Example Problem: Force/Moment Calculations V a b 0.1 m 2.

0 m c The triangular airfoil shown at the right moves through air with density = 1.00 kg/m3 and free stream pressure of P= 100 kpa with a velocity of V = 100 m/s. The angle of attack is zero. Calculate CL , CD , CMle, N', A', Mle', xcp, given; ab p = 100 kpa, = 250S-1/5 bc p = 75 kpa, = 0 ac p = 100 kpa, = 200S-1/5

Arc Length Integration: The first method uses the integration of the arc length along the upper and lower surfaces in a manner outlined in the textbook. First, begin by finding the arc length values at points a, b, c. b =-5.71o +x a
S ab = (0.1) + (1.0) = 1.005
2 2

= arctan

o 0 .1 = 5.71 1

Along the upper surface the arc length at 'a' will be Sa=0, at 'b' Sb = 1.005, at 'c' Sc = 2.01. The orientation of surface 'ab' will be = -5.71o based on the convention that angles are considered positive when measure clockwise relative to the positive x axis as shown. Surface 'bc' would then be = +5.71o. On the lower surface Sc = 2.00 with = 0o. The normal and axial forces can be found from;

N = ( pu cos + u sin )ds u +

LE
TE

TE

TE

LE
TE

(p (p

cos l sin )dsl sin + l cos )dsl

A =

LE

( p

sin + u cos )dsu +

LE

For the upper surface,

1.005

N = A =

((100kpa) cos(5.71 ) + 250s

o 0 o

1 / 5

sin( 5.71 ) ds
o

2.01

1.005 1 / 5

((75kpa) cos(5.71) + 0)ds

2.01

1.005

( (100kpa) sin(5.71 ) + 250s

0

cos(5.71 ) ds +
o

1.005

((75kpa) sin(5.71) + 0)ds

Providing, N'u= -174964.3 N and A'u= 2812.12 N.

On the lower surface,

2.00

N = A =

((100kpa) cos(0
0 o

) 200 s

1 / 5

sin(0 ) ds = 200,000 N
o o

2.00

((100kpa) sin(0
0

) + 200 s

1 / 5

cos(0 ) ds = 435 N

Total normal force: -174967 + 200000 = 25035.7 N Total axial force: 2823 + 435 = 3247.12 N The Moment about the loading edge can be found from;
TE

= M LE
TE

LE

[( p
l

cos + u sin )x ( pu sin u cos ) y ]dsu

LE

[( p

cos + l sin )x + ( pl sin + l cos ) y ]dsl

On the upper surface, the cartesian variables that appear in the integrands must be rewritten such that they are functions of 's' only. On the lower surface, x = s. For surface 'ab', an expression relating x and s can be found easily, S-Sa a - b y - ya x x a = ( S S a ) cos( ) y y a = ( S S a ) sin( )

x - xa Here, the constants Sa, xa, ya are zero. The negative sign of the angle is necessary due the change in sign convention for moments in an aerodynamic reference frame. For surface 'bc', equivalent relations can be derived given that expressions for the lengths of each side of the triangular figure are based on the local non-zero datums of both x, y and S; xb = 1, yb = 0.1, and Sb = 1.005. b x xb = ( S S b ) cos( ) S-Sb y -yb x-xb c y y b = ( S S b ) sin( )

The calculation of the moment about the leading edge becomes,

1.005

,ab = M LE
1.005

((100kpa) cos(5.71 ) + 250s

o
0

1 / 5

sin( 5.71 ) s cos(5.71 )dsu

o o

((100kpa) sin(5.71 ) 250s

o
0

1 / 5

cos(5.71 )) s sin(5.71 )dsu

o o

2.01

,bc = M LE
2.01

1.005

((75kpa) cos(5.71 ))(1 + (s 1.005) cos(5.71 ))ds

o o o o u

1.005

((75kpa) sin(5.71 ))(0.1 + (s 1.005) sin(5.71 ))ds

2

Contributions from the lower surface

,ac = (100kpa) cos(0 ) + 200 s M LE
o
0 2

1 / 5

sin(0 ) sdsl cos(0 ) (0)dsl

o

+ (100kpa) sin(0 ) + 200 s

o
0

1 / 5

The total moment:

= M LE ,ab + M LE ,bc + M LE ,ac = 49,524 + 112,123 200000 = 38352 Nm M LE

The Center of Pressure is:

xcp =

M LE 38,352 = = 1.532 m N 25,036

Coefficients CL', CD', CM'; require dynamic pressure,

2 1 V = 5000 pa 2

C L' =

L
2 1 V c 2

N cos( ) A sin( ) = 2 .5 5000 2

C D' =

D
2 1 V c 2

N sin( ) + A cos( ) = 0.3247 5000 2

CM ' =

M LE 1 V c 2
2 2

37,000 = 1.9176 2 5000 2