Cold Facts 2011-Summer

The Magazine of the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Summer 2011 Volume 27 Number 3

Inside this issue
Sustaining Members
Listed/Spotlights
3;36,40
Upbraiding the Utilities
4
Insulation Updates
8
McIntoshs Cryogenic
Concepts
13
Radebaughs Cryo Frontiers
14
Photo Albums
16-19
Defining Cryogenics
22
Education in Cryogenics
24
Masons Space Cryogenics
26
People, Companies in
Cryogenics
44
Calendar
45
Manufacturers of Cryogenic Equipment
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ACME Cryogenics, Inc.
Abbess Instruments and Systems, Inc.
Ability Engineering Technology, Inc.
Advanced Research Systems, Inc.
Air Liquide DTA
American Magnetics, Inc.
American Superconductor Corporation
Amuneal Manufacturing Corp.
Argonne National Laboratory
Austin Scientific, an Oxford Instruments
Company
Barber-Nichols, Inc.
Brooks Automation, Inc.
Vacuum Products Division
Brkert Fluid Control Systems
Butane Procurement & Engineering
Services Company
CAD Cut, Inc.
CCH Equipment Company
Cameron Valves and Measurement
Chart Inc.
Circor CryogenicsCPC Cryolab
Clark Industries, Inc.
Coax Co., Ltd.
Cool Pair Plus Corporation
Cryo Industries of America
Cryo Technologies
Cryoconnect
Div. of Tekdata Interconnections Ltd.
Cryofab, Inc.
Cryogenic Control Systems, Inc.
Cryogenic Industries, Inc.
Cryogenic Institute of New England
Cryogenic Machinery Corporation
Cryoguard Corporation
Cryomagnetics, Inc.
Cryomech, Inc.
Cryotech International, Division of Chart
Industries
CryoWorks, Inc.
CryoZone BV
DeMaCo Holland BV
DH Industries
DH Industries USA, Inc.
DLH Industries, Inc. (Cryocomp)
DMP CryoSystems, Inc.
Eden Cryogenics, LLC
Empire Magnetics
Everson Tesla, Inc.
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Fin Tube Products, Inc.
Flexure Engineering
Gardner Cryogenics
Genesis Magnet Services, LLC
Hypres, Inc.
ICEoxford Limited
Independence Cryogenic Engineering,
LLC
INOXCVA*
Instant Systems, Inc.
International Cryogenics, Inc.
Janis Research Co., Inc.
Kelvin International Corporation
Kelvin Technology, Inc.
L-3 Communications Cincinnati
Electronics
L & S Cryogenics, Inc.
Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.
Linde Cryogenics, Division of Linde
Process Plants, Inc.
Lockheed Martin Santa Barbara
Focalplane
Lydall Performance Materials
MadgeTech Inc.*
Master Bond
MMR Technologies, Inc.
Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc.
Midwest Cryogenics
Molecular Products, Inc.
NASA Kennedy Cryogenics Test
Laboratory
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
National Superconducting Cyclotron
LaboratoryMichigan State University
Nexans Deutschland GmbH
Niowave, Inc.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oxford Superconducting Technology
PHPK Technologies
Philtec, Inc.
Phytron, Inc.
Prentex Alloy Fabricators, Inc.
Pump Pros, Inc.
Quality Cryogenics of Atlanta, LLC
RUAG Space GmbH
Ratermann Manufacturing, Inc.
RegO CryoFlow Products
Scientific Instruments, Inc.
Shell-N-Tube Pvt. Ltd.
Sierra Lobo, Inc.
Spaulding Composites Inc.
Spearlab, Inc.
Stepan Company
Stirling Cryogenics BV
Stirling Cryogenics India Pvt. Ltd.
Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America,
Inc.
Sunpower, Inc.
Superconductor Technologies Inc.
SuperPower Inc.
TRIUMF
Technifab Products, Inc.
Technology Applications, Inc.
Temati
Tempshield Cryo-Protection
Thermax, Inc.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
Facility
Ulvac Technologies, Inc.
WEKA AG
Wessington Cryogenics, Ltd.
* New member since last issue
4 SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3 www.cryogenicsociety.org
(Continued on page 6)
Yes, youve
read it right.
Upbraiding, not
upgrading.
Twenty-five
years ago, in
early 1986, Georg
Bednorz and
Alex Mueller dis-
covered high-
t e mp e r a t u r e
superconductivi-
ty in the family of
copper oxide per-
ovskites. The
field exploded
later that year
and in early 1987
when Paul Chu
and his collabo-
rators at the Universities of Houston and
Alabama sighted tell-tale signs of supercon-
ductivity onsets above the boiling point of
liquid nitrogen, 77K. These developments
unleashed a flurry of studies, especially in
the United States and Japan, of markets even-
tually exceeding several hundreds of billions
of dollars, mostly centered around electric
power applications. The summit of this
euphoria occurred in July 1987, when
President Ronald Reagan convened the
White House Conference of Superconductivity
in the ballroom of the Hilton Hotel in central
Washington, DC. I was there representing
IBM, and, as the saying goes, a good time
was had by all.
The President announced a series of ini-
tiatives
1
which became embodied in the
Superconductivity Act of 1988. This legisla-
tion created the Department of Energy
Initiative for Power Applications of
Superconductivity, a 30 million dollar (aver-
age) annual program designed to upgrade
American electric utilities and power equip-
ment manufacturers to face the looming
energy demand challenges of the coming
21st century. After retiring from IBM in 1993
to join the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI), I became actively involved in the
DOE efforts as a co-funder, peer reviewer,
and, yes, an occasional congressional lobby-
ist.
So, here we are today, some 22 years and
700-800 million dollars later, and perhaps
half that amount additionally invested by the
private sector. Numerous successful demon-
strations, employing both low and high tem-
perature superconductors, in almost every
type of power equipmentcables, trans-
formers, rotating machinery, fault current
limiters, storage and power conditioning
deviceshave been undertaken in America
and elsewhere. The US National
Laboratories, particularly Los Alamos, Oak
Ridge, Argonne and Brookhaven, in conjunc-
tion with private companies such as
American Superconductor and SuperPower,
have developed high performance, second
generation, long-length (hundreds of
meters), and reliable YBa
2
Cu
3
O
7-y
(YBCO,
1-2-3) superconducting tape suitable for
deployment in all the above applications.
Several US utilities have very generously
donated talent and facilities, and redirected a
portion of their EPRI dues for financial assis-
tance, in support of such efforts. The fruits of
their labors now sit on the shelf awaiting
insertion into the American electric power
infrastructure. Beginning in 2010, funding for
the Power Applications of Superconductivity
program has been removed as a line item
in DOEs congressional appropriation, and I
believe justifiably so. If Ronald Reagan were
still with us, he might say, albeit perhaps
tongue-in-cheek, mission accomplished.
So why has not a single US investor-
owned utility
2
yet, on its own nickel, picked
the fruits of our national effort? One often
hears, the high cost of the wire.
However, in many conversations during my
EPRI career with utility executives, planners,
engineers and linemen in the substations
and out in the field, I often heard what I
term the hassle factor. The hassle factor
involves such locutions as, electricity is
cheap and our in-plant and in-field efficien-
cies are pretty good right now, so theres no
compelling reason to implement incremental
increases of only a few percent, any new
technology that involves a new skill set can
lead to tedious negotiations with our labor
unions, anyway, our grid infrastructure
works pretty well right now and when there
are outages its responding just as it was
designed to do. Of all these catch-phrases,
no compelling need emerges as most fre-
quent.
3
But what about the wire cost? Its this
issue on which I now want to focus in the rest
of the present polemic.
At IBM, when we would review the
commercial potential of a particular new
technology, part of the process would
involve asking, What if the product were
free? Would our customers still buy it?
So, what if the wire were free, would
American utilities then buy it? And how
could we bring that about? Zero cost
would be obtained in the form of a Federal
State tax credit (not a subsidy!) to the
equipment manufacturer or utility for the
wire cost alone associated with a given appli-
cation. For example, were such application to
be a power cable, the tax credit would apply
only to the wire or tape and not to packag-
ing such as insulation and cryogenics, or
actual installation. Such is the core of my
modest proposal, one Ive been presenting
at my plenary and invited talks this year to
the American Physical Society, Materials
Research Society and Cryogenic Engineering
Conference.
4
Hence, my challenge directed to the
American utility industry is, Would such a
cost accommodation induce you to deploy
what is now a national treasure? Please get
back to us on this.
One often hears the day of supercon-
ductivity in power will dawn with the
large-scale build-out of renewable electricity
generation, which I take to comprise princi-
pally wind, solar and biomass. The argument
goes that new connection cabling to grid and
storage substations will be necessary, so why
not use superconductivity? Also, the advan-
tageous power-to-weight ratio of a supercon-
ducting generator makes its deployment on
high towers quite attractive. However, from
my point of view, such an occurrence in the
US is extremely problematic given present
basic and, likely future as well, American
political and social views about their living
space. Anyone who has ever visited a wind
farm certainly doesnt want one in their back-
yard, and not even on the horizon.
5
All three
mentioned renewables are massively eco-
invasive.
6
The North American continent is
awash in fossil fuel reserves, arguably the
largest in the world. Under such circum-
stances, it is likely its inhabitants will contin-
ue to oxidize as many carbon atoms as possi-
ble.
So when would power applications of
superconductivity become truly massive?
by Dr. Paul Michael Grant, W2AGZ Technologies, pmpgrant@w2agz.com, www.w2agz.com
5
Cold Facts Editorial Board
Randall Barron, ret. Louisiana Tech University;
Jack Bonn, VJ Systems, LLC;
Robert Fagaly, Quasar Federal Systems;
Brian Hands, ret. Oxford University;
Peter Kittel, ret. NASA Ames;
Peter Mason, ret. Jet Propulsion Lab;
Glen McIntosh;
John Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin-Madison;
Ray Radebaugh, ret. NIST Boulder;
Ralph Scurlock, Kryos Associates, ret. University of Southampton;
Nils Tellier, Robertson-Bryan, Inc.
SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3 www.cryogenicsociety.org
Cold Facts (ISSN 1085-5262) is published five times per year in
the Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall and a December Buyers Guide
by the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Contents 2011 Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Although CSA makes reasonable efforts to
keep the information contained in this maga-
zine accurate, the information is not guaran-
teed and no responsibility is assumed for
errors or omissions. CSA does not warrant the
accuracy, completeness, timeliness or mer-
chantability or fitness for a particular purpose
of the information contained herein, nor does
CSA in any way endorse the individuals and
companies described in the magazine or the
products and services they may provide.
Cold Facts Magazine
Executive Editor
LAURIE HUGET
Editor
THERESA BOEHL
Advertising Coordinator
SHAWNYA ROBINSON
CSA Board of Technical Directors
Chairman
JOHN WEISEND II
FRIB Michigan State University
517/908-7743
President
JOHN URBIN
Linde Cryogenics, A Division of Linde Process
Plants, Inc. | 918/477-1341
Past President
LOUIS J. SALERNO
NASA Ames Research Center | 650/604-3189
Treasurer
MELORA LARSON
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
818/354-8751
Secretary
EDWARD BONNEMA
Meyer Tool & Mfg. | 708/425-9080
Executive Director
LAURIE HUGET
Huget Advertising, Inc. | 708/383-6220x222
Registered Agent
WERNER K. HUGET, Huget Advertising, Inc.
FABIO CASAGRANDE,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
MICHAEL COFFEY, Cryomagnetics, Inc.
LANCE COOLEY, Fermi Natl. Accelerator Lab
JAMES FESMIRE
NASA Kennedy Cryogenics Test Laboratory
VINCENT GRILLO, Cryofab, Inc.
JOHN PFOTENHAUER
University of Wisconsin-Madison
WILLIAM SOYARS, Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory
Steven Van Sciver, FSU
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
SIDNEY YUAN, THE AEROSPACE CORP.
AL ZELLER, FRIB, MSU
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
SUSAN BREON, NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
From the Executive Director
The national staff
had a successful two
weeks of cryogenic
events in June.
The Space Cryogenics
Workshop, held in Coeur
d'Alene, Idaho, was a
great gathering with lots of networking
and fellowship. We are really looking for-
ward to the 2013 Workshop, which will
be held once more in the Alyeska Hotel,
Alaska, June 23-25, sponsored by NASA
Goddard. Co-chairs will be Shuvo
Mustafi and Mark Kimball. See below: It
will be AFTER CEC/ICMC!
We then went on to Spokane where
we held three Short Courses that were
well attended and well received. The rest
of the week was spent networking with
attendees at CEC/ICMC and holding our
CSA Board meeting.
We gathered lots of news tips and
made many new contacts while getting
to spend time with some of our long-time
friends.
At CEC/ICMC, we presented the
CSA Fellow grade award to Peter Mason,
the George Mulholland award for
Excellence in Cryogenic Engineering to
Kelly Dixon of JLab and the Award for
Excellence in Cryogenic Research to Jeff
Feller of NASA Ames. For the first time,
the Excellence awards had a monetary
prize attached. The CSA Awards commit-
tee began the process of creating endow-
ments to fund future awards as they are
granted. We will also be attaching a larg-
er cash stipend to the Roger W. Boom
award, thanks to funding of an endow-
ment. See details on page 38.
The numbers of subscribers to our
enewsletter, CryoChronicle, are growing
every day. This communication high-
lights breaking news that is useful to our
members. So far we've published four
issues and have gotten good feedback.
CryoChronicle is a supplement to our
periodic Newsflashes. If you have not
subscribed to the CryoChronicle yet, be
sure to do so at www.cryochronicle.com.
Werner Huget and I are planning to
attend the triple conference, EUCAS,
ISEC, ICMC2011, in September in The
Hague. CSA will have a greeting table
there. This meeting will feature a centen-
nial celebration of superconductivity,
with a whole day devoted to the History
of Superconductivity on September 21.
Registrants will receive a 800-page book,
100 Years of Superconductivity. We
plan to follow up with a much-anticipat-
ed visit to CERN. Look for our reports in
the next Cold Facts.
Were going back to the Alyeska resort! Save the dates!
2013 Space Cryogenics Workshop, June 23-25, 2013
(after CEC/ICMC).
Make sure to make your reservations early for this wonderful
resort. Hotel reservation deadline: May 23, 2013.
(Continued from page 4)
sales@cryofab.com
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fax: +1-908-686-9538
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transfer systems. We offer Standard, Custom and OEM fabrications, short
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Innovative Ideas s s s s Superior Design s s s s Product Excellence
Some readers of Cold Facts may be famil-
iar with this writers speculations
7
on the
future possibility of wheeling large
amounts of power from remote locations,
be those sources, fossil, nuclear or possibly
solar, and maybe way out there,
fusionmaybe. I call these the energy
enterprises equivalent to the physicists
large hadron colliders.
Will such become the upgraded util-
ities of the future that finally say yes to
superconductivity?
References
1. Ronald Reagan, White House
Conference on Superconductivity, 18 July
1 9 8 7 . ht t p: //www. w2 a g z . c o m
/Library/HTSC%20History/Reagan%20Spe
ech%20072887a.pdf
Reagan 18 July 1987 Video (Warning: This is
a large wmv file). http://www.w2agz.com/
Video%20Content/Superconductivity/Reag
an%201987%20Speech.wmv.
2. There is a superconducting cable cur-
rently undergoing demonstration by the
Long Island Power Authority. LIPA is not an
investor owned utility, rather it is a publicly
funded non-profit utility whose governance
is appointed by the governor and legislature
of the State of New York and subsidized by
its taxpayers.
3. The Grid: A Journey Through the
Heart of Our Electrified World, by Phillip F.
Schewe, Joseph Henry Press (2007).
Reviewed by P. M. Grant, Plugged into the
matrix, Nature 447, 147 (2007)
http://www.w2agz.com/Publications/
Book%20Reviews/06%20(2007)%20Plugged
%20Into%20the%20Matrix.pdf
4. Copies of these talks can be obtained
by contacting the author.
5. Some of the first US wind farms were
built in California in the north at Altamont
pass and in the southeast at Tehachapi pass
under large state subsidies. Many are in dis-
repair. It is problematic whether significant
wind power development will continue in
California.
6. P. M. Grant, Hydrogen lifts off with
a heavy load, Nature 424, 129 (2003)
http://www.w2agz.com/Publications/Opi
nion%20&%20Commentary/EPRI/Nature/(
2003)%20Hydrogen%20Lifts%20Off%20-
%20With%20a%20Heavy%20Load%20%204
24129a_fs.pdf.
This commentary exposes the extreme
eco-invasiveness of wind, solar and biomass
electricity generation. An exception is solar
roofs inasmuch as no additional land area is
required.
7. P. M. Grant, C. Starr and T. J. Overbye,
A Power Grid for the Hydrogen Economy,
Scientific American 295, 76 (2006)
Popular%20Science/'A%20Power%20Grid%
20for%20the%20Hydrogen%20Economy,'%2
0P.%20M.%20Grant,%20C.%20Starr%20and
%20T.%20J.%20Overbye,%20Scientific%20A
merican%20295,%20No%201,%20July%2020
06,%20pp.%2076-83.pdf.
P. M. Grant, Extreme Energy
Makeover, Physics World, October 2009
Opinion%20&%20Commentary/W2AGZ/P
hysics%20World/(2009)%20Extreme%20Ene
rgy%20Makeover,%20Physics%20World,%2
0October%202009,%20pp.%2037-39.pdf
SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3
8
www.cryogenicsociety.org
Insulation: Product Innovation, Call for Standards
by John Hamburger, Market Manager,
Stepan Company, CSA CSM, jhamburger
@stepan.com.
Various kinds of insulation have long
been used on space launch vehicles, and
more recently, long endurance UAVs, to
reduce the weight of cryogenic fuel tanks
while preventing boil-off and condensation.
