LZI

.ti Y V Y'g Y ltg'lr(+ - E Vl Y4ry |tt! :X!

'llnq!^-!xD!x 'o?tl-Qq r966u!I lN :6u9r'lz !?l le] l?l lel 9!q

" & A t H l 6 r fM : t s
a euugtlslQM:6uPqZ

'qnpu?qourblqs !?^ull :0u9nH

LurtrlK:)f

. H E' 8.1.I,E' T+ : ts
u?r.l lN a eu 6ugur

'r?t u?t{ ugqoM :6ugnH ?^'6ugur 'opqlu 'firlr-jqnEfu9nFl :6uEqZ

'opqulu 'lqsoFt 6uEqZ:6ugnH

aE! 1E':tl"+4"!l.E X ts :)p " tV Ei.,ilI+ *t : Ei

pnqrnp 91$ 3n9oMe

9NI8Id'93Q
,llD.a tsnlrul 6u;q;ucsag

s!q+u! s,lDqt\ :uossal

I
S NOSSTI

NOS931
4^^lp F.g!*

LESSON 5

d wJ kaF{i*

f;: +tffE"iffU{Zttr,Ftr'
Xidxieleoshi, zeijian. Huang: Wd zhidao.

ff: E q,'
Zhang:Zeijian.

4 : I BF ! & E F I E i H H '
Li: NIdeyifu hdn piaoliang-

F:
Wrl:

NJIEElJ[8"
Nalindli.

$:
Li:

la^fi?
? Gui-bu-gui

ft: TtE'+tr8!&EE#Tft'
W0: yifudou b!-gui. B!-tai gui. Zhonggu6de

#: tsl+*'rYi?
Li:

? Zhdijian duoshao-qian

wishikuai. W0; zheijian

*: ts'f+fi+ri'
*: ?FFH!
Li: Hdnpianyi !

Wri: Dui.

128

6Zl

'lno ?I qM'uejgu u?q i Qb6u?lx-Qq

:!11

WE,,#:l iEWVWW"W

tE .pcvarY,q4+t(E
e au.ju9qsrQM :tr!l

'uprq6uBJ-nq uqq9ll9l r.lb I-e\ul^ :6u94

Lv+lr(:l
tv+ .YWVWEtrl,HfrVW
'glf

'ogplqz 'Qb6ugrx-Qq 91,1 :6u91 9/$lqsugp

. & q 4 +i l l T + e 4l4 : !
'Llsuqu;6uP.

9l Qbuaujgi\ 6ulb 9I

:Dll

.flY
!?N !Q^\ lr]suQr ?I tu'6u11?Sftrqqe a pu1

tV*
:Dl'l

4l rlE : trx Y1Y1W ,til,4 * $X 1,ftr

i Y lK # W 4 W r f r M t v
lqsufl !N eflqso?l6uPqz a eu no^6u?d

ilr.lsu nqpQt{noiougdeP91 :6u91

:!!1

Ltu 4 W rtl iltt 7 Xt H1Yl ,!! | ltL

9 NOSSfl

a) n^^ Lp *gr*

5 LESSON

diwi kd 4IiX

r'Tifr ffi i+ OFTHE DIALOcUE ENGLISHTRANSLATION

zhaag, how do You dd Hlarg TezLchet zhang: Huaflg Guo-xin8, hello. Are you buqr? Huang: Yes,and also very tied. zhaflg. Why? Huarg: Becausethele's lots to do. Zhang: You ought to take a rest - don't 8et so fird It's not good to be too tired' Huangi I kalow. Thanl<you ieacher. Goodbye. T}.angt Goodbye.

Li:

Li: Li: Wu:

Lii

Your dressis very ptefty. (see Worfh Notind Not at all. was it expensive? clothes arc expensive. Noneof China's Not l,oo expeflsive. How much was il? It w4sV50. T Very cheap Yes.

