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What is Sustainable Production:

Responsible Ecologically Sustainable Aquaculture for the 21st century

Albert G.J. Tacon Aquatic Farms Hawaii 96744 USA agjtacon@aol.com .

What is Sustainable Production: Responsible Ecologically Sustainable Aquaculture for the 21st century

GLOBAL CAPTURE FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION 1950 2007 (Million tonnes; Source: FAO, 2009)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

Total global aquaculture production 2007 over 340 species of plants and animals
293,815 mt 2007 4.9 mmt 146,886 mt AMPHIBIA, REPTILIA CRUSTACEA INVERTEBRATA AQUATICA MOLLUSCA PISCES PLANTAE AQUATICAE

Capture Fisheries
91.18 mmt 2.8% APR

1989

Is this growth Sustainable?

14.8 mmt 13.1 mmt

31.9 mmt

Aquaculture
20 10
65.19 mmt 8.7% APR

0 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006

65.2 million tonnes valued at US $ 94.5 billion (FAO FISHSTAT, 2009)

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Fed aquaculture species production 2007 (commercial feeds, farm made feeds, fresh feeds)
4.9 mmt AMPHIBIA, REPTILIA CRUSTACEA INVERTEBRATA AQUATICA MOLLUSCA PISCES PLANTAE AQUATICAE

Top fed fish & crustacean country producers 2007 (FAO FISHSTAT, 2009)
Values in metric tonnes
Top 10 countries

China India Indonesia Viet Nam Thailand Norway Philippines Chile Egypt Bangladesh

15,100,058 (52.1%) 2,890,948 1,365,284 1,305,700 1,016,948 827,707 669,093 658,525 635,516 597,411 (10.0%) (4.7%) (4.5%) (3.5%) (2.8%) (2.3%) (2.3%) (2.2%) (2.1%)

Top 11-20 countries

31.9 mmt

Total fish & crustaceans 36.82 mmt Fed species 28.99 mmt

USA Japan Brazil Myanmar Taiwan Ecuador Mexico UK Turkey Pakistan

367,056 303,598 266,188 262,163 228,384 171,020 150,325 147,378 138,921 130,092

Top fed aqua & livestock species 2007 (FAO FAOSTAT, 2009)
Top fed aqua species - mmt Grass carp Common carp White shrimp Catla Tilapia niloticus Crucian carp Atlantic salmon Pangas catfish 3.61 2.87 2.30 2.27 2.12 1.94 1.43 0.93 Top fed livestock sp - mmt Pig Chicken Cattle Sheep Turkey Goat Duck Buffalo 99.2 75.8 59.8 8.3 5.9 4.8 3.6 3.3

Total global production of fed fish & crustacean species FAO - AQUASTAT (2009)
40,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 0

Is this growth Sustainable?

60.7% global total 17.5 Fed F & C production 29 APR 10.59% since 1980

96.7% global total Total meat production - 269 APR 2.54% since 1980

Freshwater fish - fed species Marine crustaceans - fed species Marine fish - fed species

Freshwater fish - filter feeding species Diadromous fish - fed species Freshwater crustaceans - fed species

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20,000,000 18,000,000 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000

Reported Total global global production usage of fishmeal of fed and freshwater fish oil by major fish user species (values give in -%: Tacon & Metian, 2009) FAO AQUASTAT (2009)
Is this growth Sustainable?

3,500,000

Total Reported global global production usage of fishmeal of fed and diadromous fish oil by major fishuser species (values give in -%: Tacon & Metian, 2009) FAO AQUASTAT (2009)
Is this growth Sustainable?

3,000,000

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000 2,000,000 0 0

Carps and Cyprinids Catfishes

Tilapia Misc. freshwater fish species

Salmon

Misc. diadromous fish species fed

Trout

Eels

2,000,000 1,800,000

Reported Total global global usage production of fishmeal of and fedfish marine oil byfish major species user (values give in -%: Tacon & Metian, 2009) FAO AQUASTAT (2009)

6,000,000

Reported Total global global usage production of fishmeal of and fedfish crustacean oil by major species user (values give in -%: Tacon & Metian, 2009) FAO AQUASTAT (2009)

5,000,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 2,000,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 0 1,000,000 3,000,000

Is this growth Sustainable?

4,000,000

Is this growth Sustainable?

