OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

REDOX REACTIONS

Definition:
Chemical reactions involving OXIDATION and REDUCTION occurring simultaneously Oxidation and reduction in terms of: i. loss or gain of oxygen ii. loss or gain of hydrogen iii. transfer(loss/gain) of electrons iv. changes(increase/decrease) in oxidation number Oxidation: - combination of substance with oxygen - loss of hydrogen - loss of electrons - an increase in oxidation number Reduction: - removal of oxygen from substance - gain of hydrogen - gain of electrons - a decrease in oxidation number
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Oxidant / Oxidizing agent: The substance that causes oxidation Reductant / Reducing agent: The substance that causes reduction

Important Neutralization and Precipitation are NOT redox reactions

A. Loss or gains of oxygen Oxidation: - combination of substance with oxygen Reduction: - removal of oxygen from substance

Example:

2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2

Copper(II) oxide (CuO) loses its oxygen to form copper(Cu). Carbon(C) gains the oxygen to form carbon dioxide(CO2). CuO causes the oxidation of carbon. Carbon causes the reduction of CuO.

Material undergoes oxidation: Carbon, C Material undergoes reduction: Copper(II) oxide, CuO Oxidizing agent / oxidant : Copper(II) oxide, CuO Reducing agent / reductant : Carbon, C
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B. Loss or gains of hydrogen Oxidation: - loss of hydrogen

Reduction: - gain of hydrogen

Example:

H2S +

Cl2

2HCl

H2S loses its hydrogen to form sulfur. Cl2 gains the hydrogen to form HCl. H2S causes the reduction of Cl2. Cl2 causes the oxidation of H2S. Material undergoes oxidation : Hydrogen sulphide, H2S Material undergoes reduction : Chlorine, Cl2 Oxidizing agent / oxidant : Chlorine, Cl2 Reducing agent / reductant : Hydrogen sulphide, H2S

C. Tranfer of electrons Oxidation: - loss of electrons Reduction: - gain of electrons Example 1: [Daniell cell]

Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
Electrons transfer from zinc to copper(II) ions. Half reaction: One zinc atom loses 2 electrons to form one zinc ion. Zinc is oxidized to zinc ions. Oxidizing half-equation:

Zn Zn

2+

+ 2e

Half reaction: One copper(II) ion gains 2 electron to form one copper atom. Copper(II) ion is reduced to copper. Reduction half-equation:

Cu2+ + 2e Cu
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Copper(II) ions act as oxidizing agent because it accepts electrons. Zinc acts as reducing agent because it releases electrons. Oxidizing half-equation: Zn Zn2+ + 2eReduction half-equation: Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
[balanced the number of electron please]
Cancel the electrons

Zn + Cu2+ + 2e- Cu + Zn2+ + 2eThus; Ionic Equation Chemical equation: Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu [note: the sum of the two half-equations gives the ionic equation] : Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

D. Changes in oxidation number Oxidation number? Definition: The oxidation number of an element is the charge that the atom of the element would have if complete transfer of electron occurs Rules: pg 107 figure 3.1 (read) Tips from the rules: the oxidation number for atom and molecule is zero the oxidation number for monoatomic ion is equal to its charge. the sum of oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is zero the sum of oxidation number of all elements in polyatomic ions is equal to the charge of the ions Oxidation: - an increase in oxidation number Reduction: - a decrease in oxidation number
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Example: [ I use the same example but from different perspective]

Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
[easy way to detect which substance is oxidized or reduced]
Oxidation number +2

Zn2+
0

Cu2+ Cu
Reduction (gains electrons)

Zn

Oxidation (loses electrons)

The oxidation number of zinc, Zn increases from 0 to +2. Zn undergoes oxidation to zinc ions, Zn2+. The oxidation number of copper(II) ions, Cu2+ decreases from +2 to 0. Cu2+ undergoes reduction to copper, Cu. Copper(II) ions, Cu2+ act as oxidizing agent. Zinc, Zn acts as reducing agent. Oxidizing half-equation: Zn Zn2+ + 2eReduction half-equation: Cu2+ + 2e- Cu Ionic Equation : Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu [note: every redox reaction MUST have half equations and ionic equation]
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Example:

2Mg + O2 2MgO
Oxidation number +2

Mg2+
Oxidation (loses electrons)

Mg O2
Reduction (gains electrons)

-2

2-

Describe the process.. The oxidation number of magnesium, Mg increases from 0 to +2. Mg undergoes oxidation to magnesium ions, Mg2+. Oxidizing half-equation: Mg Mg2+ + 2e1 magnesium atom loses 2 electrons to from 1 mzgnesium ions. Mg undergoes oxidation to magnesium ions, Mg2+. The oxidation number of oxygen, O2 decreases from 0 to -2. O2 undergoes reduction to oxide ions, O2-. Reduction half-equation: O2 + 4e- 2O29

1 molecule of oxygen gains 4 electron to form 2 oxide ions. O2 undergoes reduction to oxide ions, O2-. Oxygen, O2 act as oxidizing agent. Magnesium, Mg acts as reducing agent. Oxidizing half-equation: Mg Mg2+ + 2e- (2) [it becomes: 2Mg 2Mg2+ + 4e] Reduction half-equation: O2 + 4e- 2O2-

[balanced the number of electrons for both half equation]

Cancel the electrons

2Mg + O2 + 4e- Thus; Ionic Equation: 2Mg + O2 2Mg + O2

2Mg2+ + 2O2- + 4e-

2Mg2+ + 2O2- or 2MgO

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Solution: (a) (i) 2H2 + O2 2H2O

Oxidation number +1

H+
Oxidation (loses electrons)

H2

O2
Reduction (gains electrons)

-2

O2-

The oxidation number of hydrogen, H2 increases from 0 to +1. H2 undergoes oxidation to hydrogen ion, H+. Oxidizing half-equation: H2 2H+ + 2e1 molecule of hydrogen loses 2 electrons to form 2 hydrogen ions.

