Cold War and Postwar Changes, 1945-1970

Development of the Cold War The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Western Europe and North America

Development of the Cold War

Objectives: 1.Identify and describe the period of conict called the Cold War that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after 1945 2. Explain why, as the Cold War developed, European nations were forced to support one of the two major powers

Confrontation of the Superpowers

The Differences between the United States and the Soviet Union became clear. Stalin still feared capitalist West, and the US leaders continued to fear communism The Soviet government was not prepared to give up its control of Eastern Europe after Germanys defeat Suspicious of each others motives, the US and the Soviets became rivals

Rivalry in Europe The US and Great Britain believed that the liberated nations of Eastern Europe should freely determine their own governments Stalin opposed the Wests plans for Eastern Europe Both sides supported their allied forces in Greece for control of the region

The Truman Doctrine Stated that the united States would provide money to countries threatened by Communist expansion (to support Greece and others) *Dean Acheson (US secretary of state)Like apples in a barrel infected by disease, the corruption of Greece would infect Iran and all the East

The Marshall Plan

European Recovery Program the Marshall Plan was that communism was successful in countries with economic problems and provided 13 billion to rebuild war-torn Europe Easter European *satellite states refused to participate and the Soviet union responded with Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) for the economic cooperation of the Eastern European states but largely failed

A *policy of containment to keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive moves

The Division of Germany

Allied Powers had divided Germany and the three (France, Britain, and US) united The *Federal Republic of Germany was formally created East German state, the *German Democratic Republic, was set up by the Soviets Berlin and Germany was now divided into two parts, a reminder of the division of West and East

The Spread of the Cold War

In 1949, Chinese Communists took control of the government in China, strengthening US fears about the spread of communism The Soviet Union also exploded its rst atomic bomb in 1949 Growing *arms race in which both countries built up their armies and weapons including an arsenal of nuclear weapons

New Military Alliances

New military alliances were createdThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization *(NATO) was formed in April 1949 They all agreed to provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked In 1955, the Soviet Union joined with Eastern European in a formal military alliance known as the *Warsaw Pact

New alliances spread to the rest of the world Korean War started in 1950, an attempted by the Communist government of North Korea supported by the Soviet Union, to take over South Korea American/Western forces sought to stop this advance

Other organizations and alliances emerged Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan formed the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

The Arms Race

In the early 1950s, the Soviet Union and the United States developed the even more deadly hydrogen bomb Both developed the intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of sending bombs anywhere MADMutually Assured Destruction In 1957, the Soviets sent Sputnik I, the rst human made space satellite, into orbit

A Wall in Berlin *Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1955 In 1961 the East German government began to build a wall separating West Berlin from East Berlin barbed wire, oodlights, machine-gun towers, mineelds, and dog patrols

The Cuban Missile Crisis

In 1959, a left-wing revolutionary named Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and set up a Soviet-supported totalitarian regime in Cuba President Kennedy approved a secret plan for Cuban exiles to invade Cuba in the hope of causing a revolt against Castro The Invasion (Bay of Pigs) was a disaster

Soviet Union sent arms and military advisers to Cuba; In 1962, nuclear missiles were sent to Cuba to counteract the US nuclear weapons in Turkey A blockade was established to prevent missiles being delivered to Cuba Khrushchev agreed to turn back the eet and remove Soviet missiles from Cuba if Kennedy pledged not to invade Cuba

Vietnam and the Domino Theory

The Vietnam War ignited further tensions. US troops were sent to Vietnam to keep the Communist regime of North from gaining control of South Vietnam *Domino TheoryIf communists succeeded in South Vietnam, other countries in Asia would also fall (like dominoes) to communism

The United States failed to defeat the North Vietnamese and following US withdraw, the North forcefully reunited with the South A split between Communist China and the Soviet Union put an end to the Western idea that there was a single form of communism directed by Moscow

Objectives: 1.Identify and describe the period of conict called the Cold War that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after 1945 2. Explain why, as the Cold War developed, European nations were forced to support one of the two major powers

The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

Objectives: 1. Describe the policies of de-Stalinization initiated by Soviet leader Khrushchev 2. Discuss the revolts and protests faced by the Soviet Union in its attempt to gain and maintain control over Eastern Europe

The Reign of Stalin

World War II devastated the *Soviet Union Soviet workers were expected to produce goods for export with little in return for themselves New power plants, canals, and giant factories were built *Heavy industry increasedchiey for the military In 1946, the government decreed that all literary and scientic work must conform to the political needs of the state