Spray-on Foam Insulation (SOFI) has been
used as insulation for aerospace cryogenic
applications since the early days of the space
program. Their use has been driven by their
light weight compared with other commonly
used cryogenic insulations (See Figure 1.),
excellent thermal conductivity in non-vacu-
um environments, durability and relative
ease and low cost of application to large sur-
faces.
Cryogenic insulation alternatives such
as high and low-strength aerogels, Layered
Composite Insulation (LCI) and Multi-Layer
Insulation (MLI) provide high performance
but with a trade-off of much greater weight,
while materials such as perlite powder, cellu-
lar glass foam and cork provide lower cost
alternatives with significantly higher ther-
mal conductivity. Vacuum jacket systems can
provide an excellent com-
bination of insulation
value and light weight, but
in these cases durability
and cost can be barriers.
SOFI products are
largely based on
polyurethane and polyiso-
cyanurate chemistry using
refrigerant blowing
agents to form a cellular
foam structure, the basis for
which was developed
decades ago. However, innovation and envi-
ronmental regulations have prompted an
evolution of the technology since the days of
Atlas and Saturn rockets. Most recently, an
EPA mandate to discontinue the use of
HCFCs as blowing agents in the United
States necessitated that a new generation of
products based on non-ozone depleting
HFCs be introduced. While SOFI products
offer an excellent combination of light
weight and low thermal conductivity for
contemporary cryogenic applications, they
are not without challenges.
Technology
Central amongst the challenges present-
ed by the change of blowing agents is the
need to produce an environmentally-friend-
ly SOFI product that still meets the demand-
ing thermal conductivity needs of aerospace
cryogenic fuel users. Maintaining the
strength, adhesion and durability of the foam
when applied to metal alloy and composite
surfaces in temperatures as cold as ambient
conditions can also be of critical importance.
Stepan Company, Northfield IL,
responded to these challenges with STEPAN-
FOAM
S-180, a two-component
polyurethane spray foam with a nominal
sprayed density of approximately 2.7 lbs/
ft
3
. See Figure 2 for a visual depiction of the
spray applied product. S-180 uses HFC-245fa
as its blowing agent, and it can be applied
using standard plural component
mix/meter/dispense spray equipment,
available from suppliers such as Graco, Inc.,
Minneapolis, and others.
Performance Testing Procedure
Cryogenic thermal conductivity testing
was carried out by Red Core Consulting,
Vancouver, using equipment from
Thermtest, Inc. Disc-shaped specimens from
S-180 sprayed to 2.7 lbs/ft
3
were tested in a
double-sided guarded hot-plate apparatus.
No sample conditioning was performed, and
heat flux was transverse to the specimens
circular faces. All thermocouples were cali-
brated at liquid nitrogen and ambient tem-
perature points. The metered area of each
face of the hot plate was measured to be
0.01573 m
2
. Two specimens were tested (A
and B) that were taken to be representative of
the bulk sample material. See Figure 3 at left
for specimen pre-test data.
Testing was carried out according to
ASTM C-177 at mean plate temperatures of
-151.35C and -159.76C respectively for
specimens A and B, and the specimens were
held under equilibrium conditions for 120
minutes each.
Testing of room temperature sprayed
properties was carried out by Stepans inter-
nal physical testing laboratory using an
Instron Universal Testing Machine according
to standard ASTM methodology. Com
pressive strength was measured according to
ASTM D-1621, shear strength according to
ASTM C-273, tensile strength according to
ASTM D-1623, and room temperature ther-
mal conductivity according to ASTM C-518.
Performance Test Results
Data from the cryogenic thermal con-
ductivity testing are displayed in Figure 4:
K-factor for the two samples measured
in BTU in/hr ft
2
F was 0.0887 and 0.083, or
11.3 and 11.9 R-value per inch respectively.
Data from the room temperature proper-
ty testing are displayed in Figure 5:
Conclusions
The test results indicate that STEPAN-
FOAM S-180 is a viable next-generation SOFI
material for use in aerospace cryogenic fuel
insulation applications. An average R-value
per inch of 11.6 at an average temperature of
-155C compares favorably with most com-
monly available cryogenic insulations, and
suggests that R-values per inch of close to 20
might be possible at temperatures as cold as
liquid hydrogen (-253C). At a density of 2.7
lbs/ ft
3
, S-180 is then an optimum combina-
tion of insulation performance and light
weight, allowing cryogenic fuel tanks of
greatly reduced weight and with minimal
boil-off to be produced relatively inexpen-
sively. The room temperature strength data
also indicates that S-180 should provide ade-
Figure 1. Insulation densitites.
a
Values from publicly
available information.
Figure 2. Spray
applied foam
insulation.
Figure 3. Specimen pre-test data.
Figure 4. Cryogenic thermal conductivity according to ASTM C-177
Lightweight Spray-on Foam
Insulation for Cryogenic Fuel
Applications
SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3 9
quate strength and durability when applied at temper-
atures approaching ambient conditions, expanding the
applications for which the product can be used.
Furthermore, as with other SOFI materials, strength
properties for S-180 can only be expected to increase
proportionally as temperature decreases, suggesting
optimal durability at cryogenic temperatures as well.
by James Fesmire, Sr. Principal Investigator,
Cryogenics, NASA Kennedy Cryogenics Test
Laboratory, a CSA CSM, james.e.fesmire@nasa.gov
Introduction
Since its invention in the latter part of the 19th cen-
tury, refrigeration has matured into standard processes
and goods throughout all industrial and consumer lev-
els. The insulation testing and heat measurement meth-
ods developed in the 20th century have been a key part
of our now refrigerated, air-conditioned age. Rapid
development of cryogenic insulation began in the 1950s
because large amounts of liquid hydrogen were needed
to develop thermonuclear weapons. The work contin-
ued in the 1960s as the US space program worked
toward its goal of exploring the Moon. Today, the need
for improving insulation systems and understanding
thermal performance is steadily increasing.
Cryogens are increasingly significant in industrial
applications, with growing use in such areas as food
processing, cryosurgery, biological shipping, hydrogen-
fueled cars, computer equipment, cellular communica-
tions, superconducting power transmission, space
launch vehicles, life support systems, facilities for parti-
cle physics research, and other energy-intensive
processes. These applications require, directly or indi-
rectly, that cryogens be stored, managed, and trans-
ferred. Based on the timetable for development of
refrigeration, the demand for cryogenic applications
coupled with an increasing demand for energy efficien-
cy, alternative energy sources, and environmental
preservationcould lead cryogenics into mainstream
commercial products by about 2050.
With the need for new cryogenic applications
comes the need to protect the energy investment repre-
sented by the cryogenic fluid. The connection is an eco-
nomic need to reduce the power bill or the mass of a
spacecraft. Advances in thermal insulation therefore
support advances in technology on a wide scale and
require an increased knowledge of thermal perform-
ance, improved materials, and novel methods of appli-
cation. Testing must be done to minimize the transfer of
heat into cryogenic tanks and piping and provide ade-
quate controls and safety. Thermal characterization of insulation materials is cru-
cial for developing energy-efficient systems.
History of Thermal Insulation Standards
In the United States, the first formal work along the line of thermal insulation
testing and materials thermal conductivity data started around 1912 at the
National Bureau of Standards (NBS). In 1913, the
US Congress appropriated funds for investigating
properties of materials used for constructing large-
scale refrigeration machinery. Following the inven-
tion of refrigeration technologies and the liquefac-
tion of industrial gases, the beginning of the 20th
century saw the first commercial realities for use of
mechanical refrigeration systems to provide artifi-
cial ice for cooling and air conditioning for pub-
lic buildings. The first office building with air con-
ditioning was the Armour Building (Kansas City
MO) in 1902. The public debut of air conditioning
was at the St. Louis Worlds Fair in 1904 where
there was also a self-contained mechanical refriger-
ator on display. The first household refrigeration
unit, the Domelre (Domestic Electric Refrigerator),
was marketed in 1914. This air-cooled unit was
designed to be mounted on top of any ice box. [1]
Rapid expansion of these and many other below-
ambient-temperature technologies into new appli-
cations and commercial markets clearly drove the
Figure 5. Room temperature physical properties.
A cylindrical insulation test cryo-
stat is being cooled in prepara-
tion for liquid nitrogen boil-off
testing. Photo courtesy NASA
KSC Cryogenics Test Laboratory.
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Specialists in Cryogenic, Vacuumand Pressure Technology
We r e gr e t t o
r e p o r t t h a t
Professor Albert
La c a z e pa s s e d
away August 5 at
the age of 87.
Lacaze had
been an important
leader in the French
cryogenics community since the early
50s. His career began in 1947 with the
development of the first hydrogen and
helium liquefiers in France. He was the
director of the Trs Basses Tempratures
(Very Low Temperatures) section of the
French CNRS (National Center for
Scientific Research) in Grenoble and
active member of the International
Cryogenic Engineering Committee.
At ICEC19 in Grenoble, Lacaze was
honored in a small celebration attended
by many of his colleagues and those he
helped in their careers.
Community
st
es Tempratures
or Scientifical
enic Engineering
Obituary
need for understanding the thermal performance of the materials of
construction.
The primary motivation for the
first thermal insulation work was to
develop useful sets of data for mechani-
cal engineers to use in the design calcu-
lations related to heat transmission.
Prior research work had produced two
distinct groups of results that did not
agree with each other. The physicists
were interested in determining thermal
conductivities through materials while
the engineers were concerned with cal-
culating heat transmission through sys-
tems. In 1916, Dickinson and Van Dusen
of the NBS published a classic paper on
the thermal conductivity measurements
of materials using a hot plate apparatus
[2]. This work laid the foundation for
the guarded hot plate (GHP) and its
standard test method that was formerly
adopted as ASTM Test Method C177 [3]
in 1945, a full 33 years after the begin-
ning of the work. The next step, to pro-
duce standard reference materials and inter-laboratory data studies,
was achieved over the ensuing four decades. Another important ther-
mal conductivity test method is the circular line heating method for a
GHP device ASTM Test Method 1043 [4]. Interestingly, the method
also took a full 33 years to be formerly adopted following the pioneer-
ing work of Robinson of the NBS that began in 1964 [2].
In addition to the GHP method, another important test method
covers the use of a heat flux meter (HFM) for measuring heat trans-
mission through slabs of homogeneous materials. This widely used
method, ASTM C518 [5], is calibrated using a well-understood refer-
ence material and is thus a comparative type of measurement.
These existing test methods for GHP and HFM devices provide differ-
ent information and are therefore complementary with the cryostat
test methods that have been developed over the last two decades. The
key differences are two-fold: 1) level of performance and 2) test condi-
tions. For example, thermal performance levels for typical cryogenic
insulation systems can extend below 0.1 mW/m-K or below 1 W/m
2
.
These heat leakage values can be at least 100 times lower than meas-
urements for typical materials using the GHP or HFM devices. The
cryostat test methods can provide test conditions representative of
large temperature differences (delta-T). The delta-T can also have
important effects on the corresponding level of residual gas pressure
inside the test specimen that can in turn have a strong effect on the
measured heat flux or calculated thermal conductivity. There is cer-
tainly a crossover of test requirements and suitability for application,
but an overall comparison is discussed in the paper Thermal per-
formance testing of cryogenic insulation systems [6].
Understanding of thermal insulation as a system, not a material,
came about in the 1960s through 1970s as applications began to drive
the testing [7]. For the NASA space program during the 1960s, a cryo-
genic boil-off test method, ASTM C745 [8], was developed but has
been since discontinued. The device was a guarded, circular flat-plate
apparatus used mainly for testing different compositions of multilay-
er insulation (MLI) systems and illustrated the complexity of testing a
system of materials under extreme conditions and achieving reason-
able measurements at very low heat flux (below 1 W/m
2
) [9].
Standard data sets for materials, confirmed by interlaboratory test-
ing, are available today but only in the very limited range of approx-
imately 270 to 320K. The cryogenic insulation systems introduce
complexities in the arrangement of different insulation materials,
extreme environments and unusually low thermal conductivity and
therefore make reliable thermal measurements a demanding chal-
lenge.
Cryogenic Insulation Standards
The need for practical thermal conductivity data for cryogenic
applications continues to grow in areas such as oil and gas, electrical
power, refrigerated transport, aerospace, aircraft, ground transporta-
tion, industrial processes, semi-conductor manufacturing and many
others. New materials, for example, aerogel blankets, aerogel bulk-
fill, glass bubbles, polyimide foams, are now commercially available
and are being applied for low-temperature insulation solutions and
broad industrial application. New multilayer and composite insula-
tion materials have also been developed for high levels of thermal
performance to meet the growing demands for energy efficiency and
environmental responsibility in todays economy.
Accurate thermal characterization and standard thermal con-
ductivity data are needed to meet the needs for specific engineering
applications and global progress in all areas related to energy effi-
ciency. Materials include homogeneous, nonhomogeneous, organic,
inorganic, reflective, blanket and loose fill forms. Although much
work has been done in the last 20 years, building on the advances of
the 1950s and 1960s, the need for standard data sets for cryogenic
insulation systems has become increasingly clear. And to produce
standard data requires standard methods of testing and standard
practices of installation.
To help meet the needs for todays cryogenic applications and
further the possibilities for future gains in global energy efficiency,
work on developing cryogenic insulation standards has begun.
Under ASTM Internationals Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation,
two Task Groups have been established in the area of cryogenic ther-
mal insulation systems:
ASTM WK29609New Standard for Thermal Performance
Testing of Cryogenic Insulation Systems http://www.astm.org/DATA-
BASE.CART/WORKITEMS/WK29609.htm.
ASTM WK29608Revision of C740 Standard Practice for
Multilayer Insulation in Cryogenic Service http://www.astm.org/DATA-
BASE.CART/WORKITEMS/WK29608.htm.
Starting in 2010 two Task Groups were formed from a technical
base and through a network of experts, practitioners, and companies
working in the art of cryogenic insulation materials, testing and mul-
tilayer systems and applications. A number of additional standards,
encompassing detailed test methods, material specifications and
installation practices, are also envisioned. While the current work is
a starting point, the ultimate goal is to provide a framework for stan-
dard test methods, standard data sets (thermal conductivity and heat
flux) and standard practices for systems design and installation. For
more information or to join in the work of either of these Task
Groups on cryogenic insulation, simply follow the instructions on
the referenced website link or contact the author.
A high-performance MLI system
is being prepared for cryogenic
boil-off testing and demonstra-
tion for future space exploration
vehicle designs. Photo courtesy
NASA Glenn Research Center.
Thermosiphons, dewar pres-
sure build-up loops, cryogen sub-
coolers and cryogen vaporizers all
utilize boiling heat transfer. The
first two depend on flow generated
by differential head between a sub-
stantially liquid supply column
and less dense two phase fluid in
the return loop. These are relatively
efficient systems because little or
no liquid is lost in the process. The
driving force causing circulation is
illustrated in the attached plot of mixture density versus
quality for saturated liquid oxygen at 2 Bar. Note that the
liquid density of 1105 kg/m
3
is almost 132 times that of the
8.38 kg/m
3
vapor density and a vapor quality of only 5%
drops the mixture density to 13.26% of pure liquid. These
systems almost always work unless pressure drop in the
return loop is excessive.
Subcoolers typically depend on a lower boiling
cryogen cooling a pressurized flow of higher boiling tem-
perature fluid. Atmospheric boiling nitrogen cooling liquid
oxygen is a common application which achieves subcool-
ing of 12 to 16K depending on the oxygen inlet condition.
Significant nitrogen vapor is generated in this process but
there is little liquid carryover in large horizontal cooling
baths. An additional 12 to 13K of oxygen subcooling can be
gained by evacuating the nitrogen bath to 64 or 65K. The
larger volume of vapor produced at sub-atmospheric pres-
sures increases the volume of liquid droplet carryover and
provision must be made to allow low velocity vapor/liq-
uid separation prior to venting. Same fluid subcooling
almost always requires a sub-atmospheric bath unless the
stream to be cooled is at an elevated pressure. The writers
experience with a deep subcooling (14K) liquid hydrogen
bath was thermally successful but liquid carryover in the
vacuum stream was so great that the first stage of the cold
vacuum pump was overloaded with flashing liquid
droplets.
The above subcooling discussion deals with cryogens
flowing in tubes immersed in horizontal liquid baths hav-
ing a free surface. Reversing the procedure so that fluid
boiling in a tube cools a volume of liquid is a more difficult
process for either horizontal or vertical orientations. Zero
gravity further complicates matters. The problem is that
two phase mixtures have different flow regimes from
bubbly to slug to droplet with several other variations.
What happens is that flow velocity rapidly increases as
density dramatically decreases and there is more liquid car-
ryover. The downside of this phenomena is that it is very
difficult to achieve anywhere near full vaporization in
tubular flow. Careful two phase flow calculations for liquid
nitrogen thermosiphons show that exit quality is typically
between 5 and 10%.
Specifications for large ambient vaporizers frequently
call for 100% vaporization despite the obvious difficulties
involved and some also require superheating the vapor to
within a few degrees of ambient tem-
perature. This can be done with very
low inlet liquid velocity and extended
heat exchanger tubes if sufficient circu-
lating head is available.
A better approach is to break the
vaporizer into boiling and superheat
sections. The boiling section can be
made with larger, nearly horizontal
tubes which provide a free surface for
boiling with minimal liquid droplet
entrainment. The vertical superheat
exchanger can then be a conventional
unit with free convection on the outside
and forced flow inside. This approach
was used to design a successful pres-
surization vaporizer for the 850,000 gal-
lon hydrogen dewar at Vandenburg
AFB.
SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3 13 www.cryogenicsociety.org
Cryogenic Concepts
by Dr. Glen McIntosh, CEC Collins Awardee, CSA Fellow, cryogem@juno.com
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When we turn on a 60 W incandescent
light bulb in a room, about 10
19
visible
photons per second stream out from the
bulb into the room. Photons are the ele-
mentary quantum particles of light.
