Homework 1: 1/16

Brian Bell 1/9/2013 P.13-14 Q. 3: Analyze the logical form of the following statements:
(a) Alice and Bob are not both in the room. Let A represent Alice being in the room. Let B represent Bob being in the room. (A B ) (b) Alice and Bob are both not in the room. Use the same letter representations as (a). (A B ) (c) Either Alice or bob is not in the room. Use the same letter representations as (a). A B (d) Neither Alice nor Bob is in the room. Use the same letter representations as (a). A B Note that this is equivalent to (b) according to DeMorgans laws.

p.13-14 Q. 6: Let S stand for the statement Steve is happy and G for George is happy. What English sentences are represented by the following expressions?
(a) Either Steve is happy and George is not, or vice versa. (b) Either Steve is happy or George is happy and Steve is not happy or George is not happy. (c) Either Steve is happy or George is happy and Steve is not happy.

p.24-25 Q. 7: Use truth tables to determine if the arguments from exercise 7 of section 1.1 are valid.
(a) Jane and Pete wont both win the math prize. Pete will win either the math prize or the chemistry prize. Jane will in the math prize. Therefore, Pete will win the chemistry prize. Let P denote Pete winning the math prize and P denote Pete winning the chemistry prize. Let J denote Jane winning the math prize and J denote Jane winning the chemistry prize. (note: J is not used in the argument, and thus shall be ommitted from the truth table below.) (P J ) 1

P P J P P T T T T F F F F P T T F F T T F F J T F T F T F T F (P J ) F T F T T T T T P P T T T T T T F F J T F T F T F T F P T T F F T T F F

There are no rows along with the premises are all true and the conclusion is false therefore the argument is valid. (b) The main course will be either beef or sh. The vegetable will be either peas or corn. We will not have both sh and corn. Therefore, we will not have both beef as a main course and peas as a vegetable. Let M denote beef as the main course and M denote sh as the main course. Let V denote peas as the vegetable and V denote corn as the vegetable. M M V V (M V ) (M V ) M T T T T F F F F T T T T F F F F M T T F F T T F F T T F F T T F F V T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F V T T T T T T T T F F F F F F F F M M T T T T T T F F T T T T T T F F V V T T T T T T T T T F T F T F T F (M V ) F F T T F F T T T T T T T T T T (M V ) F T F T T T T T F T F T T T T T

Rows 3,9, and 11 show all 3 premises to be true while the conclusion is false, therefore the argument is not valid. (c) Either John or Bill is telling the truth. Either Sam or Bill is lying. Therefore, either john is telling the truth or Sam is lying.

Let J , B , and S denote John, Sam, and Bill respectively, telling the truth. J B B S J S (note: There is no but not both clause.) J T T T T F F F F B T T F F T T F F S T F T F T F T F J B T T T T T T F F B S F T T T F T T T J S T T T T F T F T

All rows that show both premises to be true also show the conclusion to be true, therefore the argument is valid. (d) Either sales will go up and the boss will be happy, or expenses will go up and the boss wont be happy. Therefore, sales and expenses will not both go up. Let B denote the boss being happy. Let S denote sales going up. Let E denote expenses going up. (S B ) (E B ) (S E ) J T T T T F F F F B T T F F T T F F S T F T F T F T F (S B ) (E B ) T T F F T F T F (S E ) F T T T F T T T

Lines 1 and 5 show the premise to be true while the conclusion is false therefore the argument is invalid.

p.24-25 Q. 8: Use truth tables to determine which of the following arguments are equivalent to each-other.
P T T F F Q T F T F (P Q) (P Q) T F F T P Q T F T T (P Q) (Q P ) T F F T (P Q) F F F T (Q P ) P T F T T

Therefore: (P Q) (P Q) is equivalent to (P Q) (Q P ) 3

and P Q is equivalent to (Q P ) P

p.24-25 Q. 12: Use the laws stated in the text to nd simpler formulas equivalent to these formulas.
(note: I seem to recall that the symbol is not proper in comparing these formulas. I ask that the symbol as used in the following statements be considered an abbreviation of the sentence is equivalent to.) (a) (P Q) (P R) (P Q) (P R) (P Q) (P R) P (Q P ) (b) (P Q) (P R) (P Q) (P R) (P Q) (P R) (c) (P R) [R (P Q)] (P R) [(R P ) (R Q)] [(P R) (P R)] (R Q) [P (R R)] (R Q) (R R is a tautology) P (R Q)