The oxidation number of oxygen, O2 decreases from 0 to -2. O2 undergoes reduction to oxide ions, O2-. Reduction half-equation: O2 + 4e- 2O2-

1 molecule of oxygen gains 4 electrons to form 2 oxide ions.

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Oxygen, O2 act as oxidizing agent. Hydrogen, H2 acts as reducing agent. Oxidizing half-equation: H2 2H+ + 2eReduction half-equation: O2 + 4e- 2O2[balanced the number of electrons for both half equation]
Cancel the electrons

(2)

2H2 + O2 + 4e-

4H+ + 2O2- + 4e-

Thus; The ionic equation 2H2 + O2 4H+ + 2O2- or 2H2 + O2 2 H2 O

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Oxidation number
Definition: The oxidation number of an element is the charge that the atom of the element would have if complete transfer of electron occurs Tips from the rules: the oxidation number for atom and molecule is zero
Atom or molecule Oxidation number

Zn 0

C 0

Mg 0

Ag 0

H2 0

O2 0

Cl2 0

the oxidation number for monoatomic ion is equal to its charge

H+ +1 Fe2+ +2 Mn2+ +2 Fe3+ +3 Cr3-1 O2-2 N3-3

Monoatomic ion Oxidation number

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 the sum of oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is zero

Compound Oxidation number H2SO4 KMnO4 0 0 SO2 0 Na2SO4 0 K2Cr2O7 0

the sum of oxidation number of all elements in polyatomic ions is equal to the charge of the ions
Polyatomic ion Oxidation number NH4+ SO42- MnO4- Cr2O72- S2O32+1 -2 -1 -2 -2 Fe(CN)63-3

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Calculate the oxidation numbers for the underlined elements. (i) SO2 [compound]
[refer to rules above]

Element Number of element Oxidation number

S 1 x

O 2 -2

Sum of oxidation numbers 0

[let the unknown oxidation number is equal to x]

1(x) + 2(-2) = 0 x - 4 = 0 x = +4 Thus; Oxidation number of S in SO2 = +4 (ii) H2SO4 Element Number of element Oxidation number H 2 +1 S 1 x O 4 -2 Sum of oxidation numbers 0

2(+1) + 1(x) + 4(-2) = 0 2+ x - 8 = 0 x = +6 Thus; Oxidation number of S in H2SO4 = +6

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(iii) Na2S2O3 Element Number of element Oxidation number Na 2 +1 S 2 x O 3 -2 Sum of oxidation numbers 0

2(+1) + 2(x) + 3(-2) = 0 2 + 2x - 6 = 0 x = 4 2 = +2 Thus; Oxidation number of S in Na2S2O3 = +2 (iv) NH3 Element Number of element Oxidation number N 1 x H 3 +1 = 0 x = -3 Sum of oxidation numbers 0

1(x) + 3(+1)

Thus; Oxidation number of N in NH3 = -3

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(v) S2O32- [polyatomic ion]

[refer to rules above]

Element Number of element Oxidation number

S 2 x

O 3 -2 = = = =

Sum of oxidation numbers -2

2(x) + 3(-2) 2x - 6 x x

-2 -2 (6 2) /2 +2

Thus; Oxidation number of S in S2O32- = +2 (vi) NH4+ : ammonium ion [polyatomic ion] Sum of oxidation Element N H numbers Number of element 1 4 +1 Oxidation number x +1 x(1) + 4(+1) x + 4 x x = +1 = +1 = 1 - 4 = -3

Thus; Oxidation number of N in NH4+ = -3

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Exercises; Calculate the oxidation numbers for the underlined elements. i. ii. iii. iv. KMnO4 potassium manganate(VII) MnO4K2Cr2O7 Potassium dichromate(VI) Cr2O72-

Answer: i. KMnO4 Element Number of element Oxidation number K 1 +1 Mn 1 x O 4 -2 Sum of oxidation numbers 0

1(+1) + 1(x) + 4(-2) = 0 1 + x 8 = 0 x = +7 Thus; Oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 = +7

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ii. MnO4Element Number of element Oxidation number Mn 1 x O 4 -2 Sum of oxidation numbers -1

1(x) + 4(-2) = -1 x 8 = -1 x = +7 Thus; Oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 = +7 iii. K2Cr2O7 Element K Cr 2 x O 7 -2 = = = = = 0 0 12 12 / 2 +6 Sum of oxidation numbers 0

Number of element 2 Oxidation number +1

2(+1) + 2(x) + 7(-2) 2 + 2x 14 2x 2x x

Thus; Oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72- = +6

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iv. Cr2O72Element Number of element Oxidation number Cr 2 x O 7 -2 = = = = = Sum of oxidation numbers -2 0 0 12 12 / 2 +6

2(+1) + 2(x) + 7(-2) 2 + 2x 14 2x 2x x

Thus; Oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72- = +6

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Types of Redox Reactions

Large number of reactions is redox reaction. Example; combustion corrosion electrolysis chemical cell displacement of metal displacement of halogen transfer of electros and many more Neutralization is not redox reaction. Why? Precipitation is not redox reaction. Why?

?
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Sample answer;
The neutralization process is a reaction between acid and alkali to produce salt and water. The acid solution contains hydrogen ions, H+ while alkali solution contains hydroxide ions, OH-. The ionic equation for neutralization process is;

H+ + OH- H2O
The oxidation number of hydrogen ion, H+ in acid solutions is same with the oxidation number of hydrogen ion, H+ in water, which is +1. The oxidation number for hydrogen in this reaction remain unchanged. The oxidation number for oxide ions, O2- in hydroxide ion, OH- or alkali is same with the oxidation number of oxide ions, O2- in water, which is -2. The oxidation number for oxygen in this reaction remain unchanged. Since the oxidation number is not changed, it shows that there is no oxidation and reduction occur during the reactions. Thus, the neutralization is not the redox reactions.
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Precipitation is not redox reaction. Why?