Because an incandescent light bulb is less
than 10% efficient in emitting visible light,
there are even more infrared photons
being emitted. We cant see these infrared
photons, but we can feel them as heat. Of
the visible photons emitted by the light,
only a small fraction enter our eyes
about 10
12
per second at a distance of 3
meters. If the 60 W bulb is replaced by a
candle, about 10
10
visible photons per sec-
ond enter our eye. The candle is still very
easy to see.
That brings us to the question, what is
the minimum number of photons our eye
can detect? A 1942 study [1] showed that a
burst of about 90 photons in 0.1 s (900 per
second) entering the eye could be sensed
by the subjects after at least 30 minutes of
conditioning the eye to the dark. They
concluded, however, that one of the two
receptors in the retina could respond to a
single photon, but a filter in the optic
nerve smoothes out the signals to prevent
our brain from being swamped with noisy
stimuli.
Because only 10% of the photons
entering the eye actually reach the retina, a
burst of about 9 photons in 0.1 second to
the retina is required for our brain to regis-
ter an event. Im amazed that our eyes are
that sensitive when we consider that a
stream of visible photons at that rate has a
power level of only about 310
-17
watts.
However, even more amazing is the
sensitivity of some superconducting
devices for detecting a very wide frequen-
cy range of single photons from
microwave, terahertz, infrared, visible,
ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The
detection of single photons is important in
several scientific areas. Signals from dis-
tant stars may be so weak that only one
photon might arrive per square meter
every few minutes. The energy hv (h is
Plancks constant and v is the frequency)
associated with a single visible photon is
around 310
-19
J, whereas that of an
infrared photon is about 310
-20
J.
Thermal energy kT (k is Boltzmanns con-
stant and T is temperature) in a single
atom or electron is about 410
-21
J, so if
more than about ten atoms or electrons are
involved in the detection of the infrared
photon, the thermal energy at room tem-
perature can begin to mask the detection
of a single infrared photon. The low tem-
perature required for superconductivity
means less thermal energy interfering
with the detection of photons. In addition,
the quantum nature of superconductivity
means that all the electrons in the material
are behaving as one, even though the
detector has many atoms. The effect of
thermal noise is then reduced even fur-
ther. Transition-edge-superconducting
(TES) detectors operating at about 0.1K
are being developed for many astro-
physics missions because of their extreme-
ly high sensitivity. (See Peter Masons
Space Cryogenics column in the Winter 2011
issue of Cold Facts.)
Another important and very active
research area regarding single photons is
for quantum computing and quantum
communication. The use of a single pho-
ton or two quantum entangled photons
can enable quantum cryptography or
secure communications. In order to han-
dle high data rates the detectors must be
very fast. A relatively new single photon
detector, known as the superconducting
single photon detector (SSPD) was the
subject of many papers at last years
Applied Superconductivity Conference in
Washington DC. Since its invention in
2001 [2, 3], it has become the fastest of sev-
eral single photon detectors with a count-
ing rate in the range of several GHz. Its
speed makes it ideal for quantum comput-
ing or quantum communication.
These SSPDs are made with a mean-
der-shaped superconducting nanowire
(usually NbN) about 4 nm thick and about
100 nm wide deposited on some substrate.
When a photon hits the current-carrying
nanowire anywhere along its length, it
causes a local hot spot that drives the
superconductor into the normal state at
that location, which leads to a voltage
pulse. In addition to their high speed, they
are also unmatched in their low dark
count rate (false reading).
They also can be operated at tempera-
tures around 4K when made with NbN
(Tc10K). Such a temperature is easily
achieved with commercial 4K cryocoolers.
These detectors are useful for single pho-
ton counting in the range from visible to
near infrared. However, their low quan-
tum efficiency of only about 10% when
coupled to an optical fiber has hindered
their use in some applications.
A recent NIST development [4] in
which a tungsten-silicon alloy replaced
NbN led to a quantum efficiency of 19 to
40% over the broad infrared wavelength
range of 1280 to 1650 nm, including bands
used in telecommunications. The authors
expect that when they integrate the detec-
tor with an optical cavity, efficiencies
greater than 80% may be achieved.
Although this new material led to a signif-
icantly higher efficiency, a temperature of
about 2K or less was required.
With all the current research on
SSPDs, we expect to see further improve-
ments in efficiencies and operating tem-
peratures in the near future. Simple
demonstrations in the field of quantum
computing and communications using
entangled photons will surely follow. We
hope that the advantages offered by these
superconducting detectors will be suffi-
cient to negate the disadvantages associat-
ed with their need for cryogenic tempera-
tures.
[1] S. Hecht, S. Schlaer and M.H. Pirenne, "Energy,
Quanta and Vision," Journal of the Optical Society of
America, 38, 196-208 (1942).
[2] G. Goltsman, et al., Applied Physics Letters 79,
705-707 (2001).
[3] A. Semenov, et al., Physica C 351, 349-356 (2001).
[4] B. Beak, et al., Applied Physics Letters 98, 251105
(2011).
What can we do with single photons?
Cryo Frontiers
by Dr. Ray Radebaugh, NIST Boulder, 2009 CEC Collins Awardee, radebaugh@boulder.nist.gov
Industrial Gas &
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Employment Opportunity at ARS
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ARS has an opening for a Cryocooler Engineer with the following
qualifications:
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Strong background in heat transfer, thermodynamics and fluid
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References:
1. Constable and Somerville, A Century of Innovation, National
Academy of Engineering (2011).
2. Zarr, R.R., A history of testing heat insulators at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology, ASHRAE Transactions 2001,
107(2).
3. ASTM C177, Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux
Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus, ASTM International, West Conshohocken,
PA.
4. ASTM C1043, Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design
Using Circular Line-Heat Sources, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA.
5. ASTM C518, Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal
Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus,
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
6. Fesmire, J.E., Augustynowicz, S.D., Scholtens, B.E., and Heckle,
K.W., Thermal performance testing of cryogenic insulation systems,
Thermal Conductivity 29, DEStech Publications, Lancaster, PN, 2008, pp.
387-396.
7. Tye, R.P. 1990. Measurement of thermal insulation perform-
ance: The challenge of the next decade, Intl. J. of Thermophysics, 11(2).
8. ASTM C745, Standard Test Method for Heat Flux Through
Evacuated Insulations Using a Guarded Flat Plate Boiloff Calorimeter,
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
9. ASTM STP 411, 1967. Thermal Conductivity Measurements of
Insulating Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures, ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA.
Call for Insulation Standards
16 www.cryogenicsociety.org
10 10
1 1
3 3
8 8
4 4
2 2
5 5
7 7 6 6
9 9
(All descriptions are from left to right.) 1. Peter Mason was
made a Fellow of CSA. L. Huget, Mason, Doreen Mason, John
Pfotenhauer. 2. Colleagues receive the Samuel C. Collins
Award in absentia for Prof. Chaosheng Hong from Steve Van
Sciver (4th from left). 3. Presentation of the Cryogenics
Journal best paper award. 4. Jeffrey Feller receives the CSA
Award for excellence in Cryogenic Research. 5. Kelly Dixon
receives the CSA George T. Mulholland Award. 6. Mark
Howard Vanderlaan receives the CEC Klaus and Jean
Timmerhaus Scholarship Award from Pat Kelley. 7. Prof. Ren
Flkiger received the ICMC Lifetime Achievement Award.
8-10. Poster sessions fostered lively discussion. 11. At the Linde
party: John Urbin and Klaus Ohlig. 12. Air Liquide hosted a
casino party. 13. At the Cryomafia 25th anniversary party:
Al Zeller, Ed Bonnema, Eileen Cunningham. 14. At the Eden
Cryogenics party: Timothy Grieshop, Peter Mason, Steve
Hensley. 15. Vincent Grillo and Donna Jung (far right) hosted
the Cryomafia party. Jason Cox and Marisa Kopa, center.
16. The 4.2K Fun Run competition. 17. Christina and Hans
Quack. 18. Thierry Trollier, Alain Ravex, Julien Tanchon.
Photos courtesy T. Boehl and T. Nicol.
8 88 8
11 11
12 12
13 13
14 14
15 15
16 16
17 17 18 18
2011 Space Cryogenics Workshop
The 2011 Space Cryogenics Workshop was held in Coeur dAlene, Idaho, June 8-10. Approximately 100
scientists and engineers from all over the world attended to exchange ideas and information. All photo
identifications are left to right. 1. Paper presentation. 2. Attendees enjoyed a scenic dinner cruise on Lake
Coeur dAlene. Alexander Veprick, Ricor; Werner K. Huget, CSA Registered Agent; Mary Bradley; Laurie
Huget, CSA Executive Director, and Peter Bradley, NIST-Boulder. 3. Theresa Boehl, Cold Facts Editor;
Susan Breon, NASA Goddard, and Glen McIntosh. 4. Huget presents certificate of appreciation to SCW
co-chair Wesley Johnson, NASA KSC. 5. Huget awards Peter Lowell, NIST-Boulder, the Best Student
Poster prize. 6. SCW co-chairs Andrew Schnell, NASA Marshall and Johnson ably coordinated the paper
presentations. 7. Huget presents the Best SCW2009 Paper Award to Mark Kimball and Peter Shirron,
NASA Goddard. 8. Leon Hastings, Alpha Technology, enjoys the scenery on the cruise. 9. Huget presents
certificate of appreciation to Schnell. Photos courtesy T. Boehl.
6 6
2 2
1 1
3 3
4 4 5 5
7 7
8 8
9 9
Fermilab Today
reports that nearly 400
scientists met in
Chicago July 25-29 for
SRF2011, the 15th
international confer-
ence on superconducting radio-frequency
technology. SRF2011 was jointly hosted by
Argonne National Laboratory and Fermilab,
with a local organizing team made up of staff
from both laboratories. The five-day meeting
featured talks and poster sessions on the lat-
est techniques for creating high-performance
superconducting radio-frequency systems.
Contributions included topics such as cavity
fabrication, testing and repair; cavity pro-
cessing; cryomodule design, and methods
for controlling the radio-frequency power
delivered to cavities. Scientists also dis-
cussed application of SRF technology in pro-
posed and future projects such as the
European Spallation Source, the
International Linear Collider, Project X,
XFEL, energy recovery linacs and light
sources.
At the conference banquet, Hasan
Padamsee of Cornell University gave a well-
received talk on progress in the field of RF
superconductivity over the last 50 years. The
week concluded with tours of Argonne and
Fermilab.
A wealth of new technical information
was presented at SRF2011, underlining the
vibrant and continued growth of this tech-
nology, said Fermilabs Bob Kephart who,
with Mike Kelly from Argonne, co-chaired
the conference. The next conference will be
hosted in 2013 in Paris by CEA Saclay
Laboratory.
Shown below: Top left: Attendees on an
architectural boat cruise on the Chicago river.
Bottom left: SRF meeting room. Top right: Chase
Boulware and Terry Grimm, both of Niowave,
talk to an attendee at the poster session. Pictured
in the background are Jerry Hollister, Niowave
(left) and John Urbin, Linde. Center: CSA
Executive Director Laurie Huget, left, with Dr.
Lance Cooley, Fermilab. Bottom right: Tom
Peterson of Fermilab talks with an attendee at the
poster session.
Conference Explores Advances in SRF Technology
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CEC/ICMC 2011 Conference Held in Spokane
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The Hague, The Nether|ands
On||ne reg|strat|on dead||ne:
September 8, 2011
www.euoas2011.org
Oonferenoe Oha|rmen
Horst Roga||a, Ensohede, The Nether|ands
Peter Kes, |e|den, The Nether|ands
Oonferenoe Seoretary
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H|story Day: Wednesday, Sept 21, w||| be
devoted to the h|story and perspeot|ves of
superoonduot|v|ty and w||| feature ta|ks from 8
exoe||ent speakers. Attendees w||| reoe|ve the
800-page book, '100 Years of Superoonduot|v|ty."
The Cryogenic
E n g i n e e r i n g
C o n f e r e n c e /
I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Cryogenic Materials
Conference was held
June 13-17 at the
Spokane Convention Center. There were
508 attendees and 107 exhibitors.
Chairs for the event were Al Zeller,
FRIB, MSU, CEC, and Kenneth Marken,
Los Alamos National Labratory, ICMC.
CEC Program Chairs were James
Fesmire, NASA Kennedy Space Center,
with Franklin Miller, UWI-Madison, Vice
Chair; ICMC Program Chair was Michael
Sumption, The Ohio State University.
Awards chairs were Steven Van Sciver,
FSU/NHMFL, CEC, and David
Cardwell, U of Cambridge, ICMC.
Exhibition and Publicity chair was John
Urbin, Linde Cryogenics. Sponsorship
Chair was Kathleen Amm, GE Global
Research Center.
Awards presented at the conference
banquet included the CEC 2011 Samuel
C. Collins Award to Professor Chaosheng
Hong, Technical Institute of Physics and
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, (in absentia).
The ICMC 2011 Lifetime
Achievement Award went to Professor
Ren Flkiger, University of Geneva,
Switzerland.
The 2011 CEC Student Meritorious
Paper Award went to M.J. Cheadle, UWI-
Madison for Analytical Model for a
Pulse Tube Cryocooler Bellows Phase
Shifter and Experimental Results. The
ICMC Student Meritorious Paper Award
for Cryogenic Properties of Hollow
Glass Microsphere/Epoxy Composite
went to Z. X. Wu, Technical Institute of
Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences.
The CEC Russell B. Scott Memorial
Award for the best paper(s) published in
the 2009 Advances of Cryogenic
Engineering was given for Heat transfer
characteristics of four film boiling modes
around a horizontal cylindrical heater in
He II, pp. 1335-1342, by S. Takada, M.
Murakami and N. Kimura as best
research paper. The best application
paper was LARP Nb3Sn quadrupole
magnets for the LHC luminosity
upgrade, pp. 1291-1300, P. Ferracin.
The ICMC award for best supercon-
ducting materials paper went to M.
Takayasu, J. V. Minervini, and L.
Bromberg for Torsion Strain Effects on
Critical Currents of HTS
Superconducting Tapes, pp. 337-344.
The best structural materials paper was,
Thermal Properties of Silicon Nitride
Beams Below 1 Kelvin, pp. 75-82, by G.
Wang, V. Yefremenko, V. Novosad, A.
Datesman, J. Pearson, G. Shustakova, R.
Divan, C. Chang, J. McMahon, L. Bleem,
A. T. Crites, T. Downes, J. Mehl, S. S.
Meyer, and J. E. Carlstrom.
The CEC Klaus and Jean Timmerhaus
Scholarship Award went to Mark
Howard Vanderlaan, Florida State
University.
CSA Awards included Fellow of the
SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3 www.cryogenicsociety.org
21
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Everything in Cryogenics:
PHPK engineers have designed and
delivered the cryogenic propellant
systems used at virtually all U.S.
space launch complexes.
CEC/ICMC 2011 Conference Held in Spokane
Cryogenic Society of America to Dr.
Peter Mason, ret. JPL, California
Institute of Technology; Excellence in
Cryogenic Research, Dr. Jeffrey Feller,
NASA Ames Research Center, and the
George T. Mulholland Award for
Excellence in Cryogenic Engineering to
Kelly Dixon, Thomas Jefferson National
Accelerator Facility.
Dixon wrote the following com-
ments on his award: Thank you for
sending the cash portion of this award
the announcement that I would be
receiving it was nearly as surprising as
the notification that I would be receiving
the George T. Mulholland Award for
Excellence in Cryogenic Engineering!
My initial reaction along with
being surprised was that maybe the CSA
had the wrong person since I could
think of several engineers here at
Jefferson Lab alone that are probably
more deserving. But I've never been one
to toot my own horn and I've been
slowly accepting this honor.
This award is especially meaning-
ful for me since George was the person
to get me interested in cryogenics in the
first place. He did so by his enthusiastic
hands-on description of the workings of
a helium expansion engine upon my last
day as a summer student working at
FNAL. My hope was to work with
George at the 15' Bubble Chamber after
later accepting an engineering position
there but he left for another group as I
ended up working with some very tal-
ented people there, not limited to Jim
Kilmer, Harry Carter, John Urbin and
Wes Smart.
I did later catch up with George
working on the D0 Calorimeter where I
appreciated his unbounded energy
toward solving various technical and
non-technical problems with practical
solutions while unselfishly helping
many of us develop our careers.
My present work includes being
the 12 GeV Project Engineer for the
Cryogenics Department at Jefferson Lab,
one that I am growing into under the
guidance of Dr. Rao Ganni and is less
technical oriented than previous posi-
tions. In addition, I supervise and coor-
dinate the duties of all designers and the
shop foreman within our Department.
We are now preparing for the cold box
and compressors to arrive this fall at the
new CHL 2 that will double our present
capacity to the accelerators, as well as
planning for the equipment that will
supply the Hall D solenoid.
The Cryogenics Journal best paper
award went to I. Catarino, J. Afonso, D.
Martins, M. Linder, L. Duband and G.
Bonfait for 6K Solid State Energy
Storage Unit, Vol. 50, Issue 2, February
2010, pp. 102-110.
Elected to the CEC board were
Jennifer Marquardt, Ball Aerospace;
Jonathan Demko, ORNL, and John
Weisend II, FRIB, MSU.
See our photo galleries of the con-
ference and the exhibits at www.cryo
g e ni c s oc i e t y. or g / ne ws / phot o_
galleries/.
Defining Cryogenics
by Dr. John Weisend II, FRIB Michigan State University, CSA Chairman, weisend@frib.msu.edu
Cryomodule
Cryomodule is a
term that is most com-
monly used to refer to
cryostats that contain
superconducting radio
frequency (SRF) cavi-
ties. Such cavities are
used to accelerate charged particle
beams and are a major component of
modern particle accelerators.
Using the term cryomodule to refer
to cryostats containing SRF cavities
appears to stem from the original
Continuous Beam Accelerator Electron
Facility (now Jefferson Lab) machine
design in the early 1990s in which cry-
omodules were defined as cryostats
that contained four cryo-units (each
with two SRF cavities) and two end
cans. Since then, cryomodule has been
used more generally to refer to the
basic building block of SRF based accel-
erators that contains the cavities.
