Aeolian Vibration

Chuck Rawlins
Single conductors with dampers Single conductors Bundled conductors Ground wires Insulators Davit arms Aircraft warning devices Etc., etc., etc.
1

Aeolian Vibration of Damped Single Conductors

1. Fundamentals 2. Waves, Dampers & Damping Efficiency 3. How the Technology Works 4. What to Do
Prandtl & Tietjens 1934
2

1. Fundamentals
f = St V D (St 0.2)
f (Hz) = 3.26 V (mph) D(inches)

V = 2 to 15 mph
Drake

f 6 to 44 Hz
Fujarra et al (1998)
3

Koopman 1967
4

Fundamentals

Koopman 1967
5 6

Fundamentals

Fundamentals

Pw Pc PD = 0

PW - PC - P D =0 PW

P D

PC

Pick a wind velocity e. g. 10 mph. Pick a conductor, e. g. Drake

f = 3.26

10 mph = 29.4 Hz 1.108 inches

8

Fundamentals

Power balance components

Fundamentals

Vibration loops

V = 10 mph Power Balance Components

=
Pw Power

1 H /m f

Drake @ 25% RS
Amplitude

11 to 80 feet

10

Fundamentals

Self damping

Fundamentals

Power balance components

V = 10 mph Power Balance Components

1 H /m f
Power

Pc

Pw

Amplitude

11

12

Fundamentals

Power balance components

Fundamentals

Power balance

V = 10 mph Power Balance Components

Pc

V = 10 mph Power Balance Components

PD

Pw Power Power

Pw

Pw - Pc

Pw - Pc

Amplitude

Amplitude

13

14

Fundamentals

Power balance

Fundamentals

Effect of span length

V = 10 mph Power Balance Components

PD

V = 10 mph Power Balance Components

PD

Power

Power

1500 1000 600

(p P - P cpc ) L ww

( pw pc ) L

Amplitude

Amplitude

15

16

Fundamentals

Fatigue curve

Fundamentals

Protectable span length

V = 10 mph Power Balance Components

a
Ymax

PD

d a Ea

Power

a =

m fYmax EI

1500 1000 600

( pw pc ) L

N
106 107 108

Amplitude

17

18

Fundamentals
Protectable span length - feet 3000

Maximum safe span length

2. Waves, Dampers & Damping Efficiency

2000

1000

Wind velocity - mph

15

19

20

Waves & Dampers

Waves & Dampers

21

22

Waves & Dampers

23

24

Waves & Dampers

Waves & Dampers

PA = 1 Z 0 2 A2 2 PB = 1 Z 0 2 B 2 2
A B
Frictionless roller

= 2 f
ymax = A + B

P=

1 Z 0 2 ( A2 B 2 ) 2

Characteristic Impedance
Fixed rails Z R 0 Dashpot

Z0 = H m
25

26

Waves & Dampers Damping efficiency = P Pmax

Waves & Dampers

A B = A+ B
ymax = A + B

Ymax = 2 ( A + B )
Ymax

Ymin = 2 ( A B )

P=

1 Z 0 2 ( A2 B 2 ) 2

A B

Ymin

Pmax =

1 2 Z 0 2 ymax 2

y max

Z0

27

28

Waves & Dampers F

Damper resistance & reactance

Waves & Dampers

Damper Resistance
1600
YD = 0.5 mm 1.0

X
Resistance - Ns/m

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

2.0 2.5 1.5

Fixed rails R Dashpot

Frequency - Hz
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

29

30

Waves & Dampers

Damper Reactance
1000 800 600
YD = 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 mm

Waves & Dampers

RD , X D
A B

Reactance - Ns/m

400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000

Frequency - Hz

X S = Z 0 cot

2 xD

XT = X D + X S

= RD / Z 0

= X T / Z0
YD = Ymax PD / Pmax

1 PD 2 = tanh tanh 1 2 2 Pmax 1 + + 2

31

32

Waves & Dampers

Damping efficiency measured in the laboratory
1.0
6.7 11.1 9 13.2 16.1 21 25.6 30.4 35.2 40.1 45

PD = Pw Pc
P P PD = w c Pmax Pmax Pmax
Pmax = 1 2 Z 0 2 ymax 2

0.8

15.1 18.6 23 28 32.8 37.7 42.5

PD/Pmax

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

0.0

0.1

0.2 Ymax

0.3

0.4

0.5

33

34

Waves & Dampers

P/Pmax 1.0

( pw pc ) L
(P w -P Pmax c )/P max 0.5

0.5 Ymax/D

0.5 Y max /D

50

50

35

36

Predicted Amplitudes
0.5 0.4 Ymax - inches 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Frequency - Hz
37

