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A PROJECT REPORT ON

AUTOMATIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM


Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted To:

Submitted By:

Department of Mechanical Engineering MODERN INSTIUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR (RAJ.)

(2012-2013)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODERN INSTIUTE OF ENGGINEERING TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE


Alwar-301001, Rajasthan, India

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SHARMA, GUPTA, SAINI, SINGH, SINGH students of 4TH Year Mechanical Branch in MODERN INSTIUTE OF ENGGINEERING TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, Alwar, Rajasthan (2012-2013) have successfully completed their final year project AUTOMATIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM under my supervision for the partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Mr. (PROJECT GUIDE)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported us during the making of the project. Our deepest thanks to Mr. Guide (sr. lecturer), the guide of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of us with attention and care. We would thank our institution and my faculty members without whom this project would have been a distant reality. we also extend our heart full thanks to my friends and well wishers. We would personally like to thank **Mr.hod sir (HOD ME Dept) for allowing us to do this project.

GUPTA *SHARMA *SAINI *SINGH *SINGH

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ABSTRACT

This project is about lubrication of machine part by using lubricant pump mechanism arrangement. Motion transmission in this project is based on inversion of four bar chain mechanism, where we are converting rotator motion into reciprocating motion and applying various operations on it. In this project we use concept of air lift pump by use of four-bar chain mechanism and that concept is used to form hardware using different types of link made by wooden material, A.C. motor, crank, speed regulator, hexa blade, pump and many more use to built this project have certainly helped me to get started in this field and understand there concept and how to effectively use them. The differences between behavioral structural modeling have also been learning.

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CONTENT

1.

Introduction
1.1 1.2 What is automatic lubrication system? What is principle used ?

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2. 3. 4. 5.

Need of lubrication Four bar chain mechanism Air lift pump Designing of lubrication system 5.1Material used 5.2Specification 5.3Dimenssions 6. Procedure of making 7. Working of Automatic Lubrication System 7.1 Calculation 8. Application 9. Uses 10. Conclusion
11. 24-26 27 28

Resource and references

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FIGURE LIST
Figure name
1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 Power Ha Vertical Ban 9 Horizontal Beam engine Four bar chain in beam Circular saw machine Straight saw machine Plywood Beam engine principled straight machine Four bar chain mechanism Cornish engine Man engine Marine steam engine 8 9 11 12 15 16 18 22 23 25 26 26

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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is Automatic lubrication system? PURPOSE:
When machines are operating, At specific locations controlled amount of lubricant needed for smooth operation. All critical components are lubricated, regardless of location or ease of access; Auto lubrication systems are installed on machinery to address this problem Five main components of an Automatic Lubrication System regardless of the manufacturer or type of system, all automatic lubrication systems share 5 main components: 1. Controller/Timer what activates the system 2. Pump & Reservoir stores and provides the lubricant to the system 3. Supply Line line that connects the pump to the metering valves or injectors. The lubricant is pumped through this. 4. Metering Valves/Injectors component that measures/dispenses the lubricant to the application points. 5. Feed lines - line that connects the metering valves or injectors to the application points. The lubricant is pumped through this.

1.2 TYPES
There are several different types of automatic lubrication systems including:

Single Line Parallel systems Dual Line Parallel systems Single Point Automatics Single Line Progressive systems (or Series Progressive) Single Line Resistance Oil Mist and Air-Oil systems Oil re-circulating Chain lube systems

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The four most commonly used Automatic Lubrication System types are:

Single Line Parallel, Dual Line Parallel and Single Line Progressive Multi port direct lubricators

