SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING

REG 162/3 INTRODUCTION FOR STRUCTURE

LAB REPORT

NAME MATRIX NUMBER YEAR MAJOR

: STEVEN TOH TEONG JIN : 103781 : 09/10 : BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

LECTURERS NAME : DR. MOHD ZAILAN SULIEMAN

Experiment 1 Title: Reaction on Beam Objective: To test the reaction on simply supported beam under point load Introduction: The reaction on beam reacts as what Newton Third Law stated. Action and reaction is the same but opposite. Total reaction component depends on the types of supports. The structure under reaction is in equilibrium. This situation must occur so that the structure will not move. For that to happened, this structure must obey the rule of equilibrium. The load must be equalized by the reaction on the supports. The magnitude of action can be calculated using static equation. If this structure is externally determinacy, static equation is enough to solve the calculation. The steps to calculate the reaction are as below: 1. An image of the structure is drawn. 2. The supports are identified 3. The reaction that will occur at all support, such as vertical reaction, horizontal reaction, and moment reaction is marked. The component is assumed to react at all directions. 4. All static equation which suitable to identify all the reaction magnitudes are written and solved. 5. If the answer calculated is negative, this show that the direction pointed is opposite. If the value show positive value, this show that the direction is correct. These steps should be followed in order to solve the reaction of structure which have not more than three reactions.

Apparatus: Apparatus is set up as show in the picture below.

Diagram1 : One Point Load

Diagram 2: Two Ponit Load

Procedures: 1. Apparatus is set up as shown in Picture 1 and 2. The beam is to be assured that it is flatted by using adjustable screw. The initial reading is on spring scale is jot down 2. Beam is loaded with one point load at different distance (x) from support (A). Action value on beam is observed and jot down at different weight (M) at different distance. 3. Two point loads (M1 and M2) is applied as shown in Pic 2 and the reaction at difference is jot down carefully. 4. One point load, M3 is placed at distance y. Reaction on beam by the spring scale is jot down carefully. Values of M3 and y are unknown and have to be identifying from this experiment. 5. The reaction R1, R2, R3, and R4 id calculated using principle of moment and value have to be obtained by comparing the reading from spring scale.

Result: For one point load, M = 2 kg Distance, x (mm) Reaction R1 on A(N) Experiment 375 500 750 1000 13.0 11.0 5.0 1.0 Theory 12.9(a) 10.5 5.7 1.0 Table 1 For two point load, M1 = 0.5kg, M2 = 1.5kg Distance, m (mm) 125 250 375 Distance ,n (mm) 875 750 625 Reaction R3 on A(N) Experiment 6.0 8.0 9.0 Theory 6.9 8.1(b) 9.3 Table 2 For point load, M3, Distance, y (mm) 250 300 500 800 Reaction R5 on A(N) 10.0 9.0 6.0 3.0 Reaction R6 on B(N) 3.0 3.0 6.0 10.0 Table 3 M3 (N) 12.6(c) 10.5 12.6(c) 13.13 Reaction R4 on B(N) Experiment 13.0 12.0 11.0 Theory 13.1 11.9(b) 10.7 Reaction R2 on B(N) Experiment 8.0 9.0 14.0 19.0 Theory 7.1(a) 9.5 14.3 19.0

Calculation: F=mxg Where, F = force created m = weight of object g = gravitation force (10ms( Moment for force on certain point is equal to the total of objects weight multiple with the distance of the object. M = Force x Distance Where, M = moment

Example of calculation for case (a) Mass of , M = 2kg. M A B

R1 375mm 675mm 1050mm

R2

Force of load , M = (2)(10) = 20N Taking moment at A , A = A (R2 x 1050) = (20 x 375) R2 = 7.1N F = F R1+ R2 = 20 R1= 20 7.1 R1=12.9N

Example of calculation for case (b) For mass, M1 = 0.5kg, M2 = 1.5kg. M1 250mm M2

