

in

but thefe, haughty, and imperious anfwers to them, as to a conFor my part, I cannot commend thefe quered enemy.
their
fevere,

which they bore aHb, you rejedled, and gave

((
'

and overbearing preteniions, which exceed the

'

bounds of human nature, fince I obferve that fuppiications, and prayers, when the injurer flies to the injured with humility, have been found out as a refuge for all men,

and a deprecation of

their

mutual offences

a cuftom
all

"

eftabliilied

anger
pity

is

by the gods for our imitation: By thofe foftened, and, inftead of hating our enemy,
:

we

" "
*'

that the haughty, and all who infult over the prayers of their fuppliants, incur the indignation of the gods, and come to a miferable end :

him

But

I obferve,

alfo,

and delivered "to us thefe laws, forgive the offences of men, and are, " reconciled ; and many there are, who, after they eafily,
firft

For the gods themfelves, who

inftituted,

*'

had, greatly, offended them, have appeafed their anger " by prayrs, and facriflces : Unlefs you are of opinion, " Marcius, that the anger of the gods ought to be mortal ;
*'
*'

but That of men, immortal. You, therefore, will a6t with

juftice,

and

in a

manner

that

becomes you, if you

alfo for-

of your country, who repents, deflres to give the offences be reconciled, and reftores to you every thing he has
taken from you.
grant this honor, and favor to me, from whom you have received " benefits not of the leaft value,- which noneelfe can claim.
But,
if

LI.

"

you

are

irreconcileable to her,

Vol.

III.

a a

" and

362

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VIII.

" and fnch as are of the and efteem, greateft conlideration, " and with which you have acquired every thing elfe you " are poflefled of, I mean, your body, and your mind " Thefe are debts you owe to me, which no place, no time " can ever me neither can the favors of the
"
of; deprive Volfci, or of all the reft of mankind, however exteniive,

"
*' *'

fo far prevail, as to efface,

and

furpafs,

the rights of nature

" me in every thing I defire, without alledging any excufe " For this is a right, which the law of nature has prefcribed
*'

but you will be ever mine; and you will owe to me, of Hfe, and you will oblige preferably to all others, the favor
;

" "
"
''

Confiding in partake of /enfe, and reafon. this law, Marcius, my Ton, I beg of you not to make war
to all,

who

upon your country; and, if you ofFer violence, I oppofe you Either, therefore, firft, facrifice with your own hand
:

" or, trembling at the begin the war againfl: your country " crime of parricide, yield to your mother, and grant, my " this fdvoY and afTifted this
;

to the Furies your mother,

who

oppofes you, and, then,

fon,

willingly.

Supported,

by

law, which no time has ever repealed, I do not think fit, Marcius, to be alone deprived by you of the honors I am " intitled to under it. But, to omit this law, remember the
*'

good
**

offices

you have received from me, and confider how

:

many, and how great they are You were left an orphan by your father, and an infant, when I took you under ' my care for your fake, I continued a widow, and under" went the trouble of bringing you up, fhewing myfelf " not a mother to a but alfo a a

"

only

you,

father,

nurfe,
'

fifter,

BookVIII.
/ifter,

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARNASSENSIS.

363

When and every thing, that is moft endearing. in my power to be freed from you were a man, and it was thefe cares by marrying another, to breed up other children, and prepare for myfelf the hopes of many fupports of my old age, I would not do it, but remained in the fame houfe, and contented myfelf with the fame courfe of life ;
placing alone
:

all

my

pleafures,

and

all

my

advantages in you

have difappointed me, partly againft own accord, and have made your will, and pardy of your me the moft wretched of all mothers. What time have I
paffed, or fear

Of thefe you

feeing

brought you up to manhood, without grief, ? Or when had I achearful mind on your account, wars upon wars, ingagyou, always, undertaking

fmce

ed in battles upon

battles,

and receiving wounds upon

But, fmce you had a ftiare in the government, and in the adminiftration of public affairs, your mother, Then has enjoyed fome pleafure by your means perhaps, was I moft unhappy, feeing you deeply ingaged in a
:

wounds? " LII.

party.

purfue

For thofe very meafures, which you feemed to in oppoftng the plebeians with fo with
applaufe,
fpirit
I

much when
3-

in favor

of the ariftocracy,
^

filled

me

with

fear,

confidered that
jS.oi'.

human

events ftand

upon a

T<!

avSpMTivou

Both the

Latin tranQators have rendered this, vita humana; in which they have been
followed
B.of
is

other t\\\ngi^ human events; which is the fenfe I have given to this paflage ; And in this fjnfc it is ufed by ' Thucydides^ wlien, fpeakingoftheAthenians aftertheirmifcarriage in Sicily, he fays;

tranflators. by tlie French word of a very extenfive fig-

nification in

Greek:

It fignifies,

among
'B.

Si

ev

rsif

a^^^unmn

TOT
"

OT

viii. c.

24.

a a 2

point;

364
point
feen,

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
;

Book

VIII.

and knew, by the many inftances I had heard, and that fome divine wrath, always, oppofes ilkifti-ious
attacks

men, or human envy

too well juftified
citizens
far
''

them

And

the event has

my predidiion. The
on you,

envy of your fellow-

ruflied

like a torrent,

and carried you

from your country.

it fo,

From

this

time,

my

life

(if

may call
thefe

you departed leaving me defolate with children) has been fpent in this wretched condition,
iince
this
I,

and in
things,

mourning apparel. who was never uneafy

In return for
to

all

thefe

you, nor ever fhall be

laft,

a/k this favor of you, that you will, at be reconciled to your fellow-citizens, and afide

while

I live,

lay

your

The favor I afk implacable anger againft your country. will prove an advantage to us both, and not to me alone :
you hearken to me, and commit no irreparable crime, you will enjoy a mind pure, and free from all apprehenfions of the divine anger ; and my life will be rendered happy by the honor I fhall receive from my
For,
if

fellow-citizens of both fexes while I live

when
wtK^otAoyoi?

it fliall

be paid to

my

and that honor, memory, as it may well be

;

Our author iff(piiXv,(roiv. leems to have had a thought of" Homer in his eye, though he has given it a different drefs After the Trojans had approached the navy of the Greeks with their vidlorious troops, Neftor fays to Diomed,
:

Each fmgleGreek, in this conclufiveftrife^

Stands on theparpefi
edge ofdeath ^or
life.

the Latin,
in

Neither .oivij^TraiTsv. nor the French tranflators have preferved the force of thefe words
ETTiffot^ci;

3"

their verfions.

They
;

are, plainly,

relative to a torrent

and are the lame,

The

fenfe

of which, Pope has, very

;

which the befl: Greek writers inake ufe of in fpeaking of a torrent.

well, exprefled

I1.K. > '7 3'

((

ex-

Book Vin.

" ever celebrated And, if there is any place appointed for " the reception of human fouls, after they are diiingaged " from the body, that fubterraneous, and gloomy place, the " as it is of the will not
:

DTON^YSrUS HALICARNASSENSIS. " expected, after I am dead, will caufe my name to be

365
for

habitation,

faid,

unfortunate,
it
is

receive

"
*'

mine, nor the eld of Lethe, as

called

but the

exalted, and pure ether, where, they fay, thofe, who are " defcended from the gods, lead a happy, and a bieffed life ; to whom (he will relate your piety^ and the favors, with

which you adorned her, and, always, beg of the gods to make you fome illuftrious returns. LIII. " But, if you treat your mother with indignity, and *' fend her away with dishonor, what fuiFerings you may " draw upon yourfelf for this, I fhail not pretend to fay;
*'

"
*'

nothing happy However, this I know, that, " fhould you, even, be fortunate in every thing elfe, for I
:

but

I torefee

*'

" For Veturia, after " received before fo " moment:

thefe,
(C

the pain occafioned by me, and my will never reft to your afflidions, perfecute you, give mind, and render your life infenlible of every pleafure :
will fuppofe this,
this cruel,

and irreparable ignominy

all

many

witnelies, will not bear to live a

But

I will

kill

myfelf in the prefence of

" my " who guard the Roman empire ; but infpire Marcius with *' fentiments of piety, and honor: And, as, juftnow at my " approach, he ordered the axes to be laid afide, the rods " to

my

and enemies, and bequeath to you, in room, a dreadful imprecation, and dire Furies to be avengers. May there be no occaflon for this, O gods,
both
friends,

366
'*
*'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
and
his feat to

OF

Book VIII.

to be lowered,

*'

and placed on the ground ; that are the ufual ornaments of abfolute magiftracy, fome " he leflened, and others he quite removed, with an inten" tion to make it manifeft to all, that he had a right to
:

be taken from the tribunal, and, of all the other enfigns,

" command So others, and his mother to command him " may he, now alfo, make me honoured, and confpicuous " and, by remitting our common country at my requeft,
;

moft unfortunate, render me the moft " fortunate, of all women. If it was becoming, and lawful " for a mother to throw herfelf at the feet of her fon, even
*'

inftead of the

"
**

to this,

and every other pofture, and

I

office

of humility

would

fubmit, to fave

my

coantry."

LIV. Having
:

faid this, flie

and, embracing the feet As foon as fhe kiffed them

cried out together,

threw herfelf upon the ground ; of Marcius with both her hands, flie
fell

proftrate,

all

the

women

uttering a loud,

and long lamentation.

Even the

Volfci,

who were

prefent at the affembly, could

not bear the unufual fight, but turned away their eyes. And Marcius himfelf, leaping from his feat, took- his mother
in his arms
;

and, railing her up from the ground fcarce

breathing, he embraced her,

*'

and with many

:

tears {aid

mother, you Iiave gained a vidory, that will prove *' and me fatal both to For you hav^e faved your yourfelf, " country, but ruined me your pious, and affe6lionate fon."
After he had faid
tliis,

he went to

his tent,

and defired

his

mother, his wife, and his children to follow him ; where he palled the reft of the day in confidering with them, what

was

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS HAL ICARNASSENSIS,

:

367

was to be done
thefe
:

That

the refolutions they came to were the fenate fliould lay nothing before the people

And

nor thefe pafs relating to his return,

till all

the articles
:

with the Volfci

of his

any vote concerning it, of frienddiip, and peace fhould be fettled That Marcius fhould withdraw his forces,
territories, as

and march through the Roman

ritories
allies:

And,

after

through the terhe had given an account to

the Volfci of his conduft in the com.mand of their army, and difplayed the fervices he had done them, that he fliould
delire thofe,
all

who had

intrufted

him with

that

means

to admit their enemies into the

command, by number of their

friends, to

conclude a treaty with them founded on juftice, and to commiffion him to take care that the terms of that
treaty

if,

were equal to both nations, and not infidious But elated with pride from their late fuccefles, they rejed;ed
:

an accommodation, that he fhould refign the command. For they concluded that the Volfci would either not bear
the thoughts of chufinsf another

commander

for

want of a

good general

or, if

they did run the hazard of giving the

command
to
their

of their forces to any other, their great lofs would teach them to purfue fuch meafures, as fhould be
advantage.

Thefe were the

thefe
their

fubjedls
;

of their

conlideration,

and

refolutions

which they

looked upon to be juft, pious, and reputable, the point Marcius had moft at heart. But they were alarmed with a
fufpicion,

mixed with fear, left the thoughtlefs multitude, now

already,

buoyed up with the opinion of having,

the enemy, fhould refent the

difappointment

in

conquered an outrageous

363

ROMAN
him time

ANTIQUITIE'S OF

BookVIII.

ragcous manner ; and, in confequence of that refentment, put him to death with their own hands, as a traitor, without

any thing in his defence. However, they determined to fubmit even to this, or to any other danger ftill more formidable, which they might be expofed to in performing their ingagement with fidelity. And, when
giving
it

to fay

was near fun

:

fet,

out of the tent

city.

they embraced one another, and went After which, the women returned to the

Marcius, affembling his troops, laid before them the reafons, which had induced him to put an end to the war ; and ufed many intreaties with his foldiers both to

Then

when they returned home, to proted him forgive him, and, from the violence of their fellow-citizens, in remembrance
of the benefits they had received from him: And, having faid many other things to ingage them in his defence, he
ordered them to prepare themfeives to decamp the following
night.

LV. When
(for

the

Romans

heard that the danger was over

the report of it was brought to Rome before the arrival of the women) they ran out of the city with great joy to

meet them ; and, embracing them, fung triumphal fongs ; and all in general, and every one in particular, fhewed all thofe figns of exultation, which men, who emerge out of
great dangers

to unexpedled felicity,

exprefs both in their

words, and adlions.

feafts,

That

night,

and

rejoicings.

The

next day,

therefore, they pafied in the fenate, being af^

fembled by the confuls, refolved to poftpone the honors debe conferred on Marcius to a more proper feafon : figned to

But

BookVIir.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC A RN A S S EN SIS.

in

369

But ordered that

women,

given praifc fhould, immediately, return for their zeal ; which praife fhould

be

to the

be

to pofterity by a public infcription ; and fuch perpetuated a reward, as to the women, who were to receive it, fhould and honourable. Thefe, after confulappear moft grateful but to defire tation, refolved not to afk any invidious gift,

give them leave to ered: a temple to Female Fortune ^' in the fame place, where they had interceded for their country ; and that they might affemble, and

the

fenate

would

perform annual end to the war.

^^

facrifices to

And

her on the day they had put an the fenate, and people decreed that an

area fliould be purchafed with the public money, and confecrated to the goddefs, and that, upon it, a temple, and an altar fliould be eredted in fuch a manner, as the pontifs
w Tf ars^i Tt;? aroAswc jTroiJiiravIo Portus has miftaken this Ar'f -x^wc'u. in his tranflation, and in both pafTage,
3^'
El-

urhis

matemae preces repukrunt

From

which he his note referring to it, This reads zirontcinvlo, for i7roiy,<rvlo.
in

was erefted in the fame the mother of Coriolanus where place, her fon to fpare his counon prevailed
try.
I

this paflage, this temple

Sylburgius concludes that

and, with in the great fagacity, fubftituted ;%^w^iai alteration is which room of x^i'^ Vatican the manufcript, juftified by never feen it: it is plain he had

Sylburgius has obferved,

'>

agree with

him

that the temple

was erefted in the fame place ; but This I gather from the words of our author, not from the pafTage he has
quoted
-,

though

becaufe,

it

is

plain,

by

all

the

Sylburgius, in Valerius

alfo,

fhews from a paffage

that the tern-

rules of

Grammar,

that quo relates to

Maximus,

eo tempore,

plum
this

Forttinae muliebris, eredted

upon

M.

not to quart urn milliarhm. * * * has inferted this note of Syl-

occafion, flood near the Latin way, four miles from Rome The words of ^ Valerius Maximus are as
:

burgius among his tioning his name.

lated

own without menLe Jay has tranfand

the

the fame note,

fame

Fortunae etiam Muliebris fimuiacrutn, quod eft in Fid Latind ad quarfollows

:

miftake.
33-

Tf^-cfvo?.
firfl:

turn milliarium, eo ternpore

cum aede fud

"B.

on

the

See the loz" annotation book.

confecratum, quo Coriolanum ab excidio

i.e. &.

Vol.

III.