Single Line Parallel

Fig: 1.1 Single Line Parallel Automatic Lubrication System The first single-line parallel system for industry was introduced in 1937 by Lincoln Engineering (now known as Lincoln Industrial) in the U.S.A. A single line parallel system can service a single machine, different zones on a single machine or even several separate machines and is ideal when the volume of lubricant varies for each point. In this type of system, a central pump station automatically delivers lubricant through a single supply line to multiple branches of injectors. Each injector serves a single lubrication point, operates independently and may be individually adjusted to deliver the desired amount of lubricant. Operation begins when the controller/timer sends a signal to the pump starting the lube cycle. The pump begins pumping lubricant to build up pressure in the supply line connecting the pump
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to the injectors. Once the required pressure is reached, the lube injectors dispense a predetermined amount of lubricant to the lubrication points via feed lines. Once the entire system reaches the required pressure, a pressure switch sends a signal to the controller indicating that grease has cycled through to all the distribution points. The pump shuts off. Pressure is vented out of the system and grease in the line is redirected back to the pump reservoir, until the normal system pressure level is restored.

Dual Line Parallel

Fig: 1.2 Dual Line Parallel Automatic Lubrication System A dual line parallel system is similar to the single line parallel system in that it uses hydraulic pressure to cycle adjustable valves to dispense measured shots of lubricant. It has two main supply lines which are alternatively used as pressure / vent lines. The advantage of a two-line system is that it can handle hundreds of lubrication points from a single pump station over several thousand feet using significantly smaller tubing or pipe. Operation begins when the controller/timer sends a signal to the pump to start the lubrication cycle. The pump begins pumping lubricant to build up pressure in the first (the pressure) supply line while simultaneously venting the second (vent) return line. Once the required pressure is
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reached, a predetermined amount of lubricant is dispensed by the metering devices to half of the lubrication points via feed lines. Once the pressure switch monitoring main supply line pressure indicates a preset pressure in the line has been reached, the system is hydraulically closed. The controller shuts off the pump and signals a changeover valve to redirect lubricant to the second main supply line. The next time the controller activates the system, the second main line now becomes the pressure line while the first line becomes the vent line. The second line is pressurized and the entire process is repeated lubricating the remaining lube points.

Single Line Progressive

Fig: 1.3 Single Line Progressive Automatic Lubrication System A single line progressive system uses lubricant flow to cycle individual metering valves and valve assemblies. The valves consist of dispensing pistons moving back and forth in a specific

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bore. Each piston depends on flow from the previous piston to shift and displace lubricant. If one piston doesnt shift, none of the following pistons will shift. Valve output is not adjustable. Operation begins when the controller/timer sends a signal to the pump to start the lube event. The pump then feeds lubricant into the supply line which connects to the primary metering valve, for either a preprogrammed amount of time or number of times as monitored through a designated piston cycle switch. Lubricant is fed to the multiple lubrication points one after another via secondary progressive metering valves sized for each series of lubrication points,

and then directly to each point via the feed lines.

Multi point direct lubricator


When the controller in the pump or external controller activates the drive motor, a set of cams turns and activates individual injectors or pump elements to dispense a fixed amount of lubricant to each individual lubrication point. Systems are easy to design, direct pump to lube point without added accessories and easy to troubleshoot.

1.3 What are the principles used here for Lubrication system?
This is Lubrication system based on four bar chain mechanism. In this transformation of beam engine is used to run lubricant pump. The pump used, is of reciprocating type. These both are vice-versa to each other in designing. These both are based on inversion of the four bar mechanism. The inversion bar mechanism principled Lubrication system getting power by rotating shaft which connected through an A.C.motor. Beam engine principled Lubrication system The output of a Beam Engine (at crank) is used to drive a reciprocating air lift pump. Here, instead of the rotating fly wheel, it is intended to have a fixed (welded) metal plate used as rotating crank . This rotating shaft attached with crank is used to create reciprocating motion. Circular motion driven with electric power are a common feature. But in places where electricity is scarce, or absent, it is difficult to operate these equipments. But since the Beam Engine

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powered saw also can be runs on fuel, it can be operated even in places where electricity is totally absent. A beam engine is a design of stationary steam engine. A stationary engine is an engine whose framework does not move.

