Lesson 1:

LIQUID SOLIDS SEPARATION INTRODUCTION

Reading Assignment:

PAC-1 Technical Manual (Book 1), Section 1.1

1. What are the two types of water supplies? Why is water treated? Water supplies are divided into two types, ground water and surface water. Water requires treatment because it contains impurities which can cause many problems to humans life, environment, and industrial processes.

2. What is the difference between water clarification and water softening? Water clarification is process to remove suspended solids from water, while water softening is process to remove dissolved solids that have correlation with water hardness and alkalinity.

3. What is the difference between coagulation and flocculation? Coagulation is one of water clarification process that removes suspended solids material with negative charge by neutralize them and make them becomes flocs (collision particles). Flocculation is the next step after coagulation. The function of flocculation is to combine those collided particle into larger flocs, so those can be settled / floated easier.

4. Why is Industrial Wastewater treatment practiced? Industrial wastewater treatment practiced because : Existing stream contamination is reduced. Plant expansion / production increases. Water reuse. Product recovery and reuse. Reduction in shock discharge. Toxic and hazardous waste discharge reduction.

5. What is BOD? BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is one of wastewater parameter. BOD relates to organic pollution. The BOD value measures the amount of dissolved oxygen that is required by microba (aerobic bacteria) to decompose organic material in wastewater.

6. What is the purpose of primary wastewater treatment? The main purpose of primary treatment is to remove suspended / settleable solids from wastewater. This treatment can remove about 40-60% of all solids in wastewater.

7. What is secondary wastewater treatment? Secondary wastewater treatment is also called as biological treatment because it uses microbiology to treat the wastewater from primary treatments effluent. Some of common secondary wastewater treatment are : Activated sludge (aeration system). Tricking filter. Stabilization ponds / lagoon. RBC (Rotating Biological Contactor).

8. What is tertiary wastewater treatment? This tertiary wastewater treatment is used to treat secondary treatments effluent to meet the standard / requirement of wastewater treatment final effluent. Some of common unit processes are : Granular bed filtration. Ultra filtration / microfiltration. Reverse osmosis. Activated carbon columns. Ion exchange. Phosphorus removal, etc.

9. What are the two classifications of oily emulsions? Oily emulsions are classified into two type. There are oil in water (o/w) emulsion and water in oil (w/o) emulsion. The characteristic of o/w emulsion are gray, oily, and dirty water. While w/o emulsion are black, thick, and viscous.

10. What is foam? What steps are used to develop an antifoam application? Foam is a gas (usually air) that dispersed in liquid, containing some impurities which stabilize the bubbles. To develop an antifoam application, we have to do some test to obtain the best result. The testing include : Feed rate data. Feed method. Product cost data.