B b

fhould

370

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VIII.

fhould dire6l, and facrifices performed at the public expence ; and that a woman, to be chofen by themfelves, fhould begin
the facrifice, and predde in this ceremony. Alter this decree of the fenate, Valeria, who had firft propofed the embafly,

and prevailed upon the mother of Marcius to concur in it, And thefe offered was appointed prieftefs by the women.

up the

firft facrifice

for the people, Valeria prefiding,

upon

the altar raifed on the area,

before the temple and the ftatue were ere6ted, in the month of December in the fol-

" which the lowing year, on the day of the new moon,
34*

Hv
in

E^A^;vf fAiv
Kci^ai^i.

vVfj.fjvixv,

PKy-xioi

Si KaA<Jf

The
the

year, at that

As for example the nones of March, May, July, and Oftober fell on the
,

time

ufe

among

Romans, was
by Nutill

the Pompilian year, inftituted

ma

Pompilius, which continued

,

This year Julius Caefar reformed it. becaufe, was, properly, luni-folar though the twelve fynodical months,
of which
to
it

feventh days of thofe months, which nones were, for that reafon, called TVi?jiae feptimanae and the nones of all the reft of the months on the fifth days of thofe months, and were called iVb;

confilled, did not

amount

The ides, called fo, as nae quintanae. ''Macrobius fays, from the Tufcan
word
iduare,

more than 354

days, yet this defect

which

fignificd
:

divide,

was fuppiied by intercalary days, by which this lunar year was brought
folar year nearly to th^
:

were governed by the nones For, as the ides were nine days after the nones,
including both,

The Greek

year alfo, which, being lunar, confined of no more than 354 days, was brought to the folar year by an intercalation
years,

pened on
the ides

the nones hapthe fifth day of the month,

when

fell

out on the thirteenth

and, when
venth,

the nones were on the fe-

months in nineteen invented by Meton, and, from

of
I'jven

the ides were on the fifteenth.

this

him,
Miloivo;

this luni-folar year

f)/v7cf.

was called
or the

The

isfjuij'ji*,

it appears, that the day before the nones of Quintilis (July) was the fixth of that month, as the

By

all

day of the new moon, was the firft day of the month with the Greeks, and the calends the firft day of the month with the Romans Thefe had, alfo, their nones, and ides-, both which were moveable, and tiieir calends fixed:
:
=

text has been corrected

by Glareanus, and the dedication of this temple ftands in the old Ronian calendar, I find, on that day, and not on the feventh, as it is in all the ediand manufcripts. This laft tions, and Portus
,

Sat.

i.

c.

Greeks

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALIC AR N A S S EN S
Naixnvioiv,
,

I S.

371

and the Romans, Kale?idas this being the day, that put an end to the war. The year after the firft
Greeks call
facrifice,

expence of the public, was finifhed, and confecrated, exadly, on the fixth day of the month Quintilis according to the courfe of the moon ;
the temple,
built at the
this

the Romans compute, the day before the being, as nones of the month Quintilis. The perfon, who confecrated

this

one of the confuls. temple, was Proculus Virginius, LVI. It may be agreeable to the purpofe of this hiftory,

and conducive to the reformation of thofe, who think that the gods are neither pleafed with the honors they receive

from men, nor difpleafed with impious, and

unjuft: adions, this of manifeftation the her prefence to relate goddefs gave at that time, not once, but twice, as it is recorded in thd

books of the pontifs ; to the end that thofe, who, reliadhere to the opinions they have received from gioufly,
^5

their

anceftors concerning the gods,

may have no

caufe

either to repent of their belief, or ever to change it; that fuch, as defpife the cuftoms of their forefathers,
has been efpoufed reading, however, * * le not :

and
and

*, though by M. The former fupports

by
a

Jay

it

by

very ex-

his note in traordinary fuppofition that he this imagines paffage; upon in the Latin authors. found Dionyfius

with that expreffion in any good Roman writer for the nones of Quintilis: They would have rather faid, I imagine, nunis, for the day of the nones,

from

whom

that the

he collefted his hiftory, temple of Fortiina muliehris

cinte

and pridie nonas, for the day before. whatever expreffion he might have found in any Roman hiftorian, I am apt to believe that he underftood
But,
the force of
it,

wnsdedic^ted

diem nonas

^iifiii/is,

better than either that

pour jnarquer lejour des nones, which into Greek, lie tranQated, literally, I (hall In the firft place, not, readily, allow that Dionyfius could have met

gentleman who condemns him, or I who defend him.

35-

Ie.'0':pa>7wv jfasi;*/.
firft

annotation on the

See the234'' book.

b b 2

hold

372

ROMAN
it

ANTIQJUITIES OF
opinion
;

Book VIII.

hold that the gods have no power over the defigns of men,
but, if they are incurable, that they may become ftill more odious to the gods, It is recorded, theremore miferable. and,
poiFible,
alter their

may,

confequently, fore, that the fenate having ordered that the whole expence both of the temple, and of the ftatue, Oiould be defrayed by the public ; and the women having caufed another ftatue
to be

made
;

v/ith the

themfelves

money they had contributed among and both of them being dedicated together
day of the confecration of the temple, one of being That which the women had provided,
:

on the

firft

the ftatues,

fpoke

intelligibly,

being prefent fenfe of them

^s^^xoijs jW
:

and loudJy, in the Latin tongue, many The words being tranflated into Greek, the
this
'"^

is

Oaiic 'roAw^

voy/^-,

yvvuiHsc yaiAsloHj

Matrons, in due fo?'m have you dedicated me.

The women, who were prefent, as it ufually happens in relation to uncommon voices, and fights, would not ealily believe that the ftatue fpoke, but took it for fome human
3^*

giiis

Ofiu nroAewf vo,Ma, etc. Sylburhas given us the words fuppofed

inquire whether this

is

the

firfi:

ex-

ample
if it is,

in hiftory

to have been fpoken by this ftatue in

of a fpeaking ftatue ; the hint has been, fince, im:

Latin from ''Valerius Maximus,v.'hich

are thefe
:

Rite me, mr.tronae,

vidijlis.

riicque dediccjlis.
offioo

Where,

rite,

explains

woAiug
;

vof/.cf ;

mruronae, yvioLmt

and deJicaJIis, ^iSwKa'li. As for yotfA-ilxi vidijlis, which is not in our author, I do not thi;.k it worth while to inquire

how

Valerius

came
of
think

to infert that

word

in his relation

this
it

ridiculous tale,

proved to very fubftantial purpofes However, it is a melancholy inftance of fuperftition, or of fomething worfe, both in heathens, and many chriftians, to alledge fuch idle ftories in proof of a Providence, when every fingle objcft in this wonderful frame of nature can fupply them with a demonflratioa of it.

Neither do

worth while to
1

B.

i.

c. 8.

voice ;

Book VIII.
voice
;

DIONYSIUS H AL IC A R N AS S EN SI S.
who

373

thofe, particularly,

be thinkinor of fomething; elfe, that fpoke, would not believe fuch as had feen
wards,

to happened, at that time, and did not fee what it was

it.

After-

the temple was full, and there happened to be the greatefl filence, the fame ftatue pronounced the fame words in a louder voice So that, there was, no longer, any

when

doubt concerning
ordered other
year,
in

it.

The

fenate, hearing
rites

what had

paffed,

facrifices,

and

to

be performed every
:

fuch a manner, as the pontifs fliould dired: the women, by the advice of their prieftefs, eftabliflied
a cuftom that no

And
it

as

women, who had been twice married,

ftatue with garlands,

fhould crown
their

this

or touch

it

with

hands

to this

but that the whole honor, and miniftry relating ftatue, fhould be committed to new married women.
;

omit But, concerning thefe things, it became me neither a fact recorded by the Roman hiftorians, nor to dwell any
to

longer

upon

it.

I,

now, return from whence

digrefled.

LVII. After the departure of the

camped with

his

women, Marcius dearmy by break of day, and marched through

:

the territories of the

Romans, as through a friend's country And, when he came to That of the Volfci, he divided all

without referving the leaft and fent them to their refpec^ive homes. thing for himfelf, who had ferved under him in Iiis battles, reThe
the booty

among

his

foldiers,

troops,

were not difpleafed with refting turning loaded with riches, from the war ; and, as they loved the man, they thought he deferved to be forgiven for having deftfted from profethe cuting the war to
laft,

in compaftion to the diftrefs,

and

prayers

374

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
of his mother.

OF

Book VIII.

prayers at home, envying the foldiers

But the young men, who had ftaid on account of the great booty

of they had acquired, and being difappointed in their hopes of the Romans humbled, when their city feeing the pride
fhould be taken, were exafperated againft the general, and full of refentment ; and, at laft, when they found their hatred countenanced by the men of the greatefi: power in
the nation, they grew wild with rage, and committed an impious adion. The peribn, who contributed not a little to

was Tullus Attius, who was fupported by a great fadion colleded out of every city. This man, who could not command his envy, had, long fince, refolved if Marcius fucceeded, and, after he had deftroyed
inflame

them

againft Marcius,

Rome,
and

returned to the Volfci, to murder

him

in a private,

he mifcarried, and returned without effeding his defign, to deliver him over to his fadion as a traitor, and put him to death ; which was the m.ethod he, then, took. And, affembling a condderable number of
infidious

manner;

or,

if

his people,
falfe

he accufed the man; forming conjedures of things by true, and of fuch as were never to come to

pafs,

by thofe which had already happened ; then ordered him to refign his command, and give an account of his condud For, as I faid before, he was general of the forces,
:

which had been

left

in the cities

affemblc the people, and to fit to a trial.

and had power bodi to fummon any man he thought

;

LVIII. Marcius did not think proper to oppofe either of For he infifted thefe demands ; but objeded to their order
:

that

BookVIir.

DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENS IS.

firft,

-75
ii\

that he ought,

to give an account of his conduct

the war
if all

which, he confented to refign his command, But he thought the Volfci fliould be of that opinion
;

after

that the determination of thefe points fhould not be committed to any particular city, of which the greateft part was corrupted by Tullus, but to a legal affembly of the whole
to fend deputies from every city, when they were to deliberate upon affairs of the greateft importance. This Tullus oppofed ; well
nation, to
it

which

was thecuftom

for

them

of his eloquence, when he came to give an account of the many great anions he had performed, if he ftill retained his dignity of general, would juftify his

knowing

that a

man

conduct to the multitude

as a traitor,

from being punifbed that he would become ftill more illuftrious, be

;

and be

fo far

authorized, by a general confent, to put an end to the war in fuch a manner, as he fhould think proper. This ftruggle lafted for a confiderable time,

more honoured by them, and

and was carried on every day

in the

afiemblies,

and the
:

forum, with great eagernefs by words, and mutual contefts For neither of them could employ force againft the other j
becaufe both were defended by the dignity of an equal command. But, there being no end of this contention,

Tullus appointed a day for Marcius to refign his command, and take his trial for the treafon he ftood accufed of ; and,

having prevailed upon fome of the moft daring, with the hopes of rewards, to be the ringleaders in the wicked action he meditated, he came to the aflembly on the day appointed ;
and, placing himfelf in the tribunal, ufed

many

invedtivTs

againft

376

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VIII.

againft Marcius,
force, if

and exhorted the people to depofe him by he would not, voluntarily, refign the command.
tribunal in order to

LIX. Marcius having afcended the

make

his defence, the fadlion of

Tulhis hindered him from

their crying out. Kill fpeaking by their clamor : and, upon him, Kill him, the moft daring furrounded him, and ftoned

him
and

^^

to death.

While he

lay ftretched

upon the ground

in

the forum, both thofc,

thofe,

who

been prefent at this tragedy, came thither after he was dead, bewailed the

who had

misfortune of the man,

who had found

fo

ill

a return from

them, and recounted

all

the fervices he

had done to the

commonwealth,
having
fet

the murderers for deliring to apprehend

pernicious

the example of an adion illegal in itfelf, and of confequence to their cities, in kiUing a man, and,
their general,

particularly,

fuffering

him

to

make

his

by an a6l of violence, without defence But thofe, who had

:

ferved
ufao-e

under him, fhev/ed the greateft indignation at the he had met with ; and lince, when he was living, they

had not been able to prevent his misfortune, they refolved to fhew their juft acknowledgement to him after he was dead, into the forum ev^ery thing, that was necelTary by bringing
to the honor of a brave

man

and,

when
aflerts
;

all

things were
he liveJ to a

37- ATOitlivvuifo-i. Livy, alfo, fays that Coriolanus was put to death by the Vollci, in refentment for his hav-

hiflorians,

that
that,

great age

and

when he was

from the tcrand that Romans the of ritories ; ot his a different account others give he who was death: But, Fabius, fays, the moft ancient of their much by
ing withdrawn
his forces
'B.ii.

very old, he ufed, often, to fay that exile was the moft feverely felt by an ^ old man Refert ctrtc (Fabius) banc
:

faepe etim exaSld aetate ufurpajfe voceni,

Multb

7}tiferius feni cxiliumejje.

c.

40.

ready,

Book VIII.
ready,

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENSIS.

377

in the habit of a general, and they clothed him adorned in a moft fumptuous manner; placed him on a bier and, cauflng the booty, the fpoils, and the crowns, together with the reprefentations of the towns he had taken, to be

carried before him, the

placed all the citizens accompanying the body with lamentations, and tears Then, having killed a great number of vidims
:

ftinguifhed by their and, carrying it to the moft confiderable part of the fuburbs, for its reception, it on a funeral pile, before, prepared

young men, who were the moft dimilitary achievements, took up the bier ;

in

honor to him, and offered up

all

the

firft

offerings

that are, ufually,

o-enerals,

made

thofe,

who

of kings, or had been moft attached to him, reat the

funeral piles

mained

the flame was extinguiOied ; after which, his remains, and buried them in the they gathered together fame place ; and, having raifed a high mound by the affiftance of many hands, they ere6leda handfome monument.
there,
till

LX. Such was

o-eneral

of

his

age

the cataflrophe of Marcius, the greateft : He was fuperior to all thofe pleafures
;

that tyrannize youth

and pradifed

juftice not

with re-

ludance, and through fear of the punilliment impofed by the law, but voluntarily, and from his natural propento it : He did not look upon the not doing an injury
fity

to be any part of virtue ; and, not only, took care to^ be from all vice himfelf, but, alfo, thought it his duty to
:

exempt He was a man of great compel others to be fo too and liberality, and moft ready to relieve the wants of fpirit, He was his friends, as foon as he was informed of them
:

Vol.

III.

c c

inferior

378

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
none of the
;

Book VIII.

inferior to
civil affairs

arlflocratical

party in his talents for

and,

if

the contrary fadion had not oppofed

his meafures,

the

Roman commonwealth would

have re:

But it ceived the greateft acceffion of power from them was not poffible for all the virtues to meet in the fame
compofition
;

neither will there ever appear a

original,

man produced
all

from a mortal, and frail

who

is

perfect in

things.

LXI. Heaven, therefore, that beftowed thefe virtues on him, blended them with unhappy defers, and im.perfedions For there was no mildnefs, no chearfulnefs in his behaviour;
:

nor any thing winning in him, when he faluted, and fpoke to his acquaintance j no difpofition to be reconciled, or to

when he was angry with any one ; mitigate his refentment, nor that grace, which adorns all human adions ; but he
Thefe qualities hurt him in was always harfh, and fevere. many refpecls ; but, moft of all, his immoderate, and inexorable rigor in fup porting juPcice, and the laws, without And the ^^ opinion of the the leaft mixture of clemency
:

ancient philofophers feems true,

3*'

that moral virtues confift

(be cxcefs
;

To

VTTJ

Ta;v

fP(^ai&'v

Xiyoj^ivov

vtti^CoKh,
-f^

and Cowardice,

<p^c(^o^wv.
"

Ariftotie,

alluded ro, the following

This is the doftrine of which is liere, I brlieve, and which he explains in

manner
>'

in his ethics

His

poiition

is,

that virtue confifts in

the ffican,

This ^ he illuftrates by many examples drawn from the palFions, and afFeftions in all which to ^.eo-ov, the mean, is found to be virtuous, and t uk^oi,, the exThus, Bravery tremes, to be vicious is TO jwjtrov, the mean ; Rafhnefs,
wss-cl-is ffiv

a^iU

'

o.x^^n;^ the deficiency. Again, Liberality is the mean \ Prodigality, tlie excefs ; and Avarice, the deficiency, Ariftotle has applied this doftrine. even, to converfation, where Facetioufnefs is the mean ; the

.Buffoonry,

excefs

and Rufticity, the deficiency.

This is hot the firft opportunity I have had of fhewing how great a deference our author pays to the ethics

of Ariftotle.
t

>;

B.

ii.

c. 6.

Id. ib. c. 7.

in

Book VIII.
in the

DIONYSIUS H ALICARNAS SE NS

S.

