PSYCHOPATHOPHYSIOLOGY III.

Psychopathophysilogy

Predisposing factors: Socioeconomic Insufficiency Unable to finish his study Stress (death of his father) Social Deprivation Substance abused

Socioeconomic Insufficiency Unstable job (Failure to acquire physiologic needs)

May cause frustration, depression and despair

Unable to effectively function physiologically

Altered permeability, growth and development

Altered self concept

Isolation, sensitivity Analysis and Interpretations As our client stated, he is the only child of his parents. From the time his father past away, it is his responsibility to support the needs of his mother and able to help also to their other relatives. In these situation, Mr. J.D do not have stable job. He is only a construction worker.. It brought him to developed frustration and depression because he cannot function effectively and support the needs of his famly. He became

emotionally disturbed and his self-concept is also affected. He begins to isolate himself and appears irritated always.

Joyce Travelbee She proposed the Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing Model. She advocated that the goal of nursing is to assist individual or family in preventing or coping with illness, regaining health, teaching meaning of illness or maintaining degree of health. She further viewed that interpersonal process is a human to human relationship formed during mental illness and experience of suffering. She believed that a person is a unique, irreplaceable individual who is in a continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing.

Dorothea Orem Dorothea Orem developed the Self Care and Self Care Deficit Theory. She defines self care as The practice of activities that individual initiates and performs on their own behalf in maintain life, health and well- being. Orem also states that health is a state that is characterized by soundness or wholeness of developed human structures and of bodily and mental functioning.

Unable to finish his study Undeveloped self- concept, self- worth

Unable to accomplish goals and improve ones potentials

Belief and trust in oneself diminish; feeling of rejection

Lack of interest to perform functions effectively

Low self- esteem

Withdrawal

Analysis and Interpretation Clients with this mental illness tends to be more anxious and

suspicious. Our patient state that he only finished second degree of education, thus lowering his self esteem and leads to less opportunity in seeking good jobs. As a result his activities of daily living has been disturbed.

Sigmund Freud It was Freud who first proposed that childhood experiences are crucial on the development of personality and that personality is permanently shaped during childhood. Freud also believed that as each stages of personality development, the libidinal energy is focused at certain areas of the body. The person derives pleasure and expresses needs through area of the body where the libidinal energy is concentrated. The ego operates by the reality principle, which says take care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found, therefore, the ego uses problem solving based on how it judges reality. According to Freud, ego as a structure of personality that regulates thinking and control instinctual drives, and is not functioning well in addiction. In the clients case he cannot perform well his major role at school and home.

Harry Stack Sullivan Harry Stack Sullivan studied traditional psychoanalysis but focused on interpersonal relationship instead of on the unconscious. He believed that cultural environment greatly shapes personality and that personality development does not end at 5 years of age but continues until young adulthood. Sullivan extended the description of personality development through stages. He emphasized the importance of development of self- concept and discussed how this progresses through

adolescence. He called this development of the self- esteem personification. Personification includes all related attitudes, feelings and concepts about oneself or another acquired from extensive experiences. The persona is what one is talking about when one refers to I or me. The development of the persona begins in infancy with perceiving the mother as good of bad. As the self begins as differentiate, the infant comes to perceive the mother as either good or bad. Sullivan emphasized the importance of peers and experienced relationship to the developing child and adolescence. When the child earns pattern of responding that hinders interpersonal relationship and cause others to respond negatively, he experiences anxiety that further interferes in social relationship. This way of responding is priority communication patterns. Sullivan believed that of communication, interaction between individuals, groups and society could be changed, then each of these could be changed. In Sullivan Interpersonal Stages of Development, a person in his juvenile years learns to interact with its peers and learns competition, compromise and cooperation in the process. At this stage, the child turns to its peers of same sex to provide the same satisfaction and security earlier to reinforce or alter the self- concept earlier developed by the child.

Social deprivation Lack of interest in social activities

Withdrawn behavior

Low self esteem

Inability to adapt into the environment

Isolation and depression

Inability to sleep and refusal to eat

Analysis and Interpretations Our client stated that when he was in high school he lost his father. For this reason, his mother decided to transferred him to his Aunties house in Orion, Bataan and continue his study there. From this experience, he lost interest in getting along with others and in able to adapt to his new environment. He manifested inability to sleep and refused to eat.

As we observed, by the manner he interacts and talk, he wants to be alone, give time for himself and choose to be silent much of a time.