Sample anwer Insoluble salt is prepared through precipitation / double bond decomposition process. Example of insoluble salt is argentums chloride, AgCl salt. This salt can produce through reaction between argentums nitrate solution, AgNO3 and potassium chloride solution. The chemical equation for the reaction is; AgNO3 + KCl AgCl + KNO3 The ionic equation for precipitation of argentum chloride is;

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

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Redox reaction that involve Fe2+ ion and ion Fe3+ ion
Iron metal, Fe exhibits two oxidation states, that are Fe2+ and Fe3+. Did you know colour for Fe2+ ion and Fe3+ ion? Oxidation (loss e-)

Fe2+
Reduction (gain e-)

Fe3+

Conversion of ion Fe2+ to ion Fe3+ is an oxidation process because it involve of loss of electron;

Fe

2+

Fe

3+

+ 1e

The oxidation number of Fe increase from +2 to +3. Thus, oxidizing agent is needed to oxidized Fe2+ ion to Fe3+ . Oxidizing agents that can be use is; 1. chlorine water, Cl2 2. liquid bromine, Br2 3. acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 4. acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 5. acidified hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 6. concentrated nitric acid, HNO3
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start Fe2+ green + chlorine water, liquid bromine + HNO3 concentrated + H2O2 + dilute sulphuric acid solution + KMnO4 acidic + K2Cr2O7 acidic

finish Fe3+ brown

observation : The solution colour turn from green to brown HOW this process is made / possible? i. 5 cm3 iron(II) sulphate solution of 0.1 mol dm-3, FeSO4 was pour into a test tube ii. bromine water is dropped into the solution iii. the test tube is shake and slowly heated until no changes occur HOW do you determine the present of iron(III) ion? (cation test) i. A few dropped of ammonia solution / ammonium hydroxide is added, until it excess into a test tube. ii. A brown precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH / NaOH is formed Half equation : Fe2+ Fe3+ + 1e - ion iron(II) is under goes oxidation Half equation : Br2 + 2e 2Br- bromine undergoes reduction process
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Oxidizing agent : bromine water, Br2 Reduction agent: iron(II) , Fe2+ x2 half equation : 2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 2e half equation: Br2 + 2e 2Brtotal ionic equation : 2Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br-

Conversion of ion Fe3+ to ion Fe2+ is a reduction process because it involve accepting electron Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+
So reduction agent is needed to reduced ion Fe3+to ion Fe2+. The reduction agent that involve is:

1. magnesium metal, aluminium, zinc 2. sulphur dioxide gas, SO2

start + Fe3+ Fe2+ Brown zinc pieces, then heat the mixture green Dilute H2SO4 solution, Then flow SO2 gas into the solution finish

observation: changes from brown to green

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how this process is made? i. 5 cm3 iron(III) sulphate solution of 0.1 mol dm-3, Fe2(SO4)3 is pour into the test tube ii. one spatula of zinc powder is pour into the test tube iii. shake the test tube and slowly heated until has no changes occured How to determined the present of iron(II) ion? i. ammonia solution / ammonium hydroxide is added gradually until excess into the test tube. ii. A dirty green precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH /NaOH is obtain half equation : Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+ - iron(III) ion is reduced - iron(III) ion act as oxidizing agent half equation: Zn Zn2+ + 2e - zinc is oxidizes - zinc act as reducing agent Ionic equation : 2Fe3+ + Zn 2Fe2+ + Zn2+ Confirmation test present of Fe2+ or Fe3+

Cation potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) Blue precipitate Fe2+ Fe3+ Dark blue precipitate

Potassium hexacyanoferrat e (III) Dark blue precipitate Greenly brown solution

Potassium thiocyanate No red colour blood red colour

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Reaction of displacement of metals from their salt solution The higher the position of the metal in the electrochemical series, the higher the strength of a metal as reducing agent. The lower the position of metal in the electrochemical series, the higher the strength of a metal as oxidizing agent. Did you know: Metal that has higher position in the electrochemical series, can displace the metal ions that have lower position in the electrochemical series from its salt solution.

Considered the reaction below;

50 cm copper(II) sulphate 0.1 mol dm-3

beaker Magnesium

Reaction of displacement metal can occur when a metal is immersed in metal salt solution that is lower position in electrochemical series.
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Magnesium has higher positions than copper in the electrochemical series, thus magnesium is more electropositive than copper. Magnesium can displace copper , Cu from copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4. Oxidation process Half equation : Mg Mg + 2e - 1 magnesium atom donate 2 electron to produce 1 magnesium ion - Magnesium has been oxidize to magnesium ion - So magnesium was act as reducing agent. - Oxidation number for magnesium in increase from zero to +2 Half equation : Cu + 2e Cu - 1 copper(II) ion accepts two electron to formed 1 copper atom. - copper(II) ion is reduced to copper - so copper(II) ion is act as oxidizing agent. - Oxidation number for copper is reduced from +2 to zero By this, proved that displacement of metal is a redox process. Write the ionic equation for whole reaction. Can you predict the changes in colour of copper (II) sulphate solution in the end of this reaction. 5.2: observation Considered this reaction ;
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2+

2+

Shake, slowly heated 5 cm3 copper(II) sulphate 0.1 mol dm-3

Iron plate

Can you state all the following matter; i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Changes of oxidation number for copper in this reaction. Changes of oxidation number for iron in this reaction. Substances that is oxidize [Iron, Fe] Substances that is reduced [ Copper(II) ions, Cu2+] Oxidizing agent Reducing agent Half equation for oxidation process Half equation for reduction process Total ionic equation Observation in the reaction above

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Considered this reaction ;

Shake,slowly heated

5 cm3 copper(II) sulphate 0.1 mol dm-3 (newly prepared) zinc(II) sulphate Brown precipitate, copper

Zinc plate

Can you state all the following matter; i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Changes of oxidation number for copper in this reaction. Changes of oxidation number for zinc in this reaction. Substances that is oxidize Substances that is reduced Oxidizing agent Reducing agent Half equation for oxidation process Half equation for reduction process Total ionic equation Observation in the reaction above

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Considered this reaction ;

Shake, slowly heated 2 cm3 silver nitrate 0.5 mol dm-3

copper nitrate

Copper

Can you state all the following matter; i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Changes of oxidation number for copper in this reaction. Changes of oxidation number for iron in this reaction. Substances that is oxidize Substances that is reduced Oxidizing agent Reducing agent Half equation for oxidation process Half equation for reduction process Total ionic equation Observation in the reaction above

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Displacement of halogens from halide solution Halogens : element in group 17 (chlorine, Cl2 , bromine, Br2 , and iodine, I2 ) Halides : element of ion in group 17 (chloride ion, Cl- , bromide ion, Br- and iodide ion, I- ) Still remember.