Usually, a stationary engine is used not to propel a vehicle but to drive a piece of immobile equipment such as a pump or power tools. In a beam engine, the piston is mounted vertically, and the piston rod does not connect directly to the connecting rod, but instead to a rocker or beam above both the piston and flywheel. The beam is pivoted in the middle, with the cylinder on one side and the flywheel, which incorporates the crank, on the other. The connecting rod connects to the opposite end of the beam to the piston rod, and then to the flywheel.

Air lift pump equipped Lubrication system The air lift pump is a device which is used for lifting water from a well or sump by using compressed air. The compressed air is made to mix with the water. The density of mixture of air and water is reduced. the density of this mixture is much less than that of pure water. hence a very small column of pure water can balance a very long column of air water mixture. This is the principle on which air lift pump works.

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Chapter 2: NEED OF LUBRICATION


CRUSHING MATING SURFACE
It has been established since long, that the surfaces of the bodies are never perfectly smooth. When, even a very smooth surface is viewed under a microscope, it is found to have roughness and irregularities, which may not be detected by an ordinary touch. If a block of one substance is placed over the level surface of the same or of different material, a certain degree of interlocking of the minutely projecting particles takes place.

This does not involve any force, so long as the block does not move or tends to move. But whenever one block moves or tends to move tangentially with respect to the surface, on which it rests, the interlocking property of the projecting particles opposes the motion. This opposing force, which acts in the opposite direction of the movement of the upper block, is called the force of friction or simply friction. It thus follows that at every joint in a machine, force of friction arises due to the relative motion between two parts and hence some energy is wasted in overcoming the friction. Though the friction is considered undesirable, yet it plays an important role both in nature and in engineering e.g. walking on a road, motion of locomotive on rails, transmission of power by belts, gears etc. The friction between the wheels and the road is essential for the car to.

Types of Friction
1. Static friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body, when at rest. 2. Dynamic friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body, when in motion. The dynamic friction is also called kinetic friction and is less than the static friction. It is of the following three types : (a) Sliding friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body, when it slides over another body. (b) Rolling friction. It is the friction, experienced between the surfaces which has balls or rollers interposed between them. (c) Pivot friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body, due to the motion of rotation as in case of foot step bearings.

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The friction may further be classified as : 1. Friction between unlubricated surfaces, and 2. Friction between lubricated surfaces.

These are discussed in the following articles.


Friction between Unlubricated Surfaces The friction experienced between two dry and unlubricated surfaces in contact is known as dry or solid friction. It is due to the surface roughness. The dry or solid friction includes the sliding friction and rolling friction as discussed above.

Friction between Lubricated Surfaces When lubricant (i.e. oil or grease) is applied between two surfaces in contact, then the friction may be classified into the following two types depending upon the thickness of layer of a lubricant. 1. Boundary friction (or greasy friction or non-viscous friction). It is the friction, experienced between the rubbing surfaces, when the surfaces have a very thin layer of lubricant. The thickness of this very thin layer is of the molecular dimension. In this type of friction, a thin layer of lubricant forms a bond between the two rubbing surfaces. The lubricant is absorbed on the surfaces and forms a thin film. This thin film of the lubricant results in less friction between them. The boundary friction follows the laws of solid friction. 2. Fluid friction (or film friction or viscous friction). It is the friction, experienced between the rubbing surfaces, when the surfaces have a thick layer of the lubrhicant. In this case, the actual surfaces do not come in contact and thus do not rub against each other. It is thus obvious that fluid friction is not due to the surfaces in contact but it is due to the viscosity and oiliness of the lubricant. Note: The viscosity is a measure of the resistance offered to the sliding one layer of the lubricant over an adjacent layer. The absolute viscosity of a lubricant may be defined as

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the force required causing a plate of unit area to slide with unit velocity relative to a parallel plate, when the two plates are separated by a layer of lubricant of unit thickness. The oiliness property of a lubricant may be clearly understood by considering two lubricants of equal viscosities and at equal temperatures. When these lubricants are smeared on two different surfaces, it is found that the force of friction with one lubricant is different than that of the other. This difference is due to the property of the lubricant known as oiliness. The lubricant which gives lower force of friction is said to have greater oiliness.