379
:

mean, and not

in the extremes, particularly juflice

not only, when (he unprofitable to her poffeffors, does not arrive to this mean, but, alfo, when fhe exceeds it ;

For

flie is

and, fometimes,

the caufe of great calamities, to miferable deaths, and irreparable mifchiefs

elfe

and leads
:'

Nothing

but the purfuit of exad, and extreme juftice drove Marcius out of his country, and deprived him of all the
other enjoyments of life For, when he ought to have made reafonable conceflions to the plebeians, and might, by
:

particulars, yielding the firfl: place in their affedions, he would not do them in every thing that was not

to their defires in

fome

have gained
it ;

but,

by oppofing

jufl:,

he

incurred their hatred,

and was banifhed by them: And,

when he had
Volfcian

it

in his

power

to refign the

command

of the

army

the
to

moment he had put an end

to the war,

any other place, till his country had granted him leave to return, and not expofe himfelt to the fnares of his enemies, and the folly of the multitude ; though he

and to remove

confidered

all

this,

he did not think

fit

to ult

any of thefe

it his duty to prefent himfelf precautions ; but, efleeming before thofe, who had intrufted him with that command, in order to give an account of his conduct v/hile he was inverted with it, and, after he had given that account, if he was

found guilty of any crime, to undergo the punifhment ordained by the laws, he did not receive the reward, which his

extreme juftice deferved.

the body is deftroyed, the fubftance of the foul, whatever that fubftance may be, perifhes c c 2 together

LXII.

If therefore,

when

sSo

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
their virtue

OF

Book VIII.

together with it, and ceafes to exift, I know not how I can conceive thofe to be happy, who have received no advantage

on the contrary, have been undone by it Whereas, if our fouls remain for ever incorruptible, as fome think, or, if they fubiift fome time after their
;

from

but,

fepa-

from the body, Thofe of good men enjoying the longeft, and Thofe of the wicked the fhortefl, duration, tlie
ration

applaufe of the living, and the prefervation of their memory to the lateft ages, feem to be an honor fufficient for the
virtuous,

though Fortune was

this

their

enemy

Which honor

happened to
for his death,

man
ftill

and

For, not only, the Volfci mourned honor him, as a man of the greateft
alfo,

merit
his

but the

Romans

when
it

they were informed of

tragical end,

looked upon
their wives,

commonwealth, and mourned

in public
:

as a great calamity to their for him both in private, and

And

as their

cuftom

is

at the death

of their neareft

relations,

laid afide their gold,

;

and purple,

and

all

the reft of their ornaments

in black,

mourned

for

and dreffing themfelves him a whole year And near five

:

hundred years being, now, elapfed fince his death, his memory is not obliterated, but he is, ftill, praifed and celebrated

Thus ended the dano-er, by all, as a pious, and juft man. with which the Romans had been threatened by the invafion of the Volfci, and Aequi, under the command of Marcius ;
a danger greater than any they had, ever, been expofed which had like to have deftroyed the whole city from
foundations.
to,
its

Lxni.

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

381

LXIII.
a

A kw days after,

the

Romans

took the

field

with

numerous army commanded by both the confuls ; and, of their own territories, incamped advancing to the confines on two hills, each of the confuls having his camp apart, very
ftrono-ly

fituated.

However, they returned to

Rome without

fair opportunties were given effeding any thing, though them by the enemy of performing fome gallant adlion : For, before this, the Volfci, and the Aequi had invaded

the

Roman

territories, refolving

not to lofe the opportunity

but to attack them, while they feemed to be, flill, in a confternation, fuppofing that fear would induce them to
furrender of their

own

accord

another about the

command,

But, quarrelling among one they ran to arms, and ingaged

:

without keeping their ranks, or receiving orders, but with all the confufion, and diforder imaginable ; fo that, many
the fetting of the fun had not prevented further mifchief, both armies had been,
killed
fides:

were

on both

And,

if

utterly, dcftroycd.

Yielding therefore, though unwillingly, to the night, vv^hich put an end to the contefl:, they were parted, and each army retired to their own camp : And,

decamping, early the next day, each returned home. The confuls, though informed both by the prifoners they had taken, and by the deferters, who had elcaped from the
a6:ion, of the madnefs,
feffed with, neither

and fury the enemy had been pof-

took advantage of an opportunity fo much to be wifiied, when they were not diftant from them above thirty ftadia, nor purfued them in their retreat, in

which

their

own

troops being frefh,

and following

in their

ranks.

382
ranks,

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
might
eafily

BookVIII.

have deftroyed, to a man, Thofe of the enemy, that were fatigued, wounded, reduced to a fmall number, and retiring in diforder. However, the confuls

decamped
.

alfo,

and returned to

Rome

either contented

with the advantage Fortune had given them, or having no confidence in their troops that were undifcipHned, or highly
fatisfied

with not having fuixered the

leaft lofs.

But,

when

they came to Rome, they v/ere treated with great ignominy, and their behaviour was charged with cowardice. And, witliout undertaking any other expedition, they furrendered
their magiftracy to their fucceffors.

LXIV. The next year, " Caius Aquilius, and Titus Sicinus, both men of experience in war, entered upon the The fenate, after the confuls had propofed to confulfhip.
them
to confider of the war, ordered that

em ballad ors

fliould

be fent to the Hernici to demand of them, as of their friends and allies, fuch fatisfadion, as they were intitled to

by

their treaties (for the

commonwealth had been

injured by

time of the invaiion of the Volfci, and Acqui, by the robberies they had committed, and the incurlions they had made upon that part of the Roman territories,

them

at the

which

and

and that, in the mean time, lay contiguous to theirs) until they lliould receive their anfvvers, the confuls
raife all

the forces they could, and demand the afliftance of their allies by embaffies ; and, alfo, that they

fhould

39-

riof

A-/.uA/o-,

x( Tilof

Eixivof.

Thefe confuls are called C, Aquilius Tufcus, and T. Sicinus Sabinus in the
'B.
ii.

Livy, the latter is Fajli confulares. In named T. Sicinius, polTibly through a miftake in the tranfcriber.
c.

'

40.

fhould

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN A S S ENS I S.

383

fhould, by employing a great number of men, prepare corn, arms, money, and all other things, that were neceffary for the When the embaffadors war, with the greateft expedition.

returned from the Hernici, they made their report to the fenate of the anfwers they had received from them ; the
fubflance of which was, that they faid there never had been any treaty between' them, and the Romans in general ; that the convention they had made with Tarquinius was diffolved both by his expulfion, and by his death in a foreign

any depredations had been committed, or incuriions made upon the territories of the Romans by bands of robbers, thefe did not flow from the generalconfent of their nation, but from the avarice of particular ;
country
;

and

that, if

perfons

that it was not even in their power to deliver up to juftice the men, who had been guilty of thefe things ; that they them-

having, alfo, fuffered damages of the fame nature, had the fame complaints to make ; and that they, chearfully, the war. The heard the report of fenate, having accepted
felves,

their embafladors, ordered the

divided into three bodies

youth already raifed to be And that, with one of them,

Caius Aquilius fliould march againft the Hernici (for thefe were already in arms) That Titus Sicinus, the other conful,
fliould lead the fccond againft the Volfci ;

and that Spurius

Lartius,
confuls,

who had
lliould,

been appointed governor of Rome by the \yith the third, defend that part of the
:

That thofe, who were country, that lay neareft to the city above the military age, but ftill in a condition to bear
armsj

384

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

OF

Book VIII.

arms, fliould be difpofed under their enfigns, and guard the fortrefles of the city, and the walls, to prevent any fudden attempt of the enemy, while all the youth were in the field :

And

that

Aulus Sempronius Atratinus, a confular perfon,

fliould

have the

command

of thefe

forces.

All thefe orders

were foon executed.

Aquilius therefore, one of the confals, finding the army of the Hernici waiting for him in the country oi the Praeneftini, incamped as near to them as he could, at
the diflance of
little

LXV.

more than two hundred

ftadia

from

day after he had formed his camp, the Hernici, coming out of theirs, advanced to the plain in order of battle, and gave the fignal for the combat Upon
third
:

Rome.

The

which, theconful marched out to meet them with

alfo

army drawn up, and difpofed in their refpedive divifions And, when they approached one another, they fhouted, and ran to the ingagement, which was begun by the light armed
;

his

men on

both

fides,

their flings, gave

who, with darts, arrows, and one another many wounds

fiones

from
the

Then

horfe charged the horfe in troops ; and the foot ingaged the foot in companies And, now, the battle raged ; both armies
:

fighting bravely;

and, for a long time,

maintaining the

At length, the firfi: line ground where they were pofted. of the Romans began to give way, this being the firfi: battle in for a long time. Aquilius, obthey had been ingaged
the frefli troops referved for this ferving this, ordered very to take the place of thofe who were fatigued, and purpofe, the wounded men, and thofe who were fpent with the
labQr

BookViU.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENS IS.

385

Jabor of the day, to retire to the rear. The Hernici, feeing their troops in motion, imagined the Romans were beginning to fly ; and, animating one another, and clofmg their files,
that were in upon thofe parts of the enemy's army, motion, and the frefli troops of the Romans received their onfet and, both fighting refolutely, the battle was, now,

they

fell

renewed with great violence For the cohorts of the Hernici were alfo, continually, reinforced with frefh troops fent by in the room of thofe, who were fatigued. their
:

generals,

The

evening was

now coming

on,

when

the conful, en-

this occafion, couraging the horfe to exert themfelves upon the right wing of the put himfelf at their head, and charged

enemy

gave way, and a great the right wing of the Hernici flaughter infued: While fuftered, and loft ground, the left, ftill, maintained the fight,
;

who,

after a fhort refiftance,

and had the advantage over the right wing of the Romans For Aquilius, takBut, in a fiiort time, That too gave way
:

ing with

him

the braveft of the youth, ran to their afiiftance

alfo; and, exhorting his people, and caUing upon every man, who ufed to diftinguifh himfelf in former battles, by his

name, and fnatching the ftandards of thofe cohorts, that did not feem to do their duty, from their bearers, he threw them
into the midft of the

enemy;

ment ordained by
ftandards,

the laws,

that the dread of the punifhif they did not recover their
fight valiantly
;

might compel them to

and he

himfelf always
till

he

relieved every part, that forced this wing, alfo, to give way.
left

wanted fuccour, Both the flanks

being

now

naked, even the center did not ftand their

Vol.

III.

d d

ground

-,

386

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VIIL

ground ; but the Hernici fled to their camp in confufion, and diforder, and the Romans purfued them with great
fought, that day, with fo much eagernefs, that fome of the men endeavoured even to mount the intrenchments of the enemy's camp, in exexecution.

The Roman army

by ftorm ; which attempt the conful obferving to be hazardous and unavaiHng, ordered a retreat to be founded, and that his men fhould give over the
it

pedlation of taking

which they were defirous to continue, fearing left, by being galled v/ith the miflive weapons, which the enemy were, continually, throwing from above, they fhould be
attack,

fhame, and great lofs, and, by that So that, means, deface the glory of their former vidory the Romans, it being now near fun fet, returned to their
forced
to retire
Vv'ith
:

camp rejoicing, and finging fongs of triumph. LXVI. The following night, there was a
and outcry heard
of
in the

camp

great noife, of the Hernici, and the light

For they, defpairing of being able ta ftand another ingagement, had refolved to leave their camp of their own motion ; and this was the caufe of the diforder,

many

torches feen :

and outcry Since every man fled with was mafter of, calling to, and fpeed he
:

all

the flrength,

and one

called

upon

by,

another, without fhewing the leafl regard to the lamentations,

and

intreaties

of thofe,

count of their wounds, or nothing of this, but had, before, been informed by the prifoners that another army of the Hernici was expeded to

who were left behind on acficknefs. The Romans, who knew

come

to the afTxftance of their

countrymen, and imagining

that

Book Vlir.

DION YSIUS HALICAPvNASSENSIS.

387

that this outcry, and tumult was occafioncd by their arrival, took their arms again ; and, lining the intrenchments, left

any

be made upon them in the night, fometimesall ftruck their fliields with their fwords, and, at others,
attack, fliould

fhouted frequently, as if they were going to ingage. All thefe things alarmed the Hernici, alfo, to a great degree, who,
thinking themfelves purfued by the enemy, difperfed, and fled different ways. After it was day, and the horfe, fent

out to difcover the enemy's motions, had reported that no frefh forces were come to their alliftance, and that Thofe
they had been ingaged with the day before, were fled, Aquilius marched out with his army, and pofleffcd him-

of the enemy's camp, which was burden, proviflons, and arms ; and there,
felf

full
alfo,

of beafts of

he took their

wounded men, not fewer

fled
;

in

number than

thofe,

who had

fending the horfe in purfuit of fuch, as had the roads, and woods, he made difperfed themfelves in many Then he overrun the territories of the of them prifoners
and,
:

Hernici, and laid

them wafte with impunity, none now daring

Thefe were the
exploits of Aquilius.

to encounter him.

LXVII. The

other conful, Titus Sicinus,

fent againft the Volfci with the flower of an irruption into the country of the Veliterni

who had been the army, made

:

For Tullus

was ported there at the head of a very gallant army, which he had raifed with a view firft to harrafs the country of their allies, as Marcius had done
Attius, the Volfcian general,

when he begun
nuing
fl:ill

the war, thinking that the Romans, contiunder the fame confternation, would not fend any

Ddd

fuccours

388

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
who were
as
:

OF

Book VIII.

fuccours to thofe,

As foon
their

expofed to danger for their fake. the two armies were feen by, and faw, one an-

other, they ingaged without delay

The ground between

camps, on which they were obHged to fight, was a rocky hill, furroundcd with many broken precipices, where the horfe could be ot no ufe to either. The Roman horfe, thought it would be a (Lame for them to be prefentat the aclion, without allifling in it; and, coming to the conful in a body, defired, if he approved of it, that he
obferving
this,

would permit them to quit their horfes, and fight on foot : The conful gave them great commendations ; and, ordering them to difmount, drew them up, and kept them about him both to obferve what part of the army might want relief,
and
to relieve
it.

And

thefe

were the caufe

of the

vidlory the

then gained ; a vidory, that well deferved the great For the foot, on both met with applaufe it afterwards
:

Romans

fides,

were as equal
in

as poflible in

number, and armed

alike,

and

had no advantage over one another

fighting, perience in or blows, warding

in order, difcipline, ex-

in attacks, or retreats,

in dealing their

For the Volfci had changed their military difcipline, fince they had been every part of commanded by Marcius, and adopted the cuftoms of the

them

off:

Romans
its

So

that, the foot in

both armies continued fightby.

the ground, ing moft part of the day with equal fuccefs,
to each inequality, giving

advantages. Roman horfemen dividing themfelves into two bodies, one of them attacked the enemy's right wing in flank, while the
other, going

many

But the

round the

hill,

charged them in the rear ;

after

which,

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASS EN S I S,

389

which, fome of them darted their fpears at the Volfci, and others, with their horfeniens fwords, which are longer than thofe of the infantry, flafhed the arms, and hams of thofe
they encountered, and cut off the hands of many of them, and fwords they were holding together with the bucklers,

annoy the enemy; and, by wounds on the knees, and ankles of feveral, infli6ling deep dead upon the ground, where they had they left them half
either to defend themfelves, or

ftood, before, with the greateft firmnefs.

And now the Volfci

;

were, on

them
rear:

the foot prefling in front, and the horfemen on their flank, and in the
all fides,

furrounded with ruin

having fhewn a bravery beyond their and given many proofs of refolution, and expeftrength, rience, their right wing was almoft all cut in pieces. When

So

that, after

thofe in the center, and in the other wing, faw their right wincr broken, and the Roman horfemen coming up to

charge

them
40-

in the

fame manner, they caufed

The
fenfe
vifibly miftaken French tranllators :
is

their

'^^

files

to

coun:

E|sAi$v1k Tf ^oxy(-

of

this expreflion,

by

the Latin, and

The former have faid explicatis ordini*** has tranflated liteto, which M. Le leurs bataillons. rally, Us deploient
Jay has faid, ils font defiler leurs troupes, whii his not much more to the purpofe.
In order to
expreffion,

The mentioning the divifion of it e^eA/j/^o? was either x^7 Ao;^xf, orxoPa ^ The firft is, when the files of ^vyx a batalion countermarch and the fecond, when the ranks do the fame,
:
-,

In the
ra

firft

evolution,

ii.ii

Koxo^yoi; tot
6
<Si

i*^a!j/

fji.il

KKj^^a.\'i tottov,
tij?

>;^xyos
file

tov t^ ho^ayii, xoii av1<

xxlx

^^o<tcd7v:>v

come at we muft

the fenfe of this

iTrt^xvaoi^

>)

xxIottiv

Here, the

confult the

Greek headers take the place of

maftersoftadics, and,
Arrian, kinds of the
terino-

among
the

the reft,
differe.it

who

explains
s?A,j/f/of.

the bringers and thefe of the file leaders, and up, the front becomes the rear : This was

Without enof
this
Vv'ith

the

i^ihiyy.o';,

which our author fays

ufe of, to fecure their

into

the
I fhull

fubdivifions

the Volfci
retreat
;

made

evolution,

content myfelf
''

and a very proper one, no

E 7ix'- T1. p. 58.

