Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 1, No.

2, 2012 2012 by the authors Licensee IJASER- Under Creative Commons License 3.0 Research article

www.ijaser.com editorial@ijaser.com ISSN 2277 9442

Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

Pravin B. Waghmare, P.S.Pajgade, N. M. Kanhe doi: 10.6088/ijaser.0020101001

Abstract: A shear frame may be defined as a structure in which there is no rotation of a horizontal section at the level of the floor. In this respect the deflected frame will have many of the features of a cantilever beam that is deflected by shear forces, Hence the name Shear frame is given to those frames. To accomplish such deflection in frame, it is assume that: (1) the total mass of the structure is concentrated at the levels of the floors; (2) the beams on the floor are infinitely rigid as compared to the columns; and (3) the deformation of the structure is independent of the axial forces present in the columns. These assumptions transform the problem from a structure with an infinite number of degree of freedom (due to the distributed mass) to a structure which has only as many degrees as it has lumped masses at the floor levels. This paper is concerned with the response spectrum analysis of six stories shear frame with six degrees of freedom i.e. six horizontal displacement at the floor levels. From the analysis it concluded that, the first mode shape is most important one, because 86.96%, of Mass will respond to ground motion, when only 8.91% of mass will respond in the second. Mode shape, also the only first-two mode shapes will be adequate to insure that more than 90% of the mass will vibrate responding to ground motion Keywords: Spectrum analysis, Shear frame, Portal frame, MATLAB

1. Determination of lumped mass matrix

For shear structure; the mass matrix is a diagonal matrix (the nonzero elements are only in the main diagonal) whereas each one of these elements represents the total equivalent entire mass of the story as a concentrated lumped mass at the level of this story with understanding that only horizontal displacement of this mass is possible. Therefore the lumped mass matrix is given by:

M=

M1 0 0 0 0 0

0 M2 0 0 0 0

0 0 M3 0 0 0

0 0 0 M4 0 0

0 0 0 0 M5 0

0 0 0 0 0 M6

2. Determination of stiffness matrix

The stiffness matrix of shear frame can be determined by applying a unit displacement to each story alternatively and evaluating the resulting story forces. Because the beams are infinitely rigid compare to columns; then the story forces can easily be determined by adding the side-sway stiffness of the appropriates stories which equal to the total sum of columns stiffness of that stories. In shear frame as defined previously the stiffness of column with two ends fixed against rotation is given by

*Corresponding author (e-mail: pravin7717@rediffmail.com) Received on Jan., 2012; Accepted on Feb. 16, 2012; Published on Feb. 26, 2012

Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

Kc
Where (h) Is the story height, and (Ic) is the moment column's section of inertia of The stiffness matrix of the structure is given by: Kc

12 EIc h3

----------------- 1.1

K1

- K1

0 - K2 K2+ K3 - K3 0 0

0 0 -K3 K3+ K4 - K4 0

0 0 0 -K4 K4+K5 - K5

0 0 0 0 -K5 K5+ K6

-K1 K1 + K2 0 0 0 0 -K2 0 0 0

Figure 1: Structure with Six Degrees of Freedom 2.1 Natural vibration frequencies and corresponding vibration mode shapes Based on the dynamics of structures theory, the natural vibration frequencies and corresponding mode shapes can be determined by solve the equation

[K 2M] 

-----------------. 1.2

This equation is called an eigenvalue problem. The quantities 2 are the eigenvalues indicating the square of free vibration frequencies, while the corresponding displacement vectors represent the corresponding mode of vibrating system known as the eigenvectors or mode shapes. Hence a nontrivial solution is possible 0 only when the determinant K 2M equal to zero (due to Cramer's rule). Expanding the determinant will give an algebraic equation of the Nth degree in the frequency parameter 2 for a system having N degrees of freedom. The N roots of this equation1 1 2 3 n represent the frequencies of the N modes of vibration which are possible in the system. The mode having the lowest
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Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

frequency is called the first mode or the fundamental mode, the next higher frequency is the second mode, etc. 2.2 Determination of response spectrum Acceleration Matrix We can determine the mass acceleration depending on the response spectrum. The response spectrum is a plot of maximum accelerations for all values of periods, in other word for a system has specified period based on its mass and stiffness the response spectrum function gives the maximum acceleration can occur in the entire mass of this system. That is mean; if we know the vibration period of a specific mass we can determine its acceleration depending on response spectrum function. The response spectrum function depending on the site characteristics, therefore the design codes give the response spectrum as a function of zone and soil profile, where the zone reflects the acceleration occur in the mother bed rock and the soil profile reflect the effect of the soil under structure in decrease or increase the amplitude of the motion. So it is very important to know that for a structure has specified period (T) will vibrate in different accelerations due to the site which the structure located. The determination of the design response spectra as per UBC97 requires two design parameters: Z =0.3 For Zone 3, Soil Profile SB ,Ca=0.3.

