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NP = Determiner + Pre-modifier + Head Noun + Post-modifier

Determiner Central Determiner 1. Article Determiner: a, an, the, 2. Possessive Determiner: my, your 3. Demonstrative Determiner: that, this, those, these 4. Assertive/non-assertive Determiner: some, any 5. Negative Determiner: no 6. Universal Determiner: each, every 7. Dual Determiner: either, neither 8. Wh-question Determiner: what, which, whose Non-central determiner

Pre-determiner

1. Quantifying Determiner 2. Fractional Determiner 3. Intensifying Determiner Post-determiner 1. Numeral Determiner 2. Many and its relatives 3. Others

I.

Determiners: are the words which determine the quantity of the nouns. Ex: a boy, many students.. A. Central Determiners

The most important characteristic of the central determiners is that they are mutually exclusive, meaning that only one can present a time. We can say the book or my book but we cant say the my book B. Non-central determiner 1. Pre-determiners: are words that precede the required central determiners in a noun phrase. Intensifying determiner Intensifying pre-determiners are such and what. This occurs with just only with classifying article a and : Ex: That is such a great idea what a great idea that is! You bring such terrible news what terrible news bring! She is so pretty body what a pretty body she has!
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2. Post-determiner Ex: All of my six sons are noisy.

pre

cent post

No details are relevant to determiners. We skip some parts.

Modifiers are words describing to other words to complete the meaning. Premodifiers words or groups of words standing of head noun and modify to the nouns. Ex: An easy-to-solve math. A absolutely interesting book An extremely difficult and complicated math adv

adj

adj phr

adj

adj phr

det

NP

NP Non-predicative adjectives are restricted to attributed positions. We can say the main problem but cant say the problem is main. Intensifying adjectives are divided:

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1. Emphasizer is adjectives used to make the meaning of the nouns stronger. They are used only when the nouns indicate opinion about something and is generally attributive only Lists of emphasizer Absolute Certain// Clear// Definite/ Outright Perfect Plain Pure Real/ Simple

2. Amplifier scale up words from assumed noun and is central adjective attributive and predicative if these are inherent and denote a highextreme degree. We can say the total nonsense but cant say the table is nonsense. 3. Downtowner has a lowering effect, usually scaling downturn from assumed nouns and they are generally central adjective. Ex: small, slight, ting, meager, minor, fragile, slim, etc

How to form compound adjective 1. Adj N ed The meaning of ed, in these cases, is similar to with\having. Such compounds are mainly common with nouns denoting part of the body of people. Using note: the lists of compound adjectives below are less common and more restricted pattern for forming compound adjective: 1) Absent-minded 2) Bad-tempered 3) Big-hearted 4) Cool-blooded 5) Far-sighted 6) Good-tempered 7) Ill-tempered 8) Ill-advised/ 9) Far-fetched 10) Kind-hearted 11) Left-hearted
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12) Lighted-hearted 13) Narrow-minded 14) Near-sighted / 15) Old-fashioned 16) One-sided 17) Open-minded 18) Quick-witted 19) Slow-witted 20) Short-lived 2. Adj N ed specific Such compound adjective is not mainly common with nouns denoting parts of body but they show the special of nouns. Ex: A red-titled house A broad-shouldered man 3. Cardinal/ordinal number noun Numbers from twenty-one to twenty-nine compound adjective with a numeral first element whether spelled out or written in figure are hyphened. Ex: A recycling-headed man A fifty-five-year-old house 4. Cardinal number fold Spell-out number use with fold is not hyphened. Ex: A twofold visit A threefold accident 5. Duration expression as compound adjective You can use time expressions involving with cardinal numbers and a general time words. An apostrophe is added to time words Cardinal Number A general time word s Noun 6. Cardinal Number Singular Measurement General Time Words Cardinal number combines with noun usually singular to form compound as adjective related to time, measurement, etc.. Ex: A 200-meter-deep well 7. Adjective ing participle We can use adjective with linking verb of sense except verb be: look, taste, feel, sound Ex: Subject Linking Verb Complement A song sound beautiful A beautiful-sounding
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21) Long-lived

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The soup smells delicious Delicious-smelling soup 8. Adjective to infinitive Ex: Subject tobe adjective to infinitive Important, difficult, easy, possible, available, comfortable, impossible, hard, convenient Ex: It is easy to study English. Easy-to-study English It is too easy to solve their math. A too-easy-to-solve math 9. Adjective-participle We can use compound adjective using short form of shorten sentences Ex: She boiled an egg soft A soft-boiled egg She made food ready Ready-made food

1. Adverb past participle/ed-passive meaning We use this structure what the verbs are transitive verbs and they have passive form. Ex: The man was seriously injured by the car crash. The seriously-injured man Note: we use adverbs of manner including how something happens. Ex: The reporter has interviewed many people who serious hit by flood. The reporter has interview many seriously-hit people by flood. Many traffic accidents are carelessly happen by people. Many carelessly-happened traffic accidents Adverb of manner can be used as compound adjective too. Lists of adverbial of manner Accidentally Artificially Automatically Commercially Directly Illegally Independently Individually Officially Politically Secretly