Ed. of Amfterd.

termarch.

390

ROMAN
intrenchments,

ANTIQJJITIES OF
:

Book VIII.

termarch, and retired flowly towards their camp, and the horfemen followed in their ranks And, when they came to

another {liarp fight infued, and the horfemen, in endeavouring to climb over the palifades in difthe
ferent parts of the

camp, were repulfed. The conful, feeing

ordered the foot to bring fafcines, and, putting himfelf at the head of

the

Romans
fill

diftreffed,

and

up the

ditches

the braveft horfemen, he marched over the paffage they had made, to the gate of the camp, that was moft fortified ;

and, having forced the guard, that defended it, and cut afunder the portcullis, he got within the intrenchments,

and
ter

let in his foot that

followed.

Here Tullus Attius charged

and, af-

him with

the ftrongeft, and bravefl of the Volfci ;

he had performed many gallant adions (for he was a valiant foldier, but not qualified for a general) at lafl, fpent with labor, and the many wounds he had received, he fell dead. After the camp was taken, fome of the Volfci died
fighting j and others threw down their arms, and implored the clemency of the conquerors ; and a few of them faved

themfelves by flight, and returned home. When the couriers fent by the confuls arrived at Rome, the people were filled with joy, and, immediately, ordered facrifices of

thankfgiving to be offered to the gods,

doubt.
I fliall

and decreed the

:

juft

fay a

word, or

i\imvpi.a tv toi? St^ioi?

two,

to explain
it

though

the other tfEAij/uof, does not properly relate to

countermarch
the
batalion

that

is,

Here, the ranks one wing of

the expreffion, now, before us. By the {|fAi^(MOf x*?** '(^yoi., the commander

exchanges its ground with the other ; the right wing l:e-

comes the
right.

left

and the

left

wing, the

T Jf^i*

fv

Toif {vwvujuoif Koi.^nlr,irt,

H,

honors

BookVIir.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC A RN AS S EN SIS.

391

honors of a triumph to the confuls; but not the flime to both For, as Sicinus feemed to have freed the common:

wealth from the greater fear, by deftroying the infulting army of the Volfci, and kilHng their general, fo they And he entered the granted to him the greater triumph
:

city

he

horfes with golden bridles, himfelf being drefled in royal robes, as is ufual in the
in a

chariot,

drawn by

preceded by the fpoils, and the prifoners; and followed by his vidorious army. To Aquilius they decreed the leffer triumph, called, by them,
greater triumphs
:

He

was

'^^

Ovatio.
this,

have,

before,

'^^

fliewn

the difference between

city

and the greater triumph. And this perfon entered the on foot, with the other ornaments^of the procelllon.

the year ended. LXVIIl. Thefe confuls were fucceeded by "^^ Proculus Virginius, and Spurius Caflius, then conful for the third time,

Thus

who

took the

field

with their national forces, and thofe of

the lot of Virginius to lead his
which Le Jay
doubt of
is

their allies.
4''

It fell to
kixi

army

Aym rci

\ci(pv^oi

rue ai^fAxXoiit
is

fo far

from evading,
dans

T?.

This word ayov,

is

as

in

the

that he leaves the reader no

his error
:

Vatican manufcript, or
in the editions,

f%Mi', as it

(lands

// enira

room to Rome

apphed

to the fpoils,

auinilieu des dcpottil/es dss ennemies^

the prifoners, and tne army ; and yet is certain that the triumphal car it

traifnant apres foy un

captifs.
42-

and grand nombre de

fifth

was preceded by the

fpoils firft,

and

AsJ>;AIi

jwoi.

See the

book,

then by the prifoneis, and followed by the army. The ignorance of, or inattention to, this particular, has miQed the French tranllators, and particularly

chapter 47.
43This conful is called n^oicvAo?. Proculus Virginius both by ^ Livy, and t\\tt fafti confukres for which rcafon, I have inferted Proculus in the text, inftead of IIoTrA/af, which is the reading of all the editions,
,

Le Jay
les

The

entra dans
forloient

Rome

other has faid, il accompagne de ceux qui

;

depouilles

this rather e-

vades,

than explains the

difficulty

-,

'B.ii.c.4..

againft

392

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VIH.

Aequi ; and to That of Caflius to march againft the Hemici, and the Volici. The Aequi, having fortified their cities, and removed thifher out of the country every
againft the
their lands to be laid thing that was moft valuable, fuffered wafte, and their country houfes to be fet on fire: So that,

and Spoiled as much of Virginius, with great eafe, harrafTed, their counti^ as he thought fit, fince no one offered to
defend
it;

and, then, returned

The
all

Volfci,

and theHernici,
fuffer their

Rome vi^ith his army. againft whom Cafiius marched,

to

had refolved to

lands to be laid

wafte,

and

taken refuge in their here to their refolution

the defolation of
a,fertil

cities.

However, they did not ad-

But, induced by their regret to fee country, which they could not exits

to reftore to pert eafily

former condition

and,

at the

fame time, diftrufting the fortifications they had fled to, which were not very ftrong, they fent embaftadors to the The Volfci fent firft ; and firft conful to fue for peace
:

obtained their defires, by furniftiing as much money as the conful ordered, and every thing elfe the army wanted And thefe confented to become fubje6t to the Romans, without
:

aiming, any longer, at an equality. After them, the Hernici, finding themfelves left deftitute, treated with the
conful concerning peace, and friendfhip

cufed them, violently,

ought,

firft,

to a6l like

But Caffius acto their embaftadors, and faid they men conquered, and fubjedls, and,
:

then, treat of friendftiip.

The

embafladors anfwering that

they would do every thing, that was pofliblc and reafonable,

he

BookVUI.

DIONYSIUS

II

ALIC ARN'ASSE NSIS.

his

393

he ordered them to fupply with provisions for a month

:

^ army with money, and

to the intent

And

they might

with the greater eafe on the raife thefe fupplies day apThe a truce. them he Hernici granted pointed, performalacrity, and fending, ing every thing with expedition to treat of the peace, Caflius commendagain, embaffadors ed them, and referred them to the fenate ; who, after ma-

and

ny dehberations, came to a refolution

into their friendship
fettle,
:

to receive this

people

That

Caflius fhould confider,

:

and

the terms of the treaty

of,

And

tha'-^

whatever he ap-

proved

they would

ratify.

lenate having come to thefe refolutions, Caflius returned to Rome, and demanded a '^^ fecond tri-

LXIX. The
as if

umph,
riuloui
et;

he had fubdued the greateft nations, feizing

vij/om, the

o^uvi(X<rjA,av

E0OS HN

fxy,vm

ed

in

hh^.

The commentators
:

obferve,

would
tence,

will be repeat: So that, I flrike out the intervening fenTi^opcif

7ro(pefeiv

fame thing

that the numeral

omitted in an objeftion againft the whole fenIf ovl^wvac-po? is fuppofed to tence. ufual pay of the Roman fignify the
foldiers, which fignification the word will bear, a plain abfurdity will follow ; fince it is very well known that

word before jjitivwv is the Greek text But I have

as

an interpolation, and
Kcci

lead

oc^yv^iov T,

moc

fA,y,vo<;

v^a'pa;

(X7T0(!)ifitiv.

Something
fore,

like

this

we had

juft be-

in relation to the

orders given

the

Roman

foldiers received

no pay,

by the other conful to the Volfci, where no mention is made of the fum, any more than here. 45- AsuVfi^ov. So we muft read this with the Vatican manufcript, and not
//.iyi<;ov,

the till the year of Rome 348, when ^ ut Jlipendiim miles de fenate ordered ante id tempiis publico acciperet ; de [ho quifque fundus eo munere ejfet. And, if oti^miotrfAog is taken in the

as

it

ftands in the editions

Becaufe

Caffius

had,

already,

tri-

qmm

he obtained over the Sabines ^, where he killed 10, :50o of them, and took near 4000

umphed

for the victory

more common

fignification,
fLivy, B.
iv. c.

for pro59.
E

prifoners.
See the
fifth

book, chap. 49.

Vol.

III.

e e

that

394

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
is

Book VIII.

that honor by favor, rather than receiving it as a right ; iince he was to be preceded by captives, and fpoils, with

which a triumph
towns,

adorned, without having ftormed any This a6lion firfh or gained a battle in the field.

drew upon him the reputation of a proud man, and the envy of entertaining more exalted thoughts, than the reft of his fellow-citizens. After he had prevailed in obtaining
the triumph, he produced the treaty he had made with the Hernici ; which was copied from That, before, made with the Latines. This, greatly, difgufted the moft ancient, and
the moft dignified fenators, who began to fufpedl him ; becaufe they thought it, highly, unreafonable that the Hernici,

who

were

ftran^ers, fhould obtain the

fame honor with the

as

Latines,

who were

their relations
leaft fervice,

and that fuch,

given them
alfo,

had
inat

not done them the

(hould be treated with the

fame humanity,

as thofe,

who had
They

many

ftances of their affe6lio]i.

were,

difpleafed

the haughtinefs of the man, who, after he had been honoured by the fenate, had not done the fame honor to

them, but produced a treaty fettled according to his own humour, and not by the authority of the fenate. And, indeed, fuccefs in various undertakings is a dangerous, and
a prejudicial thing to a

man

For

it

is,

often,

the fource

of thoughtlefs pride, and the fecret author of defires exWhich was the ceedins the condition of human nature
:

cafe of Cafiius

who

For being the only perfon at that time, had been honoured by his country with three conful:

fhips,

and

two triumphs,

he

now

took

upon himfelf
greater

Book VIIL

DIONYSIUS H ALICARNAS SENS I S.

and
entertained

395

greater ftate,

defire

of monarchical

power
of
all

And, confidering
for thofe,

that the eafieflj

at

and

fafeft

way,

monarchy, or tyranny, and to acis to gain the multitude by fome gratifications, cuftom them to be fed by the hand of the perfon, who diftributes the pofleffions of the public, this he purfued :
others,

who aim

And, without communicating

termined to divide
extent,

his defign to

any one, he de-

among

the people certain lands of large

belonging to the public, which lay negledled, and If Cafwere, then, in the polTeflion of the richeft men. fius had been content to flop here, it is poffible that his defign

might have fucceeded

;

raifed a violent fedition

by aiming at more, he the event of which proved fatal

;

but,

to himfelf :

For he thought proper to comprehend

lands not

in

the

divifion of thefe

the Hernici,

who

only the Latines, but even had been, juft before, admitted citizens,

in order to ingage thefe nations in his intereft. LXX. Having formed this plan, the day after his tri-

umph, he

called the people together

tribunal, according to the

cuftom

and, afcending the of thofe who have tri;

umphed, he, firft, gave an account to them of his adions ; the fum of which was as follows That, in his iirft
:

confuirhip,

he had fubdued the Sabines, who claimed the and compelled them to become fubje6l to the foverei<Tnty,

Romans
tion,

vvith

That, in the fecond, he had appeafed the fediwhich the commonwealth was then agitated,

and brought back the people to their country ; and had the Latines, who, though of the fame extradion ino-aged with Eee 2

396

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
glory,

OF
their

Book VIII.

with the Romans, yet ahvays envied

and

to

become

their friends,

fovereignty by communicatino^ to
citizens
;

them the fame

country
:

rights with the

Roman

fo that,
as their

they looked upon

Rome

no longer

as a rival,

but

That, being the third time inverted with the fame magiftracy, he had, not only, compelled the Volfci, from enemies to be their friends, but had, alfo, induced the Hernici, a numerous, and warlike nation, and, by beinoiltuated near them, capable of doing and the chief, greateft fervice, to a

them

the greateft mifvoluntary fubmifTion.

After he had difplayed thefe things, and many others of the like nature, he defired the people to look upon him as a
perfon, who then had, and always fhould have, a greater zeal for the interefl of the commonwealth, than any others

could pretend

to.

He concluded
fo
all

was

to confer

upon the people

with faying that his defign many benefits, and of fuch

a nature,

as to furpafs

thofe,

who were commended

for their affedion to the plebeians, and concern for their And thefe things, he faid, he would foon acprefer\'ation.

He then difmiffed the affembly ; and, without compliih. the leaft delay, caufed the (en^io meet the day after,
who were
courfe
laid
:

already in fufpenfe, and terrified v/ith his difAnd, before he entred upon any thing elfe, he
his intention,

open

which he had concealed from the

multitude, deliring the fenate, that, as the people both by

fupporting their liberty, and by enabling them to command others, liad done great fervice to the commonwealth, they would fhew a regard for their inta-eft, in dividinci^ -" "O C3 anions

them

BookVm.

DIONYSIUS HAL ICARNASSENSIS.

397

them the conquered lands, which were, indeed,

lands, but, in reality,

called public

among the patricians, money paid for the corn,

as a prefent,

were ufurped by the moft fhamelefs contrary to all juftice ; and that the
fent

them by Gelo king of

ought

Sicily

which, though

it

to have been divided

the citizens in a gratuitous manner, the poor had purchafed, might be repaid to the buyers, out of the

among

all

treafury.

LXXI. While he was

arofe, all the fenators

fpeaking, prefently a great tumult

their diflike,

fhewing

and impatience

of what he propofed.
his

coUegue, Virginius,

And, when he had done, not only but the moft ancient, and the moft

dicrnified fenators, particularly

acrainft

Appius Claudius, exclaimed him with great vehemence, for defigning to raife a

long time, inflamed, and uttering the fevereft reproaches againft one another.
fedition.

And thefetwo continued,

for a

The following days, Cailius, aflembling the people frequently,

affections by his popular harangues, difplayed gained their the advantages, that would flow from the diviflon of thele lands, and laid himfelf out in invecftives againft his oppofers.

other flde, Virginius affemblcd the fenate every day, and concerted meafures with the patricians to guard againft his deflgn, and to prevent its fuccefs, by a legal oppofition. And each of the confuls was attended by a ftrong body of

On the

men,

to fecure

them from being

infultcd.

The

poor, the

mean, and fuch as were prepared for any daring enterprife, were uncfer the command of Caflius And tliofe of the areateft birth, and cliarader adhered to Virginius. Forfome
:

timCj,

39^^

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VIII.

time, the worft fide carried it in the afiemblies of the people, After that, they became equal, the by a great majority. tribunes joining the beft fide; poflibly, becaufe they did not think it advantageous for the commonwealth that the

people fhould be corrupted by bribes, and a diftribution of the public lands, and thence grow idle, and profligate: Poifibly alfo, through envy, becaufe they themfelves, who

were the leaders of the people, had not been the authors of * this liberality, but another perfon. However, there is no reafon to conclude that they were influenced by any other
motive, than

apprehenfion of this encreafe of power in Caffius, which was greater than the intereft of the commonThefe now oppofed, therefore, in wealth would admit.
the*

every afl^embly of the people, the laws, which Caflius was

introducing, with all their power They reprefented to them that it was not juft that thofe lands, which they had ac:

fhould be diftributed among any but quired by many wars, the Romans, and that, not only, the Latines, who had not been prefent in thofe wars, but the Hernici alfo, who had,
entered into their friendfliip, and who, being brought into it by war, ought to be fatisfled if they were not deprived of their own territories, fhould have an equal

but

lately,

fhare of thofe conquered lands with the

Romans

themfelves.

people, hearing this, fometimes afl!ented to the reprefentations of the tribunes, when they confldered that the

The

portion

of the public lands, that would fall to the fhare of each, would be fmall and inconfiderable, if both the
Hernici, and the Latines were to partake with them in this
diftri-

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN A S S E NS I S.
:

399

And, at others, Cafiius, by his popular harangues, made them change their opinion, by telling them that the tribunes betrayed them to the patricians, and
difLribiition

covered their oppofition with this fpecious pretence, that an equal fliare of thefe lands was to be given to the Hernici, and the Latines, whom he himfelf had comprehended in his
law, with a view of adding firength to the poor, and of defeating any attempt, that might, hereafter, be made to
dilpoffefs

them of the
it

he looked upon

lands that were granted to them; fince to be better and fafer for the people to

continue in the undifturbed poffeflion of a fmall fhare, than, by expeding a greater, to be difappointed of every thing. LXXII. Wliile Cadius, by thefe iniinuations, wrought
frequent changes in the minds of the multitude, Caius Rabuleius, one of the tribunes, a man of no mean abilities,
prefented himfelf before the people, and promifed that he would, foon, put an end to this conteft between the confuls,

and

fliew the people their true intereft.