Figure 2: Design Response Spectra

This plot has two characteristics periods TS =CV/2.5CS =0.3/2.5*0.3=0.4 Sec -------------1.3

Ta=0.2*TS =0.8 Sec -------------------1.4 If the period of vibration mode is greater than TS, then the relative acceleration is given by Sa=CV*g / T=0.3 *9.81/ T = 2.943 / T(m / sec2) ------------------------1.5

Else, if the period is lesser than Ts and greater than To, then the relative acceleration is given By:

Sa= 2.5*CV*g =2.5*0.3*9.81=7.3575 (m / sec2) ----------------------1.6 2.3 Determination of maximum modal displacement
The maximum modal displacement matrix is given by S /  U=
a

Pravin B. Waghmare et al., Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012

Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

where: (L) is the matrix of modal excitation factor given by (L) = T M 1 m* is the generalized modal mass matrix given by T m* M --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.9

  

2.4 Determination of maximum story-displacement

Maximum total response cannot be obtained, in general, by merely adding the modal maxima because these maxima usually do not occur at the same time. In most cases, when one mode achieves its maximum response, the other modal responses are less than their individual maxima. Therefore, although the superposition of the modal spectral values obviously provides an upper limit to the total response, it generally over estimates this maximum by a significant amount. A number of different formulas have been proposed to obtain a more reasonable estimate of the maximum response from the spectral values. The simplest and most popular of these is the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) of the maximum modal responses. Thus if the maximum modal displacements are given as previous, the SRSS approximation of the maximum total displacements is given by

The maximum modal elastic forces occur at the story-levels is given by: Sa)--------------------------------------------------------2.2 fs= M

2.5 Determinations of maximum modal story shear forces

We can get the shear force acting on a certain story by assembly the elastic-forces acting above the level of this story. Therefore the story-shear force is given by

Vj

-----------------------2.3

2.6 Determinations of maximum total story shear forces Similarly to previous (Determination of maximum story-level displacement), the maximum total story shear forces could be approximated from the modal maxima by using SRSS combination method as the following

Vmax =

v12+v22+v32+v42+v52

---------2.4

2.7 Determination of modal participation factors

The modal participation factor representing the interaction between the mode shape and the spatial distribution of the external load. This factor given by
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Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

MPF=L/ m*-------------------------2.5

2.8 Determination of modal participating mass ratio

The modal participating mass ratio represent the part of the total mass which responding to earthquake motion in each mode, therefore this ratio is very important to determine the adequate number of mode shapes which give a reasonable part of vibration mass which will respond to the motion. The UBC-97 Code declares that we need an adequate number of mode shapes to insure that 90% of the mass at least will respond due to earthquake motion. The modal participating mass ratio given by MPMR = (L2/M*)/mi----------------------2.6

3. Case Study
A six -story shear plane frame with story-height of 3.0m and single bay of 4.0m was taken for the design purpose and modeling was done.The mathematical model consists from squares columns (60 60cm2) with infinitely rigid beams ( =beam I).The entire mass of each story is assumed to be lumped at its level with total value of typical story mass (m = 100 kN.sec2/ m).The material of columns and beams has modulus of elasticity equal to (E = 2.106 KN /m2 ). Assumed damping ratio ( = 0.05). The frame is subjected to dynamic response spectra as defined in UBC-97 with assumed design parameters : 1. Seismic zone factor ( Z = 0.3) 2. Soil profile type ( SB ) Table 1: Mass matrix is given by M 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Table 2: The stiffness matrix of the structure is given by: Kc

19200 19200 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

19200 38400 19200 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 19200 38400 19200 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 19200 38400 19200 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 19200 38400 19200

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19200 38400

Matlab Coding (MODESSHAPE, OMEGA)= eig (inv (M) *K)

Pravin B. Waghmare et al., Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012

Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

Table 3: Values for Modeshapes -0.55 -0.51 -0.45 -0.36 -0.25 -0.13 -0.51 -0.25 0.13 0.45 0.55 0.36 -0.45 0.13 0.55 0.25 -0.36 -0.51 -0.36 0.45 0.25 -0.51 -0.13 0.55 0.25 -0.55 0.36 0.13 -0.51 0.45 -0.13 0.36 -0.51 0.55 -0.45 0.25

Table 4: Values for Omega 11.15 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 96.57 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 247.83 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 430.28 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 602.13 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 724.01

Matlab Coding For Frequency Matrix Freq = zeros(6) >> for i=1:6: Freq(i,i)= Omega(i,i)^0.5 Table 5: Values for Frequency Matrix (HZ) 3.34 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Matlab Coding For Time Period >> Period = zeros(6) >> for i=1:6 Period(i,i) = 2 * pi/freq(i,i) End Table 6: Values for Time Period (sec) 1.88 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.39 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.23 0.0 9.82 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.9

Matlab Coding For Spectral Acceleration Matrix >> Sa = zeros(6)