When go down group 17, reactivity of halogen decrease.

Why ..? So , the power of halogen as oxidizing agent also decrease when go down the group. This means halogen at higher position in group 17 can displace halogen at lower position, from it halides solution.

Thus; There are three reactions that can take place. Can you state all this three process?

Halogen colour in tetrachloromethane is usually use to identify the type of halogen presence.
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Observe the reaction above.

i.
(shake the mixture strongly)

2 cm3 tetrachloromethane solution

2 cm3 chlorine water solution (pale yellow /colourless)

Colour of chlorine water in tetrachlorometane (pale yellow / colourless)

ii.
(shake the mixture strongly)

+ tetrachloromethane
solution 2 cm3 bromine water solution (brownish yellow)

2 cm

Colour of bromine water in tetrachloromethane

(orange)

iii.
(stronger shake the mixture)

2 cm + tetrachlorometana solution 2 cm3 iodine water/solution (brown)

Colour of iodine in tetrachlorometane (purple)

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Complete the following table;

The colour in the Colour in aqueous solution Halogen tetrachloromethane dilute concentrated Chlorine Colourless / pale colourless Pale yellow water,Cl2 yellow Bromine Brownish yellow Orange/brown water,Br2 yellow Iodine yellow Brown purple water, I2

Halogen can be identify by mixing the tetrachlormethane agent solution to the aqueous solution. Water and tetrachloromethane will not dissolve together but will form two layer. The upper layer is water and below is tetrachloromethane layer.
Tips : look at the colour of the tetrachloromethane layer to determine the halogen that presence.

Cl2

+ 2KBr Br2 + 2KCl

35

(add and shake the mixture)

(shake the mixture strongly) 2 cm + tetrachlorometane solution

3

+ 2 cm
2 cm3 chlorine water solution (pale yellow/ colourless)

potassium bromide solution (colourless)

Water layer: yellow Tetrachlorometane layer :orange

Chlorine is more reactive than bromine, the strength of oxidizing agent for chlorine is more stronger than bromine. Thus chlorine will displace bromine from potassium bromide solution. Orange colour in tetrachloromethane layer proved the presence of bromine, Br2 in the mixture. Chlorine is reduced to chloride ion. Chlorine also act as oxidizing agent. Half equation : Cl2 + 2e 2Cl-

The oxidation number of chlorine is decreases from 0 to -1. 1 molecule of chlorine gains 2 elctrons to form 2 chloride ions. Thus, chlorine undergoes reduction process. Bromide ion is oxidize to bromine. Bromide ion also act as reducing agent.

Half equation : 2Br- Br2 + 2e

The oxidation number for bromine is increases from -1 to 0. 2 bromide ions loses 2 electrons to become 1 bromine molecule Bromide ions is undergoes oxidation
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Total ionic equation :

Cl2 + 2Br- 2Cl- + Br2

How this process is made? Considered the following reaction;

Cl2

+ 2KI I2 + 2KCl
(add and shake the mixture) (stronger shake the mixture) 2 cm + tetrachlorometane solution
3

2 cm3 2 cm3 chlorine water potassium iodide solution solution (pale yellow/ (colourless) colourless)

Water layer: yellow Tetrachlorometane layer purple

Chlorine is more reactive than iodine, Thus chlorine will displace iodine from potassium iodide solution. The purple colour in tetrachloromethane layer proved the present of iodine, I2 in the solution. Can you state all the following matter?;

Cl2 + 2e 2Cl-1 2I- I2 + 2e

37

i. Changes of oxidation number for chlorine in this reaction. ii. Changes of oxidation number for iodine in this reaction. iii. Substances that is oxidize : I iv. Substances that is reduced : Cl2 v. Oxidizing agent vi. Reducing agent vii. Half equation for oxidation process viii. Half equation for reduction process ix. Total ionic equation x. Observation in the reaction above xi. Contd 5.2 How this reaction is made? Considered this reaction; Br2 + 2KI I2 + 2KBr

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(add and shake the mixture) )

(stronger shake the mixture) 2 cm + tetrachlorometane solution

3

2 cm3 bromine water solution (brown)

2 cm3 potassium iodide solution (colourless)

Water layer: yellow Tetrachlorometane layer :purple

Bromine is more reactive than iodine, so the power of oxidizing agent for chlorine is more stronger than iodine. By that, bromine will displace iodine from it potassium iodide solution. The purple colour in tetrachlorometane layer prove the present of iodine, I2 in the solution. Can you state all the following matter?; i. Changes of oxidation number for bromine in this reaction. ii. Changes of oxidation number for iodine in this reaction. iii. Substances that is oxidize iv. Substances that is reduced v. Oxidizing agent vi. Reducing agent vii. Half equation for oxidation process viii. Half equation for reduction process ix. Total ionic equation x. Observation in the reaction above

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Considered the following reaction;

(add and shake the mixture) 2 cm3 bromine water solution

(stronger shake the mixture) 2 cm + tetrachlorometane solution

3

2 cm3 potassium iodide solution (pale yellow/ (colourless) colourless)

Water layer: yellow Tetrachlorometane layer :orange

(add and shake the mixture)

(stronger shake the mixture) 2 cm + tetrachlorometane solution

3

+
2 cm3 iodine water solution

2 cm3 potassium iodide solution (pale yellow/ (colourless) colourless)

Water layer: yellow Tetrachlorometane layer :purple

(add and shake the mixture)

+
2 cm3 iodine water solution (pale yellow/ colourless)

2 cm3 tetrachlorometane solution

(stronger shake the mixture)

2 cm3 potassium bromide solution (colourless)

Water layer: yellow Tetrachlorometane layer :purple

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Transfer of electron at a distance

What is means by transfer of electron at a distance? When oxidizing agent and reducing agent solutions is separated by an electrolyte in a U-Tube, redox reactions occur by transfer of electron using connecting wire. This electron transfer is call transfer of electron at a distance.