Martha Rogers Since the client lacks affection from his support system, it resulted from loss of constant communication with them and also to its environment. Roggers conceptualized the Science of Unitary Human Being. To Roggers, unitary man is an energy field in constant interaction with the environment which is not shown by the client. Her belief that human being is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thoughts, and emotions was disturbed on the parts of the client.

Sister Callista Roy Sister Callista Roy developed the Roy Adaptation Model, which is based on the belief that the human being is an open system. The system responds to environmental stimuli through the cognation and regulator coping mechanisms for individuals and the stabilizer and innovator control mechanisms for groups. The responses occur through at least one of four modesphysiological-physical, selfconcept-group identity, role function, and interdependence. The responses in these modes are usually visible to others and can be identified as adaptive or ineffective. Adaptive behaviors that need support and ineffective behaviors are then analyzed to identify the associated stimuli.

Stress (death of his father) Person exposed to stressful environment

Become emotionally disturbed

Increase anxiety, emotionally aroused to stimulus

They learn to escape from this anxiety by thinking other thoughts

Unusual pattern of behavior and psychological responding

Nagwawala; Nagsasalita mag isa; Tinatapon ang pagkain; Binabasag ang plato; Lakad ng lakad; may auditory hallucinations

Analysis and Interpretation Stress, an unpleasant state of emotional and physiological arousal that people experience in situations that they perceive as dangerous or threatening to their wellbeing. Some people perceive stress as events or situations that cause them to feel tension, pressure, or negative emotions such as anxiety and anger. Others view stress as the response to these situations. Once the person is being exposed to a stressful

event or environment, he becomes emotionally disturbed. His coping mechanism will greatly affect him, whether he perceives stress as distress or eustress. In the case of our patient, he became emotionally disturbed when he experienced stress in his life such as the death of his father. He became emotionally aroused to stimulus and increases his anxiety. He learns to think and focused his attention in other things and manners in order to escape from his anxiety. From this situation, he started to became emotionally, mentally, physically disturbed, thus leading to the disease process or mental disorder.

Sister Callista Roy She presented the Adaptation Model. She said that man is a biopsychosocial and spiritual being who is in constant contact with the environment. She viewed each person as unified biopsychosocial system in constant interaction with a changing environment. She coextended that the person as an adaptive system, function as a whole through interdependence of its parts. The systems consist of input, combined processes, output and feedback. Client in this case was not able to perform the said feedback in his environment, thus, his continuous doing of it led to a condition which affects his psychological well - being. Betty Neuman The Neumans system model has two major components i.e. stress and reaction to stress. The client in the Neumans system model is viewed as an open system in which repeated cycles of input, process, out put and feed back constitute a dynamic organizational pattern. The client may be an individual, a group, a family, a

community or an aggregate. In the development towards growth and development open system continuously become more differentiated and elaborate or complex. As they become more complex, the internal conditions of regulation become more complex. Exchange with the environment are reciprocal, both the client and the environment may be affected either positively or negatively by the other. The system may adjust to the environment to itself. The ideal is to achieve optimal stability. As an open system the client, the client system has propensity to seek or maintain a balance among the various factors, both with in and out side the system, that seek to disrupt it. Neuman seeks these forces as stressors and views them as capable of having either positive or negative effects. Reaction to the stressors may be possible or actual with identifiable responses and symptom

Substances Abused (Alcohol and Cigarette) Affects sympathetic nervous system

Acts as receptors of epinephrine

Unbearable fight or flight syndrome

Reached toxic/ intolerable level of substance

Altered brain functioning

Impaired body functioning and thought process

Destructive and violent behavior, hyperactivity and auditory hallucinations

Analysis and Interpretation During Mr. J.Ds adolescence days, he stated that he learned to drink alcohol and use cigarettes through his peers and cousins. From this early age, he started to abuse the use of it which contributes to his present condition.

Myra Levine Myra Levine described the four conservation principles. She said that a human body has physical boundaries that must be maintained to facilitate health and prevent harmful agents from entering the body. Relating to the client, it is important f or him to develop sense of identity, self worth and self- esteem. But due to exposure to alcohol and cigarettes was not maintained, thus conservation of it was not met which resulted to harm of oneself.

Sigmund Freud The personality consists of three processes, the id, the ego and the super ego, that function as a whole to bring about behavior. When these processes function in harmony, the individual experiences stability. One of the personality processes it focuses was the ego personality, it was called the reality principle and strives to meet the demands of the id while maintaining the well being of the individual by distinguishing fantasy from environmental reality. Secondary processes thinking comprises logical thinking and intelligence, and based on this theory, the patents personality processes which was the ego was not functioning well or impaired. It was the substance abused that affected his emotional and logical thinking.