Professional Documents
Culture Documents
March 8, 2013
Friday Frivolity
Some project reports to hand back Mystery spectrogram reading exercise: solved! We need to plan ahead: Who wants to give a class presentation for their final course project report? Who would like to be our speaker for the static palatography demo? The final exam has been scheduled, by the way: Monday, April 22nd, 3:30 5:30 pm. Science Theater 055
Vowel Resonances
The series of harmonics flows into the vocal tract. Those harmonics at the right frequencies will resonate in the vocal tract. fn = (2n - 1) * c 4L The vocal tract filters the source sound glottis lips
Filters
In speech, the filter = the vocal tract This graph represents how much the vocal tract would resonate for sinewaves at every possible frequency:
F1
Source + Filter(s)
F2 F3 F4
Note: F0 160 Hz
100 Hz
120 Hz
150 Hz
Formant frequencies differ between vowels because vowels are produced with different articulatory configurations
Remember
Vowels are articulated with characteristic tongue and lip shapes.
Vowel Dimensions
For this reason, vowels have traditionally been described according to four (pseudo-)articulatory parameters:
1. Height (of tongue) 2. Front/Back (of tongue) 3. Rounding (of lips) 4. Tense/Lax = amount of effort? = muscle tension?
[i]
[u]
[]
[i]
[u]
400 500
F1
900 1000
Prototypical Voices
Andre the Giant: (very) low F0, low formant frequencies
Goldie Hawn: high F0, high formant frequencies More 21st Century (and more Canadian): YTVs Pretty Tiffany
F0/Formant mismatches
The fact that source and filter characteristics are independent of each other means that there can sometimes be source and filter mismatches in men and women. What would high F0 combined with low formant frequencies sound like? Answer: Julia Child.
F0/Formant mismatches
Another high F0, low formants example: Roy Forbes, of Roys Record Room (on CKUA 93.7 FM)
Back to Vowels
A vowel space is defined by a speakers range of first formant (F1) and second formant (F2) frequencies. but everybodys vowel space is different. Vowels contrast with each other in terms of their relationships within that acoustic space. F1 determines the height of vowels. F2 determines the front/backness of vowels. Question: How does the way that vowels are produced Determine their acoustic characteristics?
Articulation to Acoustics
Last time, we calculated the formant values for schwa, or a neutral vowel. Theoretical values (vocal tract length = 17.5 cm) F1 = 500 Hz F2 = 1500 Hz F3 = 2500 Hz My values: F1 = 500 Hz F2 = 1533 Hz F3 = 2681 Hz F4 = 3498 Hz
With a neutral vowel, were somewhere in the middle of the acoustic vowel space.
Male Formant Averages
F2 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
F1
Perturbation Theory
There are two important theories that answer this question. The first of these is Perturbation Theory. Remember: formants are resonances of the vocal tract. These resonances are the product of standing waves in the resonating tube of the articulatory tract. glottis lips