Look at this diagram :

G

Galvanometer e + Positive terminal Oxidizing agent U-Tube

e Negative terminal Reducing agent Electrolyte

The reducing agent undergoes oxidation (loss of electron) The oxidizing agent undergoes reduction (gain of electron)

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Solution that can react as oxidizing agent is the substances that undergoes reduction process
Solution
Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) , K2Cr2O7

Half equation (gain of electron) and changes colour of solution

Chlorine, Cl2 Bromine, Br2 Iodine, I2

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O (purple to colourless) Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (orange to green) Cl2 + 2e 2Cl(pale yellow to colourless) Br2 + 2e 2Br(reddish brown to colourless) I2 + 2e 2I(brown to colourless)

Give extra attention to half equation for acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution and acidified potassium dicrhomate(VI)solution.
(fisrt time we see this half equation, must memorize)
42

Solution that can react as reducing agent is undergoes oxidation process Solution name Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 Stanum(II) chloride, SnCl2 Potassium chloride, KCl Potassium bromide, KBr Potassium iodide, KI Half equation (loss of electron) and changes colour of solution Fe2+ Fe3+ + 1e (green to brown) Sn2+ Sn4+ + 2e (both of the ions is colourless) 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e (colourless to pale yellow) 2Br- Br2 + 2e (colourless to reddish brown) 2I- I2 + 2e (colourless to brown)

43

Remember : i. Electron transfer from reducing agent to oxidizing agent through connecting wire. ii. Carbon/graphite electrode that is immersed in reducing agent act as negative terminal. iii. Carbon/graphite electrode that is immersed in oxidising agent act as positive terminal. iv. The deflection of galvanometer needle shows the electron flowing/moving.

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Example 1:

Galvanometer
G

e Negative terminal
iron(II) sulphate solution, FeSO4 0.1 mol dm-3Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 0.1 mol dm-3

e + Positive terminal
Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution, KMnO4 0.1 mol dm-3 U-Tube

Can you predict what will happen?

Tips : determine the solution that react as oxidizing agent an reducing agent first. Oxidizing agent : acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution. : iron(II) sulphate solution
45

Reducing agent

Oxidation process (reducing agent) Half equation : Fe2+ Fe3+ + 1e - 1 iron(II)ion /Fe2+ loss 1 electron to produce 1 iron(III)ion/Fe3+ - Fe2+ is oxidize to Fe3+ - iron(II)ion react as reducing agent - oxidation number of iron is increase from +2 to +3 - the colour of the solution is turn from (light) green to brown -

What will happen to the electrons that has been released? - The electron will be released through negative terminal (carbon that is immersed in iron(II)sulphate solution), and flow through connecting wire to positive terminal (carbon that is immersed in acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution), so, the galvanometer needle will deflect.
46

- Manganate(VII) ion, MnO4- will gain electron and undergoes the reduction process.
Reduction process (oxidizing agent) Half equation: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ +4H2O - 1 Manganate (VII) ion, MnO4- gain 5 electron produce 1 mangan(II) ion, Mn2+ - Manganate(VII) ion is reduced to mangan(II) ion - Mangnate (VII) ion act as oxidizing agent - oxidation number for mangan is decreasing from +7 to +2 - the colour of solution is changes from purple to colourless Can you write the total ionic equation for this reaction? MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O 5Fe2+ 5Fe3+ + 5e MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+
47

Example 2:
G

Galvanometer

Bromine water Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 0.1 mol dm-3 Can you predict what will happen?

Potassium iodide solution, KI 0.1 mol U-tube dm-3

Tips : recognize the solution that react as oxidizing agent and reducing agent first. Oxidising agent : bromine water Reducing agent : potassium iodide solution
48

Negative terminal: The carbon that immersed in potassium iodide solution Positive terminal: The carbon that immersed in bromine solution/water After you have recognize it, the others will be easier. Look at the table that you have prepare above, Oxidation process / (Reducing agent) Half equation : 2I I2 + 2e - 2 iodide ions loss 2 electron to produce 1 molecule of iodine - Iodide ion is oxidize to iodine - Iodide ion react as reducing agent - Oxidation number for iodine increase from -1 to 0. thus oxidation occur - Colourless solution change to brownish yellow What will occur to this releasing electron? - This electron will be released through negative terminal - graphite electrode that is immersed in potassium iodide solution, and flow through connecting wire to positive terminal
49

- graphite electrode that is immersed in bromine solution), - Thus, galvanometer needle will deflect. - bromine will gain electron and reduction process will occur. Reduction process

Half equation for reduction

: Br2 + 2e 2Br-

- 1 molecule bromine gains 2 electron to produce 2 bromide ion - Bromine is reduce to bromide ion. - Bromine react as oxidizing agent - Oxidation number for bromine decreasing from 0 to -1 - Brownish-yellow solution change to colourless Can you write the total ionic equation for this reaction?

Br2 + 2I 2Br + I2

50

example 3:

Galvanometer

stanum(II) chloride solution, SnCl2 0.1 mol dm-3 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 0.1 mol dm-3

Acidified potassium dichromate solution, K2Cr2O7 U-Tube

Oxidizing agent : acidified potassium dicrhomate(VI) Terminal positive: Carbon electrod that is immersed into acidified potassium dichromate(VI) Reducing agent : stanum(II) chloride solution
51

Terminal negative: carbon immersed into stanum(II) chloride solution Oxidation process (reducing agent) Cont: 5.1 Half equation : Sn2+ Sn4+ + 2e [observation: no changes in colour of solution] Cl- Cl2 + 2e [observation: The colour changes from colourless to pale yellow] - 1 stanum(II) ion loss 2 electrons to produce 1 stanum(IV) ion - Stanum(II) ion is oxidize to stanum(IV) ion - Stanum(II) ion react as reducing agent - Oxidation number for stanum is increasing from +2 to +4 What will occur to this releasing electron? - This electron will be released through negative terminal - graphite electrode that is immersed in stanum(II) chloride solution) is negative terminal, and flow through connecting wire to positive terminal - electrode that is immersed in acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution is positive terminal, - Galvanometer needle will deflect.
52

- Dicrhomate(VI)ion will gain electron and reducing process will occur

Reduction process / (oxidising agent) half equation for reduction: Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O - 1 dichromate(VI) ion gain 6 electron to produce 2 chromium(III)ion - dichromate(VI) ion is reduced to 2 chromium(III) ion - dichromate(VI) ion react as oxidizing agent. - Oxidation number for chromium decreasing from +6 to +3 - Orange solution turn to green Can you write the total ionic equation for this reaction?