Limiting Friction Consider that a body A of weight W is lying on a rough horizontal body B as shown in Fig. (a). In this position, the body A is in equilibrium under the action of its own weight W, and the 260 _ Theory of Machines normal reaction RN (equal to W) of B on A. Now if a small horizontal force P1 is applied to the body. A acting through its centre of gravity as shown in Fig.

(b), it does not move because of the frictional force which prevents the motion. This shows that the applied force P1 is exactly balanced by the force of friction F1 acting in the opposite direction. If we now increase the applied force to P2 as shown in Fig. 10.1

(c), it is still found to be in equilibrium. This means that the force of friction has also increased to a value F2 = P2. Thus every time the effort is increased the force of friction also increases, so as to become exactly equal to the applied force. There is, however, a limit beyond which the force of friction cannot increase as shown in Fig. 10.1

(d). After this, any increase in the applied effort will not lead to any further increase in the force of friction, as shown in Fig. 10.1

(e), thus the body A begins to move in the direction of the applied force. This maximum value of frictional force, which comes into play, when a body just begins to slide over the surface of the other body, is known as limiting force of friction or simply limiting friction. It may be noted that

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when the applied force is less than the limiting friction, the body remains at rest, and the friction into play is called static friction which may have any value between zero and limiting friction.

Fig. 2.1 Limiting friction

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Chapter 3: BEAM ENGINE (FOUR BAR CHAIN MECHANISM)


A beam engine is a type of steam engine where a pivoted overhead beam is used to apply the force from a vertical piston to a vertical connecting rod. This configuration, with the engine directly driving a pump, was first used by Thomas Newcomer around 1705 to remove water from mines in Cornwall. The efficiency of the engines was improved by engineers including James Watt who added a condenser, Jonathan Horn blower and Arthur Woolf who compounded the cylinders, and William Mc Naught (Glasgow) who devised a method of compounding an existing engine. Beam engines were first used to pump water out of mines or into canals, but could be used to pump water to supplement the flow for a waterwheel powering a mill. The rotative beam engine is a later design of beam engine where the connecting rod drives a flywheel, by means of a crank (or, historically, by means of a sun and planet gear). These beam engines could be used to directly power the line-shafting in a mill. They also could be used to power steam ships.

3.1 Principle of the Beam Engine


A beam engine is also called crank and lever mechanism. Which is based on the inversion of four bar mechanism .A part of the mechanism of a beam engine, which consist of four links, is shown in fig. .In this mechanism, when the crank rotate about the fixed center A. the lever oscillates about a fixed center D. The end E of the lever CDE is connected to a piston rod which reciprocates due to the rotation of the crank. In other words, the purpose of this mechanism is to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion.

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Fig 3.1 Beam Engine

3.2 working of beam engine

As we know beam engine is based on inversion of four bar chain mechanism. So in beam engine link 1 fixed and called as frame. The cylinder is also fixed to frame and consider as frame because it is also fixed. The piston rods start reciprocating due to combustion in cylinder. So this motion is transfer to lever, lever start to and fro motion. This lever is connected to link 3 called follower or lever. Follower does angular motion and transmits power to the crank. This crank rotates in circular motion. Crank is attached to fixed link called frame. The beam engine use cylinder so a reciprocating engine i.e. petrol or diesel is used. Piston of these engines is used to reciprocate the piston rod of beam engine.

Fig 3.3 Four bar chain in beam engine 18 | P a g e

The four bar chain in beam engine is shown in fig 3.2 Here link 1 is fixed link .and link 2 is piston rod A piston is connected with the piston rod which reciprocate in cylinder. The other end of the link 2 is connecter to the coupler or connecting rod (link 3) which turn partially on its own center. link 3 is connected to the crank (link 4) .The reciprocating motion of the piston is transmitted to the crank by connecting rod and crank start circular motion on its own center. This circular motion of crank is transmitted to shaft and used in pumping or electricity generation. So main principle behind beam engine is to convert reciprocating motion of piston rod into rotating motion of the crank.