Liu: Yang: Liu: Yang: Liu: YanS: Liu: YanS: Liu:

Do you lanowTe4cherZhatg'sfiet|d(sl? I know all her friendsl ChenMei-ling that one' do you alsololow her? Yes. Shehasinvited us to go io her home. I know, but t don't wish to 80. wh)4 it's YeryinconvenientSoingto her home' Because I dor't feel like Soingeitherl You'reright, it's a nuisance.

130

IgI

( uelf*l ,td (

seqplc

(N)

n}f o?plqz opq

l-Pl

dH4rI R IIY eI 54 zr
Y'II

.finsn) .lou) (qrrl Sqpre8er

^\oDI 01:^\ou{ ol tEqyJo 'poo3 le { dle^Issecla'ool (o^4Brodurl) l,uop L\) (.LS) {V) (AV)

9!q P!x!^

ltff ot -{ -

(N+nN) e 'elqace1g11e lueurour peruou e 'e11q.u o1ttql e (w+nn) lser ol tA,

r!nq,^1(+-'6 !x!tx E +l I L

plnoqs'olrqgno (AV)

1 9/6l 9 6 6 u r4 i /Y4N (gl) F H

aq ol fsnq ro perdnccco Surpeou $a0eul e^q :ol Surpu3De

(OA) (6ulb)lqs nei

(uP![ +] :w)
sseursnq Jo well'Jellgul (N,

(6utb)!qs !?/y\ul^ au.l u9LlslQ/r^ !?l 6ugu-t u?q

(gl.) e

esllPcaq (vw, e,{q \ (yyv{\O) SuuD?erp f,snq (AS) {irS) (v) !cOu?qsK
9 NOSSTI

(tr s Y+lK''
g e

J+ .z
E} .I

u eloosesl

Ile^

AUVInV,OA /V\3N
ot t^ tpHgg

IISSON 5

dtwir kd+Ii.R

rs.iH H
16.B[

piaoliang

beautiful (SV) pretty,attractive, (people& thiqgs)

g) E (rr$

(n6li) (Ex) neri

Not at all ! (polite phmse)

tr
rfl

Zh6nggu6

(Pw) China
(people) Chinese pattems) alt, both (seeGramruar none(of) not alt (o0 (Masure for clothing) with to know,to be acquainted (someone) (someone), recognize

E A

(N) Zhonggu6r6n dou (A) (4 (4 (M) M

1 8 .#
fIP

Zi

doub0 bi-dou jian renshi

n fl
1e. I+
zo.i). iF

(or iz! ?Srdnde)

2 1 . Fn p.

p6ngyou wei qU jie

(N) (M) M

friend

(M: t ge or ii wdi)

2 2 . in

*
24- 4

for people) (politeMeasure (note 9) to go(to)

(PW) home (trotel0)

25. IE E / nI E danshi/ keshi {con) but,however 26. fi

fangbian mAfan

(sU (SU M

conveDient houblesome bothersome, to annoy to trouble, to bother,

m in

t32

atr

lu(l uo44eoeu sqe^pv leqlo puesqJe^ [Z-I seloNees] 'qslSug ur sV sqre^ pus s3^gcelpVapacard (V) sq]p^pv 'l Spout de$

'spJoa laqlo uI ',paJg,,f,Idu4s sE IIea sE.pa".! sl, suteur l?l H 'sc4sFalcBrBqc loJ prod eltJedas Jo uoplpuo" Bulqucsap sacualues uI .s.1, eeeulqc "ql tq Peppeqq" E ppE ot paau ou sr eJar{l os '.Allcahv pefiec) e^$ca[pv XpB.4E 3l ,sl, lEql alou 'raA3^\oH (qJaA a(41p15 'SSSNIHC ul eseulqC B Sursn ,tq awop sl'ulqucsap 10 uopcuru eql '6snq st ag anlsuadxa 4ooq s'!qJ '3'a :a^rrce.fpv 4 ue snyd.aq o7,qleA eql Sulsn ,{q auop f11ensn sl pelqo Jo uoslad E 'eJnlEw ar]nququcsap 'HSI'ICNA ul Jo scllsFalcEjpqc Jo acuereaddE
L
L