R3

750mm 1050mm

R4

Take moment at point A, A = A ( R4 x1050 )= (5x250) + (15x750) R4=11.9N F = F R3+ R4=20 R3=8.1N Example of calculation for case (c) M

Take moment at point A, A = A (1050x3.0) = (250x M3 ) M3= 12.6N M3=1.26kg

Discussion: Explain the reasons of occurring errors and give your conclusion: Facts that cause the error of experiments conclusion are:

1. Tensile of spring will also cause the spring did not function well and error will occur in the reading. 2. Unsuitable environment such as rough surface, wind blow, and unstable of apparatus will affect the reading. 3. Parallax error, is the error occur when taking the reading from the wrong eyes level. This may be happened when taking the reading from dicing spring.

Conclusion: The weight of point load M3 is 12.6N. Reading Error can be overcome by repeating the experiment so that the result obtained will be come more persist by taking the average value of the results. The persistency of result can also manipulated by well functioned apparatus. Parallax error can be avoid by taking the reading without load at the beginning of the experiment.

Appendix: PENGENALAN ANALISIS STRUKTUR, Zulkifli Md. Salleh, Saiful Anuar A. Rahim, (Bab 6 ; Muka surat 166 171)

PENGENALAN ANALISIS STRUKTUR, MEOR OTHMAN HAMZAH. (Bab 6: Muka surat 137 197)

BRIEF KERJA MAKMAL: Penentuan Momen Lentur Pada Rasuk Disokong Mudah.

Experiment 2 Title: Bending Moment

Aims: (i) To understand the effects of applied moment on an element. (ii) To measure the degree of moment with the length of a section of burdened element and compare the results of the experiment and the theory.

Introduction: A light element of AB is set up at plane horizon level with two supports at each end. A weight of 3W is applied at the centre of the element as shown in Diagram 1 below. By assuming that the element was cut off at point P and the PB part was taken off, it can be assured that the AP part of the element will fall. This is due to the balance of the structure no longer exists. To balance up the AP part, an upward shear force of magnitude S and an anti-clockwise moment of magnitude M have to be applied at point P as shown in Diagram 2.

3W

.P

a Diagram 1

M
P

S Diagram 2

As the AP part was balanced before the cutting, conclusions can be made that the AP part was responsible for the balancing of the element. In other words, the PB part had a force with the magnitude of S and moment with magnitude of M.

W WL W X

L-X

L Figure 1

A beam was cut at X and the AX1 and X2b were divided into two portions as shown in Figure 2 below.

R1 M1 WL w A X1 X2 R2 L-X X M2

W
B

Figure 2

R1 , R2 , M1 , and M2 were forces and moments acting on the surface of the cut in order to restore and retain balance of the structure. For simplicity purposes, R 1 and R2 forces are not discussed. At part AX1, the M1 value can be equated as: WL W(L X) = WX kNm

At part X2B, value of M2 must be equal to WX kNm in order to equalize the swing. Values of M1 and M2 which are the same as the total of algebraic moment force at the two sides of section X is known by the name BENDING MOMENT. Bending moment is a torque which tries to break an element into two parts and causing the element to bend. Therefore, the element must be able to produce a balancing moment known as the elements resisting moment at the section itself. From the analysis above, it is found that the magnitudes of R1, R2 and M1, M2 are the same but acting in different directions i.e. opposite to each other. R 1 and M1 are the resultant force and moment at the left of the cut whereas R 2 and M2 are the resultant force and moment at the right of the cut.
The element breaking into half at the point of maximum bending moment
Z W

Diagram 3

In Diagram 3 above, the beam will bend as shown. The line ZZ is known as the neutral axis which does not change in length. The strain on top of the neutral axis is under tension and has an increase in length whereas the strain below the neutral axis is under compression and has a reduction in length. Hence the beam will bend from its origin which in this case, if the bending moment applied is higher than the elements resisting moment, it will break into two.