" per to diftribute the public lands to every Roman ; and " the other, whether the Latines, and the Hernici, ought to " have a fhare of them ? And they acknowledging it to be " This being allowed, you, Caflius, would fo, he went on " have the vote for both and
:

with great acclamations, and, after that, "Are not thefe, Caflius, and Virginius, the chief points in *' difpute concerning this law ; the firft, whether it is pro-

This being followed with filence, hefaid ;

*'

let

people us know, in the

thefe;

you, Virginius,

name of the

gods, whether
Caffius,

" that part of the law propofed by

you oppofe which relates to " the

40O

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
allies,

OF

Book VIII.

"
*'

concealing any thing." And Virginius queftions faying that he was againft giving an equal fliare of thefe lands to the Hernici, and the Latines, but confented to their

" " fhould not be divided even among " without

thinking that the Hernici, and the Latines ought not to have an equal hare with us ; or do you oppofe the other alfo, and infift that the public lands
the
as

us

Anfwer

to thefe

being diftributed among the Roman citizens, if all the people were of that opinion ; the tribune, turning to the " Since, therefore, one part of the queftion is afiembly, faid ;

"
*'

approved of by both the confuls, and the other oppofedby one of them ; and, as both are equal in dignity, and neitlier
force the other to receive That,

" can
*'
*'

which other, concerning which they differ." The people fignifythat his advice was the beft that ing, by their acclamations, could be given, and defiring him to ftrike out of the law that
part,

into his opinion, let us, now, both agree to give us, and put oM the

come

which occafioned the

contefl:, Caffius

was

at a lofs

what

to do; and, being unwilling to retraft his opinion, and unable to maintain it, while the tribunes oppofed him, he difmified

the afiembly for that time.

illnefs,

The

following days, he pretended

and went no more to the forum ; but, continuing at home, formed a defign to get the law paffcd by force, and violence ; and fent for as many of the Latines, and Hernici,
as

Thefe affembled in the town was full of great numbers; and,prefently, ftrangers. of thefe informed ordered things, Virginius being proclamait.

he could, to come, and vote for

tion to be

made

in the ftreets, that all,

who were not inhabitants,

BookVIir.
bitants,

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENS IS. On 'the fliould forthwith depart the city.

401
other
all,
till

lide, Cailius

who

ordered the contrary to be proclaimed, that were intitled to the rights of citizens, fliould ftay,

the law was paffed.

LXXIII. There being no end of thefe contefls, the patricians, fearing left, when the law came to be propofed, the to violence, and people fhould take arms, and have recourfe
to fuch other
forcible means,

divided affemblies,

met

are frequently ufed in in the fenate to conlider of fuch

as

methods,

as fhould,

at once,

put a flop to

all thefe

evils.

therefore, being, firft, afked his opinion, oppofed this diftribution of the lands among the people, telUng them that

Appius

accuftomed to devour the public flock, would prove troublefome, and ufelefs cohabitants, and never fuffer any thing belonging to the public, whether lands, or

an

idle multitude,

money, to continue in the poffefTion of the public And that it would be a fhameful thing, if the fenate, who accufed CafTius of introducing a wicked, and difadvantageous law,
:

and of corrupting the people, fhould themfelves, by common He confent, ellablifh that law, as jufl and advantageous
:

defired them, alfo, to confider that the poor, if thefe lands

were divided among them, would not, even, think themfelves to thofe, who gave their confent, and fandlion to
obliged
this law,

but to CafTius, who,

iirfl,

propofed
it

it,

and feemed

to have compelled the fenate to ratify

Having
purpofe,

faid

this,

and many

againft their will. other things to the fame

he ended with advifing them to make choice of fome of the moft dignified fenators to fix the bounds of

Vol.

III.

f f

the

402

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VIII.

the public land upon the fpot ; and, if they found that any private perfons, by fraud, or force, either fed, or tilled, any part of it, to take cognizance of this abufe, and reftore the

land to the public

And,

further, that the land,

bounded by them, fliould be divided into a certain number of fhares, and diftinguifhed by handfome pillars ; and that one part of this land fhould be fold, particularly
fo

that

part,

concerning which there

;

was any conteft with

private perfons

fo that,

the purchafers might plead the

commiilioners againfl any, who fhould claim thefe lands ; and the other part be let for five
determination of thefe
years:

money, arifing from thefe rents, be applied to pay the forces, and to the neceflary expences of " the now wars as of the
that the
**
*'

And

"
*'

ftand, For, fays he, things envy poor againfl: the rich, who have ufurped, and ftill continue in the poffcfiion of, the public lands, is well grounded; and it is not to be wondered at if they defire
:

thofe

lands

fhould be divided

among

all

the citizens,

"
*'

rather than ufurped by a few,

and thofe the

mofl: fliamelefs

of

"
*'

they fee the perfons, who now enjoy them, quit pofl'effion, and the public lands, really
all
:

men

Whereas,

if

become public
linquidi

*'

lands, they will ceafe to envy us, and rctheir fondnefs for this general diftributionof them,

" when
"
*'
*'

they

know

that thefe lands in the hands of the

be of greater advantage to them, than the public will fmall portion, that will be allotted to each. Let us
flicw them, therefore,

how much

their intereft

is

here

" concerned 5 and

that, if

each of die

poor receives for "his

Book VIII.
*'

DION YSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

and happens
neither, will

403

his

/Lare a fmall piece of land,

to have

" troublerome neighbours, he

*'

be able to culti-

vate

"
"

himfelf by reafon of his poverty, neither will he find any man to hire it of him, but a neighbour : Whereas,
it

if

" "

large farms, requiring various, and confiderable culture, are let by the public, they will bring in great revenues

to the

commonwealth

And

that

it is

better for

them,

" when they go to the field, to receive both provifions, and *' their pay from the treafury, than, out of their private " to in tlieir contributions to the fortunes, pay treafury, " when with as it often which will
*'^

prelTed,

happens,

want,

be encreafed by providing this money." LXXIV. After Appius had delivered this opinion, and gained great applaufe by it, Aulus Sempronius Atratinus was called and faid " In the firft I muft
ftill
; upon next, place, " commend Appius, as a man very capable of feeing

*'

future

"events

at a great diftance;

one,

who

always gives the

" " " " "

moft honourable, and the moft ufeful advice ; firm, and unmoved in his refolutions ; and neither yielding to fear,
nor fwayed by favor For I ever praife, and admire him, both for his prudence, and the courage he fhews in the midft of dangers: Neither fliall I myfelf offer any other
:

" advice
**

but only add a few things, which Appius feems " to have omitted Nor am I of opinion that the Hernici, or
;
:

the Latinesj
4f'-

to

whom

we,

lately,

granted the rights of

Sylburgius has obeiiT$f^^v is, here, wanting, whic his very true But I fufpedl that
Elf TocuiHov.

fervfd that

which, as it now ftands, does not run with the rmoothiiefs, and
this fentence,

peripecuity, pecuhar to our author,

iomething

elfe is

wanting to complete

ff 2

" Roman

404
*' *' <'

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
citizens,

OF

Book VIII.
;

Roman
For

we

*'

our friendship of any others, we gained dangers, without the afllftance " them from our enemies. And let us this give them

ought to have a fhare of our lands have not acquired thefe, fince they acceded to but long before, when, by our own ;

"
*' *'
*'

anfwer,

that the lands,

which each of us were

before,

when we refpedlively, pofleffed of, of friendlliip, ought to remain in property,

to each
:

entered into the treaty and unalienable

And

that of

Thofe we
the treaty,

fliall

"
*'

forces, fince

we made
will

conquer with joint each fliall have his fhare.

"
*' *'

" bounds of the

*' **

allies any juft caufe give neither to our of complaining that they are injured, nor to the people any their intereft to their apprehenfion of appearing to prefer As to the appointment of perfons to fix the reputation.

This method

public lands, I, intirely, agree with Appius For this will fet us at liberty with regard to the plebeians
fince they are,

now,

difpleafed

on both

thefe accounts,

**

ic
((
*'

becaufe they themfelves reap no benefit from the public lands, and becaufe fome of us enjoy them, contrary to Whereas, if they fee thefe lands rePcored to the juftice
:

"

" no

public, and the produce thereof applied to the neceffary ufes of the commonwealth, they will look upon it to make
difi'erence to

them, whether they enjoy the land, or " the For I need not inform you that fome produce of it *' of the poor are more delighted with the loffes of others,
:

*'

than
think

vvith
it

their

own

advantages.

However,

do not
;

*' *'

fufiicient to infert thefe

two

things in the decree

but

we

oughtj in

my opinion,

to gain their affedlions,

and

"

relieve

Book VIII.
relieve
fently,

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN A SS EN S I S.

them by fome other acquaint you with,
favor alfo,

405

which

I fhall, pre-

after I have, firft, laid before necellity, that fhould

you the reafon, or rather the

us to

induce

come into this meafure. LXXV. " You remember,

laft

\yithout doubt,

what the

tribune faid in the

affembly of the people,

when he

afked Virginius, one of the confuls, what were his thoughts the thediviQon of lands, whether he confented concerning
to their being divided

among

the

Roman

citizens,

but
the

not

among

the allies; or do you oppofe,

fays

he,

diftribution of our

own public lands, even, among ourfelves ?

the other anfwered, that he did not oppofe this diftribution, fo far as it related to the Romans, if all were

And

of that opinion.

This conceffion, not only, brought over the tribunes to our intereft, but, changed the difpofition of the people in our favor. What therefore fhould induce

now, what we, then, confented to? Or what advantage will it be to us to eftabliih generous, and noble inftitutions, and fuch as are vi^orthy of our empire,
us to revoke,
if

we cannot prevail with the people to obferve them ? But we ihali not prevail with them; and this none of you are ignorant of: And we fiiall find thofe, who are difappointed in their hopes, and deceived by the nonperformance of our promifes, more uneafy to us, than thofe, who do not

ob>:ain

what they

defire.

Some

other magiftrate will ftart

up, and, to flatter the people, will, again, bring in thcfelaws, and, then, notoneof the tribunes will affiftus. Hear, therefore, what advice I give you, and what addition I make
*'

to

4o6
*'

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF
Appius
;

Book VIII.

"
*'
*'

to the opinion of

but do not

rife

any difturbance, before you have heard all Alter you have appointed commiilioners, whether ten, or whatever number, to infpedt the land, and fix the bounds
it,

up, or create I have to fay.

" of " a
*' *' *'

impower them
it,

to.

determine which, and

how

great

part of

ought to belong

to the public, and,

by being

let for five

years, to encreafethe revenues

and, on the other fide,

how

of the treafury ; and which, great a part of it,

*'

"

ought to be divided among the plebeians. And my advice is, that, whatever land they fliall appoint to be divided,

" determined whether " or

citizens,

you order

it

to be divided accordingly,
it fiiall

after

you have
all

be diftributed

among

the

among
:

thofe,

who

have no land, or

who
you

have
lliall

the fmalleft fortunes, or in what

*'

manner

foever

"
*'

think proper And, as to the appointment of the perfons to fix the bounds of the land; and the order you fhall
publifii

concerning the divifion of

it,

and every thing

elfe

that

is

" time
*'
*'

necefiary, fince the prefent confuls have but a fiiort to continue in the magiftracy, that their fuccefibrs
:

take fuch order therein, as to them fhall feem beft For things of this nature require no fhort time to fettle;
neither can
are

*'
*'

now

be expedled that the prefent confuls, who divided, will be able to difcover what is advanit
if,

" " "

"

tageous with greater penetration, than their fuccefibrs,

as

we

hope, they fhall agree

For delay
all

is,

upon many
dan-

occafions, a ufeful thing, and, of

others, the leaft

gerous

" a

fingle

and time, often, brings about great changes in Bcfides, a good underftanding between day "
:

thofe,

BookVIII.

DIONYSIUS H A L IC A RN A S S E N S
my

I S.

407

"
*'

thofcj

who

vantages.

" has any thing

prefide in the ftate, produces the greateft adThus have I deHvered opinion: If anyone
better to propofe, let

him fpeak."
him;

LXXVI. When
and not one of the
after

he had ended,
fenators,

all

prefent applauded

who were

him, gave any other advice.

afked their opinion Upon which, the decree

:

of the fenate

wasodrawn up

to this effel

That

ten of the

moft ancient confular fenators be appointed to determine the boundaries of the public land ; and to declare how much
of it ought to be
people
:

let,

and

how much

to be divided

among the

That

thofe, to

whom

the rights of citizens were

granted, and their allies, have each their fhare, according to the treaties, of all fuch lands, as they fliall, afterwards, conAnd that the fucceeding confuls take quer with joint forces
:

care that the eledion of the decemvirs, the divifion of the

lands,

When

and every thing this decree was

elfe,

be performed. laid before the people, it, not only,

that
is

neceflary,

put a ftop to the popular harangues of Cafllus, but, alfo, prevented the growing fedition of the poor from making
any further progrefs.

LXXVII. The

following year,
at

when

the feventy fourth

whichAflyllusofSyracufe won the prize of the ftadium, Leofiiratus being archon at Athens, and Quintus Fabius, and Servius Cornelius confuls at Rome,

Olympiad was drawing near,

two

patricians,

the raoft

young indeed with refped to their age, but on account of the diilinguifbed of their body

both dignity of their anceftors, men of great pov/er founded on the number of their friends, and the greatnefs of their
fortunes.

4o8

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF
inferior to

Book VIII.

fortunes, and, for

young men,

none of mature age

''''

for their abilities in civil affairs,

Caefo Fabius, brother of

power

the then conful, and Lucius Valerius Poplicola, nephew to the perfon, who expelled the kings, being quaeftors at the fame time, and having, by virtue of that charge, a of alTembling the people, accufed before them Spurius

Cafius, the conful of the former year, vA\o had dared to

bring in the Agrarian laws,
for

aiming

appointing a day, cited

people.

him

to

make

And, tyranny his defence before the

:

at

There being a great concourfcupon the day appointed, the quaeftors affembled them ; and, entering into a detail of
public
life,

all his actions in

fhewed them to flow from no

conful, he had, not

good deiign

Firft, that,

when he was

to the Latines, the of Roman citizens, privilege only, granted

which they defired, and would have been contented with, and have thought it a great happinefs even to obtain, but, alfo,
ordered that they fhould have the third part of the fpoils taken in war, when carried on with joint forces Then, with
:

regard to the Hernici, who, being fubdued by war, ought to have been fatisfied in not being punifhed with the lofs of

fome

part even of their own country, he had made them friends inftead of fubjedls, and citizens inftead of tributaries ;

and ordered they fliould land, and the booty, that

receive another third part of the

fliould,

ever after, be acquired : So that, the fpoils being divided into three fliares, the fubjec^s of the Romans, and ftrangers were to receive two of them,
47-

A jA(pj<Jf

Ts x'I*\v(rv7ef TKf ^(r(Af.

Seethe

firft

annotation on the

fe-

venth book.

and

Book

Vm. DION YSI us

natives,

HALICARNAS SENS IS.

409

and the
it

and

their mafters only one.

They made

appear that, from hence, one of thefe moft abfurd things would befall them, if ever they fhould think fit to honour

any other nations, byreafon of their many great fervices, with the fame grants, with which they had honoured, not only,
the Latines, but the Hernici
alfo,

who had

never done

them

For there being but one third left for them, they would either have no part to beftow upon their benefadors, or, if they granted them the fame favour, they would referve nothing for themfelves.
the leaft fervice
:

propofing to' divide the public lands, without the previous vote of the fenate, or the confent of his collegue, fhewed that his defign was to get the law pailed by force, which lav/ was, not on

LXXVIII. They added

that CalTius,

in

account alone, unprofitable, and unjuft. That, the previous vote of the fenate was neceflary, and,
this

when
that

ought to have been a common favor of all the magiftrates, he had made it the favor of one man ; but alfo on this account, which is a confideration, of all
being obtained,
it

others, the

mofl

affliding,

that this,

which was

called a

of the public lands to all the citizens, was, in reality, grant a deprivation ; fince the Romans, who had agqiiired thefe
lands,
nici,

were to receive but one third of them, and the Herand the Latines, who had nothing to do with them,

the other two.

he had paid no deference, even, to the tribunes, when they oppofed him, and defired him to ftrike out that part of the law, v^hich

They charged him,

further, that

gave an equal

fliare

of thefe lands to ftrangers

but continued

VoL.