(As)

(sqJ?Aa^l+D+S)

s3^lr?3fqv 3S3NIH?
I NOSSII

,t/\ tp #gg

5 I,ESSON

Ift
W6
hCn
1R

F
tdi

{6*!AfE
Nideyifu

igE
pieoliang

hdn

s ix,{+
shi Zhdijien

tai

ffi'ffi mafan

t+ Ifl Tedep6ngyou hen hAo Bl. L q t : ,F6fl namegui! NCibdnsh0 't& TA2W lE

i&&!FfiE

Y6ngleoshi

hCn

m6ng

bothAdverbsandAdjectives 2. Negative $ bi precedes RepetitionDrill S

[seNote 3]

W6

bn tai tdi

tF 'in 4. ffi *frt

weixieojie b0 tai pidoliang NCi

r x
T

lHE

fiE CaishichAng bir tai fengbian .t&H!4tr 6 t

Tadeddngxi
b!

tai duo

trrlffi
Xh6ngshi

+ ix.t+

T bn T
b0

EE

pianyi

M,M
m6fan

shi ZhCijian

t34

9I

:uapnts :tuspnlS :ueprus

:tueptgs

aq
!Prtq
lel rqsoPlu!'1

:L :JeqteeJ

Y :Z :reqcel Y :reqcea Ni ? * .re\&el

* t qceel

:Feprus
:l@pnls :peprqs

9np nqs gn66uld

*

GF xeqc"3l gE :r.q.sel

:luepnls upqoguqqC '!nOu?qo9![6u9lx ap-PI . g E H{ E 6d 4} :rr!5pr4s

4 7 YA:re\ceel

'ln6 u?r]oq!l6u9rx epgf " E El :# g qd 4+ :IeqcaJ

:luepnls ?uepqs

!pLtq !q

Y V :leqceel )L :reqr@I

iluepnls aougunq6ugur al+ y ;[ :DqcBe :luepqs a Ei :leqc8el aeur

:pepnls :tuepqs :uepnls

!qso9l 6ugur
!91

AtrZ ireg.a.
J,l :reqi"aJ Y :Jeqseel

:ru.pnrs ougruugqogl 4{ 4 ? :Ieqceel '!?tu?qusur-eI" g E, U' uaupl 4,:ruepqs '!Qt u?q9M " g E tr+:luop{rts'l?tu?rt 9M
(Z uosse'Ieos)
I NOSS!:r

Ll, 41.:Ieqcs.I . g x|, s xeqc"e

sluc uo4q4sqns e^lsse.6oJd '

al !/v\ tp *1gg

5 Lf,SSON

d wi k6 ffi{iF

d6u

( = inclusive'oll' )

# dou is an Adverb. However, it is unique in that fl d6u ca-n only refer to plural things which precede it, and has the effect of 'tot"alizing'ttre plural oriollective Noun, e.c. A 1l *ff X zK R = we all buy fruit / All of us buy fruit (i'e' d6u maishuigu6 W6men nr vd maishuigud' #i * /( R, 'Ifi tb * 7& R W6 maishuigud, note5) ther:efore+t 'lll # * 7K R W6mend6u m6ishuigu6) (see the Note that # ddu is not used for plural Objects which come @Jter verb. Therefore, when # ddu is needed to refer to a plural Obiec'' that Object must be moved up into the topic position at the head of (seenotes 6-8) the senience so that fl dOucan refer back to it'

is plural' 11. FixedAdverb # dou (a1l)astotalizer. The Subject Dri1l Repetitiotr

V/SV
p

tt fir
W6men

ddu y6u
E}

1U {fr
Tamen

d0u q 0
6D
]R !4

N R
Shulgud

dou hengur?B16d

+fEEfr\JeEft
]TItrB Zheixic shi

LIxianshengde Yifu d6u hdnpianyi

EP

m,ffi ?R

dou h6nm6fan

ll6

LEI

u?q n9p Qq uPl9ru

lqs clx lQqz

u r w E# , v

FfrR

r^u9rd u?q n9p[q nI^ apOuaqsugrx l'l HWW. # v dg*4{sv+

lnOugll ngp Qq
!d ilt

QnOlnLlS

F)L
ngp0q

xxr
ul 4l

!D

uaujgl

E V
o9^ n9pt:rq

uurQM

nsin

# v

t]t#

(l,uopeuos'op eltlosel?oIIEtou)