Power Balance at 32.8 Hz

1.0 4000 3500 3000 2500 3500 3000 2500 4000

0.8

P/Pmax

0.6

0.4 Damper Wind - self damping 0.0 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 Ymax 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
38

0.2

Power Balance at 40.1 Hz

1.0

0.8

3. How the Technology Works

4000

P/Pmax

0.6 3500 3000 2500 0.2 Damper Wind - self damping 0.0 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 Ymax
39

(a) A Look Under the Hood (b) Road Test

0.4

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14
40

Damper design Damper impedance Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Damper spacing Damping efficiency on conductor Conductor self-damping Wind power function Span length

Vibration amplitudes

Conductor fatigue characteristics

Incidence of conductor fatigue

41

Courtesy Alcoa Laboratories

42

Tunnel throat

Brika & Laneville 1995

43 44

Specific Wind Power - Sine Loops

100 Rawlins 1982 Brika & Laneville 1995 Polimi 2003 Diana et al 2005 10

Reduced Decrement - Sine Loops

25 Rawlins (1982) Brika & Laneville (1995) Polimi (2003) Diana et al (2005)

20

P P PD = w c Pmax Pmax Pmax

Pw/f3D4

15

r
10
1

Pw V LD = St r Pmax H /m m

0.1 0.01 0.1 1

45

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

46

ymax/D

ymax/D

Damper design Damper impedance Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Damper spacing Damping efficiency on conductor Conductor self-damping Wind power function Span length

Measuring self-damping

Vibration amplitudes

Alcoa Massena Memorial University of Newfoundland

Incidence of conductor fatigue
47 48

Conductor fatigue characteristics

Self damping of Drake at 25% RS

1
53.75 48.25 43.25 38.01 33.25 28.25 23.5 18.54 16.41 14.00 Hz

Self Damping of Hawk at 25%RS

0.6

(4 Labs)

PC/Pmax per 1000 feet

Frequency = 41 to 45 Hz PC/Pmax per 1000 feet

0.1

0.4

0.2

0.01 0 0.1 0.2 Ymax (in) 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
50

Munaswamy & Haldar (1997)

49

Ymax inches

Multilayer ACSR in Suspension or Clamps Bell-mouthed No armor rods

0.30

fymax m/s

0.20

0.10

0.00

Courtesy GREMCA, University of Laval

51

0.1

10 megacycles

100

1000
52

Damper design

Laws of motion Damper impedance

Damper design

Laws of motion Damper impedance

F = ma

Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Cable/Damper Interaction Damper spacing Damping efficiency on conductor Conductor self-damping Wind power function Locale Turb effects Span length Power balance Vibration amplitudes Fatigue exposure Conductor fatigue characteristics Incidence of conductor fatigue
53

Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Cable/Damper Interaction Damper spacing Damping efficiency on conductor Conductor self-damping Wind power function Locale Turb effects Span length Power balance Vibration amplitudes Fatigue exposure Conductor fatigue characteristics Incidence of conductor fatigue
54

Damper design

Laws of motion Damper impedance

Damper design

Laws of motion Damper impedance

mass PD 1 & stiffness 2 = tanh tanh 1 2 2 Pmax 1 + + 2

Damper spacing Conductor self-damping Wind power function Locale Turb effects Span length

Conductor tension,

Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Cable/Damper Interaction Damper spacing Damping efficiency on conductor Conductor self-damping Power balance Vibration amplitudes Fatigue exposure Wind power function Locale Turb effects Span length Power balance Vibration amplitudes Fatigue exposure Conductor fatigue characteristics Incidence of conductor fatigue
55

Cable/Damper Interaction Damping efficiency on conductor

Pw = PD + Pc

Conductor fatigue characteristics

Incidence of conductor fatigue

56

Damper design

Laws of motion Damper impedance

Damper design

Laws of motion Damper impedance Shaker test

Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Cable/Damper Interaction Damper spacing Damping efficiency on conductor Conductor self-damping Wind power function Locale Turb effects Span length Power balance Vibration amplitudes Fatigue exposure

Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Cable/Damper Interaction Damper spacing Damping efficiency on conductor Conductor self-damping Wind power function Locale Turb effects Span length Power balance Vibration amplitudes Fatigue exposure Conductor fatigue characteristics Incidence of conductor fatigue
57

end i i Conductor fatigue characteristics

, D = n >1

Incidence of conductor fatigue

58

Damper design

Laws of motion Damper impedance Shaker test

Damper design

Laws of motion Damper impedance Shaker test

Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Cable/Damper Interaction Damper spacing Damping efficiency on conductor Conductor self-damping Wind power function Locale Turb effects Span length Power balance Vibration amplitudes Fatigue exposure Conductor fatigue characteristics Incidence of conductor fatigue
59

Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Cable/Damper Interaction Damper spacing Lab span test Conductor self-damping Wind power function Locale Turb effects Span length Power balance Vibration amplitudes Fatigue exposure Conductor fatigue characteristics Incidence of conductor fatigue
60

Damping efficiency on conductor

Lab span test

Field recordings

10

Damper design

Laws of motion Damper impedance Shaker test

Conductor tension, mass & stiffness Cable/Damper Interaction Damper spacing Damping efficiency on conductor Conductor self-damping Wind power function Locale Turb effects Span length Power balance Vibration amplitudes Fatigue exposure Conductor fatigue characteristics Incidence of conductor fatigue Inspection of line
61

3. How the Technology Works (b) Road Test!

Lab span test

Field recordings

62

Damper design

F = ma
ZD
Shaker test

The Source CIGRE Study Committee B2 - Working Group 11 Task Force 1 Vibration Principles / G. Diana
Lab span test

T , m, EI
Z D / Z0
xD PD / Pmax Pc Pw
Locale
50 40

Assessments of the Technology Modeling of Aeolian Vibrations of Single Conductors Assessment of the Technology, Electra No. 181 (1998) Modeling of Aeolian Vibrations of a Single Conductor Plus Damper: Assessment of Technology, Electra No. 223 (2005)
63 64

Turb effects

Pw = PD + Pc
Field recordings

Ymax , Yb

end , D = ni i > 1
Inspection of line

30 20 10 0 0.1 10 1000

megacycles

IREQs Varennes Test Line

The Course

The Course

IREQ Varennes Test Line near Montreal

Photo courtesy of IREQ

65

66

11

The Drivers

Damper design

F = ma
ZD

Dampers A, B, C Shaker test

Diana et al (University of Milan) H-J Krispin (RIBE) Leblond & Hardy (IREQ)
Pw

T , m, EI
Z D / Z0 xD PD / Pmax Pc
Turb effects Lab span test Damper D Field recordings

Pw = PD + Pc

Rawlins (Alcoa Fujikura)

Locale

Ymax , Yb

Sauter & Hagedorn (University of Darmstadt)

50 40

end , D = ni i > 1
Inspection of line
68

30 20 10 0 0.1 10 1000

megacycles

67

Results
Benchmark Comparison - 15% Turbulence Rawlins
4 Free-Loop Single Amplitude (mm) Measured in test line Damper A Damper B Damper C
4.0

Results

Measured
3.5

Damper C (0.5EJmax 15% turb.) Damper B (0.5EJmax 15% turb.) Damper A (0.5EJmax 15% turb.)

Amplitude 0-Peak [mm]

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

0 0 10 20 Frequency (Hz) 30 40

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Frequency [Hz]

69

Electra Fig. 15

70

Results
4.0

Results
4.0

Measured
3.5 3.0 Amplitude [mm] 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

Measured 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Damper A 15% turb. (Diana) Damper A 15% turb. (Rawlins) Damper A 15% turb. (Krispin) Damper A 15% turb. (S&H) Amp. [mm] Damper A 15% turb. (Leblond&Hardy)

Damper C 15% turb. (Diana) Damper C 15% turb. (Rawlins)

0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Frequency [Hz]

Frequency [Hz]

Electra Fig. 17

71

Electra Fig. 18

72

12

Best Runs Differences between teams:

3 RMS (Error % (A-M)/M) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
Diana - C T15% 0.5*EJmax Rawlins - C T15%

1. Wind power functions. 2. Self damping models. 3. Secondary effects, e.g. stiffness. 4. Modeling damper/conductor in different ways.
Hardy - A con EJ Hardy - A fune Krispin - A T15% EJmin Krispin - A T15% 0.5*EJmax Krispin - A T10% EJmin Krispin - A T10% 0.5*EJmax Diana - A T5% 0.05*EJmax Diana - A T15% 0.5*EJmax Diana - A T5% 0.5*EJmax S&H - A T15% Diana - B T5% 0.05*EJmax Diana - C T5% 0.05*EJmax Diana - B T5% 0.5*EJmax Diana - B T15% 0.5*EJmax Diana - C T5% 0.5*EJmax Rawlins - A T10% Rawlins - A T15% S&H - C T1% Rawlins - C T10% Rawlins - A T5% Rawlins - B T15% Rawlins - B T10% Rawlins - C T5% Rawlins - B T5% S&H - B T1% S&H - A T5%