The Khrushchev Era After Stalins death, Khrushchev soon emerged as the chief Soviet political voice He condemned Stalin for his administrative violence, mass repression, and terror The Soviet union underwent *de-Stalinizationloosening government controls on literary works

Khrushchev tried to place more emphasis on producing consumer goods and increased agricultural output However, his foreign policy failures damaged his reputation and was forced to retire in 1964

Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain Communist Patterns of Control

Soviet-controlled Communist governments became rmly entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary Czechoslovakia did not seize control of the government until 1948 Communists in *Albania and *Yugoslavia set up a Stalinist-type regime independent of the Soviet Union

Revolts Against Communism Communism did not develop deep roots among the peoples of Eastern Europe and revolts eventually emerged in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary The Soviets eventually reestablished control over the countrydemonstrating that many countries were bound to Soviet Russia with no independent will of their own

Objectives: 1. Describe the policies of de-Stalinization initiated by Soviet leader Khrushchev 2. Discuss the revolts and protests faced by the Soviet Union in its attempt to gain and maintain control over Eastern Europe

Western Europe and North America

Objectives: 1. Report how postwar Western societies rebuilt their economies and communities 2. Explain how shifting social structures in the West led to upheaval and change

Western Europe: Recovery With the economic aid of the Marshall Plan, the countries of Western Europe recovered relatively rapidly from the devastation of World War II The decades of the 1950s and 60s were periods of dramatic economic growth and prosperity in Western Europe

France and de Gaulle

*Charles de Gaulle helped establish a new government called the Fourth Republic in 1946a strong parliament and weak presidency and was largely ineffective In 1958, de Gaulle drafted a new constitution for the Fifth Republic that greatly enhanced the power of the president Now strengthened, France invested in nuclear arms and succeeded in 1960becoming a major industrial producer and exporter of weapons and automobiles

The Economic Miracle of West Germany

The three zones of Germany unied in 1949 under Konrad Adenauer, the leader of the *Christian Democratic Union Under Adenauer, West Germany experienced an economic miracle An economic downturn in the mid-1960s opened the door to the Social Democratic Party, which became the leading party in 1969

The Labour Party overwhelmingly defeated Churchills Conservative Party The Labour Party set out to create a modern *welfare statea state in which the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services and a minimal standard of living The cost forced Britain to reduce expenses abroad and dismantle their empireMany colonies gained their national independence

Western Europe: The Move toward Unity

The destructiveness of two world wars caused many thoughtful Europeans to consider the need for some additional form of European unity The desire for unity focused chiey on the economic arena, not the political one Rome treatycreated *European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the Common Market

free-trade areano tariffs, or import charges, on each others goods tariff imposed on goods from nonEEC nations and encouraged cooperation among the member nations economies

The United States in the 1950s New Deal largely determined the patterns of American domestic politics dramatic increase in the role and power of the federal government, the rise of organized labor as a signicant force in the economy and politics, the beginning of a welfare state

A climate of fear emerged led by Joseph R. McCarthy He charged that hundreds of supposed communists were in high government Red Scare

The United States in the 1960s The Johnson Administration

President Johnson used his stunning victory to pursue the growth of the welfare state, health care for the elderly, to combat poverty, and federal assistance for education The civil rights movement, or equal rights for African Americans The Reverend *Martin Luther King Jr. led a growing movement for racial equality and led a march on Washington DC The Civil Rights Movement

Social Upheaval Local patterns of segregation led to higher unemployment rates for blacks and for whites1965 race riots in the Watts district of Los Angeles White backlash Antiwar protests divided the American people students killed by Ohio National Guard

The Development of Canada

The development of electronic, aircraft, nuclear, and chemical engineering industries on a large scale Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949 Emergence of a Liberal government

The Emergence of a New Society A Changing Social Structure

Postwar Western society was marked by a changing social structure The shift of people from rural to urban areas continued and farming declinedwhite-collar workers increased *consumer societya society preoccupied with buying goods: televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, stereos, automobiles

Women in the Postwar World

After WWI, many governments had expressed thanks to women by granting them voting rights baby boom in the late 1940s and the 1950s By 1950s, the birthrate had begun to fall, and with it, the size of families By the 1960s, women had renewed interest in feminism *womens liberation movement

Objectives: 1. Report how postwar Western societies rebuilt their economies and communities 2. Explain how shifting social structures in the West led to upheaval and change