3.2 Beam engine concept applied automatic lubrication system Principle


A beam engine sawing machine is also called crank and lever mechanism. This is based on the inversion of four bar mechanism .A part of the mechanism of a beam engine, which consist of four links. In this mechanism, when the crank rotate about the fixed center A. the lever oscillates about a fixed center D. The end E of the lever CDE is connected to a saw which reciprocates due to the rotation of the crank. In other words, the purpose of this mechanism is to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. The linked rod is used to pumping.

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Chapter 4: AIR LIFT PUMP


The air lift pump is a device which is used for lifting water from a well or sump by using compressed air. The compressed air is made to mix with the water. The density of mixture of air and water is reduced. The density of this mixture is much less than that of pure water. hence a very small column of pure water can balance a very long column of air water mixture. This is the principle on which air lift pump works.

Fig. 4.1 Air lift Pump

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4.1. Material used Material used for saw:In our model HSS speed tool is used .HSS saw blades are mainly used to cut steel, copper, aluminum and other metal materials. If high-strength steels (e.g., stainless steel) are to be cut, the blades made of cobalt HSS (e.g. M35, M42) should be used.

Fig 4.2 Straight saw

Other Materials used for saws There are several materials used in saws, with each of its own specifications. Brass Mostly used in back saws because of its low price, its flow characteristics that make the material relatively easy to cast, and unlike other types of saw, the forces that take place in back saws are relatively low because of the pulling motion used.

Steel Used in almost every existing kind of saw. Because steel is cheap, easy to shape, and very strong, it has the right properties for most kind of saws.

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High speed steel (HSS) The whole saw blade is made of High Speed Steel (HSS). HSS saw blades are mainly used to cut steel, copper, aluminum and other metal materials. If high-strength steels (e.g., stainless steel) are to be cut, the blades made of cobalt HSS (e.g. M35, M42) should be used.

Tungsten carbide Normally, there are two ways to use tungsten carbide to make saw blades: 1. Carbide tipped saw blades: The saw blade's teeth are tipped (via welding) with small pieces of sharp tungsten carbide block. This type of blade is also called TCT (Tungsten Carbide Tipped) saw blade. Carbide tipped saw blades are widely used to cut wood, plywood, laminated board, plastic, grass, aluminum and some other metals. 2. Solid carbide saw blades: The whole saw blade is made of tungsten carbide. Comparing with HSS saw blades, solid carbide saw blades have higher hardness under high temperatures, and are more durable, but they also have a lower toughness.

Material used for links


In our model for links we use plywood. Plywood is hard as well as light in weight. Plywood is a manufactured wood panel made from thin sheets of wood veneer. It is one of the most widely used wood products. It is flexible, inexpensive, workable, re-usable, and can usually be locally manufactured. Plywood is used instead of plain wood because of its resistance to cracking, shrinkage, splitting, and twisting/warping, and its general high degree of strength. Plywood layers (called veneers) are glued together with adjacent plies having their grain at right angles to each other. Cross-graining has several important benefits: it reduces the tendency of wood to split when nailed at the edges, it reduces expansion and shrinkage equating to improved dimensional stability, and it makes the strength of the panel consistent across both directions. There are usually an odd number of plies so that the sheet is balancedthis reduces warping. Because of the way plywood is bonded (with grains running against one another and with an odd number of composite parts) it is very hard to bend it perpendicular to the grain direction

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4.3 Plywood

Materials for flywheel (in our project sprocket)


The flywheel material with the highest specific tensile strength will yield the highest energy storage per unit mass. This is one reason why carbon fiber is a material of interest. Sprocket in our project is work as crank, which convert rotary motion into reciprocating.

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4.2 Specifications Motor


In our project an AC motor is used.

Power - 100 W RPM - 6500 rpm.

The motor used is a blender motor for the project.