Misc. marine fish species fed Mullets Jacks, Crevalles Croakers, drums Groupers

Seabass Porgies, seabreams Flounders, Halibuts Cods, Hakes, Haddocks

Shrimp Seawater crabs Freshwater crabs Misc. other freshwater crustaceans

River prawn Lobsters Crawfish, crayfish

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Total global aquaculture production by country grouping

Global trends in aquaculture production expressed in weighted mean trophic level by country grouping & China in 2006
Tonnes 70,000,000
Developing countries China Developing countries without China Developed countries

Developing countries

60,000,000

China 50,000,000

40,000,000

Developing countries without China 30,000,000

20,000,000 Developed countries 4 Trophic level < 5 10,000,000 3 Trophic level < 4 2 Trophic level < 3 Molluscs 0 0 2.5 Aquatic plants 5 Millions Tonnes

Urgent need for the aquaculture sector to continue to grow in a Responsible & Ecologically Sustainable manner as recommended in The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
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Cdigo de Conducta para la Pesca Responsable (1995) http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/V9878S/V9878S00.HTM Adopted 31 Oct 1995 by over 170 governments, including all major aquaculture producing countries Artculo 1 Artculo 2 Artculo 3 Artculo 4 Artculo 5 Artculo 6 Artculo 7 Artculo 8 : Naturaleza y mbito de aplicacin del Cdigo : Objetivos del Cdigo : Relacin con otros instrumentos internacionales : Aplicacin seguimiento y actualizacin : Requerim. especiales de los pases en desarrollo : Principios generales : Ordenacin pesquera : Operaciones pesqueras

2013
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Capture Fisheries

Artculo 9 : Desarrollo de la acuicultura (22 guiding principles)

Aquaculture

0 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006

Artculo 10: Integ. pesca en la ordenacin de la zona costera Artculo 11: Prcticas postcaptura y comercio Artculo 12: Investigacin pesquera

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In terms of the global fish supply, it is important to highlight 3 guiding principles within the Code: namely 9.1.3) States should ensure that aquaculture development is ecologically sustainable and to allow the rational use of resources shared by aquaculture and other activities; 9.1.3) Los Estados deberan formular y actualizar regularmente planes y estrategias para el desarrollo de la acuicultura, segn proceda, para asegurar que el desarrollo de la acuicultura sea ecolgicamente sostenible y permitir el uso racional de los recursos compartidos por sta y otras actividades.

In terms of the global fish supply, it is important to highlight 3 guiding principles within the Code: namely

9.1.4) States should ensure that the livelihoods of local communities, and their access to fishing grounds, are not negatively affected by aquaculture developments; and 9.1.4) Los Estados deberan velar por que el desarrollo de la acuicultura no perjudique al sustento de las comunidades locales ni dificulte su acceso a las zonas de pesca.

In terms of the global fish supply, it is important to highlight 3 guiding principles within the Code: namely 11.1.9) States should encourage the use of fish for human consumption and promote consumption of fish whenever appropriate. In addition, one of the overall objectives of the Code (2.f) is To promote the contribution of fisheries to food security and food quality, giving priority to the nutritional needs of local communities. 11.1.9) Los Estados deberan fomentar la utilizacin de pescado para consumo humano y promover el consumo de pescado siempre que sea oportuno. un de los objetivos del Cdigo son los siguientes: promover la contribucin de la pesca a la seguridad alimentaria y a la calidad de la alimentacin otorgando prioridad a las necesidades nutricionales de las comunidades locales;

The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) is voluntary & provides principles & standards applicable to the conservation, management & development of the fisheries sector, including aquaculture

The underpinning philosophy is that the right to fish or farm carries the obligation to do so Responsibly, as well as maintaining the quality and availability of fishery resources in sufficient quantities for present and future generations..

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MAJOR NGO CONCERNS

Despite the above, the aquaculture sector has not been without its problems & critics. As with industrial livestock production systems (FAO, 2007; PCIFAP, 2008), the major perceived problems and issues have been related mainly with the unregulated development of more intensive industrial scale production systems, and in particular with farming systems for high value crustacean species and high trophic level (TL) carnivorous finfish species
AT-RESA-16