1pq uopuedeg nop nq e V

nqi !9ul n9p

ta
dB

uauqM

ul T+
lqs ?!x !?qz

uel9ur Qq n9p

6 F R
en6!nqS

xtr *f :L tn6 D q n9p

X *

apOueqsuerx l'l du9!d aq n9p nJ!^ >y d E d H ) 2 q q E v + 0b uq n9p

uouj9l

dd

rlt 4'

ASA
1uq uo4qedea 'ZI 0o euou) Qqngp :L e
I NOSS!]I

a) t^^ Lp *gg

5 LESSON

le *Ii+ d wL:,

ushg #ddu sentences Drill: mak simple 14, Tnsformation

'e ' Example: Teacher:lE' & ?R F " fr lll R'* Ni hdnl6i,w6 y6 henl6i. W6men... Student: +li {ll # ?R F " d6uhenlei. W6men (Wearebothtired)

'e " reacher: {fi R'& fr. 4ER" +t {ll -"

NI h6n ldi,w6 ye h6nlei. W6men. .

Student: Student:

" reacher: lfi E'+t U 4 " ft fil

... Niyao,w6ydyao. W6men "' Teacher: & * ffi 7 " +n {il {fi * ig +,* jozi, ... w6yd m6ijizi. W6men NImai '{fii,\ iF i& ,+t tg i( iF l&' +} ifl reacher: Nirdnshi ta,w6yd renshita.W6men...

studetrt: studetrt:

Drill: 15. Tmosformation

using fl d d6u b0 makesimpleseotences

"" Example: Teacher:'ifi 6 r't'+i tb T r'f ' fi {ll NI bi-dul,w6 Y6b0-dui. W6men ... ' (Neither ofusare conect) Student: fitl#Tfj w6menddu bo-dui.

"' reacher: 16 r xf'+i fi F r.J' fi 1ll

w6 yEbi-dui. W6men... Ni bo-dui,

Student: Studeoti

reacher:'ffi T ffi *, 4t d 6 E *"

q0. W6men ... qi, w6yd b0-xidng Nibo-xieng reachellfi ii 'BII H,+t-tL & A AFF" +t lll -- studetrt: y6upiao. W6men... y6upiao, w6ye m6i-y6u NIm6i-y6u + i ' l i l- " S t u d e n t : **" Teacher:{Er**'&&^ W6men... w6ye b!-meiqingcai. Ni bri-maiqingcai,

+n{l ""'

138

6ET

'!tPu sseuellod n1t\1"q1 ltepuBulep lueulldwocer{lesflJeJ E ffid E ffi e qll,1A -.;r; llgu " 'ensoprq ur'fiT;filr:: aq1 ueq'ra pelu:wlduroc 1'l 6; fi * n16
'slueu4lduoc"/e"a efiJ:at f,Ww;i.,u eldoedN?3 eql u-r sJeuJeFe'\\ s?eJerl I

*S Ei SNLION HI!OA'\
u"j13ql. '4ol'Dl 'puJuJ r o{sIJqJsnBJJq-.Llrlq ? .ssoq s 'ool slouBJJoI//^\rJBfnqolxuLo6ruJ no^ oi tLl8tro ruros'trnq 't ool sl s3ultll Auru osi6u$n8 i suros;lqnoJl ul,l 'lua.rue uoJul ,(.le'\ sl ec?ld sIqI u?Jueuv {lu 01SuIoBJo Supluf{l'ol 01lue ^ J z rq lsJl Inq l.usrop Iusm no^ opll'L^A I 'o? o1lLtutirsn;oouop.'Jluoqrrqolo8ol luBn^