There is a wide range of accelera-
tors that use cryomodules. These
include: ISAC II at the TRIUMF lab in
Canada, the 12 GeV Upgrade project at
Jefferson Lab, the ATLAS machine at
Argonne National Lab, the FLASH
machine at DESY lab in Germany, and
the ReA3 machine at Michigan State
University. Proposed or under design
accelerators using cryomodules include:
Project X at Fermilab, XFEL at DESY,
ERL at Cornell and FRIB at Michigan
State University. The largest potential
application of cryomod-
ules will be in the pro-
posed International Linear
Collider which will con-
tain roughly 2,000 cry-
omodules.
The design require-
ments for cryomodules can
frequently be quite exten-
sive.Cryomodules must
keep the SRF cavities at
their operating tempera-
ture (typically 2K) and provide connec-
tions for the RF power, cryogenic flu-
ids, particle beam, the mechanism for
adjusting the cavity resonant frequency
and instrumentation.
Cryomodules also frequently con-
tain superconducting magnets for
beam steering and focusing. In order to
permit proper functioning of the SRF
cavities, cryomodules typically have
strict requirements on both alignment
and vibration. Designing cryomodules
that meet these requirements while still
being cost effective and reliable is a sig-
nificant challenge and is an area of
cryogenic engineering that has seen
significant development since 1990.
Cryomodules are custom designed
to meet the accelerator requirements.
Design solutions vary greatly and
depend upon such factors as the shape
of the SRF cavity and its resonant fre-
quency, the number of cryomodules in
the accelerator, the
presence of super-
conducting magnets,
the level of ionizing
radiation and mag-
netic fields present
and the physical lay-
out of the accelerator
enclosure.
Figures 1-3 show
examples of recent
cryomodule designs.
Recent examples of cryomodules
are given in: Assembly, Installation,
and Commissioning of the Atlas
Upgrade Cryomodule, J. Fuerst et al.;
The Injector Upgrade for the
Superconducting Electron Accelerator
S-DALINAC, T. Kruerzeder et al.;
both in Advances i n Cr y o g e ni c
Engineering Vol. 55A; and:
Installation and Commissioning
of the Superconducting RF Linac
Cryomodules for the ERLP, A.R.
Goulden et al. in Adv. Cryo. Engr. Vol.
53B; Commissioning of the ATLAS
Upgrade Cryomodule, P.N.
Ostroumov et al., Proceedings 11th
International Conference on Heavy Ion
Accelerator Technology and The
TESLA Test Facility (TTF) Cryomodule:
A Summary of Work to Date, J.G.
Weisend II et al. in Adv. Cryo. Engr. Vol.
39.
Figure 1. Jefferson Lab C100 Cryomodule. Courtesy J. Hogan, JLab.
Figure 2. ATLAS Upgrade Cryomodule Cavity String
and Cryogenic Piping Suspended from Top Lid. Photo
courtesy P. Ostroumov, Argonne National Lab.
Figure 3. Preliminary design of the FRIB Beta 53 Cryomodule. Image courtesy
M. Johnson/M Leitner FRIB/MSU.
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Hints of Higgs Detected at Tevatron, LHC
Fermilab Today reports that scientists of the CDF and DZero col-
laborations continue to increase the sensitivity of their Tevatron exper-
iments to the Higgs particle and narrow the range in which the parti-
cle seems to be hiding. At the European Physical Society conference in
Grenoble, Fermilab physicist Eric James reported that together the
CDF and DZero experiments now can exclude the existence of a Higgs
particle in the 100-108 and the 156-177 GeV/c
2
mass ranges, expand-
ing exclusion ranges that the two experiments had reported in March
2011.
In late July, the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the European
center for particle physics, CERN, reported their first exclusion
regions. The two experiments exclude a Higgs particle with a mass of
about 150 to 450 GeV/c
2
, confirming the Tevatron exclusion range and
extending it to higher masses that are beyond the reach of the
Tevatron. Even larger Higgs masses are excluded on theoretical
grounds. This leaves a narrow window for the Higgs particle, and the
Tevatron experiments are on track to collect enough data by the end of
September 2011 to close this window if the Higgs particle does not
exist.
The LHC experiments reported at the EPS conference an excess of
Higgs-like events in the 120-150 GeV/c
2
mass region at about the 2-
sigma level. The Tevatron experiments have seen a small, 1-sigma
excess of Higgs-like events in this region for a couple of years. A 3-
sigma level is considered evidence for a new result, but particle physi-
cists prefer a 5-sigma level to claim a discovery. More data and better
analyses are necessary to determine whether these excesses are due to
a Higgs particle, some new phenomena or random data fluctuations.
The CDF and DZero experiments will continue to take data until
the Tevatron shuts down at the end of September.
24
Education in Cryogenics and Superconductivity: Part 1
In the Summer 2005 issue, Cold Facts
featured a story on educational institutions
offering programs or courses in cryogenics,
superconductivity and related fields. The
following is an update to that article. In this
installment, we provide information about
educational institutions in the US. In Part 2,
we will feature institutions outside of the
US, as well educational opportunities out-
side of the traditional classroom (intern-
ships, short courses, etc.)
See something we missed? Those
wanting to contribute additional informa-
tion or include an institution not listed here
should contact Theresa Boehl at
theresa@cryogenicsociety.org, 708/383-
6220 ex. 225. We are seeking information on
universities worldwide, or any other
organization that offers education or train-
ing. Please send information on the type of
program or course, department, topics cov-
ered, prerequisites, research topics, addi-
tional resources for students, and any perti-
nent website or email addresses for
prospective students.
University of WisconsinMadison
UW-Madison offers one course specifi-
cally on cryogenics, taught at the level of a
first-year graduate student or senior-level
undergraduate. It is also possible to take
the course through the UW-Madison
Extension program in the Department of
Engineering Professional Development. In
past years a course on superconductivity
has also been offered, but with the depar-
ture of the Applied Superconductivity
Center in 2006, there has not been sufficient
interest in the course to offer it again. An
additional course is offered on Vacuum
Technology (ME 601), also at the first year
grad student, senior undergrad level. It is
somewhat related to the field of cryogen-
ics, although only peripherally. The cryo-
genics course is cross listed in two depart-
ments: in Mechanical Engineering as ME
566, and in Engineering Physics as NEEP
566.
The cryogenics course covers the fol-
lowing sequence of topics:
History; cryogen properties; refrigera-
tionlarge scale and cryocoolers; instru-
mentation; system design including mate-
rial properties as well as vessel and transfer
line design; safety. Prerequisites include
undergraduate courses on thermodynam-
ics and heat transfer.
The course description can be viewed
at: www.engr.wisc.edu/ep/neep/cours
es/neep566.html.
The University of WisconsinMadison
has a large research program in cryogenics
under the direction of three professors,
Franklin Miller, Greg Nellis and John
Pfotenhauer. The topics are varied, but
include cryocooler development (JT, pulse
tube, hybrid), material properties, heat
transfer mechanisms, sub-kelvin
coolers,and cryopumps.
Check out the on-line game that intro-
duces principles of cryogenic design:
http://coolitgame.net.
Louisiana Tech University
The following courses are offered in
cryogenics, in the Mechanical Engineering
Department: (a) MEEN 434. Cryogenic sys-
tems (undergraduate) (b) MEEN 557.
Special topics (graduateMS and PhD).
There is also a graduate course in
Physics (PHYS 512, Solid State Physics)
that deals with materials at cryogenic tem-
peratures, including superconductivity.
The cryogenic courses are offered
through the Mechanical Engineering
Department.
Cryogenic systems covers: materials at
cryogenic temperatures, including super-
conductivity, liquid properties and safety;
gas liquefaction and refrigeration systems;
separation and purification of gases at
cryogenic temperatures; measurement sys-
tems (temperature, flow rate, liquid level,
etc.) at cryogenic temperatures; design of
dewars and cryogenic fluid transfer lines;
vacuum system technology, as it is utilized
in cryogenics. Generally, the only prerequi-
site is a course in thermodynamics.
Much of the research is directed
toward micro- and nanosystems involving
cryogenics. There is support equipment
(N2 liquefier and Collins He liquefier) for
the Thermal Sciences Lab.
Additional information can be found
on the Louisiana Tech University website,
www.latech.edu.
Georgia Institute of Technology
The Cryogenics and Cryocooler
Laboratory and Research Group is located
in Room 241 of the J. Erskin Love
Manufacturing Building in the George W.
Woodruff School of Mechanical
Engineering at Georgia Institute of
Technology. The labs mission is to perform
experiments, develop theoretical models,
run simulations via computational fluid
dynamics software and develop innovative
and revolutionary applications for scientif-
ic, industrial, military and governmental
use.
Research is being done in the follow-
ing areas: 1. Computational fluid dynamics
Fluent, STAR 2. Numerical modeling
SAGE, REGEN 3. Low temperature cry-
ocoolers 4. Pulse tube cryocoolers 5. Space
studies 6. Tactical cryocoolers 7.
Regenerator modeling 8. Porous mMedia
studies 9. Two-phase flow and 10. Other
thermal science and cryogenic topics.
For more information contact
S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, PhD, PE, mghiaasi-
aan@me.gatech.edu or visit www.me.
gatech.edu/cryogenicslab.
Florida State University
Prof. Steven Van Sciver teaches a
course that is offered every other year in
the Spring semester through the
Mechanical Engineering Department of the
FAMU-FSU College of Engineering. This
course is offered to seniors/graduate stu-
dents. The course teaches properties of
materials at low temperatures; classical
and quantum fluids; cryogenic heat trans-
fer and fluid dynamics; low temperature
refrigeration; instrumentation, and system
engineering.
Prerequisites for the cryogenics course
include a background in thermodynamics,
fluid mechanics and heat transfer, along
with a basic understanding of engineering
materials. It is also recommended that the
students have at least one course in mod-
ern physics.
Prof. Van Sciver also teaches a course
entitled Principles of Magnet
Technology, which covers topics like mag-
net design and superconductivity. The
course is also offered through the mechani-
cal engineering department and is open
with permission to upper division under-
graduates and graduate students in engi-
neering and the physical sciences. There
are no formal prerequisite courses, but a
basic knowledge of electromagnetism and
Education for Cryogenics and Superconductivity: Part 1
properties of materials is highly desirable.
Both classes are cross listed for senior
undergraduate students and graduate stu-
dents. In addition to lectures, the students
are expected to perform a design study
involving the appropriate technology. The
courses also include a tour of the cryogen-
ics and magnet facilities at the National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory in
Tallahassee.
Persons interested in learning more
about these courses may email Prof. Van
Sciver, vnsciver@magnet.fsu.edu.
Michigan State University
At MSU, an Introduction to Cryogenic
Engineering class is offered yearly and
there are opportunities for both graduate
research (PhD) and undergraduate
research experience in the area of helium
cryogenics. These opportunities depend on
funding availability.
This class is offered through the
Mechanical Engineering Department and
the National Superconducting Cyclotron
Lab.
ME 491 Introduction to Cryogenic
Engineering emphasizes the engineering
aspects of cryogenics, including: cryogenic
properties of materials, air separation,
refrigeration, liquefaction, cryostat design,
cryocoolers, two-phase flow, Helium II,
instrumentation, cryogenic safety and the
properties of cryogenic fluids. Basic aspects
of project management are also taught.
Extensive examples are drawn from cur-
rent activities in both industry and
research. The class consists of lectures and
a semester-long design project using real
world problems.
Prerequisites include previous com-
pletion of thermodynamics and previous
or concurrent enrollment in heat transfer or
fluid dynamics classes.
Research in engineering aspects of
cryogenics may be carried out depending
on student interest and available funding.
Possible topics may include modeling,
measurements and optimization of cryo-
genic relief systems, modeling of cryogenic
plant operation, development of innova-
tive current leads and applications of small
cryocoolers.
There are many opportunities for col-
laborative work or research associated with
large-scale cryogenic systems in the
National Superconducting Cyclotron Lab
or the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams proj-
ect.
For more information, contact Prof.
John Weisend, weisend@frib.msu.edu.
Also visit these MSU websites:
ht t p: / / www. nscl . msu. edu/ our l ab/
d i r e c t o r y / p r o f i l e / w e i s e n d ;
http://www.egr.msu.edu/me/.
University of Florida
Prof. Gary Ihas teaches PHY 4550 and
6555CCryogenics, which cover topics
such as cryogenics in the last decade, safe-
ty/disasters, properties of cryogens, cool-
ing below 4K, large scale refrigeration/liq-
uefaction, properties of materials at low
temperatures, insulation, recycling and
instrumentation.
Made possible by a grant from the
National Science Foundation and the State
of Florida, the Microkelvin Research
Laboratory is the largest ultra-low temper-
ature laboratory in the world. The facility is
one of the only two of its kind in the United
States; the second is located at Cornell
University. The research at UF is primarily
concerned with the fundamental proper-
ties of liquids and solids, such as liquid and
solid helium, which have the promise of
revealing new fundamental behaviors at
very low temperatures.
For more information contact Prof.
Gary Ihas, ihas@phys.ufl.edu or visit
http://www.phys.ufl.edu/~mkelvin/.
University of CaliforniaLos Angeles
CH111 and CH211 are undergraduate
and graduate courses offered through the
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Department in Fall of each year.
Topics covered include applications;
safety; material properties; cryogen proper-
ties; heat transfer; thermodynamics; gas
liquefaction; gas separation; cryocoolers;
cryogenic instrumentation; cryogenic
equipment; cryogenic insulation; vacuum
technology; superfluidity and supercon-
ductivity.
Prerequisities include knowledge of
heat transfer, thermodynamics and fluid
dynamics.
More information is available at:
https://courseweb.seas.ucla.edu/class
View.php?term=11F&srs=369366200.
Tufts University
In the near future, a graduate-level
class on cryogenic and superconductivity
will be taught by Dr. Luisa Chiesa at Tufts
University. It will be offered in the
Mechanical Engineering department and
the topics are not well defined yet, but the
class will most likely cover cryogenic sys-
tems and liquid production and supercon-
ductivity and its applications. The prereq-
uisites are undergraduate level physics and
thermodynamics.
Chiesa currently has five graduate stu-
dents who are actively involved in her
research (electromechanical properties of
superconductors), but no undergraduate
involvement so far. The university has a
laboratory with specially designed equip-
ment for such experiments.
For more information, contact Dr.
Luisa Chiesa, Luisa.Chiesa@tufts.edu.
Boston University
PY743Low Temperature Physics is
listed as taught on demand. Students are
taught how to handle and use liquid heli-
um in the Advanced Laboratory Course
PY581 in connection with several experi-
ments such as the Quantum Hall Effect and
an experiment on superconductivity.
CAS PY 543 is taught every year and covers
superconductivity.
For more information, contact Prof. W.
Skocpol, skocpol@physics.bu.edu.
University of Buffalo
While programs are offered at the PhD
level that use cryogenic techniques, these
are not the focus of research. Research is in
spintronics, superconductivity, phase tran-
sitions, magnetic materials, semiconduc-
tors, quantum fluids, metal insulator tran-
sitions. There are no prerequisites as
suchjust completion of graduate courses
and passing the qualifying examination.
There is a dedicated helium liquefier
and large liquid nitrogen storage tank plus
all the dedicated instrumentation to
explore the abovementioned topics.
(Continued on page 30 )
The Space
C r y o g e n i c s
Workshop is spon-
sored by the
Cryogenic Society
of America. It is
held every two
o dd- numb e r e d
years, in the week
b e f o r e ori n
2013t he week
j ust af t er t he
Cryogenic Engineering Conference. This
years conference was held in Coeur
dAlene, Idaho, in early June 2011. It was
chaired by Wesley Johnson of Kennedy
Space Center and Andrew Schnell of
Marshall Space Flight Center. As has been
the practice, there were no parallel ses-
sions and adequate time was allowed for
discussions.
Coeur dAlene is an attractive city of
about 40,000 people in the panhandle of
Idaho. It is about 30 miles from Spokane,
where the Cryogenic Engineering
Conference was held the next week. It is
situated on Lake Coeur dAlene, giving
the organizers the opportunity to host the
conference awards dinner on a cruise on
the lake.
The first SCW was organized by
Professors Carlo Rizzuto of the
University of Geneva and Gustav
Klipping of the Free University of Berlin
in 1980. For a number of years, the SCW
was presented in even-numbered years in
conjunction with the International
Cryogenic Engineering Conference.
These workshops were organized by
European and Asian universities and
research centers. However, since 2004
there have been no ICEC-related work-
shops. In its place, there were four confer-
ences titled European Space Cryogenics
Workshops (ESCW) in 2003, 2005, 2007
and 2010. These focused on European
Space Agency and national space agen-
cies activities in space cryogenics, largely
related to Herschel and Planck missions.
Another ESCW will be held in 2012 or
2013.
The proceedings of this years con-
ference will be published as a special
issue of the journal Cryogenics early in
2012. Attendees will also receive a print-
ed copy courtesy of NASA Kennedy.
The program was organized into the
following topics: missions, components,
analysis, cryocoolers, insulation and
experimentation. A poster session was
also presented with topics in several of
these fields. The agenda is available at
www.spacecryogenicsworkshop.org/me
dia/2011_SCW_program.pdf.
Session 1 Student Poster Session
This session presented seven posters:
1) Lowell et al., Refrigeration of Separate
User-Supplied Payloads with Normal-
Insulator-Superconductor Tunnel
Junctions. Describes the use of normal-
insulator-superconductor tunnel junc-
tions as coolers to achieve 100 mK.
2) Dang, et al., 10 W/90K Single-Stage
Pulse Tube Cryocoolers. A single stage
pulse-tube cooler providing 10 W at 90K.