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Ex: Commercially-farmed land with five hecta belonging to one hundred-twenty-five member villagers was illegally grabbed. A commission head mentioned commercially-protected right was violated in a threehour meeting. 2. Adverbs of definite time Some adverbs of indefinite time can be used as compound adjective too. Recently, previously, finally, individually, initially, already, frequently Ex: A twenty-year-old boy was crashed seriously. A seriously-crashed, twelve-year-old boy Three fifth of laid off garment workers from an illegally-processing factory in front of the recently-constructed national assembly building. 3. Adverb adjective compound adjective We can make a compound adjective by using combination of adverb with adjective. Ex: Basically important knowledge Socially conscious people have to help develop the quickly-economic potential country. 4. Adverb infinitive Ex: This work is early to finish. This early-to-finish work She works early to finish work Easy-to-finish job

1. Noun ing Ex: He is a solving-problem man. She is a game-addicting woman. 2. Noun ed past participle The type is particularly productive when the noun has agential meaning and consists of self. Ex: An America-backed government. A parents-satisfied film We note that when the Noun ed Noun refers to the action which complete already. While the Noun ing Noun refers to the action which is happening Ex: Private-owned companies have gradually eliminated state-owned-ineffective enterprise. When anger appeared, a strict-looking-face-and-owned opinion

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Noun ed Noun receive action -Program-turned teacher -Army-controlled area

Compare

Noun ing Noun do action -Program-training teacher -Army-controlling teacher

3. Noun like suffix: similar to Such formation might be regarded as compound adjective, and the relation between the base and suffix is very direct. Ex: childlike, birdlike, lifelike, jellylike, dreamlike, etc. 4. Compound adjective with size\sized\shaped You can use size\sized\shaped in combination with nouns to form adjectives with indicate that something is the same size as something else. Ex: pocket-sized, man-sized, book-sized, etc You can use size/sized/shaped in combination with nouns to indicate something is big enough or small enough to be suitable for a particular job or purpose. Ex: bite-sized, king-sized, passport-sized, child-sized, etc You can use size/sized/shaped with the adjectives to form compound adjective to describe. Ex: giant-sized, small-sized, medium-sized, etc. Shaped combine with nouns to form adjective that describe the shape of an object Ex: egg-shaped, heart-shaped, etc

1. Preposition Noun A. In-death/ B. In-flight / C. In-house D. In-service E. On-the-job F. On-the-spot G. On-screen

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H. Under-the-counter I. On-the-air J. On-board/ K. Out-of-date L. Out-of-state M. Out-of-way N. Out-of-town O. Out-of-work 2. Preposition Adjective-ing A. Alarming B. Amazing C. Annoying D. Appalling E. Astonishing F. Bewildering/ G. Boring H. Compelling I. Confusing J. Convincing K. Demeaning L. Depressing M. Disappointing/ N. Degusting O. Distracting P. Distressing Q. Disturbing R. Embarrassing S. Encouraging T. Exciting
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U. Frightening V. Harassing / W. Humiliating X. Infuriating Y. Inspiring AA. Z. Intermediating Interesting

Describing a process and state 1. The ing adjectives related to intransitive verbs and form from process verbs emphasize actions in process continuing over a period of hours. Adjective-ing Bleeding Booming Decreasing Diminishing Dwindling Existing Floating / Increasing Recurring Resounding Rising

Reigning

Adjective-ing expressing state Aging/ Ailing Dying Existing

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Living Remaining

3. Adjective not related to verbs A. Most of ing adjectives talked about so far are related to verbs. Sometimes, however, ing adjectives are not related to the verbs at all. Appetizing Balding Receding Cunning/ () Enterprising ( ) Impending Scratching Inviting Neighboring

B. Sometimes an ing adjective is related to an uncommon use of a verb, or appears to be related to the verb but is not related to any current use different meaning. Becoming/incoming Bracing/ / Cutting Disarming Fetching/ Haunting Piecing Dashing / Engaging Halting Moving Penetrating Pressing
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Ravishing Searching Trying Rambling Retiring/ Taxing Promising

C. Some adjectives are derived from verbs and prefix Forthcoming Incoming Ongoing Outstanding/ Overbearing Uplifting

4. Ed adjectives Most ed adjectives are related to past participles of transitive verbs and have passive meaning. The adjectives always modified object nouns participle of transitive verbs Past participle of transitive verbs: a frighten man Passive meaning: a crashed car Definition: referring to feeling in the forms of passive, we must distinguish the passive which refer to be process from the passive which refer to state but in premodification, they must have permanent reference or modified by an adverb ed-adjective refer to a persons feeling, emotional reaction. Lists of quantitative ed-adjective 1. Agitated: 2. Alarmed: / 3. Amused: 4. Appalled: 6. Bored: 7. Confused: /
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5. Astonished:

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8. Contented: 9. Delighted: 10. Depressed: / 11. Disgusted: / 12. Disillusioned: 13. Distressed:

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