Materials: The element of this experiment was set up with two parts, with one part being smaller, A, and the other bigger part, B. At one section normal to the axis of the element, a pair of steel bearings pinned in B was grasped to a built-in half-housing at A. This set-up formed a frictionless hinge. The moment acting on the hinge itself was measured by a balancing spring at the distance of 150mm below the hinge. Two support bearings at each ends of the element and a few hanging weights can help cause free tasks on the element. A mercury balance was often prepared to help setting the element at plane horizontal level. However, visual setting up of A and B was sufficient for this experiment as long as the moment of the swing on the spring weighing scale is equivalent to the weight applied.

Apparatus set-up:

(1)

The stands of the beam were built with the 900mm beam in between of the two stands. Pencil mark was made at the left part of the beam, A, with length of 300mm from the pin over two bearing pins at the right part of the beam. This mark was used for the beam to fix it on the stands. Pencil mark was made on the surface of the beam at a distance of 100mm to the left of the stand on the left side and 300 mm from the stand at the right side. Two weight supports were hanged at these two parts of the stands with a third weight support hanged near the right of the moment section. A horizontal mercury scale was used to confirm the plane level of the beam.

(2)

(3)

(4)

Procedures: Part 1 (1) A hanging weight was fixed 100mm from A, a second weight was fixed to the left section (300mm from A) and a third weight was fixed at 300mm from B. (2) The two parts were balanced to plane level with the help of spring weighing scale. The level was confirmed referring to the mercury balance. A control reading without any applied weights were observed and recorded in a table. (3) A weight of 10N was put at the first weight support, the beam was then fixed to plane level and new reading of the spring weighing scale was recorded. (4) The same weight was then removed to the second weight support and later the third with the same procedures repeated later on. (5) The procedures were then repeated again using 20N weight. Reading were all recorded into table.

Part 2 (1) At the same location of weight support, 5N weight was put at the second support. The beam was then fixed to plane level and the spring weighing scale reading was recorded in table. (2) 10N weight was added to the first support and the third support. The beam was fixed to plane level and the spring scale was recorded. All readings were recorded in table. (3) The procedures continued with the third support moved to a new location which was 400mm from B. (4) The beam was fixed to plane level again and a weight-free scale reading was recorded. (5) Two different set-ups were used with the same total weight. This was done by putting 5N weight at the first support and 12N weight at the third support for one scale reading. The reading was then recorded.

(6) The 10N weight was then moved from third support to second support for the next reading. The reading was then recorded.

Results:

Part 1 SPRING SCALE READINGS (N)/ NET WEIGHT (N) Load W1 SPRING SCALE READINGS 0 10 20 15 19 23 NET WEIGHT 0.0 4.0 8.0 W2 SPRING SCALE READINGS 15 28 (i) 41 NET WEIGHT 0 13 (i) 26 W3 SPRING SCALE READINGS 15 22 28 NET WEIGHT 0 7 13

Table : Spring Scale Reading for Bending Moment at C Bending moment(Nmm) Load W1 Practical 0 10 20 600 1200 Theory 667 1333 Practical 1950 (a) 3900 W2 Theory 2000(a) 4000 W3 Practical 1050 1950 Theory 1000 2000

Bending Moment Table ( Experimental Value and Theoretical Value)

Example of calculations in case of experiment (a) By subtracting the value of weight-free readings of each spring scale readings, a clean weight of moment at C can be found. Clean Weight = Spring scale reading with 10N weight weight-free reading = 28 N 15 N = 13N Bending moment value can be found by multiplying the clean weight value with 150mm, which equals to force multiplying with the length. Bending Moment = 13N (150mm) = 1950 Nmm

Example of calculations for theoretical case (a)

300mm

600mm

A C VA VB

Take bending moment around point A F = F

900(VB) = 10(300) VB = 3.33N Shear forces F = F VA + VB = 10 VA = 10 3.33 VA = 6.67 N

 Moment at point C at the left side MC = VA (300) MC = 6.67 (300) MC = 2000 Nmm Moment of point C at the right side MC = VB (600) MC = 3.33 (600) MC = 2000Nmm Part 2: First Research POSITION OF LOAD ( N ) ON HANGER
First Second Third