l^uej# W NOatYISNvul

ffi

fr\o'* '<:_->
oott / 65,d:.dJ\
\-

\PJ
,,

\<)'

oo8*

@"",r
uosselslrDur uJBe[sulelled nqpE, tE s 3'o) (As!q ngpV # S pr, ASuQq e)PI etudoJdde secuetuos Sutqucsep acu0luesoql Sulsn^{oloqsemlcldeq1 I

ouepgnq e $ AIIALITV
! NOSSSI

e) n^^!p *Eff

di wi kd {i* I,ESS0N5

E 4 ffi i+ PATTERNS TRANSLATIONOF THE SENTENCE

1 . I am (very)tired.

(note 1) (very) is Your dress PrettY This matfer is too troubl$ome' good' Her friend is YerY I That book is soexpensive bu,sy Yangis very Teacher

2 . I'm not very ttued. Thatvounqladvisn'tloo/veryattracEve' arnttcheap' Tomatoes 'lhis matter isn't boublesome'

(-it'stoorarawav)' vcryconvenient ;arketisn'r iii:'t;*?;;;t many verY arcn'l belongings) p.tsonal rii. Lr'ri"gi'rl..lr.it

2 & 5) 2' noles lsson il/some' (see 11. ' " All of ushaveit/some / We all have e]i.i iii". r* g"in3 / Thevareall Soirg Fruit is 4ll very expensive' areall verycheap' Mr. Li'sclothes 'Ihesemattersar all ttoublesome' 12. Noneof them are gomS' Noneof Mr. Li's clothes4re cneap' Noneof the fruil is expensive- Noneof thesemaftersarc troublesome' Noneof us haveanylit' 13. Not all of us wantit' Not all of them aregomS' Not all fruit is experuive' arecheap' Not all of Mr. Li'sclolhes are matters bolhersome' Not all of lhese

NOTE5 it fi+

formnomallyrcqurcatr (SU ir thirpositiv Adjectives 1. ?E h6n : Chinese 'lE to the is used' h6n1vi[ usua[ybePrefixed iauJu. wt* * otr,"rAdverb 'verl"' when atr before used @ hn is translated t" **tt ii""i"". stressed' unless no realmeaoing' eiie"ti*, it,r.,tAfy ttas

r40

r9l 'pe{dulr $ 8ulu?eEqclq,{ sn llel 'nQp puepefqng s! ,{q uoqsz{slol PuuelodrepunttefQo u^\ lxsluoc eqt,(Fo teq}sr Eelqod mo e oqeoqrq nafqo e{t-1ouolrsodsue4 qloq seceld ecueloes (LroreSlqo1ou1celq6eqlJo ooqrsodtue'q *) sloo(5s:tqfTl? lue { el[ (c ngp e) *(crdolp.ho eql or SuureJer slodtFssqnp lus^\ IIFq$ (q (qloq ot BuuroJer nqp e) s{ooq esoq} 1u8^\ (rcsfqnsaqrol Suu.IeJer ngp #) IIfrA (8 :u?ol!ptnoc o?i ngp uourg/'^ lqs ?!x l?tlz F # U, T+ + F 8[ 3'a 'snon3rqueeq aqlJo lxsluot ew 8ur^roq etp 'uoqBsD^ooc 1[,t Surueeul ruo.guede'eroJereql lcslqo ro Itefqns egl ol SquaJatsl nqp # req|3q,.d relcun3q,(BE 'pesodswn$ lca.fqooql puepmld u pefqnS aq1ueq16 1 ot reJel) otueFes.qlJo peeqeql ol dn peaoE (t uoss.'l ur sp.fqo pasodsu?rJ or ngp # asnol qslrdno^ eq luqt'tcalao .qlJo ,{rq4ol eq}easEqdute $nw :.r)etq} ,(Fo ngp # llp JequeEteU 9 Suqpruosol sreJeJ sapacatd !.q,a oS,'tr. \clqnd. '.{snq(,fie^) erBe ! : 6u9t! u?q ngp uauQM tle sselun'sogrpou Iq palelEdes ll sa^Ilrofpv l.f Ei # Ul 5+ 3'e'qle^pvleqroue puEqro^pv parlre sl nqp e s ,{I4rpoEErspsqseJoJeFq} pu?sqle eroJeq '(vyo qre^pv elqe^oj I sepeulssBlt Ieedde s,ft,t\F sqre^pv '9 ssepn'qre^ ulut aql pultslqns eql ueo,'!\loq 'srseqdu3 '6u9u u?q-Qq '6ugtu-Qq IoJldecxe u?q 9I J, * Al, fll to" 9l Suoqs 'se 4celpv ptl, sgre ^pV WoqWarai nq ;l rcq elop g W! 3 e [petdun uosueducr