III.

g S

410

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
the

OF

Book VIIL

tinued to aft contrary to the fehfe of the tribunes, of his of the fenate, and of all, whofe counfels were
collegue,

ever of

greateft

advantage to

the

commonwealth.

After they had gone through thefe heads of their charge, and called upon all the citizens to atteft the truth of them,
they,

proceeded to the fecret proofs of his having aimed at tyranny ; that the Latines, and the Hernici had
then,

jointly fupplied

with arms;

him with money, and provided themfelves and that the moft daring young men of

thefe nations, perpetually, reforted to him, holding private councils, and ading for his fervice in many other inftances :

And,

to prove the truth of thefe allegations, they

witnefles, both

produced

many

Roman

to the nations in alliance

and others belonging with them, perfons neither mean,

citizens,

nor obfcure.

people gave credit ; and, without either fufiFering themfelves to be moved with the fpeech of Caffius, which he made after great premeditation, or
thefe the

To

with compailion, though the appearance of his three fons, as well as the joint lamentations of his other relations, and
friends,

gave him a great opportunity

of exciting

their

mercy, or paying any regard to his military anions, by which he had raife^ himfelf to the greateft honor, they condemned

him

they were fo exafperated at the name of tyranny, that they could not moderate their refentment even in the degree of his puniOiment, but fentenced him to death : For
:

And

they were afraid left, if they had banifhed him, as he was the ableft general of his time, he might have followed the example of Marcius j and, by calumniating his country, and

forming

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENSIS.

411

forming a conjundion among their enemies, have brought This being the event of an irreconcileable war upon them. his trial, the quaeftors led the man to the top of the precipice
that

commands
"^^

the forum

citizens,
4^"

threw him

down
We
in

and, in the prefence of all the from the rock : For this was
it, but the long prefcripto the conquered lands, begun, and maintained by the patricians, con-

Effi^'otv Kxlot T)f ar7|0f.

are

for

oppofing

now come
he
failed

to the death

of CafTius, the

tion

author of the Agrarian law,

his

which

through condud, and tlie fuperior fkili of the and was involved in its patricians, ruin However, this law had, after:

own want of

trary to juftice, and to the very elements of their conltitution. fhall

We

abler liands

wards, better fuccefs, when it fell into and, though the patricians had not the power to hinder the
-,

be adllled in this inquiry by receding on what our author has, already, faid concerning the original diftribution of
''

enafting of

this law,

they had the

it.

art

to obfcruct the execution of

The

pernicious defign of Caffius in aiming at tyranny has caft an infamy on the law itfeif, and made it to be looked upon as a wicked meafure, becaufe it

was the inftrument to a wicked intenBy this means, it has happened that the Agrarian law, though juft in itfeif, and reafonable in its circumtion
:

lands made by Romulus in the infancy of their government There we find that Romulus, after he had divided the whole body of the people into thirty curiae, divided, alfo, the land into thirty equal parts, one of which he allotted to every curia, referving as much as was fufficient for religious ufes, and fomepart of it for the public. This divifion, our author fays, both of men and land, comprehended the This equality was greateft equality
:
:

through the guilt been loaded with an of its author, and own. In order, thereinfamy not' its of the juftice, convinced fore, to be this of and reafonablenefs law, we muft
ftances, has fuffered

by their conftitution ; and, will one any fay that the ufurpation of the which the Romans, afterwards, lands, conquered, by the patricians wiihout dividing any part of them among the
fettled

Confider

it

unrelatively to the defigns

author, and inquire whether it was agreeable, or repugnant to the conRitution of the Romans-, whether

of

its

conquerors, referving any for religious ufes, or appropriating any part to the public, was not contrary tu that equality,

and to the parent of

?

tliat

equality,
it

was an innovation in, or a part of, that conftitution ; whether the people had not a right to the effeft of th;s
it

their conftitution
is,

And

that

was

fo,

we

fee,

owned even by Appius,

as

law, before the law itfeif was propofc-d; and whether there could be any reafon
.

by Sempronius. purport of the law, propofed by CafTius, was to reftore both by wrefting thefe conc. 7.

v/ell as

The

Ggg

th(

412

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF
for thofe,

Book VIII.
the

the eftablifhed punifhment, at that time

among

Ro-

mans,

who were condemned

is

to die.

the moft probable account of any, that have been deUvered down to pofterity, concerning this man
:

LXXIX.

This

However,

think myfeif obHged not to omit a

It is faid,

one, fince this, alfo, is hidories of good authority.

that, while the meafures

probable believed by many, and recorded in

therefore,

lefs

by fome

he was purfuing to make himfelf were as yet concealed from all the world, the father of tyrant, Cafhus was the firft, who fufpeded him ; and, after making
the
inquiry into the matter, he went to the fenate ; then, ordering his fon to appear, he became both the informer, and the accufer; and the fenate having, alfo, conftridleft

quered lands from the patricians, and

dividing tliem

qaam

qjiingenta jugera pojjidcret.

That

among

the

people,

with whofe blood they had been purThis is the true liate of the chafed.
queftion law, which was rejedted
:

thefe laws related folely to the pofleffions of the public will appear manifeftly,

from the whole tenor of Cicero's

againft

For,

neither
,

the Caffian the Licinian

fpeech

Rullus,
*"

particularly

from thefe words,

licchit enim,

quod

Lw, which
time
;

propofing
after the

paffed 1 19 years after that nor the Senipronian law, for which the author of it was
patricians

videbitur^ ^uhWcum judlccre; quodjudiThis will further apcarint, vendere.

pear from the Agrarian law pafTed by

murdered by the
fir't

353 years
(\aniu'^,

attempt made by

had any

bur only the public.

relation to private polTenions to Thofc which belonged to

The

only difference be-

and violence 'of Julius Caefar, when he, and Bibulus were confuls, in the year of Rom.e 6g^ By which, two large traifts of land lying in Campania, and both belongthe intereft,
:

'

law, and the two laft, was this ; by the firft, it was propofcd to divide all the public lands among and by the two laft, five the

tween the

firft

ing to the public, were divided

20,000
que

among Roman citizens Campnm Stel:

latem majoribus confecratum,

agrum-

people

-,

hundred

more them; 'm

acres of thofe lands, and no were allowed to the ufurpers of

quis

Campanum ad fubfiJia rcipublicae veftigalem irW^um divifit extra for tern, ad XX millib'<s civium, quibus terni
;Suet
life

ex publico agro plus

Iviii.

plitrejve liberi ejfcnt.

'Liv.Epitom. B.

i^C. 3.

of Jul. Caef.

c.

20.

demned

Book

VIII.

DIONYSI US HALICARN A S S E NS
carried

I S.

413

demned him, he
to death.

him

to his

own

houfe, and put

him

The fevere, and

inexorable re/entment of fathers

againft their offending fons, particularly in the Romans at that time, will not fuffer us to rejecft, ev^en, this account ; {ince,

before this tranfadion, Brutus,

who

expelled the kings, con-

demned both

the death of malefadtors, and they loft their heads, becaufe they appeared to have been acAnd, complices in the confpiracy for reftoring the kings
his fons to die
:

after that, Manlius, while

he

commanded

in the "^'Gallic war,

honoured, indeed,
fuperior valor ; in the fort, in
trary to the

his fon with the crowns, that

were due to his

yetaccufedhimof difobedience for not flaying which he was pofted, but for leaving it, conof his general, in order to ingage the

command
inflifted

enemy

and

on him the punilliment eftablifhed

againft foldiers

who

quit their pqft, by putting

him

to death.

And many
lefler faults,

other fathers, fome for greater, and others for have fhewn neither mercy, nor compaflion to

their fons

For
as

this reafon, I

improbable. of no fmall weight, which are

account,

would not, as I faid, reje<t this But the following arguments,

:

and lead

me

have a contrary influence, to the other opinion The houfe of Caflius,

after his death,

where
49-

it

and, to this day, the place ftood remains void, except that part of it, on
;

was demolifhed

I>ivy, gives a very particular account of this tranfaftion, fays, it happened On the in the war with the Latines.

Tw

Teihalixco

^
woAsiaw.

Cato

who

when
was

fay in his fpeech to the fenate, the fate of Catiline's accomplices

:

other fide, Sallull, whom it author followed, poflible our

is

very
'"

in debate ^pud -majores noftros Aulus {Titus) Manlius 'Torquatus bello GM'ico fHum fuum, quod is contra im-

makes
B.

periuminhojtempugnaveratynecarijujfif.
viii. c.

7.

\\'hich

414

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
was

OF

Book VIII.

which the Romans, afterwards, built the temple of the Earth, which ftands in the ftreet leading to the ' Carinae And
:

his fortune

alfo confifcated
firft

which the

ftate

employed
^'

in founding the

offerings in different temples, and, alfo,

in dedicating the brazen ftatues to Ceres, which, infcriptions, fhew of whofe fortune they were the
ings
:

by
firff

their

offer-

Whereas, if his father had been the informer, the accufer, and the executioner of his fbn, his houfe would not have been demolillied, nor his fortune confifcated : For the

Romans have nothing in fathers, who may difpofe

property, during the lives of their both of the fortunes, and perfons

of their fons, as they think proper : So that, the ffate would never have taken away, and confifcated the fortune of the

given information of the defign of tyranny, For thefe reafons, therefore, I for the offences of the fori
father,
:

who had

former account prefer the them, to the end the reader

But

have mentioned both of

may

adhere to which he plcafes.

LXXX.
to

There being an attempt made by fome people

involve the fons of Callius in the punifliment of their father, the fenate looked upon it as a cruel, and pernicious

precedent ; and, being affembled, they ordered the youths to be acquitted, and to live with all impunity, without being : fubjed to banifhment, difgrace, or any other calamity

And, from henceforth, this cuftom was eftablifhed among the Romans, and is obferved to this time, that the fons
See the ai;'** annotaK(<vf. tion on the firfl. book.
so-

Livy has given

us the

"

infcription
i

ex cassia
c.

a d a t vm.

i''

AvS^icivlcct

i7riy^(pxi;

J"^^^!i^7(f.

"B.

ii.

41.

fliall

Book VIII.
fliall

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

415

be exempt from all punihment, whofe fathers are offenders, whether they happen to be the Tons of tyrants, of parricides, or of traitors, which, among them, is the
greateft
this
civil

of all offences.
in

And

thofe,

who attempted to

abolifh

cuftom

our time, after the end of the Marfic, and wars, and prohibited the fons of fuch, as had been

from ftanding candidates for their profcribed by Sylla, fathers honors, and from being admitted into the fenate as
long as their domination lafted, were looked upon to have been guilty of an adion deferving both the indignation of men, and the vengeance of the gods : For which reafon, in
procefs
crim.es,

of time, a blamelefs punifliment, the avenger of their

purfued them, by which they themfeives were brought down from the greatett height of glory, to the loweft degree of obfcurity ; and none, e\'en, of their race are now left, the perfon, who overcame thefe but women. However,
^"^

men,
not in
5--

reflored this
life
ralisf

cuflom to
'^

its

ancient vigor
;

This law

is

among
caOfAwv.

all

the Greeks
fays, in
it

but fome of them think

U.cc{ EhAr.in.
"^

Le Jay
I

53-

Sylburgiusobferves,

his marginal note, that the perfon here

meant was Auguftus.

Julius Caefar,
faid to ha'/e

think

was

who may

be, properly,

it was a cuftom the Greeks to put to death the innocent fons of offenders ; to which

from

Ariftrtle,' that

among

overcome the SyiJan faction revived in Pompey, as the Marian taftion revived in him. By the Cornelian law, enafted by Sylla, when he was diiftator, the fons, and grandfons of the proicribed were incapacitated to enjoy any magiftracy. In con

purpofe

tlie latter cites

^
*

this verfe,
>
?

Sylburgius, alfo, cites the example of Achilles, who facrificed twelve Trojans to the manes of Patroclus. This
laft

Julius Caefar, the fame digwith invefted was he when

nity,
f.d

tradition to this law,

the

example does not feem much to However, the prefent purpofe two French tranflators have appropri:

admitted them to honors ; adtnijit homres et profcriptorum liberos.

ated this

note to themfeives, without

any thanks to Sylburgius.

9 V-^.o^. B.
i.

'Plutarch. Life of Sylla.

P Suetonius Life of J. Caefar, c. 41.

&

W:

it

4i6
it

ROMAN
:

ANTIQ^UITIES OF

BookVIII.

reafonable to put to death the fons of tyrants, together with their fathers ; and others punifh them with perpetual

was contrary to the courfe of nature for virtuous fons to be the offspring of wicked fathers, or wicked fons of virtuous fathers. But, concerning thefe
banifhment
if it

As

things,

whether the Greek, or

Roman

cuftom deferves the

I leave to the conlideration of thofe, who think preference, fit to employ their thoughts that way : And, now, return to the fubfequent events.

LXXXI.

After the death of Caflius, thofe,

who fought

to

extend the power of the ariftocracy, grew more daring, and On the other fide, flievved greater contempt of the plebeians
:

the obfcure, and the lower

fort,

were

caft

down ;

and, finding

themfelves, now, deprived of the beft guardian ot the plebeian

accu fed them felves of great folly in having condemned him. Thecaufe of this was, that the confuls did not carry the
party,

decree of the fenate concerning the divifion of lands into execution, by which they were diredled to appoint the de-

bounds of the land, and to move the fenate to determine how great a part of that land, and among whom, it fhould be diftributed. Upon which, numerous
cemvirs to
fix

the

meetings were held by the people, where they, perpetually, complained of this impofition, and accufcd the former tri-

bunes of having betrayed the commonwealth.

bunes,

And
The

the

tri-

now

in charge, frequently aflembled the people,

and

demanded a performance of

thofe promifes.

confuls,

being informed of this, determined to remove the diforderly, and tumultuous part of the people, under the color of a war
:

For

Book

VIII,

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
tliat

417

For

it

happened

the territories of the

commonwealth

were, at that time, harralled with robberies, and incurfions To revenge thefe injuries, from the neighbouring cities.

they expofed the fignals of war, and began to levy forces : But the poorer fort refufing to ferve, and the confuls finding themfelves unable to make ufe of the compulfion of the law
the tribunes defended the people, againft the difobedient (for and were prepared to oppofe any attempt to feize either the
to ferve) after pcrfons, or the effects of thofe, who refufed many threats againft all, who fhould excite the people to

they gave reafon for a fecret fufpicion that their defigli v/as to create a di(!n:ator; who, by abrogating the other magiftracies, fliould alone be invefted with a tyrannical
fcdition,

As power, and fubjefb to give no account of his conduct. foon as the plebeians entertained this fufpicion, they, fearing
left

Appius, a

fierce,

and rigorous man,

fliould

be the

perfon appointed, refolved to bear any feverity rather than

this.

LXXXII.
them out

After the armies were raifed, the confuls led

againft the enemies. Cornelius made an irruption into the territories of the Veientes, and carried off all the

booty they had

left

there

After which, the Veientes fending

embaffadors, he gave them leave to redeem their prifoners, and made a truce with them for a year. Fabius, at the head

of the other army, marched into the country of the Aequi; Thefe fuffered and, from thence, into That of the Volfci
:

be plundered, and laid wafte, for fome time ; after which, defpifing the Romans, as their army was not
their lands to

Vol.

III.

hh

numerous.