A B

Electra Fig. 16

73

74

Differences between teams: 1. Wind power functions. 2. Self damping models. 3. Secondary effects, e.g. stiffness. 4. Modeling damper/conductor in different ways. Differences with field data: 1. All of the above. 2. Modeling damper/conductor interaction.

Benchmark Results
The different teams differed widely in their predictions of vibration amplitudes. Some differences were due to different data bases on wind power and self-damping. None of the predictions agreed well with field measurements. This is mainly due to problems in the modeling of the interaction of the damper with the conductor.

75

76

Conclusion
This branch of the technology is not accurate enough to use in specifying vibration protection.
ZD

Accelerometers
Damper Shaker test

T , m, EI
Z D / Z0 xD PD / Pmax Pc Pw
Locale Turb effects

DEAM System

A B

Pw = PD + Pc

Ymax , Yb

1 P = Z 0 2 ( A2 B 2 ) 2
Leblond & Hardy
77 78

13

20
Calculated from measured reflection coefficient
Measured

Conclusion This branch may be accurate enough to use in specifying T , m, EI vibration x protection..
D

Max. antinode amplitude, (mm)

16

12

ZD

Shaker test Damper Lab span test

Z D / Z0 PD / Pmax

Pc Pw
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Turb effects

Pw = PD + Pc

Frequency, (Hz)

Locale

Ymax , Yb

Leblond & Hardy

79 80

1. Why did I spend all this time presenting the technology, when I knew it wasnt very useful to the designer? 2. OK, if that isnt useful, what is?

4. What to Do?
2. OK, if that isnt useful, what is?

81

82

Resources:
16

Alcoa Field Experience Case Collection - ACSR with Armor Rods

No damage Conductor fatigue Excessive wear

KLs based on ruling span

1. Your own experience. If it worked before (or didnt), it will do the same again. 2. Experience of others. If it worked for them...

12

0 0
83

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45
84

50

Tension (%RS) at average annual minimum temperature

14

Pw V LD = St r Pmax H /m m Pw LD = St V r Pmax H m
LD/m

Alcoa Field Experience Case Collection - ACSR with Armor Rods

15 No damage Conductor fatigue Excessive wear

T% = 100
K= D RS w

H RS

10

"Conductor Vibration - A Study of Field Experience," C. B. Rawlins, K. R. Greathouse & R. E. Larson, AIEE Confrence Paper CP-61-1090.

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

86

H/m - meters
85

Safe Design Tension with Respect to Aeolian Vibrations

CIGRE B2 WG11 TF4 - Claude Hardy, Convenor

Recommended Safe Tensions for Single Conductor Lines

Part 1: Single Unprotected Conductors Electra No. 186, October 1999 Part 2: Damped Single Conductors Electra No. 198, October 2001 Part 3: Bundled Conductors Electra No. 220, June 2005 Overhead Conductor Safe Design Tension with Respect to Aeolian Vibrations, CIGRE Technical Brochure No. 273, June 2005
87

CIGRE Brochure 273, Fig. 5.4

88

15
Field cases Terrain #1 Terrain #2 Terrain #3

Resources: 1. Your own experience. If it worked before (or didnt), it will do the same again. 2. Experience of others. If it worked for them... 3. Your friendly.

L D / m, (m /kg)

10

Terrain #4

Safe Design Zone

Special Application Zone

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

H/w, (m)

Figure 4 : Ranking parameters of twin horizontal bundled lines in North America fitted with non-damping spacers and end-span Stockbridge dampers in relation to estimated safe boundaries.

Electra No. 220, June 2005

89

90

15

Why???!!
All suppliers have some system for making recommendations. They have the most comprehensive knowledge of their systems performance. They are well motivated to avoid repetition of any unsatisfactory performance. They are in the best position to maintain the system to achieve that.
91 92

Protection recommendations will not agree.

1. Suppliers have different technical approaches.

2. Their damper designs are different. 3. Their exposures to field experience have differed. 1. Why did I spend all that time presenting the technology, when I knew it wasnt very useful?
93

The End
94

16