Can you answer the following question; i. State the electrode that react as positive terminal Carbon electrode that immersed in acidified K2Cr2O7 solution
53

ii. State the electrode that react as negative terminal Carbon electrode that immersed in SnCl2 solution iii. Mark the direction of the flow of current at the wire iv. Name the substance that undergoes oxidation process stanum(II) Ion v. Name the substance that undergoes reduction process dichromate(VI) Ion vi. Name the oxidizing agent Acidified potassium dicrhomate(VI) solution /dikromat(VI)ion vii. Name the reduction agent stanum(II)chloride solution / stanum(II)ion viii. State the observation at the end of this reaction Colour of solution for acidified potassium dicrhomate(VI)solution change from purple to green ix. Write the half equation for the both electrode Sn2+ Sn4+ + 2e Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr2+ + 7H2O Write the total ionic equation for this reaction
3Sn2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ 3Sn4+ + 2Cr2+ + 7H2O
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Rusting as redox reaction Rusting of iron is corrosion of metal. Rusting of iron will occur when water and oxygen present. Beside iron, another metal also corrode. Aurum (gold) more resistance to corrosion. What is corrosion of metal? Corrosion of metal is redox reaction in which a metal is oxidized naturally to its ions, resulting in partial or complete destruction of the metal. Identified the following diagram :

55

Water droplet

OH

e e

Fe

2+

Metal surface
Anode : Fe Fe2++ 2e

e Cathode : O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH-

What is happen when iron metal is rusting? Remember, oxygen can dissolved in water.

Anode : The surface of iron at the middle of the water droplet [the area where concentration of oxygen in water is low] Cathode: The iron surface at the edge of water droplet [the area where concentration of oxygen in water is high] At anode, iron metal is oxidize to iron (II) ion, Fe2+.
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Oxidation Half equation : Fe Fe2+ + 2e Electron that has been released will flow by iron ion to the edge of the water droplet, where there is plenty of dissolved oxygen. The iron surface there serves as the cathode. At cathode, oxygen that dissolve in water will gain electron, (reduction) to form hydroxide ion, OH-. Reduction Half equation : O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OHIron ion and hydroxide ion will combine to form iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2. The total ionic equation for the whole reaction; 2Fe + O2 + 2H2O (redox process) 2Fe2+ + 4OH-

The total equation for the reaction; 2Fe + O2 + 2H2O (redox process) 2Fe(OH)2 (*) (solid green)

But rusting colour is brown not green, what will happen ? Ok actually,
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Iron (II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 quickly oxidize by oxygen in air to form iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3.xH2O that is brown colour. This brown compound is known as rusting.
The equation is as shown below; 2Fe(OH)2 O2 In air Hydrated Iron (III) oxide Fe2O3.xH2O

Value of x refer to no of mol/concentration of water in that area, more higher the value of xmore easier it to rusting.
The rate of rusting process can be increase by: i. Present of strong electrolyte such as salt and acid ii. When iron is in contact with a metal less electropositive Try to study this process. [look at the procedure]
Experiment Experiment 1 observation

- solution of gelatin in hot water - a few drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution - a few drops of phenolphthalein. Iron nail

Dark blue colour formed in gelatin Inference : Iron nail is bit rusting

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Experiment 2

- solution of gelatin in hot water - a few drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution - a few drops of phenolphthalein.

No Dark blue colour formed in gelatin

Iron nail

magnesium

Pink
colour formed in gelatin Inference : Iron nail is not rusting

!Unexpected End of Experiment 3 A solution of gelatin in hot water contain potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and phenolphthalein.

No Dark blue colour formed in gelatin Pink colour formed in gelatin Inference : Iron nail is not rusting
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Iron nail
Formula

zinc

Experiment 4

A solution of gelatin in hot water contain potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and phenolphthalein.

Iron nail Tin/stanum (Sn)

Dark blue colour formed in gelatin A bit of Pink colour formed in gelatin Inference : Iron nail is rusting a lot

Experiment 5

A solution of gelatin in hot water contain potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and phenolphthalein.

Iron nail Copper

A lot of Dark blue colour formed in gelatin A bit of Pink colour formed in gelatin Inference : Iron nail is rusting a lot
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Tip: Metal

Fe

Fe + Mg None High Plenty

Fe + Zn Fe + Sn Fe + Cu None High Plenty High Low Few High Low Few

Intensity of blue Low colour Intensity of pink None colour Gas bubbles None

Which test tube shows rusting? How do you know? Did you notice, at all test tube is put on a solution of gelatin in hot water contain potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and phenophthalein. What is the function of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution? To detect/test the present of iron(II)ion, Fe2+ ............................................................................................................. What is the function of phenolphthalein? To detect/test the present of hydroxide ion,OH- /alkali properties ............................................................................................................. substances What is the function of test tube in experiment 1? As control experiment to compare the effect of contact of other ............................................................................................................. metal to iron. 61

.............................................................................................................