3) Huang et al., Numerical Survey on a
Fast Cool-Down/Warmup Spatial
Simulator in the Temperature Range
-205C - +150C. A numerical study of a
2' x 2' space simulation chamber to pro-
vide any temperature from -205C (68K)
to 150C. 4) Underwood et al., The Role
of Substrate Properties in Electron
Phonon Coupling in Normal Metals
Below 1K. A study of electron-phonon
coupling at 100 mK in Al doped with Mg;
the use of random fibers for regenerative
material in a pulse tube cooler.
5) Wang et al., Characterization of a
Linear Motor Driven 300 Hz Pulse Tube
Cooler With Random Fiber as
Regeneration Material. A study of the
properties of ionic liquids as high energy
rocket fuels. 6) Johnson, Identification of
New Energetic Fuels for Aero Space
Applications. Ionic liquids have poten-
tial for higher energy-density rocket
fuels. The paper proposes a study of ionic
liquids for such purposes. 7) Zhang, et al.
Demonstration of Liquid Nitrogen
Wicking Using Multi-Layer Metallic Wire
Cloth. A study of wicking forces in a
multilayer cloth laminate to transfer heat
in cryogenic systems in space.
Experimental results are reported.
Session 2 Cryogenic Missions I
This session presented four oral
papers on planned cryogenic missions.
1) DiPirro et al., Design of the PIXIE
Cryogenic System. The Primordial
Inflation Explorer (PIXIE), a NASA
Goddard mission to study the cosmic
microwave background with detectors
cooled by adiabatic demagnetization
coolers (ADR) to provide a 100 mK envi-
ronment for the detectors. 2) Duband et
al., SPICA Subkelvin Cryogenic
Chains. Space Infrared Telescope for
Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA)
subkelvin cooler, a cooler chain terminat-
ing in an ADR. 3) Sato et al.,
Development of Mechanical Cryo-
coolers for the Cooling System of the Soft
X-Ray Spectrometer onboard Astro-H.
Describes mechanical coolers for Astro H
SRS instrument, a cooling chain using JT
cooler, liquid helium tank, and ADR.
4) Shirron et al., Thermal Design and
Performance of a 3-Stage ADR for the
Astro-H Mission. Describes the ADR for
the SRS.
Session 3 Components I
Four papers were presented on com-
ponents of space cryogenic systems. 1)
Smith et al., Vibroacoustic Testing of
Broad Area Cooling Shields. Active cry-
ocoolers are to be used to cool shields for
long-term propellant storage in space.
This paper describes the acoustics testing
of such shields. 2) Urquiza et al.,
Development and Testing of an
Innovative Two-Arm Focal Plane
Thermal Strap. Discussion of the design
of thermal straps with high thermal con-
ductivity and high mechanical flexibility.
The paper describes the mechanical and
thermal testing of such straps. 3) Paper
withdrawn. 4) Scharfstein et al., Metered
Flexure Mounting of Hardware for
Cryogenic Testing. A description of the
testing of kinematic fixtures for optical
components of the James Webb
Telescope. 5) Legrand et al., Cryo
Membrane for the Next Generation
26 SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3
by Dr. Peter Mason, retired, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Visiting Associate, California Institute of Technology, CSA Fellow,
pmason@alumni.caltech.edu
The 2011 Space Cryogenics Workshop
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Space Cryogenics
Upper Stage. Description of a mem-
brane to constrain cryogenic fuels loca-
tion in tanks in zero g. This will allow
restart in space.
Session 4 Analysis I
Three papers describing analysis of
cryogenic components were presented.
One was withdrawn. 1) Farouk et al.,
Numerical Analysis of an OPTR:
Optimization for Space Applications.
Analytical study of the regenerator for a
space-compatible orifice pulse tube
refrigerator. 2) Paper withdrawn. 3)
Pamadi et al., Cryogenic Helium Gas
Circulation System for Advanced
Characterization of Superconducting
Cables and Other Devices. Description
of a circulating helium gas system in
place of a cryogenic liquid system for
studying superconducting cables. 4)
Courts et al., A Standardized Cryogenic
Temperature Sensor for Aerospace
Applications. A proposal by Lake Shore
Cryotronics (CSACSM), who manufac-
ture cryogenic thermometers, for a MIL
standard for such devices. None exists at
present, causing a substantial amount of
work to define requirements for each sep-
arate proposal.
Session 5 Cryocoolers I
Five papers on cryocoolers.
1) Shirron et al., Design of the PIXIE
ADR. A description of the cryogenic sys-
tem for PIXIE. (See Session 2, Paper 1)
The cooling chain starts with radiative
cooling by a mechanical cooler which
delivers 4.5K, then a two-stage ADR
which delivers 100mK and
1-2 microwatts of cooling at the sensors.
2) Luchier et al., Performances of the 50
mK ADR/Sorption Cooler. The cooling
chain is a sorption refrigerator cooling an
ADR which will deliver 50mK at
1 microwatt heat lift. The ADR will oper-
ate for 24 hours, then recycle for 8 hours.
3) Chaudhry et al., A Closed-Cycle
Dilution Refrigerator for Space
Applications. The paper describes a
closed-cycle
3
He-
4
He dilution refrigera-
tor. It is a refinement of the open-cycle
dilution refrigerator used on Planck. 4)
Dang et al., 40K Single-Stage Coaxial
Pulse Tube Cryocoolers. A 40K single-
stage coaxial pulse tube cooler is
described. System design and perform-
ance are presented. 5) Yu et al., Study on
Cold Head Structure of a 300 Hz
Thermoacoustically Driven Pulse Tube
Cryocooler. The paper describes a ther-
moacoustic pulse tube cooler capable of
63K, no load, and 1.16 W at 80K.
Session 6 Insulation
Four papers describe aspects of insu-
lation. 1) Dye et al., Load Responsive
Insulation. Insulation for large space
cryogenic tanks must operate at one
atmosphere before launch and at vacuum
in orbit. The paper describes multilayer
insulation which supports the walls of
the vacuum system before launch, but
relaxes to minimize heat leak in vacuum
after launch. 2) McIntosh et al., Foam
Insulation for a Liquid Oxygen
Densifier. For construction of a large
ground-support liquid oxygen storage
vessel, 7' dia x 30' long, alternate sealing
and flexible foam load-bearing members
are used in the vacuum space. 3) White et
al., Aerogel Thermal Insulation for
Cryogenic Space Applications. Cross-
linked aerogels and MLI are combined to
optimize large-scale storage of cryogens
in orbit and on other planets. 4) Fesmire
et al., Spray-on Foam Insulations for
Launch Vehicle Cryogenic Tanks. This
paper presents an analysis of perform-
ance in the presence of large thermal dif-
ferences and over a large range of pres-
sures.
Session 7 Experimentation I
Five papers describe experiments to
explore behavior of cryogenic systems.
1) Janeke, Cryogenic Shock Wave
Abatement. A description of experi-
ments under way to study shock waves
in cryogenic liquids. 2) Chung et al., An
Experimental Study of Flow Patterns and
Heat Transfer Characteristics During
Cryogenic Vertical Transfer Line
Chilldown. A description of a proposed
experiment to measure the flow patterns
and heat transfer in vertical transfer lines.
A companion to an earlier study in hori-
zontal lines. 3) Boyd et al., Cryogenic
Thermal Vacuum Testing with Remote
Optical Metrology. Description of a test
chamber for testing two optical compo-
nents of the James Webb Space Telescope.
Improvements will be necessary.
(Continued from page 27 )
Space Cryogenics
4) Hastings et al., Thermodynamic
Characteristics of Subcooled Liquid
Methane During Passage through a
S p r a y B a r J o u l e - T h o m s o n
Thermodynamic Vent System. Tests per-
formed in 2006 were reviewed. It was
found that the system was metastable
and therefore, the results were not defini-
tive. 5) Johnson et al., Launch Ascent
Testing of a Representative Altair Ascent
Stage Methane Tank. A large liquid
methane tank as a prototype of a storage
vessel for use in space and on the moon
was tested in ambient pressure and under
vacuum. In particular, data for rapid
depressurization was obtained.
Session 8 Astro-H Mission
Four papers describe the cryogenic
systems for the Soft X-Ray Spectrometer.
1) James et al., Mechanical Design of A 3-
Stage ADR for the ASTRO-H Mission.
The ADR operates inside a tank of liquid
helium during flight. It must be rigidly
supported but thermally isolated from
the liquid. This required complex
mechanical and thermal structures. The
paper describes tests verifying the
planned design. 2) Kimball et al.,
Performance of the Three-Stage ADR
That Provides Cooling of the Soft X-Ray
Spectrometer Aboard Astro-H. The
spectrometer is required to deliver 50mK
for 24 hours with a 2-hour recycle time.
This paper describes the thermal per-
formance of the ADR. It met all require-
ments with a substantial margin. 3) Ezoe
et al., Development of Porous Plug
Phase Separator and Superfluid Film
Flow Suppression System for The Soft X-
Ray Spectrometer Onboard Astro-H. A
sintered stainless steel porous plug will
be used. However, additional heat losses
by superfluid film flow must be sup-
pressed. This will be done by using an
orifice-heat exchanger knife-edge flow
suppressor. The design, fabrication and
successful test of the apparatus are
described. 4) Canavan et al., The Astro H
High Temperature Superconductor Lead
Assemblies. Electrical leads to the ADRs
of the Astro-H systems must carry very
low heat. In earlier Astro missions high-
temperature superconducting YBCO fila-
ments were used, but these are no longer
available. They have been replaced by
thin-film superconductors plated on
metal foil. The performance will be
described in the paper.
Session 9 Experimentation II
Four papers were presented on
measurement and control of liquid fuels
in low gravity. 1) Seo et al. Improved
Estimation of Cryogenic Liquid Volume
under Low Gravity Condition.
Estimation of liquid mass remaining in a
tank in zero gravity is a difficult task usu-
ally solved by measuring the specific heat
by applying a known heat and measuring
the temperature. This has some inaccura-
cy due to temperature gradients in the
tank. This paper describes measurements
of the vertical temperature distribution in
one gravity, which depends on liquid
fraction. Better knowledge of this distri-
bution is used to derive a better estimate
of mass gauging. 2) Chato et al., Testing
of Liquid Acquisition Devices in Liquid
Oxygen at High Flow Rates. Screens
have been used to enable liquid acquisi-
tion. Channel devices are now being pro-
posed. In this paper, the behavior of liq-
uid in channels, including bubble break-
through, are reported. 3) Paper with-
drawn. 4) Jung et al., Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Acquisition Device Bubble Point
Tests with High Pressure LOX at Elevated
Temperatures. An extension of previous
measurements in LOX to higher pres-
sures and temperatures1724 kPa and
122K. 5) Kudlac et al., Thermal Vacuum
Integrated System Test at B2. The NASA
Glenn Research Center Plum Brook
Station (B2) is a very large vacuum test
chamber, capable of holding entire rock-
ets for test under vacuum. It has been
completely refurbished. This paper
reports the modifications and resultant
capabilities. Cold walls are maintained at
77K. A vacuum of 5 x 10
-8
was obtained.
Session 10 Cryocoolers II
Four papers were presented on cry-
ocoolers. Emphasis was on performance
of standard designs.
1) Narasaki et al., Lifetime Test and
Heritage on Orbit of Coolers for Space
Use. A report on the performance of
Sumitomo Stirling and JT coolers opera-
tion in laboratory tests. Three Stirling
coolers have operated for 8.3 to 10 years.
A JT cooler has been tested for 2 years.
Some degradation was noted and is
reported in the paper. 2) Ramsey et al.,
Lifetime Testing of the ABI Cryocooler:
Two Years Complete. The unit is a linear
pulse tube cooler built by Northrup
Grumman Aerospace Systems. It has
achieved 2.27 W at 53K. It has performed
well, except for failures unrelated to the
test itself. 3) Butterworth et al. Air
Liquide Pulse Tube Coolers for Space
Missions. The paper describes prepara-
tion of Air Liquides Large Pulse Tube
Cooler for space applications. 4) Dang, et
al., High-Capacity 60K Single-Stage
Coaxial Pulse Tube Cryocoolers.
Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics
has built a series of single-stage PTCs for
Space application. They have achieved
4.5 W cooling at 60K with input power of
200 W. The paper describes the design
and performance in detail.
Session 11 Analysis II
Five papers were presented on the
analysis and modeling of cryogenic sys-
tems. 1) Majumdar, Thermo-Fluid
Dynamic Modeling of Cryogenic Systems
Using Generalized Fluid System
Simulation Program. NASA Marshall
has developed a very powerful fluid
analysis program, Generalized Fluid
System Simulation Program. The paper
describes the system and describes some
applications. 2) Bolshinsky et al.,
TankSIM: A Cryogenic Tank
Performance Prediction Program.
TankSim is a recently released program
created by University of Alabama and
NASA Marshall to analyze the pressur-
ization rate and the effect of pressure con-
trol techniques of liquids, particularly
fuels, in zero gravity. 3) Walls et al.,
Integrated Thermodynamic Modeling
for a Launch Vehicles Cryogenic Upper
Stage Propellant Tanks. This thermody-
namic modeling program, developed by
Kennedy Space Center, integrates several
techniques to allow modeling of many
aspects of fluid behavior in space.
4) Li et al., Thermal and Fluid Modeling
of the Thermodyamics Cryogen
Subcooler. It is useful to subcool cryo-
genic fuels before launch to extend the
period of zero venting. This device,
29
www.cryogenicsociety.org SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3
developed by NASA Goddard and NASA
Ames, will withdraw some of the hydrogen
fuel and cool it by Joule Thomson expan-
sion, then return it to the main tank.
Detailed analysis is included. 5) Partridge
et al., Mathematical Model and
Experimental Results for a Cryogenic
Densification and Subcooling Using a
Submerged Cooling Source. Here densifi-
cation by pre-launch cooling is used to
increase the fuel on board a rocket.
Session 12 Missions II
1) Frank et al., Concept for an On
Orbit Liquid Hydrogen Test Bed. Long
duration storage in space will be necessary.
This paper describes a long duration 1,000
liter test bed to be developed by Lockheed
Martin. 2) Gravlee et al., Cryogenic
Orbital Testbed (CRYOTE) Development
Status. Ball Aerospace and the United
Launch Alliance propose to develop a ver-
satile on-orbit test bed to support a variety
of experiments relating to the optimization
of fuel storage and usage. 3) Legrand et al.,
CNES Cryogenic Propellant Management
Logic. CNES is developing analysis tools,
laboratory tests and on-orbit tests to enable
multiple restart capability. 4) Notardonato
et al., Active Thermal Control of
Cryogenic Propellants in Space. NASA
KSC is developing concepts for active ther-
mal control systems to reduce heat leak,
and to allow in-space refillable fuel depots.
5) Skriba, Application of Cryogenic H2
Storage to Low-Altitude Electric Powered
VTOL-PAV. The author hypothesizes that
hydrogen fueled personal vertical takeoff
and landing aircraft will be widely popular
in the future. Liquid nitrogen cooling sys-
tems will increase the energy density of the
stored hydrogen fuel.
Session 13 Components II
1) Underwood et al., Solid State NIS
Refrigerators with Technologically Useful
Cooling Power and Temperature
Reduction. Normal-insulator-supercon-
ductor refrigeration (in place of ADRs) is
proposed to enable cooling from 300mK to
100mK to enable the use of advanced cryo-
genic sensors. 2) Rodrigo et al., Dielectric
Studies of a Novel High Pressure Helium
Gas Cooled DC Power Cable. The authors
propose to use cold gaseous helium to
refrigerate superconducting cables to 40 to
50K. The GHe would replace the liquid
nitrogen now widely used. A test facility
has been built to allow measurement of
cables using this system. 3) Volpe et al.,
Localization of the Vapor-Liquid Phase
Interface in the Still of a Dilution
Refrigerator for Space Applications. In
closed-cycle dilution refrigerators, it is nec-
essary to separate the
4
He from the
3
He
after dilution. It is proposed to use the
superfluid fountain effect in a superleak to
accomplish this. The effect has been used
successfully in 1 g tests. 4) Z. Hu, A New
Type of Recuperative Cooling System
Driven by Miniature Thermoacoustic
Expanders (MTAEs). A thermoacoustic
expander is driven in reverse to cool cryo-
genics.
Space Cryogenics
30
For more information, contact Frank
M. Gasparini, fmg@buffalo.edu or visit
www.physics.buffalo.edu.
Cornell University
Cornell has lots of activity in low-
temperature physics, and employs sub-
stantial cryogenic machinery in several
projects including the accelerator complex
at Wilson Lab.
The Laboratory of Atomic and Solid
State Physics is a major center for research
in the area of condensed matter physics
and related areas. It was founded in 1959,
and there are currently 30 faculty mem-
bers of the Department of Physics associ-
ated with the Laboratory. LASSP is a
research center associated with the
Physics Department. All physics research
is associated with one of two research
labs: LASSP and LEPP.
Research in the Laboratory spans
experimental and theoretical studies of
many topics, including low-temperature
helium physics, liquid physics, and mag-
netic phenomena and devices.
For more information, visit:
http://www.lassp.cornell.edu/.
Iowa State University
While there arent any classes per se
on cryogenics or superconductivity at
Iowa State, superconductivity is taught as
part of a special topics course on con-
densed matter physics and other aspects
of experimental solid state physics at the
graduate level . A student picks up on
cryogenics when he/she carries out their
thesis research or works on a special
research project involving cryogenic tem-
peratures.
The Phys 590, Special Topics, B.
Condensed Matter Physics has no
detailed course description except for the-
wording, topics of current interest. The
credits are arranged, and the prerequi-
site is permission of the instructor.
Karl Gschneidner Jr., cagey@ameslab.gov.
Ohio State University
OSU does not offer a course in cryo-
genic engineering. The Physics
Department offers a course on supercon-
ductivity. A course focusing on supercon-
ducting materials and their properties,
offered by MSE, was recently offered for
the Winter and Spring quarters for the
first time.
For more information, contact Dr. Ted
Col l i ngs, col l i ngs@mat sceng. ohi o
-state.edu.