EQUALIZER READING (N) 15.0 22.0 33.0

NET FORCE (N) _ 7.0 18.0

BENDING MOMENT ( Nmm ) Practical _ 1050 2700 Theory _ 1000 2666.67

0 0 10

0 5 5

0 0 10

Table : Spring Scale Reading for Bending Moment at C Example calculation for case experiment (b) Net force = Equalizer spring reading Value without load = 33.0 N 15.0 N = 18.0 N Bending Moment = 18.0 N x 150mm = 2700 Nmm

Clean weight found comparing to results in Part 1 4.0 + 7.0 + 7.0 = 18.0N Ratio of Part 1 value and Part 2 18.0 : 18.0 1.00 : 1.00 = 1.00

Second Research LOCATION OF WEIGHT (N) ON THE SUPPORTS

First Second Third

SCALE READINGS (N) 15.0 28.0 32.0

NET WEIGHT (N) _ 13.0 17.0

BENDING MOMENT ( Nmm )

Practical Theory

0 5 5

0 0 10

0 12 2

_ 1950 2550 (b)

_ 1933.33 2600 (b)

Table : Spring Scale Readings for Bending Moment at C after the change of locations

Example of calculations in case of experiment (b) Clean Weight = Spring scale reading with 10N weight weight-free reading = 32.0 N 15 N = 17.0 N Bending Moment = 17.0 N (150mm) = 2550 Nmm Example of calculation of theoretical case (b)

5N 100mm 200mm

10N 200mm

2N 400mm

A C VA VB

Take bending moment around point A F = F

900(VB) = 5(100) + 10(300) + 2(500) VB = 5 N

 Shear force F = F VA + VB = 5 + 10 + 2 VA = 17 5 VA = 12 N Moment of C at the left side MC = VA (300) 5(200) MC = 12 (300) 1000 MC = 2600 Nmm Moment of C at the right side MC = VB (600) 2(200) MC = 5 (600) 400 MC = 2600Nmm

5N 100mm A 200mm

10N 200mm

2N 400mm B

C VA 12N 7N A C B VB

Shear Force Diagram

-3N

-5N

A C

Graph of Bending Moment

Questions: (1) Were the experimental values consistent with the theoretical values? Yes. Although there were differences between the experimental values and theoretical values, the differences were not big. This is due to the differences can be caused by a few factors such as the elasticity of the spring of the spring scale. The readings observed might not be the same as the actual readings if the spring had lost its elasticity. (2) How well did the results in part 1 explain the behaviorism of the linear structure above? In the first research, all the weight supports were at the same locations. Therefore, the clean weight for any weights at any supports can be converted into ratios using the values of readings in Part 1. Although the results in Part 1 were different from Part 2, the values found can still explain the behaviorism of the linear structure above. This is due to the fact that the ratio of the value found was minimal, which was 1.00.

Discussions: When weight was double at Part 1, the shear force was doubled as well. This was because when the weight was doubled, the force applied on the pillar and the weight applied to the element will also be doubled. Therefore, the reading was doubled. The readings from the results and the readings from the researches were not completely the same. This might be due to random errors occurring when the readings were taken. Different readings might have occurred due to systematical errors of the apparatuses themselves. One example would be the spring scale which the spring might not be functioning in good conditions causing the inaccuracies in readings. Readings might also be different due to the environment. The surface where the set-up was located upon might not be flat. Wind flow and unstable apparatuses might also cause inaccurate or imprecise readings.

Conclusions The weights which were perpendicular to the longitude axis caused bending and shearing. Weight task and effects on the support acted vertically for the element which was the simplest. It can be concluded that the values of the researches could be used to verify and confirm theoretical values as the error percentage was minimal. Other than this, it was found that when the weight was doubled, the bending moment was doubled as well.

