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Present Perfect - Form

The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'. Affirmative Subject She Negative Subject She Interrogative to have Has Interrogative negative to have + not Hasn't Example: to walk, present perfect Affirmative I have walked You have walked He, she, it has walked We have walked You have walked They have walked Negative I haven't walked You haven't walked He, she, it hasn't walked We haven't walked You haven't walked They haven't walked Interrogative Have I walked? Have you walked? Has he,she,it walked Have we walked? Have you walked? Have they walked? subject she past participle visited...? subject she past participle visited..? to have + not hasn't past participle visited to have has past participle visited

2. Present perfect, function

The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the resultthan in the action itself.

BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the same. The Present Perfect is used to describe:

1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.) An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.) A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Portugal several times. An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by 'just'). Example: I have just finished my work. An action when the time is not important. Example: He has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is important)

Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He read 'War and Peace' last week.

Examples:
1. Actions started in the past and continuing in the present.

They haven't lived here for years. She has worked in the bank for five years. We have had the same car for ten years. Have you played the piano since you were a child? 2. When the time period referred to has not finished.

I have worked hard this week. It has rained a lot this year. We haven't seen her today. 3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.

They have seen that film six times. It has happened several times already. She has visited them frequently. We have eaten at that restaurant many times. 4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).

Have you just finished work? I have just eaten. We have just seen her. Has he just left? 5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known.

Someone has eaten my soup! Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?

She's studied Japanese, Russian and English.

PRESENT PERFECT + ever, never, already, yet

The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now e.g. Have youever visited Berlin?

'Ever' is used

in questions. e.g. Have you ever been to England? Has she ever met the Prime Minister? in negative questions e.g. Haven't they ever been to Europe? Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food?

and in negative statements using the pattern nothing.......ever, nobody.......evere.g. Nobody has ever said that to me before. Nothing like this has ever happened to us.

'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g. It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails. This is the first time I've ever been to England.

'Never' means at no time before now, and is the same asnot ..... ever:

I have never visited Berlin

BE CAREFUL! You must not use never and not together:

I haven't never been to Italy. I have never been to Italy.

Position
'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the main verb (past participle).

Already and yet Already

refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition, e.g. a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (and you're offering me another one!) b. Don't write to John, I've already done it.

It is also used in questions:

Have you already written to John? Has she finished her homework already?

Position
already can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence:

I have already been to Tokyo. I have been to Tokyo already.

Yet
is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and including the present. e.g.

Have you met Judy yet? I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet. Has he arrived yet? They haven't eaten yet.

Position
Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence.

How to choose between the Present Perfect and Simple Past Tenses

Always use the Present Perfect when the time is not important, or not specified. Always use the Simple Past when details about the time or place are specified or asked for. Compare: Present Perfect I have lived in Lyon. They have eaten Thai food. Have you seen 'Othello'?. We have been to Ireland. Simple Past I lived in Lyon in 1989. They ate Thai food last night. Where did you see 'Othello'? When did you go to Ireland?

There is also a difference of attitude that is often more important than the time factor.

"What did you do at school today?" is a question about activities, and considers the school day as finished. "What have you done at school today?" is a question about results - "show me", and regards the time of speaking as a continuation of the school day.

PRESENT PERFECT + for, since

Using the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by considering its duration,with for + a period of time, or by considering its starting point, with since + a point in time.

For + a period of time

for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours. I have worked here for five years.

Since + a point in time

since this morning, since last week, since yesterday, since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock. I have worked here since 1990.

present perfect with for

She has lived here for twenty years. We have taught at this school for a long time. Alice has been married for three months. They have been at the hotel for a week.

present perfect with since

She has lived here since 1980. We have taught at this school since 1965 Alice has been married since March 2nd. They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.

Note:

For and since can both be used with the past perfect. Since can only be used with perfect tenses, for can also be used with the simple past.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Present Perfect Continuous, Form

The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements:

1.
2. Subject She

the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and the present participle of the main verb (base+ing). has/have been base+ing has been swimming

Affirmative She has been / She's been Negative She hasn't been Interrogative Has she been Interrogative negative Hasn't she been running? running? running running

Example: to live, present perfect continuous

Affirmative I have been living You have been living He, she, it has been living We have been living You have been living They have been living Negative I haven't been living You haven't been living He hasn't been living We haven't been living You haven't been living They haven't been living Interrogative Have I been living? Have you been living? Has she been living? Have we been living? Have you been living? Have they been living?

Present perfect continuous, function

The present perfect continuous refers to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.

Examples
1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present.

She has been waiting for you all day (=and she's still waiting now).

I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (=and I still haven't finished it). They have been travelling since last October (=and they're not home yet). 2. Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results:

She has been cooking since last night (=and the food on the table looks delicious). It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet). Someone's been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).

Verbs without continuous forms

With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the present perfect simple. See list of these verbs under 'Present Continuous':

I've wanted to visit China for years. She's known Robert since she was a child. I've hated that music since I first heard it. I've heard a lot about you recently. We've understood everything we've heard this morning.