7+ At *

e6!?qztI W E * + * srry = ogqugqouaqsgnx fl tuepnls oul poo8

eaoqseql lse4uoJ :roo 3ul^{olloJeq! qr/'\ ecueFes puo tDtlt ot pandu@) poo?strregqs srql : ogq bueqsgnx o6!?qz & A * + 4 'pells,fuenFe1ou ue^e'p.rldEr $ uosu?dEoc 3r eldEtsBlott sI ,e,{Fce[pv eql s! sB)uorlducsop e reqFJ1nq'(qs[8ua EI eseo 'spro r J.qlo q lot s.t looq toqt puDpooasr l.ioq + lcelqrs, ure$deq] eq1 seu:ec(poo8sr{ooq sl{'l) ogq lqs u?q l?qz t{ + * F srql :Suueeru go euosrpegdq :aosl.radaroc q]F,^pvve tnoL!t!1'^ sreedds eaqcefpvu uelll{\'Z eql 1r Surpacerd' SunI?eE
3.)r/'\ tp #Eg

9 NOSSTI

5 LESS0N

'i w[ ke 4{iR

uswith thesame yao presonts HI! F 't& {ll ff 4 Y6upiao tamen d6u couldmgan: difficulty. The setrtence a) Theywant all the stamPs. b) Thev all walt (all) the starops. of theObjeclootobligatory) .t n.y utl *un, ,tt" .omp. lransposition meamng' Again, only thecontextwill give us the clue asto the corect 'totalizing' collective'ra.ltrrs' 8. We havesaidthat # dou alsohasthe effectof (kinds o0 frui0' e.g.7K * 11 fl * Shuigu6w6 d6u mai 0 sel all thing' In otherwords, # d6u caoalsobe usedto referto all of one to use '{i wdi whenreferringpolitely to somcorcelse-but 9. Remember 'fi wdi camot be followed never ofyourself. It replaces+ ge However' you caosay 'F + ,^.,ndi g so although it-"aint"tv Uy I r6n (person):

sayflB ll' 7t you catr i* roo"u-o, rut ,F '{i u\ neiwelren' Imtad / p6ngvou' i xieojid + I ,r n / EEts ndiwdixiansheng

CoNiutltittts 10. 'lE E danshi / al' E kdshi (atrdall otherclause/sertenoe ^fter it' q,mebefotetheSubjectttthet thaD or C2Nnectors)rlormalJy andthe Subjectof the second Note that ;hen the Subjectof thefLst clause clalse: from thesercord word is oftetrdropped the Subject arethe same, clause

tri;-r;

verycheap) but arctr't arepretty ddnshibn hdn pi6nyi. (IIer clothes 11. i[ E zhidaoatrdi

h6npiaolians' ffi {E iH A ' lq P T ?EE E radeviru

iR rdnshi:

b0-renshita danshiw6 shish6i, LI xidnsheng W6 zhiddo I knowwhoMr. Li is, butI dotr'tktrowhim(personally)' tade mingzi' Wi taitai,kdshiw6 bo-zhidao W6 rdnshi

+l *r g + ft' H E \E' lE E *'T t\ iF'{&'

'