Plywood
Plywood thickness for fulcrum bar- 5mm Plywood thickness for follower link- 10mm Plywood thickness for lever bar 5mm Wood base thickness- 15mm

Metal plate
High speed steel with 3mm thickness.

Saw blade
Material- High speed steel Pitch- 1mm Thickness- 0.85 mm

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4.3 Dimensions

Base wood
Wood used in our project for base is of mango tree. Its thickness is 15mm, with 30 cm in width and 25 cm in length. Length- 25 cm Width 30 cm

Fulcrum bar
Height 36 cm Angle from base clockwise 95 degree Arc angle at top radius 2.5cm

Lever
Total length-20cm Circle at center radius-4cm Circle at end radius at end- 2.5cm

Connecting rod
Thickness-1.0cm Total length-33cm

Crank (metal plate)


Eccentricity center for connecting rod-1.5cm

Hexa blade
Total length-30cm

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Chapter 5: PROCEDURE OF MAKING LUBRICATION SYSTEM


Take mango tree wood and cut it into a rectangle of dimension 25x30 cm and thickness 1.5 cm. At its lower side add two strips of 2cm width and length equal to base wood. This keeps our wooden block away from the floor. Take plywood and by using pencil first mark lever of length 24cm, with arch at circle of 5 cm and 2.5 cm at ends. Keep the line tangent to the two circle, then cut the piece by using saw. For lever take plywood of thickness 1.5 cm and mark up to a length of 30 cm and width of 3 cm. and cut it. For fulcrum bars take plywood of thickness 1 cm and mark length of 36 cm.The base is 6 cm in width and draw a line which is inclined from bottom to 95 degree clockwise. The line is tangent to the upper circle at a distance of 34 cm from base then cut to piece of it. Take the base and arrange the fulcrum bars perpendicular to the base by using nuts and screws according to diagram. On the top of the fulcrum bars arrange the lever in such a manner that it is free to move. Take the motor and fit sprocket on the motor shaft. Make sure sprocket should be at the center. In sprocket make a small hole at a distance of 1.5 cm from the center. Take coupler bar fit it to the sprocket and the lever as shown in fig. Take the saw of length 30 cm fit it to the lever. The other end of the saw is attach the another link from its base to avoid vibration in saw. Make the cutting base by using plywood, two parallel and one on the top as shown in fig. Clamp the motor by using clamps to avoid vibration and movement of motor. Use a regulator to control the speed of the motor.

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Lever

Fulcrum

Air lift pump

Crank

Motor

Fig: 5.1 Automatic fuel lubrication System

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Chapter 6: WORKING OF STRAIGHT SAWING MACHINE


In straight saw machine, the saw is connected at the place of the piston rod in the beam engine. In this machine the rotating motion of the crank is converted into reciprocating motion of saw. The crank is powered by electric motor.

The saw is connected to the lever or follower .a coupler or connecting rod is used to connect and transmit the motion of the crank to the lever. Lever reciprocate on own center due to the coupler mechanism.

So connected saw also reciprocate. This reciprocating motion of the saw is used for cutting timber. This type of machine is used where electricity is easily available instead of fuel.

Principle:This machine is based on inversion of four bar chain mechanism and the principle of Beam engine. In this machine the rotating motion of the crank is converted into reciprocating motion of saw.

Working The crank is powered by electric motor (100 W AC motor with 12000 rpm) and the follower is replaced by the straight saw The four link are Shawn below

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Fig 6.1 four bar chain mechanism

Bar 3 is called as crank and it is smallest in four bar. Bar 2 is called as coupler or connecting rod. It transmit the motion to lever from crank Bar 1 is called as lever. When the crank is rotate about fix center then the lever oscillate about its own center the end of the lever is connected to saw Bar 4 is follower and in our project it is saw. Which reciprocate due to rotation of the crank.