References - BRIEF KERJA MAKMAL: Penentuan Momen Lentur Pada Rasuk Disokong Mudah. - PENGENALAN ANALISISI STRUKTUR, Zulkifli Md. Salleh, Saiful Anuar A. Rahim, (Chapter 6: Page 166 171) - PENGENALAN ANALISIS STRUKTUR, MEOR OTHMAN HAMZAH. (Chapter 6: Page 137 197) - STATICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, Fa-Hwa Cheng. (Page 449-485)

Experiment 3 Title: Shear force Objective: The purpose of this experiment is to observe and understand the effect of shear force in a bar and to measure the degree of shear along the section of bar which is loaded and compared the experiment result with the theory result. Introduction:
W WL W X

L-X

Diagram

A bar is placed at X and section AX1 and X2B is divided into 2 part as shown in the diagram below.

R1 WL A M1 X1 X2 M2

W B

W L-X

R2 X

R1, R2, M1, and M2 are the forces and moments which are acting on the surface to maintain and obtain the equilibrium of a structure. Forces R1 and R2 will be discussed in this topic. At section AX1, to maintain the equilibrium vertically, value of R1 must equal to W kN. However, at X2B, value of R2 must equal to W kN in order to reach vertically equilibrium. From the above analysis, R1 and R2 have the same magnitude but in opposite direction.

R1 and M1 are the reactions of the structure surface at the left section whereas R2 and M2 are the reactions on the surface at the right side. The forces R1 and R2 are known as Shear Force. Positive shear force is a vertical force which tends to spin the surface clock wise or vice versa. Positive shear force is shown below. Surface +

+ Positive Shear This means at the right side, the force and the force component acting downward are positive forces and on the left surface, the forces acting upward are positive. Apparatus:

1. Supporting bar is fixed so that a distance of 900mm is created between the two supporting bar. 2. Pencil mark is marked at the side of the bar at 300mm from section shear. This mark is to identify the position of the supporting bar. 3. Pencil mark is marked on the surface of bar at a distance of 100mm from the left of the supporting bar and 400mm from the right of the supporting bar. Two load hangers are hanged on this two position and the third hanger is placed slightly to the right of the shear section. 4. Pencil mark is mark again on the bar surface at the distance of 300mm from the right supporting bar for experiment part 2 5. Horizontal Mercury Equalizer is used to make sure the horizontal of the bar. Procedures: Part 1 1. One load hanger is placed 100mm from A, second load hanger is placed slightly to the left shear of C section (310mm from A) and third hanger is placed at 400 from the right supporting bar B (or 500mm from A) 2. The spring is adjusted and used to flatten both section. 3. Reading on the equalizer spring is recorded as value without load. 4. Load 10N is placed at the third hanger which is located 400mm from B and the bar is flatten again by using the spring. The equilibrium force on the spring is observed and recorded. The difference between this force and the value without load is the shear force at C which is caused by the load 10N. 5. The force value is recorded in a table. 6. The procedure is repeated with load 20N at the third hanger. 7. Load 20N is then removed and load 10N is placed at the second hanger. The bar is equalized and the reading of the spring is recorded. 8. Load 10N is removed to the first hanger and the bar is equalized. The equalizing force of the spring is recorded. The reading should be smaller than the without load value. To show that the shear at C is negative.

Part 2 The bar is returned to the initial condition and the third hanger is removed to the position of 300mm from B. The bar is equalized and the new reading without load is recorded from the spring. Load 5N is placed at the first hanger and load 12N is placed at the third hanger. Shear force of the equalizer which is used to equalize the bar is recorded as shown below.

900mm

600mm 310mm

100mm

W1

W2

W3

Load 2N is moved from the third hanger to the second hanger. The bar is then equalized again and the reading of the spring is recorded. Load 2N is replaced with load 10N at second hanger, the bar is equalized and the spring force is recorded. Result: Part 1 Load at third hanger LOAD AT THIRD HANGER (N) Spring Equalized Force (N) Shear Vc (N) 0 2.5 0 10 (I) 6.8 4.3(a) 20 (II) 11.3 8.8 8.89

Shear Value for Theory Vc (N) 0 4.44(b) Table: Load at Third hanger

LOAD AT THIRD HANGER (N) Ratio Experiment / Theory

0 -

10 0.97(c)