4i8

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

Book VIII.

numerous, they ran to arms, and marched out of the territories of the Antiates, in a body, to the relief of their
country
;

which was a

refolution taken with greater

pre-

than regard to their fecurity. It, indeed, they had furprifed the Romans, while tliey were difperfed, they might have given them a great defeat But the conful,
cipitation,
:

being informed of their approach by his fcouts, fuddenly

called in his

them up

and drew difperfed in pillaging, The Volfci, coming on with in proper order.

men, then

a contempt of the enemy, and with confidence, when, conto their opinion, they faw their whole army in a diftrary to receive them, they were flruck with fear at the
pofition

and, without any confideration of the common fafety, every man confulted his own Turning back, therefore, they fled with all the fpeed they could,

unexpected fight

fome one way, and fome another

faved themfelves by retiring
fmall

and the greateft part to the city of Antium But a

;
:

body of them, which was lead

in diforder, gained the

to their arms, continued in top of a hill ; and, flandlng Some* days after, the that pofture the following night. conful having inverted the hill with his forces, and fccurcd

with guards, they were compelled by hunger to every pafs furrender, and deliver up their arms : After which, he orthe booty he had taken, the fpoils, and the prifoners, and to pay in the money to the tre^afury : And, not long after, withdrawing his forces from the enemy's

dered the quaeftors to

fell

returned with them to Rome, it being the end of country, he the year. The eledion of magiftrates drawing near, and the
patricians,

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSEN SI S.

419

patricians, perceiving

the people were exafperated, and repented

of their having condemned Caflius, refolved to guard againft them, left, by being flattered with the hopes of donatives, and of the Agrarian law by fome powerful demagogue, fupthe dignity of conful, they might create frefh ported with And they judged that the moft effedual difturbances
:

to prevent thefe defires of the people was to raife their greateft enemy to the confulfhip Having taken this

means

refolution, they ingaged Caefo Fabius,

one of the two per-

fons

accufed Caffius, and brother to Quintus, who Was then conful ; and, among the other patricians, Lucius

who had

Aemilius, one of the ariftocratical party, to ftand candidates When thefe offered themfelves for that for the confuldiip.
dignity,

but

left

the plebeians had not power to hinder their eledlion ; the comitia, and withdrew from the field of Mars,
:

the people were alTembled in their centuries, the votes of the moft confiderable perfons,

where they were held

For,

when

and of thofe who had the

:

it, queftion And the laft to the votes of thofe of middling fortunes was the moft numerous, and in which the century, which of the plebeians gave their fuffrages, had but one vote, pooreft ^* as I faid before, which was, alvv'ays, the laft called for.
:

And

greateft fortunes, carried every rarely, happened that they had recourfe

LXXXIII. For

thefe reafons, therefore, Lucius

AemiHus,

the fon of Mamercus, and Caefo Fabius, the fon of Caefo, were created confuls this year, being the two hundred and
feventieth year from the building of Rome,
54-

when Nicodemus
was

n;

Ki srjolfjev

ojijlai)

pm. See the

fifty

ninth chapter of the feventh book.

Hhh

420

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
at

OF

Book VIII.

was archon

according to their wifli, happened not to be difturbed with civil diiTeniions, the commonwealth being furrounded with foreign
conrulftiip,

Athens:

Whofe

wars. In

all

nations,

and

well places, as

among

the Greeks,
civil,

as Barbarians,

a ceiTation from foreign evils produces

:

happens, chiefly, to thofe, who chufe a military, and toilfome life, as they are aduated with a deflre of liberty, and dominion : For a fpirit of amthis

and domeftic wars

And

bition,

confirmed by

ule,

when

reftrained

from

its

ufual

employments, grows impatient.

wifeft governors are,

For which reafon, the always, feeding the flames of fome

foreign quarrels,

war

in

from a perfuafion that it is better to make an enemy's country, than at home. It happened there-

time for the confuls, that the fubje6ls of the Romans again took arms againfl: them. For the Volfci, either relying on the domefcic commotions,
fore, as I faid, very fortunately at that

of the Romans, and imagining the plebeians to be in a ftate of war with the magiflrates, or ftung with the fhame of
their

former defeat, received without flriking a ftroke, or elated with the appearance of their forces, which were very

Or induced by all thefe motiv^es, refolved to numerous make war upon the Romans And, drawing together the
:
:

youth of all

one part of their army, againft the towns of the Hernici, and Latines; and, with the other, which was the moft numerous, and contheir cities, they

marched,

^yith

flfled

of the

befl:

when

they came informed of thefe things,

troops, they propofed to receive the enemy, to beflege their own. The Romans,

being determined to divide their army,

alfo,

Book VIII.
alfo, into

DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN A S S EN S

I S,

421

two bodies; and, with one of them, to preferve the territories of the Hernici, and the Latines from the
inroads of the

enemy

and, with the other,

to lay wafte

Thofe of the

Volfci.

confuls having drawn lots for the command of the armies according to cuftom, That of the body, defigned to go to the relief of their allies, fell to Caefo Fabiiis;

LXXXIV. The

and Lucius put himfelf at the head of the other, and marched towards Antium. When he drew near the hills, and had a
view of the enemy's army, he, prefently, incampedoppofite to them, upon an eminence. The following days, the enemy,
frequently, quitted their camp ; and, coming into the plain, to fight, who, when he faw his time, challenged the conful led out his and, before they ingaged, he ;

army

harangued

his troops a confiderable time

and, having encouraged them to do their duty, he ordered the trumpets to found a charge : And the foldiers, fhouting as ufual, attacked in After they had clofe array, both horfe, and foot. fpent all their fpears, and javeHns, with the reft of their mifTive
;

weapons, they drew their fwords, and clofed ; both fides fhewing an equal intrepidity, and eagernefs for the victory.

Their manner of fighting was, as I faid before, alike ; and, neither the fkill, and experience of the Romans in ingagements, by which they were, generally, vidorious, nor their and endurance of toil, acquired by many battles,
conPcancy,
this occafion: For all thefe gave them any advantage upon the enemy poffeffed, fince they had been commanded by

Marcius, the greateft general

among

the

Romans

But both
flood

422

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VIII.

flood firm, without quitting the ground, on which they, firft, were placed. Afterwards, the Volfci began to retire a little, but in order, and in their ranks, and received the

ftrategem thefe break their ranks, and to draw them to the foot of an eminence, from whence they might be charged
:

Romans to make

as

they prefled upon them

But

this v/as a

with advantage.
thinking they were beginning to But, when fly, followed them flowly, and in good order alfo they faw them running towards their camp, they too, purfued
:

LXXXV. The Romans,

them
if

fwiftly,

and

in diforder:

And

thofe,

who

v/ere behind,

and had the charge of the

rear,

they had, already, conquered ; The Volfci no fooner obferved try.

feigned a flight,

began to ftrip the dead, as and ran to plunder the counthis,

but fuch, as had

faced about as foon as they approached their intrenchments, and flood their ground ; and, at the

fame time,

guard the camp, opened the gates, and ran out in great numbers from feveral the fortune of the parts. And, now, day was turned ; the
thofe,
left to

who had

been

Here many brave purfuers fled, and the fugitives purfued. Romans loft their lives, as may well be imagined,
forced

being

down
and

The
dead,

others,

a defcent, and a few incompafled by many : who had employed themfelves in fpoiling the

in

plundering, fufFered the fame

fate,

being de-

and regular For thefc, being retreat intercepted by the enemy, fome of them were killed, and others made And as prifoners
orderly,
:
:

prived of the opportunity of

making an

many

as

were faved both of

thefe,

and of the

ptliers,

who
had

BookVnr.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.425
hill,

had been forced down the

relief,"

the horfe

coming

to their

returned to the camp, when it was late. violent ftorm of rain biirfting from the clouds, and a darknefs, like

That produced by thick them from being all put

mifts,

feemed to have prcferved to the fword ; which made the

enemy unwilling

to purfue

them any

following the conful and drevvoff his in (ilence, night, decamped, army and good order, with a defign to conceal his march from

unable to fee what paffed at

farther, as they a diftance. The

were

and, late in the evening, he incamped near a town, called Longula, chufing an eminence of ftrength futficient to keep ofF the enemy, if thefe fhould attack him.
the

enemy

he employed himfelf both in recovering the wounded with proper remedies, and in raidng the fpirits of thofe, who were difheartened with the fliame
there,

While he remained

of their unexpeded defeat, by adminiftring comfort to them.

LXXXVI.
for the Volfci,

This was the condition of the Romans.

As
:

was day, and they knew the enemy had left their camp, they advanced, and formed theirs And, having ftripped the dead, and carried off thofe, who, though half-dead, gave hopes of life, and buried their own

when

it

men, they

where, finging fongs

retired to Antiura, the city that lay next to them; for their vidory, and offerof

triumph

ing facrihces in all their temples,

they paffed the following

If, therefore, they days in entertainments, and pleafures. had been contented with this vidory, and attempted nothing with adfurther, they might have put an end to the war vantage :

424
vantage
to
:

ROMAN
their

ANTIQJJITIES OF
camp

Book

VIII.

For the Romans would not have dared, any more,

to give them battle j but 'would have thought themfelves happy in being able to retire out of

come out of

the enemy's country, and .have preferred an inglorious flight, to certain death : But the Volfci, aiming ftill at more, loft
For, being informed by their fcouts, and by deferters, that the Romans, who had faved themfelves, were very few in number, and the greatefl:
:

even the glory of their former vi6lory

part of thefe
ol

wounded, they entertained

a great

contempt

them, and, prefently, took their arms, and ran to attack, them Many unarmed people, alfo, came out of the city,
:

and followed them, as fpe6tators of the ingagement, and from an expedation of plunder, and booty. But, when arrived at the eminence, they invePced the camp, and endeavoured to pull up the palifades, flrfl: the Roman horfe,
,

obliged,

from the nature of the ground,

to

fight

on

foot,

fallied out upon them ; and, behind the horfe, thofe they call the Triarii, with their files doubled Thefe are the
:

they commit the guard of the camp when they go out to fight, and, to thefe, as to tlieir laft hope, they are forced to have recourfe, wiien there
oldefl: foldiers,

to

whom

happens any great flaughter of the younger fort, for want of other fuccour. The Volfci, at firft, fuftained their
onfet,

and continued the fight for a long time with great bravery; After which, having the difadvantage of the ground, they
gave way

had done fmall damage to the enemy, and That not worth and mentioning, they
;

and,

at laft, after they

themfelves

fufl:ered a

much

greater, they retired to the plain

Where

BookVIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 425

they incamped the following days, and often drew up in order of battle, challenging the Romans to fight : But thefe ftirred not out of their camp. When the Volfci

Where

faw

this,

they held
all

them

in

contempt

and, fending for the

prepared to force their camp by numbers; and they might, ealily, have performed a great adion, by taking both the conful, and the Roman army
either

forces of

their cities,

by

force,

or compolition

(for there

was a want of

provifions in the camp) had they not been prevented by the fuccours received by the Romans, which hindered the Volfci

from putting an end to the war with the greateft glory : For the other conful, Caefo Fabius, hearing to what ftreights
the army,

which had been ingaged with the

Volfci,

was

reduced, propofed to march, that inftant, with and fall upon thofe, who were befieging the

all his forces,

camp

but,

and confulting the augurs, it happened that the vidims, and omens were not favourable ; and the gods oppoling his march, he himfelf ftaid behind ; however, he fent his bed fquadrons oPhorfe to his collegue :
facrij&ce,

while he was offering

and marching, generally, in the night, got into the camp without being perceived by the
Thefe, taking by-roads,

enemy.
Aemilius.

The

arrival

of thefe fuccours gave

new

life

to

other fide, the enemy, emboldened both by the encreafe of their forces, and becaufe the Romans did not

On the

come out

to light, doubled their files, the eminence : The Romans, fuffered

and began to alcend

them

to

come up

at

their leifure,

pull

up Vol.

to fpend their ftrength in endeavouring to the palifades ; but, when the fignal of battle was
III.
I
i

and

given.

426

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
down
fell

OF

Book VIII.

olven, they threw

the intrenchments in feveral places,

;

and

upon the enemy

and

thofe,

who came

to a clofe

fio-ht

with them, made ufe of their fwords, while others threw flones, javelins, and fpears at them from the intrench-

ments, none of which miffed their mark, the enemy being crouded in a narrow compafs. By this means, the Volfci

were forced from the hill with confiderable lofs ; and, flying, faved themfelves with great difficulty by retiring to their

camp.

The Romans,

finding themfelves

now

fecure,

went

down

to harrafs their country,

from whence they

fiipplied

their camp with every thing they wanted. LXXXVII. When the time for the eledion of raao-iffrates

was come, Aemilius

flaid in the

enter the city after his loft the beft part of his
inferior officers to

camp, being afbamed to ignominious defeat, in which he had

army

command

collegue, leaving his in the camp, went to Rome ;

;

but

his

and, affembling the people in order to the eledion, he declined propofmg thofe perfons, on whom they defired the conful-

who were confular perfons, fince fhip fhould be conferred, thefe were unwilling to ftand for it ; but called the centuries
to give their fuffi-ages in favor of fuch as fought that dignity, Thefe vv^ere the men the fenate had and took their votes.

made

choice

of,

and ordered

to ftand for the

confulOiip,

who were

not very agreeable to the people. By this means, Marcus Fabius, fon of Caefo, the younger brotlier of the " Lucius Valerius, conful, who preftded at the election, and
the fon of Marcus, the fame perfon
5v Aaxiof OuA{ioc M^x\i

who had

brought Caffius
I

wV

See the

firft

annotation on the feventh book.

to

Book VIII.
to his

DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSE NSIS.

427

he had been thrice conful, for aiming at caufed him to be put to death, were chofen tyranny, and confuls for the following year. Thefe, having taken poffefTion of their dignity, delired the fenate to order that recruits might be railed to replace thofe, who had loft their Hves in the war againft the Antiates, that the deficiencies in the feveral companies might be completed ; and, ha\'ing obtained
trial, after

a decree of the fenate for that purpofe, they appointed a day, on which they ordered all, who were of the military age, to Upon this, there was a great tumult in ^ery part appear. and feditious difcourfes were held by the poorer of the
city,
fort,

who

refufed either to

comply with the orders of the

or to obey the commands of the confuls, becaufe they had violated the promifes made to them concerning the divifion of the lands; and, going in great numbers to
fenate,

the tribunes,

they

upbraided them with treachery; and,

with great clamors, implored their affiftance. The tribunes, in general, did not think it a proper feafon, when they were inaaged in a foreign war, to renew the flames of civil contefts However, one of them, by name Caius Manius, faid,
:

that, for his part,

he would not betray the plebeians, nor fuffer the confuls to raife an army, unlefs they fhould, firft, for fixing the bounds of the public appoint commiffioners lands, draw up the decree of the fenate for the divifion of

The confuls oppofing them, and lay it before the people. on account of the prefentwar, this, and excufing themfelves, from granting anything he defired, the tribune replied that
he would pay no regard to them, but hinder them, with
1
i i

all

his

428
his

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF
: :

Book VIII.

And he kept his word ; power, from making levies For the confuls, but could not effeft what he propofed confular chairs to be going out of the city, ordered their
inlifted the foldiers ; adjacent field, and there and, fince it was not in their power to feize the perfons of fuch, as refufed obedience to the laws, they fined them ;

placed

in the

and,

they were owners of eftates, and demolifhed their country houfes

if

they laid them wafte,

;

and,

if

firmers, they

carried

away every

thing,

that was necefiary for their

em-

all the ployment, their oxen, cattle, beafts of burden, and implements, with which the land is tilled, and their crops of brought home; the tribune, who oppofed the raifing men, having, no longer, any power For thofe, who are
:

invefted with the tribunefliip, can exercife no kind of autheir jurifdidion being conthority without the city; fined within the walls ; neither is it lawful for them even

to pafs

when

a night out of the city, unlefs at a particular time, all the magiftrates of the commonwealth offer up a
facrifice to

common

Jupiter

upon the Alban

hill,

for the

of the Latin nation. This cuftom, by which the profperity tribunes are not allowed to exercife any fort of authority

without the

city,

among many

And the caufc, continues to this day. others, of the civil war among the Romans,
in

which happened

were ever ingaged in, ed of confequcnce enough to divide the commonwealth; that fome of the tribunes, complaining of their having been forcibly

our time, and was the greateft they was thought to be this, which appear-

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

429

bly driven out of the city by the '^perfon, who then governed in order to deprive them of Italy, any further power, fled to the
5*^"

"
general,
Tcls

who,

at that time,
to
all

commanded
his oppofers:

the armies
fays thit

nof T

y.oii)(^cv 01;

rat aoooi ryy

Thus he

iTcihiav.