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Chapter 7: APPLICATION (BEAM ENGINE)


7.1 Lubrication machine
The output of a Beam Engine (at crank) is used to drive a circular saw to cut timber. Here, instead of the rotating fly wheel, it is intended to have a rotating circular saw. This rotating circular saw is used to cut timber. Circular saws driven with electric power are a common feature. But in places where electricity is scarce, or absent, it is difficult to operate these equipments. But since the Beam Engine powered saw runs on fuel, it can be operated even in places where electricity is totally absent. In straight saw machine, the saw is connected at the place of the piston rod in the beam engine. In this machine the rotating motion of the crank is converted into reciprocating motion of saw. The crank is powered by electric motor

7.2 Cornish engine:


The pumping station at Cruquius, showing the beams of the pumping engine emerging from the supporting wall .A Cornish engine is a type of steam engine developed in Cornwall, England, mainly for pumping water from a mine. It is a form of beam engine that uses steam at a higher pressure than the earlier engines designed by James Watt.

The engines were also used for powering man engines to assist the underground miners' journeys to and from their working levels, for winching materials into and out of the mine and for powering the ore stamping machinery. A Cornish engine pumps by a falling weight that is lifted by the engine. Few remain in their original locations, the majority having been scrapped when their related industrial firm closed.

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Fig 7.1 cornish engine

7.3 Man engine:-

Fig 7.2 man engine

The operation of a double-acting man engine A man engine is a mechanism of reciprocating ladders and stationary platforms installed in mines to assist the miners journeys to and from the working levels. It was invented in Germany in the 19th century and was a prominent feature of tin and copper mines in Cornwall until the beginning of the twentieth.

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7.4 Marine steam engine

Fig 7.3 Marine steam engine

Period cut away diagram of a triple expansion steam engine installation, circa 1918 A marine steam engine is a steam engine that is used to power a ship or boat. This article deals mainly with marine steam engines of the reciprocating type, which were in use from the inception of the steamboat in the early 19th century to their last years of large-scale manufacture during World War II. Reciprocating steam engines were progressively replaced in marine applications during the 20th century by steam turbines and diesel engines.

7.5 The beam pumping engine:The beam pumping engine with its large vertical cylinder, massive caking lama and well-oiled and polished alive ear was for the nineteenth century what a piece of high technologists Such a s a very fast train, a supersonic air lines, or a large power station would be in this century.

Such engines were a later development of the atmospheric pumping engines of new comer, megaton and Watt. In the entire see earlyngines the motive power was provided by the pressure o f the air acting on the exposed surface of a piston which moved in a long vertical cylinders his arrangement was especially configured to suit the available reciprocating pump technology.
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Chapter 8: USES
1. Our is used for cutting woods, plastic etc. 2. Beam engines are used for pumping 3. Beam engine are used for marine operations 4. Beam engine is used for power generation 5. Beam engine inversion is used for sawing operations

Four bar mechanism is used in6. Four bar mechanism is used for quick return mechanism in shaping machine 7. In watt indicator and locomotive 8. Bull engine 9. Odhmans coupling

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Chapter 9: CONCLUSION
This project based on the concept of four bar mechanism that concept into converting rotary motion into reciprocating motion. Our model of beam engine principled sawing machine is properly working as per expectation.

Model is proper working model and can cut plywood, plastic material and other soft material. The cutting speed of model is directly proportional to speed of motor and blade feed rate. Speed of motor can be controlled by regulator. Regulator controls the electric supply to motor. This model can cut a good thickness wood with proper finish.

This model can also be used to demonstrate the working of beam engine as well as four bar chain mechanism in laboratory of school and college.

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Chapter 10: REFERENCES


Internet references
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_engine 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar_linkage 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kinamtics/linkage 5. http://www.aliisrar.info/documents/MMT20...ission.pdf 6. http://metalwebnews.com/machine-tools/ch6.pdf 7.http://soar.wichita.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10057/916/grasp%20214.pdf?sequence =1

Book reference: 6. Theory of machine by R.S. Khurmi and J.K.Gupta


7. Machine design by R.S.Khurmi

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