SPECIFIC ISSUES RAISED (16) HAVE INCLUDED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Mangrove destruction and habitat loss; Pollution & degradation of the aquatic and benthic environment; Escapes and genetic interactions with wild fish populations; Parasite and disease transfer to wild fish populations; Use of non-native species and genetically modified organisms; Use of toxic/bio-accumulative chemicals and antibiotics; Use of low value/trash fish, fish meal and fish oil as feed inputs; Interactions with marine mammals, turtles and birds; Use of wild caught seed and associated by-catch; Displacement of coastal fishing and farming communities; Disruption of seafood prices, local food supplies & food security; Livelihood impacts and reduced access to community resources; Salinization of potable water and ground water; Social exclusion, social unrest and conflicts; Conflicts with tourism, recreational fish, and commercial fishing; Environmental contaminants and food safety concerns;

Whilst the majority of the above listed issues and impacts are based on sound scientific facts and information, and are usually site and farm specific, they all can be mitigated or their impacts greatly minimized by strict adherence to the principles and guidelines within the FAO Code for Responsible Aquaculture

Sustainability of production system

Impacts on Ecosystems

Responsible Management

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Sustainability of production system

Impacts on Ecosystems

Toward this end, considerable effort has also recently been focused on the development of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and aquaculture certification programs so as to show adherence to the Code and/or to more environmentally responsible or sustainable farming practices; Whilst this is certainly a step in the right direction, these BMPs and certification schemes have usually focused only at the production level (Article 9.4 of the Code: FAO, 1995), and as such have usually ignored the wider ecosystem, social, and food security issues mentioned within the Code;

In fact, it is increasingly recognized that in the fishery sector, as in agribusiness, Long-term Economic Viability & Environmental and Ecological sustainability go hand in hand. FOOD SECURITY issues Last but not least, we must not forget the resource poor consumer - 1.4 billion people in the developing world (one in four) still living below the poverty line of US$1.25 a day

Responsible Management

Malnutrition and need to ensure that the food supply of the poor are not negatively impacted through feed use and feed management practices

PROGRAMA ALIMENTACIN DESDE EL MAR

UN PAS DESNUTRIDO FLOTANDO EN UN MAR DE PROTENAS

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SPECIFIC ISSUES RAISED (16) HAVE INCLUDED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Mangrove destruction and habitat loss; Pollution & degradation of the aquatic and benthic environment; Escapes and genetic interactions with wild fish populations; Parasite and disease transfer to wild fish populations; Use of non-native species and genetically modified organisms; Use of toxic/bio-accumulative chemicals and antibiotics; Use of low value/trash fish, fish meal and fish oil as feed inputs; Interactions with marine mammals, turtles and birds; Use of wild caught seed and associated by-catch; Displacement of coastal fishing and farming communities; Disruption of seafood prices, local food supplies & food security; Livelihood impacts and reduced access to community resources; Salinization of potable water and ground water; Social exclusion, social unrest and conflicts; Conflicts with tourism, recreational fish, and commercial fishing; Environmental contaminants and food safety concerns;

Current dependency of the sector upon fishery resources as feed inputs: fish meal, fish oil, & low-value trash fish species

World Fishmeal Production by country 1998-2007 ,000 tonnes

8,000

Reported global usage of fishmeal and fish oil by major user (values give in %: Tacon & Metian, 2009)

IFFO - Jackson, 2009

7,000 OTHERS SOUTH AFRICA 5,000 ICELAND DENMARK 4,000 NORWAY JAPAN 3,000 CHINA U.S.A. THAILAND 2,000 CHILE PERU 1,000

6,000

0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

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Competition between aquaculture and humans for small pelagic forage fish

FCR 15-20

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10

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Crystal Ocean Prime Brokers Weekly Report 46

Sources of dietary protein, lipids & other essential nutrients

Farmed aquatic animals do not have a specific requirement for a specific ingredient (such as fishmeal or fish oil) but require ca. 40 essential nutrients

Monthly Fishmeal consumption China Up to Date

150000 120000

Seafood/fishery byproducts: meals & oils from seafood/aquaculture

processing waste/bycatch, including seaweeds, krill, squid etc

Animal/rendered products: meat meal, meat & bone meal, feather meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal, fats & tallows Brewing/fermentation products: extracted dried yeast, brewers
grains, distillers solubles, SCP, glucans, nucleotides, carotenoids

MT

90000 60000 30000 0

JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUG SEP OCTNOVDIC

Flour/milling products: flour, middlings, mill run, bran, gluten Plant oilseeds/pulses: oilseed meals, oils, protein concentrates Agricultural wastes/products: fruit, pulp, leaves, tubers, roots,
kitchen scraps, starches, binders