University of Maryland
While no related courses are offered
in the Mechanical Engineering depart-
ment, research using cryogenics is done at
University of Maryland. For information
on one of the projects that deals with cryo-
genic fluid mixing, visit http://
www.enme.umd.edu/combustion/.
University of New Mexico
ME 421/521 is offered at the
University of New Mexico. This course
builds on basic knowledge of thermody-
namics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics
and provides a comprehensive introduc-
tion to thermal systems design and opti-
mization based on the second law of ther-
modynamics. It also includes optimiza-
tion of thermal systems under constraints
of finite size and finite time processes.
Examples from different areas of thermal
science and engineering such as heat
exchangers, heat transfer enhancement,
energy storage, thermal insulation, cryo-
genics, micro-electronic cooling, power,
refrigeration and direct energy conversion
systems are covered in the course. The
course includes an introduction to ther-
moeconomic analysis and optimization.
Arsalan Razani, Razani@unm.edu,
http://www.me.unm.edu/~razani/.
Kansas State University
The Department of Mechanical and
Nuclear Engineering at Kansas State
University does not have a cryogenics
program nor do they offer any courses in
this subject, but they do have two courses
in the general area of thermal systems
design where examples of cryogenic sys-
tems are examined. Both courses are grad-
uate level.
Donald L. Fenton, PE, fenton@ksu.edu.
Washington State University
Cryogenics is seen as an enabling
technological field at Washington State
University. Although courses specifically
on cryogenics are not offered, cryogenic
topics are covered with solid research
groups in thermal-fluids and materials
research in the School of Mechanical and
Materials Engineering.
The HYdrogen Properties for Energy
Research (HYPER) laboratory is dedicated
to hydrogen research at cryogenic temper-
atures. Cryogenic hydrogen properties
research transcends disciplines and ener-
gy scales from quantum spin flips, to liq-
uid hydrogen fuel for commerce and aero-
space, to fusion energy, to antimatter stor-
age.
Columbia University
Columbia does not offer courses in
cryogenics or superconductivity, but the
undergraduate laboratory course
W3081/3082 has two experiments (quan-
tized Hall effect and superconductivity)
that require students to transfer nitro-
gen/helium and make low temperature
measurements. The advanced undergrad-
uate condensed matter physics course
G4018 covers superconductivity as one of
a number of topics, as do graduate cours-
es G6082 and 8083.
Andrew Millis, millis@phys.columbia.
edu.
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F e r m i
N a t i o n a l
Accelerator
Laboratory reports that Dr. Alexander
Romanenko, a Fermilab materials scien-
tist, will receive $2.5 million from the
Department of Energys Office of Science to
expand his innovative research to develop
superconducting accelerator components.
These components could be applied in
fields such as medicine, energy and discov-
ery science.
Romanenko was named as a recipient
of a DOE Early Career Research Program
award for his research on the properties of
superconducting radio frequency cavities
made of niobium metal. The prestigious
award, which is given annually to the most
promising researchers in the early stages of
their careers, includes a $2.5 million award
over five years to continue work in the
specified area.
Romanenkos research links the per-
formance of superconducting radio fre-
quency (SRF) cavities to the quality of the
niobium metal used to make them. In par-
ticular, he investigates specific defects and
impurities in niobium. Although scientists
take painstaking measures to ensure that
the niobium is completely pure and that
the final SRF cavities are free from any con-
taminants, dust or debris, the cavities do
not always perform the way that they
should. Romanenkos research is dedicated
to finding out why that happens. His work
could explain why some SRF cavities are
highly efficient at accelerating charged par-
ticles to high speeds while others are not,
as well as prescribe new ways to make cav-
ities even more powerful.
If Romanenko can isolate the specific
nanostructural effects that cause problems
in cavities, then Lance Cooley,
Romanenkos supervisor and head of the
new Superconducting Materials
Department in Fermilabs Technical
Division, is prepared to direct other scien-
tists to develop ways to prevent or control
them and transfer that knowledge to
industry. This could someday make it pos-
sible to mass-produce nearly perfect niobi-
um cavities as well as lay the groundwork
for cavities made from other superconduct-
ing materials that can perform at higher
temperatures and accelerating fields.
Such high-performance cavities
strung together to create powerful, intense
particle beamswould lead to accelerators
that can be used in industry, in hospitals
and at research institutions. These accelera-
tors are needed, for example, to produce a
range of radioisotopes for medical diag-
nostics and have the potential to treat
nuclear waste, among other applications.
The monetary award will cover part of
Romanenkos research efforts, fund a post-
doctoral associate and a part-time techni-
cian, and pay for advanced analysis tech-
niques used to examine surfaces in the next
five years.
Fermilab Scientist Receives $2.5 Million Award for Innovative Accelerator Work
Below are comments from current stu-
dents and a recent graduate about their
cryogenics/SC educational experiences. In
the next installment, well feature answers
from international students.
Mihir Pathak,
mi hi r @gat e c h. e du,
Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta.
PhD in Mechanical
Engineering, George W.
Woodruff School of
M e c h a n i c a l
Engineering, 2013
(expected). Topics cov-
ered: My PhD topic involves designing and
investigating a two-stage, high capacity,
low temperature cryocooler for space stud-
ies. What topics interest you most? Pulse tube
cryocoolers, staging, hybrid cryocoolers,
high capacity cooling, regenerator model-
ing, numerical and CFD modeling, Rare
Earth materials, low temperature physics,
porous media studies, hydrodynamic and
thermal energy studies, space science, deep
space studies, oscillatory/periodic flow.
What are the strengths of your program? 1.
Industry, academic, government partner-
ships; 2. Recruitment and numerous job
offers upon graduation; 3. Lab, school and
Institute reputationnationally and inter-
nationally; 4. Academic rigor; 5. Innovation
and groundbreaking research; 6. Endless
opportunities and options; 7. Highly suc-
cessful and helpful alumni. Who are your
mentors? Professor S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan
guides me, advises me and mentors me. He
motivates me and challenges me to be the
best researcher I can [be]. He guides me
into successfully accomplishing what ini-
tially seem to be impossible tasks. What are
the challenges of studying cryogenics? Any
high tech, defense field comes with chal-
lenges, otherwise it wouldn't be called fun!
Amir E Jahromi,
ami r@cae. wi sc. edu,
U n i v e r s i t y o f
WisconsinMadison.
P h D, Me c h a n i c a l
Engi ne e r i ng, 2 0 1 4
(expected). What topics
are covered in your pro-
gram? Superfluid heli-
um, Helium II novel
systems, AMRR, dilution refrigerators,
subkelvin coolers, helium II phase flow.
What topics interest you most? Superfluid
helium, helium II properties,
3
He-
4
He mix-
tures and superconductivity. What are the
strengths of your program? Quality of
research and education. Who are your men-
tors? Professor Franklin Miller and
Professor Greg Nellis provide continuous
support in the field. What are the challenges
of studying cryogenics? Lot of time spent on
preparation and little time obtaining
results.
Dr. Jacob Leachman, jacob.leachman
@wsu.edu, Assistant Professor School of
Mechanical and Materials Engineering
Washington State University. Attended
University of Idaho, Moscow Idaho,
University of Wisconsin-Madison (BS
Mechanical Engineering UI 2005, MS
Mechanical Engineering UI 2007, PhD
Mechanical Engineering UW-M 2010, PhD
minor Nuclear Engineering UW-M
2010). What topics in cryogenics or supercon-
ductivity were covered? Cryogenic
Engineering Laboratory at UW-Madison,
graduate course in cryogenics, most topics
covered. What topics interested you most as a
student? Hydrogen at cryogenic tempera-
tures. Who were your mentors? Richard
Jacobsen, John Pfotenhauer and Greg
Nellis. What advice would you give someone
looking to study cryogenics, superconductivity
or a related field? Come to Washington State
University! Seriously, though, it's a good
field with a currently high demand for
qualified graduates. Cryogenics demands
that you be a very well rounded engineer.
32 www.cryogenicsociety.org SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3
NY Superconductor Summit Celebrates Centennial
It was a
day to recog-
nize the indus-
trys first pio-
n e e r a n d
todays current
t e c h n o l o g y
leaders and championsin the field of
superconductivity as more than 100
technologists, business leaders, legisla-
tors and college representatives came
together for the 2nd Annual New York
State Superconductor Technology
Summit on August 5. Held this year in
Schenectady, New Yorkan area
known as the Capital Region and home
to several leading superconductor com-
panies, including SuperPower (2G HTS
wire), GE Global Research (MRI and
other research) and Philips Medical
Systems MR (MRI)the event provided
a platform to reinforce the states
unique opportunity to play the lead role
in supporting and capitalizing on this
game-changing technology.
Advanced work is being conducted
by New York organizations, academic
institutions and national laboratories in
areas such as the smart grid, renewable
energy applications, power transmis-
sion, MRI, wireless communication net-
works and advanced computing.
With its theme of celebrating the
100-year anniversary of the discovery of
superconductivity, the Summit paid
special tribute to Dutch physicist Heike
Kamerlingh Onnes, who in 1911 discov-
ered that resistance vanished when cur-
rent was passed through mercury
cooled to near absolute zero. As noted
in the keynote centennial address by
renowned science journalist and Onnes
biographer Dr. Dirk van Delft, Director,
Museum Boerhaave (Leiden), Onnes
built a cryogenic laboratory of interna-
tional status, staffed it with the best tal-
ent available, and managed it with an
industrial approachall of which were
fundamental to his success.
Coordinated through the joint
efforts of SuperPower (CSA CSM), GE
Global Research, Philips Medical
Systems MR, and the Schenectady
Chapter of the IEEE, the Summit fea-
tured presentations on the current state
of the technology, lively panel sessions
on superconductor applications and
research, exhibits and networking
opportunities.
In addition to providing an out-
standing opportunity to showcase the
unique New York connection with
superconductor technology, the Summit
series allows us to educate our leader-
ship on its economic impact to the state,
and excite students to enter the fields of
science, technology, engineering and
mathematics, said Traute Lehner, Sr.
Director, Marketing and Government
Affairs at SuperPower Inc, and member
of the Summit organizing committee.
This years Summit was especially
exciting because it presented an oppor-
tunity to recognize the centennial
anniversary of the discovery of super-
conductivity.
More than a dozen supercon
ductor-related companies, including
CardioMag Imaging (Magneto
CardioGraphs), Chart Industries/Q-
Drive (cryogenic equipment) (CSA
CSM) and Hypres (digital superconduc-
tor electronics) (CSA CSM) call New
York home. In addition, a number of
academic institutions and national labo-
ratories located in the state are provid-
ing leading research and development
in the technology, including Stony
Brook University, Syracuse University,
Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, SUNY
Binghamton, and the College of
by Ken Zeszutko, Summit participant and special contributor, zeszutko@hypres.com
As part of the celebration, demon-
strations, networking, technical and
business discussions, and idea-sharing
that took place at the 2nd Annual New
York State Superconductor Technology
Summit, more than 20 industry leaders
were recognized by their peers for con-
tributions to the research, development
and commercialization of superconduc-
tivity in New York State over the past
century.
Among the honorees recognized
was Dr. Ivar Giaever (GE and
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), 1973
Nobel Prize winner for his discovery of
tunneling in superconductivity. The
other recognized New York Leaders in
Superconductivity were:
Dr. Kathleen Amm, GE Global
Research; Dr. Ivan Bozovic, Brookhaven
National Laboratory; Dr. J. C. Seamus
Davis, Brookhaven National Laboratory;
William E. and Peter E. Gifford,
Cryomech; Dr. Ramesh Gupta,
Brookhaven National Laboratory; Drew
Hazelton, Intermagnetics and
SuperPower; Richard Hitt, Hypres; Dr.
Peter Johnson, Brookhaven National
Laboratory; Dr. A. Kamal Kalafala,
Intermagnetics and Philips; Dr. Mark
Ketchen, IBM; Dr. Evangelos Trifon
Laskaris, GE Global Research; Dr. Qiang
Li, Brookhaven National Laboratory;
Garry Morrow (retired), Intermagnetics
General Corporation; Carl H. Rosner,
GE, Intermagnetics and CardioMag
Imaging; Dr. William Sampson,
Brookhaven National Laboratory; Dr.
Venkat Selvamanickam, Intermagnetics
and SuperPower; Dr. Vasili Semenov,
IBM and Stony Brook University;
SuperPower team; Dr. Elie Track,
Hypres; Dr. John Tranquada,
Brookhaven National Laboratory; Dr.
Peter Wanderer, Brookhaven National
Laboratory; Robert Wilcox (retired),
Intermagnetics and Philips.
Left to right: Dr. Quintin Bullock, president,
Schenectady County Community College; Traute
Lehner, SuperPower (CSA CSM), and member of
the Summit organizing committee; US
Congressman Paul Tonko; Dr. Kathleen Amm, GE
Global Research, and member of the organizing
committee; Dr. Michael Parizh, Philips Medical
Systems, and member of the organizing commit-
tee; Art Kazanjian, General Manager,
SuperPower, and Francis J. Murray, President and
CEO, NYSERDA.
New York Honors
Superconductor
Technology Leaders
33
What projects are you involved in now? My work involves development of
semiconductor devices (diodes and transistors) for operation at cryogenic tempera-
tures, down to as low as liquid helium temperatures for certain applications. The
idea is improved performance, such as better signal-to-noise for preamplifiers, or
reduced losses for power converters.
Currently, what are the biggest challenges you face in your projects? The
biggest challenges relate to semiconductor device design and fabrication. However,
heat removal at cryogenic temperatures is also a serious challenge.
What future developments would help solve this? I would like to see a small
cryocooler, of modest cooling power, something like a thermoelectric cooler but able
to reach 20-40K. It should be electrically powered and self-contained (except for the
waste heat output) and not require any external apparatus or fluids. Such a cry-
ocooler would be very useful for spot cooling of critical electrical components to
improve signal-to-noise, or frequency or speed capability.
What projects are you involved in now? Development of sub-femtotesla sensi-
tivity magnetic field sensors.
Currently, what are the biggest challenges you face in your projects? Extending
bandwidths to tens of MHz and beyond (and of course, the usual need for funding).
What future developments would help solve this? Discovery and development
of room temperature superconducting materials that are ductile and have coherence
lengths that are at least 2 nm. For my application, the current carrying capability of
the wire needs only to be at the 0.001 - 0.01 amp level.
What projects are you involved in now? Thermal storage units, gas-gap heat
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www.cryogenicsociety.org SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3 34
Nanoscale Science and Engineering at the
University at Albany. A reference guide
listing the New York organizations
involved in superconductivity, supporting
technologies and efforts was made avail-
able at the Summit.
Superconductivity has proven to be
vital to many technology sectors, and has
the potential to be a major player in our
energy future as we look to make electric
transmission more efficient and reliable,
and also look to bring renewable sources
into the mix, said US Congressman Paul
Tonko, as he addressed Summit partici-
pants. The Capital Region is home to cut-
ting edge research on superconductivity
and, as we celebrate the first 100 years, we
can look forward to an even brighter
future for a hightech industry that will
play a key role in powering New Yorks
economy.
David Connors, the regional director
from the Albany office of US Senator
Kirsten Gillibrand was also on hand to
express the senators support for the con-
tinued growth in the technology, and
Acting Mayor Gary McCarthy of the City
of Schenectady officially proclaimed the
day Superconductivity Day.
I am very pleased to be a part of this
second Summit. The general public is
most familiar with superconductivity in
the medical imaging application, and we
look forward to the benefits that addition-
al advances in MRI capability can bring,
said Francis J. Murray Jr., President and
CEO, New York State Energy Research
and Development Authority (NYSERDA),
and moderator for one of the panel ses-
sions. But it is the emerging applications
from electric power generation and deliv-
ery to utilization by motors or high per-
formance computing that we need to
develop. The overall importance of trans-
mission and distribution R&D in main-
taining and increasing grid integrity and
reliability cannot be overstated.
A recurring theme during the Summit
was the far reaching applications super-
conductor technology provides for com-
mercial and government markets and aca-
demia. Another common discussion point
was the importance of successfully com-
municating with legislative officials and
other funding decision makers about the
benefits of the technology and the need for
continued support. As Professor Dr.
Ronald Bucinell of Schenectadys Union
College noted, the engineer of the future
needs to not only develop a good idea, he
or she must also be able to effectively com-
municate that idea and its importance to
the public.
The event kicked off with an exciting
start thanks to a sneak peak showing of
MTECH Laboratories (high power cryo-
genic inverters) movie, Superconductivity
A Century and Beyond. Currently a work
in progress, the completed film will pro-
vide a history of the major technical
advancements of the technology, and will
feature interviews, images and cutting
edge animation to help audiences under-
stand and visualize superconductor con-
cepts and applications.
Prior to the start of the panel session
portion of the Summit, Dr. James Bray, GE
Global Research, provided an overview of
the current state of superconductors with
electrical technology. Dr. John van der
Koijk, Philips Medical Systems MR, pro-
vided an update on superconductor appli-
cations in the medical arena, and Dr.
Venkat Selvamanickam, SuperPower, dis-
cussed recent advancements in supercon-
ducting wire production.
The morning panel session, moderat-
ed by Murray, addressed Commercial
and Developing Applications of
Superconductivity. Panel members
included John Corey, Chart Industries/Q-
Drive, Stan Blazewicz, National Grid (host
of the Albany HTS cable project), Dr.
Kiruba Haran, GE Global Research, Dr.
Elie Track, Hypres, and Dr. Michael
Parizh, Philips Medical Systems MR. The
discussion focused on strategies related to
moving a good idea forward to R&D,
and then ultimately to the manufacture of
a commercial product.
The Research and Trends in the
Development of Superconductivity panel
session was moderated by Dr. Britton
Plourde, Syracuse University. Panel mem-
bers included Dr. Peter Wanderer,
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Dr.