20 0.99

Example calculation of Shear Force from experiment, case (a) Shear Force = 6.8 2.5 = 4.3 N Shear force value from theory, case (b)
10N
400mm

A P VA
900mm

VB

Take Bending Moment around point A F = F 900(VB) = 10 (500) VB = 5.56 N

Vertical force F = F VA + VB = 10 VA = 10 5.56 VA = 4.44 N A P

4.44N

S S is shear force F = F VA = S VA = 4.44 N

 Ratio value for experiment and theory (c) = 4.3 : 4.44 = 0.97

10N
500mm 400mm

A P
4.44 N

5.56 N

4.44 N

-5.56 N

Shear Force diagram for case (I)

20N
500mm 400mm

A P
8.89 N 8.89 N

11.11 N

-11.11 N

Shear Force diagram for case (II)

Load at second hanger

LOAD AT SECOND HANGER (N) Spring Equalized Force (N) Shear for Vc (N) Shear value for Theory Vc (N) Ratio Experiment / Theory Table: Load at second hanger
10N
310mm 590 mm

0 2.5 0 0 0

10 9.0 6.5 6.56 0.99

6.56 N 6.56 N

3.34 N

A
-3.34 N

SHAER FORCE GAMBARAJAH Load at first hanger LOAD AT FIRST HANGER1 (N) Spring Equalized Force (N) Shear for Vc (N) Shear value for Theory Vc (N) Ratio Experiment / Theory 0 2.5 0 0 0 10 1.4 -1.1 -1.1 1.0

Table: Load at first hanger

10N
100mm 800mm

8.89 N 8.89 N

1.11 N

A
-1.11 N

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM AT FIRST HANGER Part 2

LOAD (N) AT POSITION APPARATUS

W1 W2 W3

EQUALIZING FORCE (N)

SHEAR FORCE (N)

Experiment Theory Ratio

0 5 5 5

0 0 2.0 0 0 0 0 12 5.6(III) 3.6 3.44 1.05 2 10 6.3(II) 4.3 4.1 1.05 10 10 11.3(I) 9.3 9.3 1.0 Table: Position of load at different position of apparatus

Example calculation for case (I) Experiment shear force value = 11.3 2.0 = 9.3N


100mm

Theory shear force value

5N 210mm 10mm 10N 190mm 10N 400mm

A VA

VB B Take bending moment around point A F = F 900(VB) = 5 (100) + 10(310) + 10(600) VB = 10.67 N Vertical force F = F VA + VB = 5 + 10 + 10 VA = 25 10.67 VA = 14.33 N Shear force on left side of C, + Vc = 14.33N -5N Vc = +9.33N Shear force on right side of C, + Vc = 20N 10.67N Vc = +9.33N
10N
210mm 190mm

5N
100mm

10N
400mm

A W1
14.33N
900mm

B W2 W3
10.67 N V B

From A to W 1 A P
14.33N

S S is shear force F = F VA = S S = 14.33 N From A to W 2

5N

100mm

210mm

A P
14.33N

S F = F S + 5 = VA S = 14.33 5 S = 9.33 N

From A to W 3
5N 10N

100mm

210mm

190mm

A P
14.33N

S F = F S + 5 + 10 = VA S = 14.33 15 S = - 0.67 N

100mm

5N

210mm

10N

190mm

10N

400mm

A P
14.33N

S F = F S + 5 + 10 +10 = VA S = 14.33 25 S = - 10.67 N

5N 100mm A C 14.33N 10.67N 14.33N 9.33N 210mm 10N 190mm 10N 400mm B

Gambarajah Ahli Bebas kes (I)

A -0.67N

Shear Force diagram case (I)

-10.67N

Shear Force diagram case (II)

5N 100mm A 210mm

2N 190mm

10N 400mm B

C 6.8N 10.2N 6.8N

Gambarajah Ahli Bebas kes (II)

1.8N A -0.2N B

Shear Force diagram case (II)

-10.2N

Shear Force diagram case (III)

5N 100mm A C 7.22N 9.78N 7.22N 400mm 12N 400mm B

Gambarajah Ahli Bebas kes (III)

2.22N

Shear force diagram case (III)

-9.78N

Question:
1. When the load is increased in part 1, will the shear force increased?