E +' E +t 6 m BW E+r {! il iF F t * . F-l

with MJs'Wu, but I dol't know what hei give[ traglels' I'm acquahted

a slight diffleocebetweetr 1 nole 5, we saidthatthreis sometimes 12. Itr I-essoD form ^nd lhepositive + A" **", ot ,t " ior"rrogativeparticle [-{ ma? question of doubt-ald cancarrya connotation t1$ma? questions "tt", ,"rro"" +*,"" are q?9 qugstions + negative arc cltrifiration-seeking, vthercaspositive thJtefote "No"' "Yes" or ieutral andstrai[h6ontard-they simply ask

142

Enl

UnOA sSaoN N/V\O

aqycsop aot,

(se^4cehv sseuql) sqre^ e^q8ls sserdxo -

sunoN({ull e r) atrrba - sqro^ e lFnba sqrt uollcv sqJal asaulq, ;o sad,$ u;out aaJ{l aql

ou seurBc(ino^ iqlpoqJo 41s s.uos$d leqlo eql ot s lqnop Jo uoqslouuoc pu" plneu f,ldEr-s ir.l 3 3 :p&,^AroJlq3ls.qs 6re ^\oH) oPl.l e t{ !N E! aeur 'E^e,{oH suoBsenbeeul Etr II lou ele,{uI l lqnop Jo uol}loutroc SIID-fu.rc (..11ou ro per4 no-{ ere ['8of mo l3gv],, Surleos-uollBltrloJrt

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5 LESSON

d wu ke 4ii*

PART5OF 5PEECH
NOIJN PRONOUN ACTTONVERB (N) (Pl0 (V)
plural aDd Nounshavethesamelorm for both siDgular eilher'teacher'or'teachers-' caD mean Eoshi So #lld AD; ftom dis. Nouls atrdProooul$functionlhe sade i.e. asSubiectandobject. aih EDgtish, Action Verbsarelike EnglishActiotr Verbs Chinese Verbs to buy.lo walk) However,-Chinese (e.g.to read. number or tense. to person, accordinq do notchanee ThereareGrefore no iiregirlar Verbsin Chinese EouativeVe6s e4@l?two nouns. The mostcomEoD is m} verb is E shl (to be).e.g.MissHuang E{uative k;cher. Two otberEquativeVerbsare 0Exing (lo be suma6ed)and .l jieb (b be called). Adjectives)areusedto desffi,e StativeVerbs(Chinese [n quality of anobjeclorperson. or thecotrditioD 'to be' Verb using the by this is done Plusatr Enelish adi;ctive.e.g.Thebook is snall Adverbsdodily Verbsaodalwayspiecedefhem' in the Some Adverbsarefixed asto wherethey appear or Verb $e before immedrately seDtetrce-usuallv asMovable areclassified Mverb.' Olhers another the they canalsoptecede Adveos (MA) because Subjectof the sentence. Auxiliary Verbsactthe sameasin EDglisb, e.g.[ ]ratr to buya book to indicate to words or sentencs areadded Particles is an !g ma? padculat e.g. meaning, some suremeot to a which is added particle intendgative it into a question to cha.nge andgreetitrgs. expressions Common aresimilal to EnglishPrepositions, C-o-Verbs 8,9, 14) go lttlt him. (lessons I e.g. A Verb + its Objectsaidtogether (lesson11) of descriptron arc similar to categories Measue-words iD English,e.g.a steel of iron, a srt of clothes'

EQUATIVBVERB (E9

STATTVEVERB

(SV)

ADVERB

(A)

AUXLIARY !'ERB (A9 PARTICLE (P)

BXPRESSION

(ED

co-vERB
VERB-OBJECT MEASURE

(cv)
(VO) (M)

CoNjunctionsor CoNnecto$ CoNJL.i.ICTTON (COI9 clause/sentence TIMEWORD (T\9 BOTJNDFORM (BF) (esson8, note8c) // WORD (PW) // NUMBER (l{U) WORD (Qli') // Pr-ACE QUBSTTON 32-33) // SPECIFIER(sP) RESULTAIII'EVERBENDING (R!) oessons

144