Sunil Labroo, College at Oneonta and APS
NY Section, Dr. Quintin Bullock, President
of Schenectady County Community
College, Dr. Laszlo Mihaley, Stony Brook
University, and Dr. Ronald Bucinell,
Union College. Among the topics dis-
cussed was the importance of ensuring
that schools have the resources and indus-
try relationships in place to continue to
produce the next generation of innovators.
The Superconductivity Summit
series provides a great opportunity to con-
nect with the current and upcoming lead-
ers in superconductivity technology, said
Peter Gifford, President, Cryomech (cry-
ocoolers) (CSA CSM). It provides terrific
insight into the new applications, chal-
lenges and opportunities coming down
the road.
New York is the world capital in tech-
nology, in general, and superconductivity
in particular, explained Dr. Michael
Parizh, Philips Medical Systems MR. The
Summit and its format provided an excel-
lent opportunity to showcase the depth
and breadth of the field, he noted.
NY Superconductor Summit Celebrates Centennial
Audience members listen attentively during the
Commercial and Developing Applications of
Superconductivity panel session.
Peter Gifford and William Gifford (posthumously) of
Cryomech were among those honored as "New York
State Leaders in Superconductivity. Pictured with
Gifford (third from the left) are Summit organizing
committee members (l to r) Traute Lehner,
SuperPower, Dr. Kathleen Amm, GE Global Research,
and Dr. Michael Parizh, Philips Medical Systems.
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www.cryogenicsociety.org SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3 36
INOXCVA: New Facility, Partnerships
Serving the
industrial gas industry
with reconditioned
equipment
For more than 30 years, CCH
Equipment has offered customers
dependable equipment and service.
Services and Capabilities
Air Separation Plants
Cryogenic (ASU) Plants
-Gaseous / Liquid
-Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon, Helium
VSA Oxygen & Nitrogen Plants
Gas Storage Systems
* ASME * DOT * Mil-Spec
High Pressure Vessels
Process Tanks
DOT Tube Trailers
DOT ISO Skids
Cryogenic Equipment
Storage Tanks
Customer Stations
Vaporizers
Pumps
Piping
Compressors
* Helium * Hydrogen * Oxygen * Air
Rotary Screw
Centrifugal
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CDA Systems
Industrial Equipment
Pumps:
* Vacuum * Fuel * Water * Chemical
Bone Yard: 6 Acres of Surplus
Equipment
Complete Turn-Key Capability
Design
Fabrication
Piping Systems
Installation *WORLDWIDE*
Fully reconditioned equipment
carries a 90-day to 1-year warranty.
Contact:
Craig@cchequipment.com
Ph: 972-937-3597 Fax: 972-923-2564
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www.cchequipment.com
Spotlight on New Sustaining Member
INOXCVA is the combined enterprise of
Cryogenic Vessel Alternatives and Inox India
Limited. Cryogenic Vessel Alternatives is the
worlds largest manufacturer of cryogenic
equipment including transport trailers,
ISO/IMO containers, and truck mount trail-
ers. Cryogenic Vessel Alternatives also offers
repair services at our facilities and direct to
the customers site. INOXCVA strives to
deliver the best in quality, performance, time-
ly delivery and outstanding customer service.
Ten years after its inception in 1999,
Cryogenic Vessel Alternatives has facilities
located in the United States, Canada and
China. CVA is a leader in cryogenic transport
and distribution. Cryogenic products offered
include transport trailers, horizontal bulk
tanks, vertical bulk tanks, ISO/IMO contain-
ers, mini-bulk delivery systems, mobile cus-
tomer stations, skid mounted tanks, micro-
bulk storage and cryobiological dewars. CVA
also expanded its offerings and moved into
the manufacture of oilfield well stimulation
equipment in 2008. The well stimulation
product lineup includes frac units, double
fluid pumpers, a variety of nitrogen pumpers
and more.
In December of 2009, Inox India Ltd,
Indias largest cryogenic engineering compa-
ny, acquired a majority interest in CVA. INOX
India Limited, a part of US$2 billion capital
INOX group of companies, offers comprehen-
sive solutions in cryogenic storage, vaporiza-
tion and distribution engineering. Together
the INOXCVA entity is the second largest
company in the world offering cryogenic stor-
age, transportation and distribution products
to the global market.
2011 saw INOXCVA inaugurate its
newest 90,000-square-foot manufacturing
facility in Baytown TX. This new plant is
located at the Ameriport Industrial complex
and offers rail access and is close to an inter-
state highway and a shipping terminal. The
plant produces horizontal and vertical bulk
storage tanks as well as oilfield service equip-
ment.
INOXCVA manufactures and delivers its
cryogenic, LNG and oilfield equipment from
its two locations in Texas. Oilfield equipment,
vertical bulk tanks and railcars are built and
delivered from 1301 Transport Drive in
Baytown TX. Transport trailers, small tanks,
and LNG equipment, including the mobile
refueling station, are built at 9528 Warren
Road in Mont Belvieu TX. Portacryo micro-
bulk systems are brought in and finalized in
Mont Belvieu, and Cryoseal cryobiological
dewars are brought directly from the Inox
plant.
With regard to LNG, INOXCVA has part-
nered with transport industry pioneers to
overcome the deficiencies in the LNG fuel
infrastructure. The popular solution is an
LNG mobile refueling station that can fill two
roles. First, the mobile fueler can be operated
as a semi-permanent LNG fueling station,
installed wherever the customer needs it.
Second, the mobile fueler can operate as a
service vehicle for any company looking to
deploy the fueler to refuel its own fleet vehi-
cles after hours or for any service company
looking to offer LNG fuel service to compa-
nies or municipalities in this same type of sce-
nario. The mobile refueler is loaded with safe-
ty features and automated systems allowing
for speed and ease of use with minimal
demand on the operator. INOXCVA has long
been a leader in cryogenics transport and stor-
age equipment and is proud to be a part of the
solution to a greener future with LNG.
Another recent development at
INOXCVA is the expansion of the product line
to include cryogenic railcars. INOXCVA
teamed up with Linde North America to pro-
duce a new cryogenic argon railcar to replace
Lindes aging fleet. According to John P.
Smith, Fleet Engineering at Linde, After
reviewing replacement costs, payload
improvements, and thermal efficiency offered
in new railcars, it was INOXCVA that stood
out.
Visit www.inoxcva.com for more infor-
mation.
Pictured at top: cryogenic railcar. Bottom: LNG
mobile refueler.
38
Nominations Open for Enhanced Roger W. Boom Award
The Roger W. Boom Award is named
in honor of the emeritus professor from the
University of Wisconsin. Dr. Booms career
spanned more than thirty years during
which he motivated a large number of
young scientists and engineers to pursue
careers in cryogenic engineering and
applied superconductivity. He was pas-
sionate in his commitment to bringing
young persons into the field.
This award was created by the CSA to
be given to a young professional (under 40
years of age) who shows promise for mak-
ing significant contributions to the fields of
cryogenic engineering and applied super-
conductivity. The spirit of the Boom Award
is to recognize young people for their pur-
suit of excellence, demonstration of high
standards and clear communications. The
Boom Award is usually given every even-
numbered year, coinciding with the
Applied Superconductivity Conference
(ASC). The next award will be presented at
ASC in Portland in October 2012.
Dr. Boom, through his nephew, Rod
McKenzie, has graciously funded this
award and it will now carry a monetary
prize of $1,000, a plaque with Dr. Booms
image on it, and a one-year complimentary
membership in CSA.
Complete nomination packages
should be sent to the Executive Director of
CSA, who will forward the materials to the
chairman of the Boom Awards Committee
within 5 days. Applicants will be judged
by the committee, which consists of indi-
viduals familiar with Dr. Booms career.
The committee is presently chaired by Dr.
Steven Van Sciver, who worked closely
with Dr. Boom. The CSA Board of
Technical Directors will make the final
determination of the award.
Selection Criteria: Candidates for the
Roger W. Boom Award must be at the time
of application under 40 years of age and
permanently employed by US industry,
government laboratories or universities.
The particular area of expertise of the can-
didate is not a criterion, but industrial
experience is desirable.
Nomination packages must be
received by the selection committee no
later than December 1 of each year. The
package should contain: a letter of nomi-
nation from a colleague of the candidate; a
copy of the candidates vita, and no more
than two letters of support from senior
individuals familiar with the candidates
credentials.
A printable form to fill out and send
along with the nomination package is
available online at www.cryogenic
society.org/media/nomination_form_
boom_award.pdf. Nomination packages
should be sent to Dr. Steven W. Van Sciver,
Chair, Boom Selection Committee,
NHMFL, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive,
Tallahassee, FL 32310; he may be reached
at vnsciver@magnet.fsu.edu.
Cold Facts polled past Boom
Awardees for their thoughts on the award.
We asked what work they are doing now,
what are some of their accomplishments
since receiving the award, what motivated
them to pursue a career in the field of cryo-
genics/superconductivity and whether
the award spurred them to further accom-
plishments.
Dr. Christopher M.
Rey, formerly at Dupont
Superconductivity, now
Distinguished Scientist
at Oak Ridge National
Labor at or y, i s t he
Ce nt r a l S o l e no i d
Systems Manager for the US ITER project
office located at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Rey was the fist Boom
awardee, in 1998.
[Rey notes: ITER (Latin for the way)
is a major international research project
with the goal of demonstrating the scientif-
ic and technological feasibility of fusion
energy. The fusion power generated will
be up to ten times greater than the external
power delivered to heat the plasma. ITER
is designed to be the premier scientific tool
for exploring and testing expectations for
plasma behavior in the fusion burning
plasma regime, wherein the fusion process
itself provides the dominant heat source to
sustain the plasma temperature. It will
provide the scientific basis and plasma
control tools needed to move toward the
fusion energy goal.]
Among his accomplishments since
receiving the Boom, he lists two beautiful
daughters, Samantha and Lillian. He
served as Program Manager and Principal
Investigator for two Superconductivity
Partnership Initiatives (SPIs) sponsored by
the Department of Energy. While at
DuPont Superconductivity in Wilmington
DE, along with two other colleagues, he
pioneered a new field in Magnetically
Enhanced Solid-Liquid Separations. He
was Principal Investigator for the Oak
Ridge portion of Project Hydra. This was a
collaboration between American
Superconductor, Ultera (a Southwire/nkt
cables joint venture), the Center for
Advanced Power Systems, Los Alamos
National Laboratory and the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory to design, fabricate
and test a 25-m, 4000 Arms, 15 kV distribu-
tion class cable with inherent fault-current
limiting capability.
Rey said that Applied Supercon
ductivity was a fascinating topic with
enormous potential to make the world a
better place and have a positive impact on
the environment. Superconductivity is one
of only a handful of macroscopic quantum
phenomena and working on real world
applications of a quantum technology fas-
cinated him.
He concluded: I think positive recog-
nition of any kind helps spur an individual
on to more achievement. I was delighted to
be named the first recipient and have been
supremely impressed by the young talent-
ed individuals who followed. Now, the
hardest part has been accepting that I am
fast becoming an old timer.
Prof essor J ust i n
Schwartz was at NHMFL
in 2000, when he received
the Boom. He is now
Kobe Steel Distinguished
Prof essor and Head,
Department of Materials
Science and Engineering,
NC State University, is
now doing R&D in high temperature
superconductors (processing and failure
modes), superconducting magnets
(quench protection), and related key mate-
rials (insulation, Ag-alloys, sensors). He
has led a NHMFL team that was first to
generate 25 T with an HTS insert magnet.
I was first attracted to fusion power
R&D, and found superconductivity to be
an exciting area of importance to fusion
and many other applications as well. It
was, and continues to be, a fun research
arena that combines basic science, engi-
neering and potentially impactful technol-
ogy.
Nominations Open for Enhanced Roger W. Boom Award
Dr. Chao Wang,
Di r e c t o r o f R&D,
Cryomech, Inc., is work-
ing with cryocoolers and
cryogenic systems relat-
ed to cryocoolers.
Since receiving the
Boom in 2002, he devel-
oped and commerci al -
i zed t he worlds first 4K and 10k pulse
tube cryocoolers, as well as high power
and high efficient single stage GM cry-
ocoolers for 20K to 7K applications. He
also developed and commercialized the
worlds first helium liquefiers and re-lique-
fiers with 4K pulse tube cryocoolers and
developed and commercialized the helium
recovery systems and helium purifier.
He said, Cryogenics has many areas
which need to be explored and one can
have exciting results after studying. He
said the award did help spur his further
accomplishments.
Dr. Terry L. Grimm,
f ormerl y Accel erat or
R&D Division, NSCL,
MSU, i s now Pres-
i de nt a nd S e n i o r
S c i e n t i s t , Niowave,
Inc. Prior to f oundi ng
Ni owave, Grimm was
instrumental in develop-
ing the successful proposal to the
Department of Energy that resulted in the
Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) now
under construction at Michigan State
University.
Since receiving the Boom award in
2004, Grimm has spent most of his energy
founding and developing Niowave.
Founded in 2005, Niowave specializes in
superconducting particle accelerators, and
is currently the only company in the world
capable of designing, building, testing, and
deploying turn-key superconducting elec-
tron accelerators.
Niowave has received numerous
regional, national and international recog-
nitions for commercialization of supercon-
ducting particle accelerators, including
being named 2010 Small Business of the
Year for the Department of Energy and the
2010 IEEE Rosner Award for Entre-
preneurship in Superconductivity.
Grimm became interested in the appli-
cations of superconductivity during his
graduate school work on gyrotrons and
high magnetic field solenoids at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
After receiving his PhD, he began working
in the superconducting field and quickly
saw the numerous commercial applica-
tions of this emerging field. Receiving the
Boom Award from the CSA helped inspire
Grimm with the confidence necessary to
start Niowave.
Dr. Jeffrey Parrell,
V i c e P r e s i d e n t -
Engi neer i ng, Oxf ord
Superconducting Tech
nol ogy, i s managi ng
OST's development pro-
grams for LTS and HTS
materials, working to
improve their perform-
ance and broaden their commercial appli-
cation. At present he is leading a major
project to produce Nb3Sn conductor for
ITER. It is exciting to be involved with
such an important endeavor.
He said, I was just finishing high
school at the time of the discovery of high
temperature superconductors. The materi-
als and potential applications sounded so
interesting to me that I pursued training in
materials science and engineering.
Parrell said receiving the Boom award
in 2006 was a nice surprise, and it did rein-
force to him the value of working consis-
tently to achieve a goal.
Dr. Gregory Nellis,
Kaiser Professor of
Mechanical Engineering,
University of Wisconsin-
Madison, reports, It was
an honor to recieve this
award in 2008. Right
now he is primarily
teaching with some
research.[Editors note:
Dr. Nellis is consistently highly praised by
his students.]
His primary accomplishment has been
the publication of a heat transfer textbook
(with Professor Klein) in 2010. Professor
Klein and Nellis have also written a ther-
modynamics textbook scheduled for publi-
cation in the fall of 2011.
I was motivated to pursue a career in
cryogenics after working on active mag-
netic refrigeration systems in the
Cryogenics Lab at MIT, said Nellis.
Dr. Philippe J.
Masson is Senior
Scientist, Advanced
Magnet Lab, and also
Editor for Large Scale
Applications, IEEE
Transactions on Applied
Superconductivity,. He
also serves as Co-Editor for the European
Superconductivity News Forum. He was
our 2010 Boom awardee.
Currently he is working on the design
of a 10 MW direct drive superconducting
generator for wind turbines and develop-
ment and experimental validation of sizing
models for superconducting rotating
machines for NASAs N+3 aircraft turbo-
electric propulsion.
He explained, These projects involve
work in the area of quench propagation in
superconductors, AC losses in supercon-
ducting stators modeling and measure-
ments, numerical modeling and
MultiPhysics simulations.
Since receiving the Boom Award, he
received a three-year grant from NASA to
resume work on superconducting
machines for turbo-electric propulsion for
the next generation aircraft. He also
received funding from DOE to work on
superconducting generators for large wind
turbines. He was invited to present as part
of the plenary session on the 100th
anniversary of the discovery of supercon-
ductivity at the Cryogenic Engineering
Conference.
He noted, I first learned about super-
conductivity during a demonstration at the
university by one of my professors of elec-
trical engineering when I was a graduate
student. He had a small magnet levitating
on top of an YBCO pellet. I was fascinated
and I started to read about the phenome-
non right after class that very day. Thats
when I decided I wanted to work in the
field of applied superconductivity.
Not available for comment: Dr. Franz
J. Baudenbacher, Vanderbilt University.
40
Cryogeni c
Machinery was
founded in 1969
and incorporat-
ed in 1978 by Peter Fritz, known as the
Pump Guru. Fritz was born in Hungary
and came to the United States in 1956.
After graduating Drexel University with a
Masters degree in Mechanical
Engineering, he worked for a few years
designing cryogenic centrifugal pumps
and doing consulting work in the industry.
He then founded Cryogenic Machinery
(CRYO-MACH). Soon after, he brought
his 15-year-old son, Peter Ungar, into the
business.
"I remember starting out cleaning the
floors and scrubbing parts, and later
learned how to build seals and pumps; it
was my first job, Ungar said. Thirty-nine
years later and also holding an engineer-
ing degree, Ungar is still with Cryogenic
Machinery and is now President.
The company offers a full line of cryo-
genic horizontal centrifugal pumps for the
liquefied gas industry. They also manufac-
ture cryogenic seals including mechanical,
non-contacting and labyrinth seals, cus-
tom purge gas panels and labyrinth seal
gas panels, and all replacement pump
parts as well. They supply accessories
such as electric motors, strainers, flexible
hoses, mating flanges for pumps, motor
starters and variable frequency drives.
The company is a full service repair
shop for almost all cryogenic pumps and
seals. Pumps, parts and seals are shipped
in from all over the world for evaluation,
repair or replacement. Cryogenic
Machinery works with companies to eval-
uate their liquid gas needs and provide the
best possible performance by helping and
consulting with customers.
We believe that our customer sup-
port is one of the best in the industry. We
have a lot of knowledge in this field from
our extensive years in this industry,
Ungar stated.