Yes, the shear force is also increased when the load is increased in part 1. From Table 1, the value of net force for 10N is 4.3N, when the load increased to 20N, the value of net force is also increased to 8.89N.
2. How far is the agreement between the result from experiment and the result from theory?

Answer in ratio between V experiment / V theory. The average ratio value between the theory results with the experiment result is considered as persist. Discussions When the load is increased in part 1, the shear force will also increase. This is because when the load is increased, the force is applied on the supporting columns and the bar is also increased. Reading from the result is not exactly with the reading from the experiment. This may be cause by the parallax error which occur while taking the reading. The readings of result are different may be also the cause by of the apparatus. For example, the spring the apparatus not functioning well will cause the reading to be not persist. The reading is different may due to the environment. The rough surface, wind blow, and the stability of the apparatus which might be one of the reasons. Conclusion: Ratio between the value of experiment and the value from theory is 1.01. The bar will be in equilibrium if the shear force applied is not higher than the maximum limit. Appendix:

- PENGENALAN ANALISIS STRUKTUR, MEOR OTHMAN HAMZAH. (Bab 6: Muka Surat 137 197) - BRIEF KERJA MAKMAL: Penentuan Momen Lentur Pada Rasuk Disokong Mudah. STATICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, Fa-Hwa Cheng. (Muka Surat 449- PENGENALAN ANALISIS STRUKTUR, Zulkifli Md. Salleh, Saiful Anuar A. Rahim, (Bab 6: Muka Surat 166 171)

Experiment 4 Title Objective : Steel Stress Test : To test the behavior and characteristics of soft steel specimen under stress test. Introduction : Results from the stress test (or tension) are always argued in many ways. Stress () is the force spread evenly along the surface area. Thus,

weight area

Loads under stress will cause deformation in the length on the specimen. Strain () is defined as the changes of the length/ original length. The changed length is measured on certain length (known as standard length). Tension, is always small and sometimes translated in percentage. Result from the strain test (or tensile) is defined as the tension against tensile. Normally a material is classified base on this stress-strain graph as shown.

Aluminum

Steel

Fixed set

Stress-strain graph

At first, the entire curve in graph 1 shows linear relationship between stress and strain, (OA). This is the flexibility zone and the curve OA is the Young Modulus for the material tested. Under this zone, the material can return to the original form when forces are not applied on the material. If this specimen surpasses point B, this specimen is said to become plastic. Stress at point B is known as yield point. Some material breaks at this yield point. These are rupture material. Material which can goes under yield point is categorized as necking material.

Apparatus

: (1) Torsees Universal Testing Machine (2) Puncher (3) Stress test specimen

Procedures: 1. A center line is measured precisely at a few points in the original length. Crosssectional area is calculated. 2. Two points are marked on the specimen with the puncher. Specimen is placed to the testing machine. 3. Specimen is loaded slowly and constantly 4. Once it reaches the yield point, loads will be added onto the specimen slowly and constantly until it breaks into two. The reading is recorded for the ultimate load and break load.

Results

1. The values for stress and strain are calculated and the stress-strain curve is drawn. 2. The values for Young Modulus, Ultimate Strength are calculated. 3. The percentage of values of decreasing area and length is calculated. 4. The result is arranged in the table below. 5. Formula using in experiment 4 1. Beban Takat Alah (kg) Tegangan Alah (N/mm) (Yield Load) Formula, (Yield Stress)

YieldLoad 9.81 ( N / mm 2 ) CrossSectionalArea

P alah 9.81 A

2. Beban Muktamad/ Maksimum (kg) Tegasan Tegangan (N/mm) (Ultimate/Maximum Load) Formula, (Tensile Stress)

MaximumLoad 9.81( N / mm2 ) CrossSectionalArea P muktamad 9.81 A

- Load,(kg) - Maximum Load, (kg) ( D/4 @ j )