So we

mull: read this fentence

with the Vatican manufcript. Le Jay mull have been very little acquainted with the tranfaftions of this important period, to fay, in his note upon this

Cato oppofed him, from an ancient enmity, and the refentment of his reCatonem vetcres inimiciline pulfe ;
'

Caefar is incitant^

el

dolor rcpulfac

He

pauage,that fome particular difcontent muft have obliged Pompey to drive the tribunes out ot Rome ; ilfaut que
quelque mecontentement particul'ter oblige Pompee de chaffer de Rome
tribuns.
eitft

means the lepulfe Cato met with by the means of Caefar, and his friends, when he flood candidate for the praetorfliip.

The

reafon

why Pompey,

les

he

calls

This particular difcontent, as it, was nothing lefs than the

interceffion of the tribunes to the de-

cree of the fenate, by which Caefar was commanded to difband his army.

and Craffus, then confuls, and adting in conjunftion with Caelar, would not fuffer Cato to obtain that dignity, is very well explained by ^Dion Callius: They fufpeifled that he would not bear their adminiftration, and were unwilling to add a legal power to his oppolition,
vTTiJinrlivov

Thefe tribunes, fearing the refentment of the fenate on account of their intercefTion, fled from Rome, and went to Caefar, complaining, as our author which is the fays, that Pompey, or, fame thing, the fenate by his direction, had forced them to leave the city. This will be explained in the following note.
xi7sxov7.
T>) TochMtX V ?^d)i7TlSci Caefar himfelf is the laft author we muft confult, if we have a mind to unfold his ambitious views,

yoc^ avlov an avs|ea9-*

Td yivojMva,
i^vo^j-ov

KOil

UK ihhil^uv iCyyv avjaj

If,

Tf ditli^oyixt ziTioS-Hvoii. therefore, we are to believe Caefar,

w^og

he himfelf was the patriot, who had no other view than to fupport the laws of his country; and Cato was his oppofer, from no other motive than priThis vate enmity, and refentment.

57"

EtTI T0 SV

endeavour

fiiews there

in Caefar tojuftify himfelf is fuch a native beauty in

virtue, that the moft profligate m^n are defirous to flielter themfelves under the

and

to

ftrip

them of
all

the falfe colors,

witli which he, along, endeavours the eyes both of from them to difguife and of pofterity. lived he the age in,

In his hiftoryof the civil wars, he, indeed, relates the fafts, but conceals the

motives
gives

-,

particularly

his

own
c,

-,

and

falfe

motives, and private views

'B.i.
4.
s

appearance of it. Caefar had ihe fame advantage with many ot!ier men, 'who have done bad things with worfc motives ; and then juftified themfelves by faying tfiat what they did was according to the laws of their country This is catching at the forms of law, and lofing the fpirit of it; in confequence
:

E. xxxix. p.

m:

in

430

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES
Who,

OF

Book VIII.

opportunity,

in Gaul, as to their only refuge : and pretending to

laying hold on this

fupport,

with piety and

of which, fuch men have often (though not often enough) felt, at laft, the ^ When the fenate weight of both. the memorable decree, by which pafled Caefar was ordered to difband his legions, and Pompey to keep his on fenators difiented, foot, only two an obfcure man, and Curio, Caeciliiis, a creature of Caefar, from whom he

if his adverfaries had never furnifhed him with fo plaufible a pretence. That he magnified this circumftance appears from his fpeech to his foldiers, when he is begging them,

his country,

in

his

other words, to alTift him againft He there complains of country

:

had brought
lenate.

a plaufible letter to the Notwichftanding this almoft

by which ihe tribuniwas cenfured with "' and novum in rcarms, opprefled introduSium ptiblicd cxemphm queritur,
this innovation,

tian

interccffion

-,

unanimous confent of the

fenate,

the

ut tribuiiitia intercejjlo armis nctaretu}\

decree could not regularly pafs, becaufc two of the tribunes of the people interceded, as they called it, that is,

This had atqtie opprimeretur. fired efFefl with his foldiers,

the decried

who

out that they were ready to revenge

the injuries done to their general, to the tribunes ; fcfe faratos ejfe

they oppofed afterwards fo

tus

it

Thefe were Antony,

This they, to do by law power
:

and
if):-

much known, and Quin-

(not Caius) Caflius.

Nay

certainly, had a the intercelTion of a fingle tribune was fufficient to obftruft a decree of

peratoris fid tribunorumque plebis injv:rias defendere. If I faid that the ufe

made by Caefar of this flight of the tribunes was only a pretence to cover
ambition, I am juftified in it condudl, not long after, to two ^ other tribunes of the people Thefe were C. Epidius, and L. Cefuius Flaccus, who, not only, profecuted one of
his

the fenate.
fore,

Their oppofition, therewas conflitutional But the dif:

own

by

his

regard fliewn by the fenate to their oppofition was, certainly, not lo ; much lefs the threats of the fenate againft
oppofers, and their expelling afterwards. The tribunes, apprehending the confequence of thefe
thefe

them

threats, left

Rome together with Curio,

;

his mob for calling him king, but caufcd public notice to be given, that they could not perform the duties of

and Caecilius

and went
"

to

Caefar,

their function with freedom, and feThefe tribunes he procured curity

:

he fays, at Ravenna. This irregular, and, if I may call it fo, injudicious proceeding of the fenate gave an appearance of law, and poputhen, as

wha was

of Caefar, who, mod made the of this ophe though as of the he terms ic, tribunes, prelTion in all have invaded would, probability,
larity to tlie enterprife
'

the fenate to depofe, and expel out of their houfe ; which they had no mere power to do, than they had, before, to pafs a decree for the expulfion of the otiier tribunes But thefe he probecaufe teiled, they ferved his ambi:

tion

and punifhed the former, beit.

caufe they oppofed

Id.
ib. c. 7.

Dion

Caflius, B. xli. p. 171.

"B.i.

c.

5.

>Dion

Caflius, B. xliv. p. 277.

juftice,

Book

VIII.

DIONYSIUS H AL ICARN ASSEN SIS.

4,31

juftice,

the facred magiftrates of the people, who had been deprived of their authority, contrary to the oaths of the

arxient

Romans, he himfelf entered the

city in arms,

and

reftored the tribunes to the fundlions of their

magiftracy. plebeians, finding, upon the occafion before mentioned, no reUef from the Tribunitian powei>.

LXXXVIII. The

were humbled; and, coming to the perfons appointed ta' raife the levies, took the facred oath, and lifted under their
the deficiencies in the feveral companies were completed, the confuls drew lots for the command of To Fabius was allotted the army, which had the armies
enfigns.
:

When

been fent to the

afiiftance

of their

allies

And

to Valerius

That, which lay incamped in the country of the Volfci, When the to which were added the new levies.

enemy
not,,

were informed of his

arrival,

they refolved to fend for another

ftrength,,

of greater army, to incamp in a place

rafhly,

and

contempt

to expofe themfelves to the fame danger, from a Thefe refolutions were foon of the Romans.

executed, and the generals of both armies entertained the fame opinion of the war ; which was to defend their own intrenchments if they were attacked,, but not to

attempt

Thofe of the enemy, from an expedation of carrying them the fear of attempting any thing againft by aflault ; and
each other kept them both inadlive, for a confiderable time : However, they were not able to continue their refolutions
For, whenever any detachments were fent out to bring in provifions, or any thing elfe, that was neceflary to both armies, thefe met, and fought, the fame detachments
to the laft
:

not

432

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book

VIII.

not having, always, the fame advantage; and thefe flcirmiflies happening often, not a few were killed, and more

wounded.
parts to

But the Romans received no fuccours from any replace their numbers, that were continually lefTen-

ing ; while the army of the Volfci was greatly encreafed by the arrival of frefh forces fucceflively ; and their generals,
elated with this, led out their

LXXXIX.
drawn up
of the horfe,

army with a refolution to fight. The Romans having done the fame, and

their forces,

a harp ingagement infued, as well as of the foot, and the light armed men, all

and every man placing his hopes of vidlory in himfelf alone. By this time, many, fallen on the fpot where they had been placed, lay dead on both fides, and many more half dead ; and thofe, who confhevving equal valor, and experience,

tinued the fight, and yet faced the dangers of the field, were reduced to a fmall number; and even thefe not capable

of performing their duty, while their fiiields, loaded with the darts that ftuck in them, weighed down their left
hands, and would notfuffer them to fuftain the onfet of the enemy ; the edge of their fwords was blunted, and fome of

them were fliivered to pieces, and now ufelefs; and the toil, which to thofe who had fought the whole day, was excefiive,

flackened their finews, and weakened their ftrokcs

thirft,

and

fweat,

and want of breath,

all

which

mufl:

happen to fuch, as fight long in the fufi:ocating heat of fummer, afiliding both armies, the event of the battle was, in no degree, confiderable ; and both, as foon as their erenerals ordered a retreat to be founded, willingly returned to
their

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS,
From
ftill,

433
;

their camps.

this time, neither

ventured out to fight

but,

fitting

obferved each other's motions,

when any

It was went out for neceflaries. thought, however, and the report was common at Rome, that the Roman army had

power to conquer ; but declined performing any great adion, from their hatred to the conful, and
it,

then, in their

their refentment againft the patricians, for having upon them in regard to the divifion of the

impofed
lands
:

pubHc

the foldiers themfelves, fending letters to their friends, Thefe were the acqufed the conful, as unfit to command.
tranfa6tions in the field
:

And

But in

Rome

itfelf divers

prodigies

happened, which manifefted the divine wrath, both by voices, and unufual fights: All which concurred in this (as the
augurs, and the interpreters of holy things, by afiifting one another with their experience, declared) that fome of the

gods were difpleafed, becaufe they did not receive their cuftomary honors, neither was their worfhip performed with
purity,

and
;

fandlity.

Upon

this, ftridl

inquiry was

made by

every one

and, at

of theveftals,

who

the pontifs were informed that one ^^ preferve the holy fire, by name, Opimia,
laft,

her virginity, and polluted the holy rites : The pontifs, having by tortures, and other proofs, found the information to be true, took from her head the fillets ; and,

had

loft

condudling her through the forum, buried her alive within the walls of the city ; and, caufing the two men, who had
5**
07tiii.i.

Livy

calls this veftal virgin, Op^ia.

1 .
ii.

c.

42,

Vol.

III.

Kkk

been

434

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF

Book VIII.

been convided of debauching her, to be whipped in public, After they ordered them, prefently, to be put to death. which, the facrifices, and the auguries were favourable, the
wrath of the gods being appeafed. XC. When the time for the eledion of magiftrates was come, and the confuls were returned to Rome, there

was a great

contefl:,

the patricians, verted with the fupreme magiftracy : For the latter defired to promote to the confulfhip fuch of the young men, as

and ftruggle between the people, and concerning the perfons, who were to be in-

incHned to the intereft of the plebeians; and, by their diredion, the fon of Appius Claudius, who was efteemed the greateft enemy of the people, flood for
leaft

wereadive, and

that dignity

the

mod

a perfon exceflively proud and daring, and powerful man of his time by the number of his
;

friends,

and

clients.

On

the other

fide,

the people named'

fuch of the

elder fenators,

and of

thofe,

who

had,

al-

ready, given proofs of their moderation, as were likely to confult the good of the commonwealth ; and defired to

make them

magiltrates were, alfo, divided, and fought to invalidate one another's authority : For, when the confuls aflembled the people, in order to name the candidates for the confullliip, the tribunes, in virtue

confuls.

The

of their

power
again,

to forbid

when

proceedings, difmifled the comitia : thefe aflembled the people to chufe their
all

And
ma-

giftrates,

the confuls would not fuffer

them

to proceed, fince

of calling the centuries together, and they had the power

of

BookVIII.

DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS.

votes.

435

of giving them their

ported by were exchanged

Mutual

accufatlons,

and con-

tinual quarrels paffed between them ; thofe of their own fadiiion :

in their paflion
;

each fide being fupSo that, even, blows

feditious

were very The fenate, being informed of near proceeding to arms. thefe things, deliberated, for a long time, what courfe to

and the

take in thisjundture, being neither able to force the people to a fubmiflion, nor willing to fubmit to them. Thofe, who

were
a

for carrying things

with a high hand, advifed to create

on account of the eled:ion, one, whom they fliould moil approve of; and that the perfon inverted with this
di<5lator

diftemper; and, if the former magiftrates had been guilty of any fault, that he fhould reform it ; and, after he had regulated the govern-

power fhould banifh the authors of

this

ment in fuch a manner,

beft

as

he fhould think

fit,

appoint the

men

to be magiftrates.

to chufe interreges,

But the more moderate propofed and the confifting of the moft ancient,

moft dignified fenators; who fhould be diredled to take care that the eledion of magiftrates be carried on in the
beft

manner,

as

of their kings.
jority,

was, formerly, pradifed after the demife This advice being approved of by the mait

Aulus Sempronius Atratinus was created interrex by After he the fenate ; and all the other magiftracies ceafed.

had governed the commonwealth without any fedition, as he many days as he was authorized by his commiftion, another interrex, according to their cuftom, and
appointed

named Spurius

Lartius to that dignity; who, afTembling the

Kk

people

436

ROMAN ANTIQJJITIE S
with the approbation of both
lulus, a

OF

Book VIII.

people in their centuries, and giving them their votes according to the valuation of their fortunes, returned for,^ confuls,

parties,

" Caius Julius,

people ; and Quintus Fabius, the fon of Caefo, for the fecond time, who was in That of the ariftocracy. The who had not
people,
confulfhip, fuffered to obtain this honor a fecond time, through their hatred to Appius, and the great fatisfadtion they received from his

furnamed

man

in the intereft of the

been

ill

treated by

him

in his former

him

the ariftocratical party, who had concerted meafures to advance to the confulfhip a man of
difgrace
:

And

activity,

and one, who fhould relax

upon

nothing to the people, looked the event of the fedition to have been favourable to
confulfhip of thefe perfons, the Aequi, irruption into the territories of the
:

in

their designs.

XCI. During the making a predatory

Latines, carried off a great number of flaves, and catde And a people of Tyrrhenia, called the Veientes,

plundered

a great part of the country belonging to the Romans. The fenate refolved to put off the war againft the Aequi, and to demand fatisfadion of the Veientes. The former, finding their firft attempt faccefsful, and that no one appeared to
obfl:ru(5l

them

in the profecution of

it,

grew

elated with

groundlefs prefumptionj and, refolving to ad:, no lono-er,

59"

FadiOK TxAjov Tov (viKocAnf^tvov I^(>y.

muft rad this Vaticaa mauufcriptj

Called C. Julius lulus in the Fa/ti CO}}"

fulares,

So

've

pafiTage with the becaufe he is

like

Book VIII.

DIONYSIUS H ALICA RN ASSENSIS.

marched with
a
^

437

like robbers, they

by ftorm ; both the country, and the city, returned home with a great As to the Veientes, the anfwer they gave to the Robooty
tona,
it
:

and took

numerous army to Horand, after they had plundered

man

embaffadors was, that the people, who had laid wafte their country, did not belong to their nation, but to the
cities
;

and, then, difmifled them, without And the embalTadors, giving them any fort of fatisfadion in their return, met the Veientes, as they were bringing in taken the had the home Roman territories. booty they
:

other Tyrrhenian

The

informed of thele things from the embafladors, came to a refolution, not only, to declare war againft the Veientes, but that both the confuls fhould comfenate, being

mand

their

army.

This refolution of the fenate

raifed a

great conteft,

and many oppofed

hope, the decree of the near five fenate, pafled notwithftanding years before for carrying it into execution: They fhewed

and put the plebeians in mind lands, of which they had been defrauded

their ingaging in this of the divilion of the after a vain

war ;

public

them,

alfo, that

the war they were going to declare,

if all

would

become a general war,

fhould refolve to
aflift

by joint confent, However, thele countrymen. feditious reprefentations had no efFedl ; the people confirmed the decree of the fenate, purfuant to the opinion, and advice
Tyrrhenia,
their
fio"

Cluver has fhewn that name of this town, which the Romans called Hor-

of mot.

som, a
nefte.

city

of the Latines near Prae-

we ought

thus to read the

B.

iii.

p.

969.

of

438

ROMAN

ANTIQJJITIES OF

BookVllF.

of Spurius Lartius. Upon which, the confuls marched out with their forces, and incamped apart, at no great diftance from the city of Veii: And, after they had continued there
feveral days,

and the enemy did not come out

as great

to fight

them,

they ravaged and returned

home

a part of their country as they could, with the army. And nothing elfe
their confulfhip.

worth notice happened, during

The end

of the Eighth Book.

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