Cryogenic Machinery designs and
manufactures all of their product line in
the US. Ungar added, We take great pride
in being a true American company. We
refuse to compromise by outsourcing
overseas labor and materials for their
pumps. We set very high standards and
perform 100 percent inspection of all the
products that come in and out of our facto-
ry in North Hollywood CA.
Cryogenic Machinery uses the latest
in CAD and CFD software to design and
enhance the best performance of our
pump line. Thermodynamic and stress
analysis software help their engineers to
create the most reliable and safe products
on the market.
After the design process a CMM
(coordinate measuring machine) is used to
inspect manufactured parts. The machine
measures with a Linear Accuracy .00018" +
.000006"/in and can generate detailed
dimensional reports to easily verify that
parts are within specifications. Since we
acquired the CMM, machinists are more
careful when doing our parts because
nothing gets by us. We are always looking
for ways to improve our products and
services. It is very exciting as technology
continues to progress to incorporate that
into our products, according to Ungar.
Contact Cryogenic Machinery Corp.,
7306 Greenbush Ave., North Hollywood
CA 91605, 818/765-6688, info@
cryomach.com.
Image generated by CFD software
Spotlight on Sustaining Members
Lydall Insulation Chosen for LNG Vacuum Jacketed Piping Project
Lydall has
announced that
its high perform-
ance cryogenic
insulation was chosen by Cryeng Pty Ltd
(Australia) to insulate a very sizable vacu-
um jacketed piping project to support new
LNG loading terminals in Australia. This
project, strategic for both companies glob-
al growth plans, demands the utmost in
performance and efficiency.
Cryengs engineering and design
expertise in combination with Lydalls
cryogenic insulation is expected to exceed
performance requirements and it is hoped
that this success will parlay into addition-
al projects for the team. The construction
project is underway and the first phase is
expected to be progressively completed
from November 2011 to March 2012.
The Lydall Cryogenic Insulation
product, CRS-WRAP, utilized in this
project is part of an important cryogenic
product platform managed by the
Insulation Group in Lydalls Performance
Materials Division. CRS-Wrap is a multi-
layer system with alternating layers of
cryogenic tissue and foil. When wrapped
on the inner vessel or pipe containing the
liquid gas, it protects the liquid from radi-
ation heat transfer, enabling a greater
amount of liquid gas, or in this project,
LNG, to be delivered at the desired sta-
tion.
Cryeng Pty Ltd specializes in the
design and construction of cryogenic and
nuclear systems, including storage tanks
and vacuum insulated pipes for global oil
and gas projects.
Lydall Performance Materials has
long been a quality supplier of high per-
formance cryogenic insulation products to
global cryogenic equipment manufactur-
ers. Industry recognized products such as
Cryotherm, CRS-Wrap and Cryolite
insulation have been used to insulate a
multitude of different tank sizes ranging
from small portable O2 dewars to large
liquid industrial gases and LNG transport
and storage units, as well as transport pip-
ing in industrial process applications. For
further Lydall information, contact
Anatoli Kogan, Global Cryogenic Product
Manager at akogan@lydall.com.
Cryogenic Machinery Corporation Celebrates 42nd Year
In late June, the
editors of R&D
Magazine announced
the winners of the 49th
Annual R&D Awards,
known as the Oscars
of Innovation. These
awards are given to recognize the most
technologically advanced products in a
range of industries, representing indus-
try, academia, private research firms and
government labs.
Among the 2011 winners is the
SansEC Temperature Sensor, devel-
oped by researchers at ATK Space
Systems and the National Institute of
Aerospace. Unlike previous sensors, this
technology can be used to take unrelated
measurements, like temperature and
fluid level, at the same time. This sensor
technology also boasts an open-circuit
design with no electrical connections, the
basis for the SansEC name (sans elec-
trical connections.)
Dr. Chuantong Wang, a research sci-
entist from the National Institute of
Aerospace who worked on the technolo-
gy, explained that the product is funda-
mentally a technical framework that has
many advantages for a range of applica-
tions.
The first advantage is that it offers
simpler structures than any other
before, he said. Because it has a simpler
structure and is a single component, its
more robust and reliable than other sen-
sors.
Wang also said this sensor technolo-
gy is less expensive to make, and easier
to manufacture and install.
Co-inventor Bryant Taylor of ATK
Space Systems, who worked closely with
the late Stanley Wood, principle investi-
gator of the SansEC technology, said the
team is still improving the technology to
make it more applicable to cryogenic
environments. The team has successfully
tested a method of measurement by plac-
ing rods inside a cryogenic tank using
technology similar to the SansEC sensor.
Taylor and Wang hope that further
research and development will lead to
commercialization of a technology for
cryogenic measurement.
This should be one of the first prod-
ucts on the market in the future, said
Wang.
Also recognized with a 2011 R&D
Award is the 830 Vacuum Quality
Monitor from Brooks Automation (CSA
CSM) The company describes the 830
VQM as the worlds fastest, lowest
power, gas compositional analysis instru-
ment with full data collection, spectral
deconvolution, and data logging at 85ms
capture rates over the full 1-135 amu
measurement range.
Steve Lass, Product Manager for the
830 VQM, discussed the advantages of
the new product over residual gas ana-
lyzers, the technology for gas analysis
that has been standard for about 30 years.
Instead of using a quadrupole to filter
out the masses to create a composition
analysis, the 830 VQM employs an
autoresonant ion trap.
Basically it traps all of the ions
inside of this trap at the same time, and
then pumps them out using this autores-
onant RF scan, and does the entire 1-135
scan in 85 milliseconds, whereas the com-
petition takes about two seconds to do
that, said Lass. So were at least 20
times faster than anything that has been
out there in the past.
Lass also said the 830 VQM only
requires 1/5 the amount of power of the
competition, making it ideal for cryo-
genic environments where thermal con-
ditions need to be maintained. Other
advantages are ease of calibration and
the ability to connect the sensor to the
electronics box through a cable, an
improvement over current gas analyzers
where the electronics and the sensor are
inseparable.
A recent experiment at Thomas
Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
(CSA CSM) demonstrated the potential
for the 830 VQM to operate in a vacuum
system cooled to 2K. Researchers at the
lab noticed that in an experiment to strike
plasma in an accelerator, the plasma
would quench itself in certain cases.
Guessing that gasload may be to blame
for the quench, they tested the capability
of the 830 VQM to do gas analysis to
uncover the culprit. The experiment took
advantage of the products remote
mounting capabilities and the reduced
need for power.
Nobody has been able to attach a
gas analyzer into the chamber because all
of the traditional ones use too much
power and they cant bridge the liquid
helium stage to go from the controller to
the sensor itself, said Gerardo Brucker,
Chief Scientist at Brooks Automation.
Now you can actually do gas analysis in
cryogenically cooled vacuum systems.
The 830 VQM has been available
since late 2010. The technology was orig-
inally developed and prototyped by
Rutgers University. Brooks bought the
technology, developed the necessary
software, and prepared the product for
the market.
The theme of all of this was, Lets
make something you dont have to be a
scientist to understand, said Lass.
Lets make the whole thing simple and
easy to use.
Other technologies related to cryo-
genics that won R&D Awards are as fol-
lows: Artic Front Cryoablation Catheter
from Medtronic, Cryo-Force Power Cell
from Sierra Lobo (CSA CSM), and com-
pact, high energy density, high tempera-
ture superconducting cable from the
University of Colorado and the National
Institute of Standards and Technology.
For more information on the winners,
visit www.rdmag.com.
The SansEC temperature sensor.
R&D Awards Recognize Sensor, Gas Analysis Instrument
Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N
575 McCorkle Boulevard Westerville OH 43082
Phone: (614) 891-2244 Fax: (614) 818-1600
i nf o@l akeshore. com www.lakeshore.com

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800-680-2796
When function is important and safety is critical.
Cryo-Gloves
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A m e r i c a n
Superconductor
Corporation (CSA
CSM) announced
that Daniel P.
M c G a h n ,
President and
COO, has been
appointed Chief
Executive Officer
and a member of
the Board of Directors, effective June 1
McGahn succeeds founder Gregory J.
Yurek, who is retiring after more than two
decades of service to the company.
Chart Industries, Inc. (CSA CSM)
announced that its wholly-owned sub-
sidiary, Chart Energy & Chemicals, Inc.
("Chart E&C"), has been awarded a contract
by a major international EPC contractor to
provide brazed aluminum heat exchangers,
cold boxes and Core-in-Kettle
units for a
baseload LNG project in Eastern Australia.
The company also has entered into an
agreement to acquire GOFA Gocher
Fahrzeugbau GmbH and related compa-
nies. GOFA, Goch, Germany, designs, man-
ufactures, sells and services cryogenic and
non-cryogenic mobile equipment primarily
for the European region.
At Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory (CSA CSM), Cryomodule 1, the
labs test cryomodule for ILC-type acceler-
ating cavities and superconducting
radiofrequency (SRF) technology, was
powered up as a complete, multi-cavity
instrument earlier this month. Previously,
researchers had delivered power only to
the individual cavities inside it. Weve
operated superconducting cavities before,
but this is the next step in scale, said Sergei
Nagaitsev of Fermilabs Accelerator
Division.
Hoffer Flow Controls introduced the
Integrated Cryogenic Electronics (ICE)
flow metering system for tanker truck
applications. Designed with the operator in
mind, ICE provides a user-friendly inter-
face featuring a 4.3" full color LCD touch
screen and easy-to-access panel-sealed
push buttons.
Central Japan Railway announced
that it can now start construction of the
Chuo Shinkansen Maglev line between
Tokyo and Osaka. After some forty years of
discussions, Transport Minister Akihiro
Ohata finally gave the go-ahead to JR
Central on May 27. With trains operating at
speeds of up to 600 kilometers an hour [360
mph], passengers will travel the 550 km
[330 miles] between Tokyo and Osaka in
just 67 minutes. The project is expected to
cost 9 trillion yen [$111 billion].
Robert E t t i n g e r , 9 2 , t h e
pioneer of cryonics, d i e d J u l y 2 3 .
Following his death at his home in
Michigan, his body
became Patient
No. 106 to be
stored at t h e
Clinton Township,
M i c h i g a n ,
Cryonics Institute,
which he founded
in 1976. His first
client was his
mother. The insti-
tute now stores
more than 100 bod-
ies in cryonic suspension, including both
his late wives.
44 www.cryogenicsociety.org SUMMER 2011 | VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 3
People, Companies in Cryogenics
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A New Generatlon ot
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research, medical technology and
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Ettinger during WWII.
Dr. Larry Masur has been appointed
Vice President of Business Development,
North America at Bruker Energy &
Supercon, a developer and manufacturer of
advanced superconducting materials and
devices. For the past three and a half years,
Masur was VP of Business Development at
Zenergy Power Inc.
The Center for Advancement of
Science in Space (CASIS) has been selected
to manage the International Space Station
US National Laboratory (ISS-NL) and
maximize utilization of the orbiting outpost
for scientific and technological research and
development and the advancement of sci-
ence, technology, engineering and mathe-
matics (STEM) education. Spearheaded by
Space Florida, CASIS is a not-for-profit
organization that will include a consortium
of current and future users of the ISS
National Lab, including universities and
other educational organizations, R&D enti-
ties and industry.
The Postal Service released a new
stamp honoring Maria Goeppert Mayer, a
Nobel Prize-winning physicist who
worked at Argonne National Laboratory
(CSA CSM) in the 1940s and '50s. Mayer,
who was born in 1906, was only the second
woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Bureau Veritas Certification North
America, Inc. (BV) has awarded ISO
9001:2008 certification to FIBA
Technologies, Inc. BV certifies that the
FIBA management system meets the rigor-
ous quality standards of ISO as applied to
the design, manufacture and service of cus-
tom, high-pressure gas containment equip-
ment.
Wessington Cryogenics (CSA CSM)
was rececently selected to manufacture a
custom dual tank by a major European gas
company. This vehicle incorporated both a
3500-liter liquid nitrogen tank and a 3500-
liter liquid argon tank inside a single vacu-
um vessel with all approprate pipe work
mounted along the two sides of the vessel
(one side for nitrogen supply and one for
argon supply). The tank was designed to be
mounted on a chassis as a single unit and
also included two cryogenic pumps and
two flow meters. The TPED/ADR
approved certified dual tank was designed
to be the best design/lowest cost option.
Christopher W. Gibbs, a Rose-
Hulman Institute of Technology graduate,
has joined Technifab Products, Inc. (CSA
CSM) as a Cryogenic Engineer. Bill
Montgomery joined Technifab in June as an
Accounts Manager in the sales department.
Bill is an engineering graduate who has
worked in both technical and sales jobs.
Dan Thompson, who has been with
Technifab since 2004, has been promoted to
Sales Manager. Thompson previously
worked at Technifab with inside sales and
most recently as the Eastern US Accounts
Manager.
Air Liquide Industrial US LP (Air
Liquide) has completed construction of an
APSA on-site nitrogen production plant in
Moses Lake WA that will supply high puri-
ty (gaseous) nitrogen to a new lightweight
carbon fibers production facility operated
by SGL Automotive Carbon Fibers LLC.
CSA welcomes new Lifetime Member
Upendra Behera, Senior Scientific Officer
with the Center for Cryogenic Technology
of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
People, Companies in Cryogenics
Upcoming Meetings & Events
SEPTEMBER 12-16
22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
MAGNET TECHNOLOGY (MT22)
Marseille, France
www.mt22.org
SEPTEMBER 18-23
EUCAS-ISEC-ICMC 2011
The Hague, The Netherlands
Superconductivity Centennial Conference
www.eucas2011.org /www.isec2011.org/
www.icmc2011.org
OCTOBER 17-19
2011 SAFETY & RELIABILITY OF INDUSTRIAL
GASES, EQUIPMENT & FACILITIES SEMINAR
Intercontinental Hotel, Tampa, Florida
cganet.com
NOVEMBER 8-10
10TH INTERNATIONAL CRYOGEN-EXPO
Expocentre Fairgrounds, Moscow, Russia
www.cryogen-expo.com
NOVEMBER 16-19
ESBB INAUGURAL CONFERENCE
Marseille, France
www.esbb.org/nov2011/index.html
2012
MARCH 18-23
9TH INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE
SYMPOSIUM
Los Angeles, California
www.its9.org/
APRIL 29-MAY 4
3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND MAGNETISM
Istanbul, Turkey
www.icsm2012.org/
MAY 14-18
INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING
CONFERENCE 24 / INTERNATIONAL CRYO-
GENIC MATERIALS CONFERENCE 2012
(ICEC24/ICMC 2012)
Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
www.icec24-icmc2012.org
JULY 8-12
ASME SUMMER HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE
Puerto Rico
www.asmeconferences.org/HT2012
JULY 9-12
INTERNATIONAL CRYOCOOLER CONFERENCE
(ICC17)
North Hollywood, California
www.cryocooler.org
SEPTEMBER 11-14
12TH CRYOGENICS IIR INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE
Dresden, Germany
www.icaris.cz/conf/Cryogenics2012
OCTOBER 7-12
APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY CONFERENCE
(ASC12)
Portland, Oregon
www.ascinc.org
2013
JUNE 23-25
SPACE CRYOGENICS WORKSHOP 2013
Alyeska Resort, Alaska
www.spacecryogenicsworkshop.org
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Index of Advertisers
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ACME Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Advanced Research Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Barber-Nichols, Inc. . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover
Bauer Compressors, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
CCH Equipment Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
CPC-Cryolab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29, Back Cover
Cool Pair Plus, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Cryofab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
CryoGas International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Cryogenic Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Cryogenic Machinery Corporation . . . . . . . . . .12
Cryomech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Cryo Technologies . . . . . . . . .Inside Front Cover
Eden Cryogenics, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
EUCAS/ISEC/ICMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
gasworld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
International Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Janis Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Lake Shore Cryotronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Linde Cryogenics/Linde Process Plants, Inc. . . . . . . . .35
Lydall Performance Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Master Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Meyer Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
PHPK Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Philtec, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Scientific Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Specialty Gas Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Sumitomo SHI Cryo America . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover
Sunpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
SuperPower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Technifab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Front Cover
Tempshield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Thermax, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
On Our Cover
Cold Facts is the official technical magazine of The Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
218 Lake Street Oak Park IL 60302-2609 Phone: 708.383.6220 Ext. 222
Fax: 708.383.9337 Email: csa@cryogenicsociety.org Web: www.cryogenicsociety.org
A non-profit technical society serving all those interested in any phase of cryogenics
ISSN 1085-5262 CSA-C- 3802 Summer 2011 Printed in USA
New Memberships Cryogenic Society of America
218 Lake Street Oak Park Il 60302-2609
Fax: 708.383.9337
46
The architecture of the Spokane
Convention Center reflects adja-
cent buildings at sunset. This was
the venue for the 2011 CEC/ICMC.
See page 16, 17, 20 and 21. Photo
courtesy Tom Nicol, Fermilab.
We invite our readers to visit
www.cryogenicsociety.org for
Photo Galleries of the Space
Cryogenics Workshop 2011,
CEC/ICMC 2011 and SRF2011.
Zip +4 Required
Visit us anytime worldwide at
www.shicryogenics.com
Te original Displex Cryocooler:
An essential building block for great R&D
Your laboratory applications require high-quality, reliable
equipment to succeed. Thats where we can help. Our range
of Displex
Cryocoolers have been recognized as the industry

standard since we developed the technology over 40 years
ago. Our original pneumatic drive, combined with state-of-the-
art design features, results in low maintenance costs and
superior performance. Get back to basics with SHI
Cryogenics Group, your trusted partner for
cryogenic applications.
2011 SHI Cryogenics Group

Cold Facts 2011-Summer

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Cold Facts 2011-Summer

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The Magazine of the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.

Summer 2011 Volume 27 Number 3

New west coast branch to

Cryocoolers have been recognized as the industry

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