Di mana, P (Alah) P (Muktamad) A

- Cross sectional area,(mm)

3. Load when the rod break (kg) 4. Percentage of length (%) Percentage of length = =
Measuremen tOfLength InitialLength 100 % InitialLength
L1 L0 100 % L0

Steal R12 Mass, m = 544.5g Long, L = 615mm Cross sectional area, SO =

m L 0.00785

Steal Y12 Diameter, D = 12.00mm = Y12 (saiz keluli) Cross sectional area SO = j = (12.0)2/4 = 113.14 mm2

= 112.79mm2 Cross sectional area SO = j 112.79 = J = 4.89 Diameter, D = 5.99 X 2 = 11.98mm = R12(saiz of steel) = Initial length, L0 = 60.00mm Percentage of length, L1 = 73.20mm Percentage of length, =
L1 L0 100 % L0
73.20 60.00 100% 60.00

= 22% Measurement of R12 L1 = 81.60mm Percentage of length, = =

L1 L0 100 % L0
81.60 60.0 100% 60.00

= 36%

MECHANIC CHARACTERISTIC STEEL SPECIMEN(Y12) 334.6 N/mm2 476.9 N/mm2

STEEL

SPECIMEN(R12)

Yield strength

590.1 N/mm2 664.5 n/mm2

Tension stress

Young Modulus

0.063

0.291

Percentage of changes in length =

totallength 100 originallength

81.6 60.0 x 100% = 73.2 60.0 x 100% = 22% 36% 60 60

Original Length = 60mm

Calculation: 1) Stress and strain value: a) Soft steel. Stress: Formula, = = = = Formula, Load x 9.81(Nmm) Cross-section area P x 9.81 A 0.493 x 9.81 206.12 0.023N/mm

Strain:

= = = =

Increase of Length Original Length (81.60 - 60.00) 60 0.36

b) Hard steel Stress: Formula, = = = = Strain : Formula, = = = = Load x 9.81(Nmm) Cross-section area P x 9.81 A 0.493 x 9.81 75.21 0.064N/mm Increase of Length Original Length (73.20 - 60.00) 60.00 0.22

2) Young Modulus, E a) Soft steel Formula, E = Stress Strain = = 0.023N/mm 0.36 0.063 N/mm

b) Hard Steel Formula, E = Strain = = = 0.064N/mm 0.22 0.291 N/mm Stress

Yield strength (soft steel) =

Yield Load Cross-section area

x 9.81(Nmm)

= = =

P x 9.81 A 3035.2 x 9.81 206.12 144.45 N/mm

Yield strength (hard steel) = = = =

Yield Load Cross-section area P x 9.81 A 4564.6 x 9.81 75.2 595.46 N/mm

x 9.81(Nmm)

Tension stress (soft steel) =

Ultimate Load x 9.81(Nmm) Cross-section area

= = =

P x 9.81 A 3688.5 x 9.81 206.11 175.55 N/mm

Tension stress (hard steel) = = = =

Ultimate Load x 9.81(Nmm) Cross-Section area P x 9.81 A 5258.2 x 9.81 75.2 685.94 N/mm

Conclusion : From the result and graph, it is proven that the strength of hard steel is much higher than soft steel. Thus soft steel is not suitable to be used as the main support in structure. Different types of steel perform different characteristic. The diameter of steel also affects the characteristic of the steel.

Reference

BRIEF KERJA MAKMAL: Ujian Tegangan Keluli ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES: Copyright 1995, 1996, 1997 by Chris H. Luebkeman and Donald Peti Zulkifli Md. Salleh, Saiful Anuar A. Rahim, Pengenalan Analisis Struktur, Bab 2Sifat anggota struktur ( m/s 35- 49 ) http://www.hbp.usm.my/naser/REG262/w4note.html http://www.hbp.usm.my/norizal/lectures/moricih.pdf