2006

2007

2008

2009

Others: invertebrates terrestrial & marine worms

Global production of agricultural crops and meat

(expressed in tonnes; FAO, 2008)
2,500,000,000 Oilcrops + Pulses + Cereals + 2,000,000,000 Vegetable oils + Meat + 1,500,000,000

1,000,000,000

500,000,000

0
1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006

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TERRESTRIAL LIVESTOCK PROTEINS & FATS

Terrestrial animal by-product meals represent the largest source of animal protein & lipid available to the aquafeed industry For example, in 2008 the U.S. alone slaughtered: 34.4 million cattle (50% not used for human food), 116.5 million hogs (42% not used for human food), 9.1 billion chickens (37% not used for human food), 271 million turkeys (36% not used for human food)
U.S. generated: 8.7 million tonnes of rendered products in 2008 (4.1PM/4.6FG) 97% consumed in USA

Turning this:

Globally: 20-25 mmt of rendered products

Into this:

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Importance of feed companies & producers to keep ahead of the competition and spend and invest more resources into applied research & development activities if you dont your competitors will - Competition will get better & stronger - Feed ingredient & feed prices will increase - Shrimp prices will fall as production increases Bottom line - Need to reduce farm production costs for farmer to stay in business if the farmer fails we fail - Feeds and feeding costs still represent the largest operating cost item for farmers:

FPRF sponsored shrimp feeding trials

GISU-I: July 14 Sept 23, 2008 GISU-I: Feb 14 April 25, 2009 GISU-III: July 3 Sept 12, 2009

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PROJECT TITLE:

BY-PRODUCTS TESTED: Poultry by-product meal - feed grade

(60.04% crude protein, 10.92% fat, 15.93% ash, 5.62% moisture); Dietary levels tested during this study: 15 to 30%;

Use of Animal By-Product meals in Zero Exchange Feeds for Shrimp

GOAL & OBJECTIVE:

Meat & bone meal from pure beef

(50.0% crude protein, 10.5% fat, 28.7% ash, 3.5% moisture); Dietary levels tested during this study: 0 to 5%

The goal and long term objective of this research project is to improve the economic viability and sustainability of marine shrimp culture operations through the development of cost-effective fishmeal-free feeds using terrestrial animal by-product meals as the main protein source for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
PROJECT ACTIVITY:

Hydrolyzed feather meal

(83.7% crude protein, 5.3% fat, 1.20% ash); Dietary levels tested: 0 to 5% with & without supplemental limiting amino acids

Blood meal - spray dried

(88.8% crude protein, 0.9% fat); Dietary levels tested during this study 0 to 2.5%

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted with white shrimp (L. vannamei) from juvenile to market size at the commercial shrimp diet testing facilities of a major aquaculture and animal feed manufacturer in Indonesia

Control protein:Peruvian fishmeal (Austral)

(65.0% crude protein, 7.4% fat, 15.0% ash); Dietary levels tested during this study 0 to 8%

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EXPERIMENTAL DIETS & FORMULATIONS -13 diets were formulated, a control diet containing 8% fishmeal and 2% squid meal, and 12 diets containing various levels of fishmeal and marine protein/lipid replacement. - All diets were formulated to contain 33-35% crude protein, 5.5-6.5% lipid, 1.8-t 2.0% lysine, 0.75- 0.81% methionine, and a min of 0.8% estimated available P FEED MANUFACTURE All 13 experimental diets were produced in Jakarta (Indonesia) using a commercial shrimp feed mill (IDAH 53SA with triple conditioners), with 1,600 kg of each diet produced and observations taken during the production process so as to ascertain the effect of ingredient use on energy usage, ease of production, physical characteristics, water stability and handling (if any). SHRIMP & EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE CONDITIONS Juvenile shrimp, of the same strain and size, were obtained from a local shrimp hatchery and stocked within 48 round black-coated fiberglass microcosm tanks (1m3 water volume, with a conical bottom) at an initial stocking density of 75 shrimp tank-1 (equivalent to a shrimp density of 75 m-3 water volume), with 3 tanks allotted per dietary treatment. MHA Lysine DCP Vits/mins Price (US $/kg) .25 .16 + 0.3 .25 .16 + 0.3 .22 + 0.3 1 Fishmeal Squid meal Krill meal Fish oil Poultry b-meal M & B meal Blood meal Feather meal Soybean meal Palm oil 8 2 2 1 15 16 2 2 2 1 23 16 3 2 1 20 25 4 2 1 25 20 -