Pravin B. Waghmare et al., Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012 6

Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

>> for i=1:6 if Period(i,i) > 0.4 Sa(i,i) = 0.3 * 9.81/Period(i,i) else Sa(i,i) = 0.75 * 9.81 end; end Table 7: Values for Spectral Acceleration Matrix (m/sec2) 1.56 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.60 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.35 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.35 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.35 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.35

Matlab Coding For Modal Excitation Matrix >> LL = ModeShapes' * M*[1;1;1;1;1] >> for i=1:6 L(i,i) = LL(i,1) End Table 8: Values for Modal Excitation Matrix -228.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -40.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.83

Matlab Coding For Modal Mass Matrix >> ModalMass = ModeShapes' * M * ModeShapes Table 9: Values for Modal Mass Matrix 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Matlab Coding For Maximum Modal Displacement, >> U_Modal = ModeShapes * (L/ModalMass) * (Sa/Omega)
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Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

Table 10: Values for Maximum Modal Displacement,(m) 0.176 0.166 0.146 0.118 0.083 0.043 -0.018 -0.009 0.005 0.016 0.019 0.013 0.005 -0.002 -0.007 -0.003 0.004 0.006 -0.002 0.002 0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.002 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Matlab Coding For maximum total displacement matrix, >> for i=1:6 s=0 for j=1:6 s = s + U_Modal(i,j)^2 end U_Max(i,1) = s^0.5 end Table 11: Values For maximum total displacement(m) 0.177384 0.166383 0.146441

Umax =

0.118943 0.084887 0.044905

Matlab Coding For matrix of modal elastic forces (KN) >> fs = M * ModeShapes * L /ModalMass * Sa Table 12: Values For of modal elastic forces (KN) 196.8 185.4 163.2 131.5 92.1 47.4 -174.6 -86.8 44.7 153.7 185.4 123.8 135.0 -39.2 -162.8 -76.2 108.7 153.3 -66.5 82.5 46.6 -93.8 -24.0 99.5 27.6 -59.0 39.4 14.2 -55.5 48.9 -6.7 18.5 -26.1 27.7 -23.0 13.0

Matlab Coding For maximum modal story shear forces >> for i=1:6 for j=1:6 s=0 for a=1:j s=s+fs(a,i) end V_Modal(j,i)=s end
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Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

Table 13: Values for maximum modal story shear forces (KN) 196.80 382.16 545.31 676.77 768.90 816.34 -174.59 -261.36 -216.68 -63.01 122.35 246.17 134.96 95.71 -67.08 -143.29 -34.54 118.79 -66.50 16.03 62.63 -31.13 -55.13 44.42 27.61 -31.37 8.03 22.25 -33.30 15.59 -6.68 11.82 -14.26 13.43 -9.53 3.44

Matlab Coding maximum total story shear-forces matrix (KN) >> for i=1:6 s=0 for j=1:6 s = s+V_Modal(i,j)^2 end V_Max(i,1)=s^0.5 End Table 14: Values For maximum total story shear-forces matrix (KN) (Vmax = ) 304.3903 474.2345 594.1407 695.819 782.0541 862.1801 Matlab Coding For modal participation factors >> MPF = L / ModalMass Table 15: Values for modal participation factors -2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Matlab Coding For Modal Participating Mass Ratio >> Segma_M = 0 >> for i=1:5 Segma_M = Segma_M + M(i,i) end >> MPMR = ((L*L/ModalMass)/Segma_M)*100

Pravin B. Waghmare et al., Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012

Response spectrum analysis of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB

Table 16: Values For Modal Participating Mass Ratio 86.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08

5. Conclusion and Remark

From the above study it is concluded that the part of mass which will respond to the motion for 1st, 2nd, 3rd ,4th ,5th ,6th are given respectively: 86.96%, 8.91%, 2.69%, 1.01% , 0.35% and 0.08%). Due to MPMR, it is seen that the first mode shape is most important one, because 86.96%, of mass will respond to ground motion, when only 8.91% of mass will respond in the second mode shape, etc. From this it is concluded that only first-two mode shapes will be adequate to insure that more than 90% of the mass will vibrate responding to ground motion.

6. References
1. The Universal Building Code -97. 2. Penzien.J and Watabe.M, 1975. Characteristics of 3-D Earthquake Ground Motions, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 3, 365-373. 3. Wilson E. L., A. Der Kiureghian and E. R. Bayo, 1981. A Replacement for the SRSS Method in Seismic Analysis, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 9, l87-l92. 4. Menun.C and Der Kiureghian.A, 1998. A Replacement for the 30 % Rule for Muticomponent Excitation, Earthquake Spectra, 13(1), 1-17. 5. Clough, R.W., & Penzien, J. 1993. Dynamics of Structures, McGraw-Hill, New York. 6. Trefethen, L. N. & Bau III, D., 1997. Numerical Linear Algebra, SIAM. 7. MATLAB-2002 R VERSION.

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