Situation 1 The metal/iron structure like ships is protected from rusting by fixing bars of zinc to the part of the ship submerged in a water surface. This bars is called sacrificied metal. a. What metal is suitable to use as sacrificial metal? Aluminium (alloy duralumin), zinc (galvanated) b. How sacrificial metal protect the iron from rusting? Sacrificial metal undergoes oxidation/corrosion c. What will occur to sacrificial metal? Sacrificial metalis oxidised

Situation 2 Kebanyakkan bumbung rumah di kawasan luar bandar merupakan atap besi galvani. Besi galvani dihasilkan dengan menyadur besi dengan selapisan nipis zink. Plan one experiment in lab to show the rusting of iron. Your report must including all this point : i. Problem statement ii. Aim iii. hypothesis iv. variables v. materials and apparatus vi. procedure vii. tabulation of data viii. conclusion
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The Reactivity Series Of Metal

Did you know The more reactive the metal with an oxygen, the more bright the flame when reacted Study this reaction

Reaction of metal with oxygen

Solid Potassium manganate(VII) KMnO4

Glass wool Metal powder

Asbestos paper heated heated

Retort stand

63

METAL

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE MgO formed

- Burn very rapidly Mg - very bright white flame produces - white powder formed - burn rapidly - brightly glow Zn - powder formed as yellow when hot and white when cold - burn less rapidly Fe - the glow is less than zinc - reddish brown powder is formed - burn slowly - faint glow Pb powder formed as brown when hot and yellow when cold - burn very slow Cu - very faint(malap) glow - black powder is formed [Can you name all the metal P, Q, R, S, above?] General equation for the reaction is as shown below;

ZnO formed

iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3 lead(II) oxide is formed copper(II) oxide, CuO

metal + oxygen metal oxide

can you write the chemical equation for all reaction above? Chemical equation

2Mg 2Zn 4Fe 2Pb

+ + + +

O2 O2 3O2 O2

2MgO 2ZnO 2Fe2O3 2PbO

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2Cu + O2

2CuO

The brightness and glow of flame determine the place of the metal in the reactivity series
can you produce the reactivity series of metal now?

Position of metal in reactivity series

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K Na Ca Mg Al Reactivity of metal is increase Zn Fe Sn Pb Hg Cu Hg Ag Au

Metal that very reactive * Extraction through electrolysis

Metal that less reactive Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb Extraction through reduction of metal oxide by carbon Cu, Hg - Extraction through burn of metal sulphide in air Unreactive metals * element that in crust layer of earth

The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals

Did you know If carbon can remove oxygen from its metal oxide, so carbon is more reactive than that metal.
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Study this reaction To determine the carbon position in REACTIVITY SERIES OF METAL

mixture of powdered carbon + metal oxide

porcelain
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Tripod stand

Bunsen burner

How this reaction is made?

67

Tabulation of data; mixture Carbon and copper(II)oxide Carbon and magnesium oxide Carbon and aluminium oxide Carbon and zinc oxide Observation - burns with bright flame - brown solid is formed - no changes Inference Carbon is more reactive than copper Carbon is less reactive than magnesium Carbon is less reactive than aluminium Carbon is more reactive than zinc

- no changes

- bright flame is produced - grey solid is formed

Based on the above observation, can you determine the position of carbon in reactivity series of metal?

remember!!!

The brighter and glow of flame determine position of carbon.

So .

Carbon is placed between aluminium and zinc

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position of carbon in reactivity series of metal

K Na Ca Mg Al
C

Zn Fe Sn Pb Hg Cu Hg Ag Au

Reactivity of metal increase

General equation for the reaction is shown as below:

Carbon + metal oxide carbon dioxide + metal

carbon react as reduction agent, because reducing metal oxide to metal

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Can you write the chemical reaction for reaction above?

MgO (p) + C (p) (no reaction) Al2O3 (p) + C (p) (no reaction) 2ZnO (p) + C (p) 2Zn (p) + CO2 (g) 2CuO (p) + C (p) 2Cu (p) + CO2 (g) Metal + carbon dioxide carbon + metal oxide 2Mg (p) + CO2 (g) C + 2MgO 4Al (p) + 3CO2 (g) 3C + 2Al2O3 Zn (p) + CO2 (g) (no reaction) Cu (p) + CO2 (g) (no reaction)

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Position of hydrogen in reactivity series of metal Did you know If hydrogen can remove oxygen from it metal oxide, so hydrogen is more reactive than that metal. Study this reaction To determine the hydrogen position in REACTIVITY SERIES OF METAL
Powder of metal oxide

Thistle funnel

Hydrogen gas

Dry hydrogen gas

Burning of excess hydrogen Burning tube

Round bottomed flask

heated U-Tube Porcelain Retort stand

zinc

Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2

Hydrochloric acid, HCl 0.1 mol dm-3 + copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4 1 mol dm-3

How this reaction is made? Do you know how hydrogen gas is prepared?
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Ok, hydrogen gas is prepared through reaction between zinc metal with hydrochloric acid. The chemical equation is as shown below;

Zn (p) + 2HCl (ak)

ZnCl2 (ak) + H2 (g)

This hydrogen gas is flowed through U-tube that contain anhydrous calcium chloride. Why? Answer : anhydrous calcium chloride can absorbed water to drying hydrogen gas why a small quantity of copper(II) sulphate is added into round bottom flask? Answer : copper(II) sulphate solution act as catalyst to increase rate of reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.

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General equation for this reaction :

Hydrogen + metal oxide metal + water

Hydrogen react as reducing agent. Data tabulation;
Mixture Observation Inference

Hydrogen and zinc oxide Hydrogen and iron(III)oxide Hydrogen and lead(II)oxide

- no changes - a bright glow spreads - the brown powder changes to grey - a less bright flame is produces - the yellow powder changes to grey - a bright flame produces - the black powder changes to brown

Hydrogen is less reactive than zinc Hydrogen is more reactive than iron Hydrogen is more reactive than lead

Hydrogen and copper(II) oxide

Hydrogen is more reactive than copper

Based on the observation above, can you determine the position of hydrogen in reactivity series of metal? remember!

The brighter and glow of flame determine the place of the hydrogen

Oleh itu.

Hydrogen is place between zinc and iron

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the position of hydrogen is reactivity series of metal

K Na Ca Mg Al Zn
H

H+

Fe Sn Pb Hg Cu Hg Ag Au

Reactivity of metal increases

Can you write the chemical equation for the reaction above?