EXPERIMENTAL DIETS 5 2 1 30 9 .16 + 0.3 6 2 1 20 5 20 .22 + 0.3 7 2 1 20 5 14 .25 .22 + 0.3 8 2 1 20 5 15 + 0.3 9 2 1 20 2.5 20 .22 + 0.3 10 30 1 10 1 .22 + 0.3 11 20 10 1.5 2.5 10 1 .25 0.3 12 30 1 10 1 .22 0.3 13 30 1 10 1 .22 -

.19 + 0.3

.65 .63 .60 .61 .62 .61 .61 .59 .61 .60 .60 .60 .59

WATER QUALITY:
20.00

Growth Response of Shrimp Fed with The Experimental Diets

GISU 1 GISU 2 GISU 3 GISU 4 GISU 5 GISU 6 GISU 7 GISU 8 GISU 9 GISU 10 GISU 11 GISU 12 GISU 13 GISU 14

Water quality within the experimental tanks as determined at 8.00 am and 4.00 pm over the course of the 10-week experiment varied as follows: Zero-exchange tanks (treatments 1 to 13) 8am 4pm Water temperature: 29.2 oC 31.6 oC Oxygen: 5.90 mg/l 5.64 mg/l Salinity: 32 to 36 ppt (mean 34 ppt) pH: 7.2 to 8.2 (mean 7.7) Alkalinity: 87 to 144 mg/l as CaCO3 (mean 116 mg/l) TAN 0 to 1 mg/l (mean 0.20 mg/l) Suspended solids (floc) 1.50 to 4.83 ml (mean 3.45 ml) Running water tank (treatment 14) Water temperature: Oxygen: Salinity: pH: Alkalinity: 27.6oC 29.2oC 6.32 mg/l 5.96 mg/l 30 to 35 ppt (mean 33 ppt) 7.4 to 8.2 (mean 7.9) 81 to 140 mg/l as CaCO3 (mean 114 mg/l)

18.00 16.00 14.00

mean body weight (gr)

12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00

week

10

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2.5
Week 0-2 Week 3-4 Week 5-6

100.00
84.89 88.44 80.44 77.78 80.89 83.55 80.44 85.33 86.67 83.11 81.78 68.89 81.78 83.11

80.00

2.0

Week 7-8 Week 9-10

Weekly growth (gr/week)

60.00

1.5
40.00

1.0
20.00

0.5
0.00

0.0
GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU

GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU GISU 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

7
Survival

10

11

12

13

14

GISU - III LV, 75/m3, 10 weeks

IBW FBW 18.93f 18.06ef 17.80ef 17.68ef 17.33de 15.97bcd 17.78ef 16.78cde 17.90ef 16.73cde 15.59bc 14.87b 15.58bc 11.16a FCR 1.67a 1.87ab 1.90ab 1.67a 1.87ab 1.95ab 1.88ab 1.85ab 1.65a 1.85ab 2.20bc 2.52bc 1.99ab 2.41bc ADG 0.22g 0.21efg 0.21efg 0.21efg 0.21defg 0.19bdc 0.21defg 0.19cde 0.22fg 0.20cdef 0.18bc 0.17b 0.18bc 0.13a AWG 1.57e 1.49de 1.47de 1.46de 1.44de 1.20bc 1.48de 1.36cd 1.50de 1.37cd 1.25bc 1.18b 1.25bc 0.89a Sur (%) 84.9b 80.4b 77.8a 88.4b 80.9b 81.8b 80.4b 85.3b 86.7b 83.1b 81.8b 68.9a 81.8b 83.1b

ECONMIC PERFORMANCE The most expensive diet in terms of raw material cost was the control FM diet (GISU 1; 6128 Rp/kg), with the best equally performing diets being 7.9% cheaper (GISU 3; 5644 Rp/kg), 6.5% cheaper (GISU 9; 5728 Rp/kg), 5.7% cheaper (GISU 4; 5779 Rp/kg), 5.2% cheaper (GISU 7; 5810 Rp/kg) and 3.1% cheaper (GISU 2; 5936 Rp/kg). CONCLUSIONS The results clearly show the nutritional and economic efficacy of totally replacing fishmeal and squid meal within commercial shrimp feeds by using: Feed grade poultry byproduct meal: up to a dietary inclusion level of between 20 and 25% of the total diet (GISU 3 & 4), with supplemental methionine, and increasing dietary soybean levels from 16% to between 20 and 25%, with ingredient cost savings of between 5.7 and 7.9% compared with respect to a similar diet containing 8% fishmeal and 2% squid meal. Spray dried blood meal: up to a dietary inclusion level of 2.5% of the total diet (GISU 9), with supplemental methionne, and increasing dietary soybean levels from 16% to 20%, with ingredient cost savings of 6.5% compared with respect to a similar diet containing 8% fishmeal and 2% squid meal.

