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New session: Chapter XVI Almnfmat actuators and power capacity Almnfmat actuators are electric or electronic devices,

which you change Bahaddat in quantities (variables) natural. These quantities can be temperature or temperature speed speed or pressure or pressure lighting light or humidity or moisture angular position angular or linear and others. Imknchgal Almnfmat by the AC or DC DC. DC implementers include DC motors DC motors and engines Serfo servo motors and incandescent lamps and Alslenoadat solenoids and Alrilayat relays and others. AC implementers include AC motors AC motors and incandescent lamps, electric heaters and other. Moreover, the ability is the amount of electrical power required for a specific task. Electrical power is defined as follows:

Where Pe is Alkadro electrical watt watts and V is the voltage across load resistance R, and then can calculate the current I. In the case of the use of the microcontroller in power control often requires the port voltage and current greater than that provided by the parties to the microcontroller. Microcontroller output voltage is 5 volts and current can always be in the range of a few Milli amp. -1 Implementers DC DC Actuators: DC implementers require stream passes always in the same direction. Use these Almnfmat requires two types of devices, power transistors, power transistors or Alrilayat relays. Transistors that could be "bipolar transistors" BJT or MOSFET MOSFET transistors. Characterized BJT transistor to control the current through another stream. Transistors Amoosvi MOSFET control the flow of current through the control voltage. Transistor operates in three areas known pieces region cut off and the saturation saturation and the effective area active. Destitute area is commonly used in larger systems signals amplification. However, in the case of Almnfmat be required in most cases to be either in the case of activation activated or in the case of non-activation deactivated, meaning to have a conversion behavior ON, OFF. In other words transistors used in switchgear. Under these operating conditions transistors keys of the stream in the area of the pieces in the saturation region. The following figure shows the transistor in the program code Isis:

MOSFET transistor is controlled in the flow of current between the upstream source S and downstream drain D by teams of the gate voltage gate G. Transistor BJT is controlled in the flow of current between the current collector C complex and radioactive emitter E by the current flowing through the base base B. Use loads inductive inductive loads such as motors and Alrilayat and Alslenoadat his property energy storage in the form of an electromagnetic field, and this means that when you separate loads Hittite, the energy stored is returned via stream reverse, this phenomenon can cause damage to transistors control systems, to avoid this problem is to use bilateral biased inversely to unload inductive loads, such an arrangement shown in the following figure:

16.1.1 Alrilayat Relays Alrilayat are electromechanical devices electromagnet electromagnet, which way will be closed or open circuit by touching or more. Alrilayat model to isolate the power circuits for electronic control stage. At the same time, is the lowperformance devices, where you can not make rapid changes in her condition and with continued eroding Allamsat use electric with time. The following figure shows the external appearance and the program code Isis this :

Finally, it must be using these devices in their final form as shown following electrical circuit which carry works on voltage 120V AC:

02/01/16 DC motors DC Motors: DC motors with inductive nature and therefore deserve to be treated in the same way as the relay. In the following example microcontroller can be controlled to change the speed of the DC motor, so the purpose is implementation unit (Module) PWM microcontroller 16F628A Bmzbzb 4MHz. On the program are as follows:

To simulate this program Isis program is required to bring the following devices: 16F628A, BUTTON, RES, 2N3904, 1N4001, MOTOR ACTIVE to build the circuit following:

Depending on the desired intensity of the current transistor can be changed to improve system performance. 2N3904 transistor can control up to 200m Amps current and transistor TIP31 can control the stream up to 3 amps depending on Employment and curve characteristics. 16.1.3 bridge H. H Bridge H is the order of Qantara (organization) of the transistors, which allows reverse polarity of the electrical load when you provide a single voltage source (unipolar) single source. Could build Qantara H using separate discrete transistors or using integrated modules and commercially available. This arrangement includes two control signals to enable the selection of polar positive and negative polarity. The following figure shows the electrical circuit of the separate arrangement:

To activate the positive polarity is activated the first line of control control 1, while the Line of Control the second control 2, and activation of negative polarity is reversed if the parties control. Bearing in mind that the pace of Control will not be forever control the two at the same time, as this act result in a short circuit short between the positive voltage Vcc and ground, causing serious damage Baltranzsturat. The following example shows the engine rotation control DC DC motor via microcontroller 16F628A

Simulation program is executed Isis after the construction of the circuit described as follows:

04/01/16 engines step Step Motors Motors move is intermittent electromechanical spin (splitter) in the form of steps and each step a certain value of grades. There are two types of engines step two uni-polar unipolar and bipolar bipolar. Engine unipolar him four files, which are activated one or two at the same time, always be the same polarity (unipolar). Bipolar step motors have only two files, which are activated at the same time alternating polarity (bipolar). This effect generates polar sequence files. Speed control relay is controlled in the speed of rotation of the engine while the order of the sequence controls the direction of rotation of the engine. The following figure shows the natural appearance and Isis program icons for these engines:

Unipolar motors unipolar: Unipolar motors unipolar: Unipolar motors unipolar, generally have five or six parties, which corresponds to the four parties of the files, and a party or two in common. The following figure shows the department files unipolar Engine:

Activation sequence of unipolar motors can be in one of two forms: Activate only one income. Activate two incomes at the same time. When two incomes are activated at the same time the torque is increased torque of the engine, but at the same time be more mainstream. The following table shows how the sequence of activation in both cases:

The following example shows how to control the a unipolar Balmikrokontrulr engine PIC 16F628A with using a clock frequency of 4MHz, for this purpose are saved sequence engine in a matrix, the form of the program as follows:

To simulate this exercise program Isis need for the following devices: MOTOR-STEPPER, BUTTON, ULN2003A and building department following:

To conduct bilateral exercise with the sequence simply change the order of the sequence in the same program and use the same circuit simulation. The new arrangement will be as follows:

Motors bipolar Bipolar motors:

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