PBM 15 + FM + SM PBM 23 FM + SM PBM 20 FM SM PBM 25 PBM 30 MBM 5 HFM 5+AA HFM 5-AA BM 2.5 Nomar+PBM+BM Nomar+MBM+BM Nomar+PBM+BM-P Nomar+PBM+BM-P/X PBM 23 FM (RW)

2.75b 2.70b 2.70b 2.65b 2.49b 2.68b 2.61b 2.83b 2.50b 2.65b 2.72b 2.70b 2.73b 1.98a

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Hydrolyzed feather meal: up to a dietary inclusion level of 5% (GISU 7) of the total diet, with supplemental lysine and methionine, and decreasing dietary soybean levels from 16% to 14%, with ingredient cost savings of 5.2% compared with respect to a similar diet containing 8% fishmeal and 2% squid meal. Surprisingly, shrimp fed the same diet with no supplemental amino acids (GISU 8) showed no significant differences in final body weight or feed efficiency with animal fed the supplemented diet, with consequent ingredient cost savings of 8.4% compared with a diet containing 8% fishmeal and 2% squid meal.

Meat & bone meal from pure beef: results with 5% meat and bone meal (GISU 6) were disappointing, with shrimp displaying significantly lower final body weight (P<0.05) poorer FCRs compared with the other treatments.

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Demand and supply of feed ingredients for farmed fish and crustaceans: trends and prospects

1. Review of the dietary feeding practices employed for the production of the major cultivated fish and crustacean species, including major feed ingredients used; 2. Review of the total production and market availability of the major feed ingredient sources, including current usage by sector; 3. Review of the major constraints to feed ingredient availability and use by the aquaculture sector on a regional and global basis; 4. Provide recommended approaches to feed ingredient selection and usage within dietary feeding regimes for the major cultivated fish and crustacean species.

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Aquaculture feeds and feeding country profile: Annual Survey Country: NORWAY Year: 2010: Species: Atlantic Salmon 950.000 100 0 0 1,250,000 0 0 1,3 Fishmeal 25 % Fish oil 15% Rape oil 15% Soy 12 % Other veg protein 20 % Wheat 12 % 80 n Sustainability is becoming more and more demanding Species: Sea trout 70.000 100 0 0 100.000 0 0 1,3 Fishmeal 25% Fish oil 15% Rape oil 15% Soy 12 % Other Veg protein 20 % Wheat 12 % 80 n Species: Cod 20.000 100 0 0 32000 0 0 1.3 -.1.8 50 % fishmeal 12 % fishoil Rest Vegetals

Total species production (tonnes): % species production using commercial aquafeeds: % species production using farm-made aquafeeds: % species production using fresh/frozen fish/food items: Total annual compound feed production (tonnes): Total annual farm-made feed production (tonnes): Total annual fresh food items consumed (tonnes) Estimated species economic FCR (indicate range, mean) List major feed ingredients used for target species (if possible please indicate levels used in broad terms)

Percent of total feed ingredient used which are imported Does the government provide any incentives or decentives for importation of specific feed ingredients Major constraints to feed ingredient selection and use:

80 n

TILAPIA VERY BRIGHT FUTURE THE AQUATIC CHICKEN

Small scale ponds

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Food grade

Personal view concerning long term sustainable development of aqua feeds & feeding practices Particular emphasis is placed on the need for aquaculture sector to reduce its dependence upon fishery resources for feed inputs FM/FO; Food grade byproducts Need for the replacement of fishmeal & fish oil with more sustainable protein & lipid sources The need for the further development of feeds & feeding regimes for zero-water exchange systems; Need to maximize use of the local feed ingredient sources & minimize use of food grade imports; Need to reduce feed costs per unit of production at farm level for the industry to remain profitable and ecologically sustainble in the long term

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Aloha y Muchas Gracias

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