H2 (g) + ZnO (p)

(no reaction)

6H2 (g) + 2Fe2O3 (p) 4Fe (p) + 6H2O (ce) H2 (g) + PbO (p) Pb (p) + H2O (ce)
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H2 (g) + CuO (p)

ELECTROLYSIS CELL

Cu (p) + H2O (ce)

Do you know that in electrolysis

Oxidation process occur at anode (+) and Reduction process occur at cathode (-)
[remember this one ah]

A. electrolysis of molten substances

1. Lead(II) bromide Study the following reaction;

75

Rheostat

Battery Switch

Ammeter

A +

Carbon electrode

Carbon electrode

Crucible Lead(II) bromide Tripod stand heated

Anode : brown gas released Cathode : shiny silver solid deposited at the bottom of the crucible Can you explain what will occur at anode and cathode? At anode (bear in mind, oxidation process occur at anode!) Bromide ion, Br- is discharge to form bromine gas. Half equation : 2Br- Br2 + 2e - two bromide ion releases 2 electron to produce 1 bromine molecule, - oxidation number for bromine increase from -1 to 0, oxidation process occur, - bromide ion undergoes oxidation process and act as reducing agent
76

At cathode (bear in mind, reduction process occur at cathode!) lead(II)ion, Pb2+ is discharge to form lead metal half equation : Pb2+ + 2e Pb - One lead(II) ion gain two electron to produce 1 lead atom - oxidation number for lead decreasing from +2 to 0, reduction process occur, - lead(II)ion undergoes reduction process and react as oxidizing agent. Total ionic equation : Pb2+ + 2Br- Pb + Br2

B. electrolysis of aqueos solution

1. electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution Study this reaction :

77

Test tube

copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4 0.1 mol dm-3 Carbon electrode

Electrolysis cell

+ A
Rheostat

Carbon electrode

Ammeter

Suis

Battery

Anode : colourless gas released Cathode : brown solid deposited at electrode.

Can you answer the following questions?

i. Named the product at anode and cathode. Anode : oxygen and water Half equation at anode: 4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e (Oxidation process)

Cathode : copper Half equation at cathode: Cu2+ + 2e Cu (Reduction process) ii. How do you identify the product formed at anode? Anode : - The gas released at anode is collected in test tube, - A glowing wooden splinter is put into the test tube,
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- The gas will lighted up the glowing wooden splinter. Cont. 5.2 iii. half equation at anode and cathode Anode : 4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e Cathode : Cu2+ + 2e Cu iv. total ionic equation 4OH- + 2Cu2+ O2 + 2H2O + 2Cu v. direction of flowing electron anode to cathode vi. direction of electricity current cathode to anode v. substance that has been oxidised? Explain. Hydroxide ions, because the oxidation number of oxygen is increase from -2 to 0. vi. substance that has been reduced? Explain. Copper(II) ions, because the oxidation number of copper is decrease from +1 to 0.

2. Electrolysis of potassium chloride solution.

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Study this reaction carefully :

Test tube

Potassium(II) chloride solution, KCl 1 mol dm-3 (concentrated) Carbon electrode Carbon electrode

+
Ammeter

A
Rheostat Battery

Switch

Anode : yellowish green gas released Cathode : colourless gas released Can you answer the following question? i. product that formed at anode and cathode Anode : chlorine (oxidation process) Cathode :hydrogen (reduction process) ii. how do you identify the product formed at anode and cathode Anode : - The gas released at anode is collected in test tube, - A damped blue litmus paper is put inside the test tube, - The colour of litmus change from blue to red then turn white.
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Cathode :- The gas released at cathode is collected using a test tube. - Lighted wooden splinter is place into the mouth of the test tube. - pop sound produce. iii. half equation at anode and cathode Anode : 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e Cathode : 2H+ + 2e H2 iv. total ionic equation 2Cl- + 2H+ Cl2 + H2 v. substance that has been oxidised? Explain. Chloride ions, because the oxidation number of chlorine is increase from -1 to 0. vi. substance that has been reduced? Explain. Hydrogen ions, because the oxidation number of hydrogen is decrease from +1 to 0.

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3. Electrolysis of dilute hydrochloric acid

Study this reaction carefully :

Test tube Potassium chloride solution, NaCl 0.1 mol dm-3

Carbon electrode

+ A
Rheostat

Carbon elctrode

Ammeter

Switch

Battery

Anode : colourless gas released Cathode : colourless gas released

Can you answer the following question?

i. product that formed at anode and cathode Anode : oxygen (oxidation process) cathode : hydrogen (reduction process)

ii. how can you predict the product form at anode and cathode Anode : - The gas released at anode is collected in test tube, - A glowing wooden splinter is put into the test tube, - The gas will lighted up the glowing wooden splinter.
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Cathode :- The gas released at cathode is collected using a test tube. - Lighted wooden splinter is place into the mouth of the test tube. - pop sound produce. iii. half equation at anode and cathode Anode : 4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e cathode : 2H+ + 2e H2 iv. total ionic equation 4OH- + 2H+ O2 + H2O + H2 v. substance that has been oxidised? Explain. Hydroxide ions, because the oxidation number of oxygen is increase from -2 to 0. vi. substance that has been reduced? Explain. Hydrogen ions, because the oxidation number of hydrogen is decrease from +1 to 0.

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4. Electrolysis for potassium iodide solution

Study this reaction carefully:
Test tube

Potassium iodide solution, KI 1 mol dm-3 (moltem) Carbon electrode Ammeter

+ A
Rheostat

Carbon electrode Suis

Battery

Anode

: the solution at anode is change from colourless to brown solution.

Cathode : colourless gas was released Can you answer the following question? i. the product formed at anode and cathode Anode : iodine (oxidation process) cathode : hydrogen (reduction process)

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ii. How do you identify the product formed at anode and cathode? Anode :- A few drops of solution formed at anode is placed in a test tube, - A few drops of starch solution is added into the test tube, - A dark blue solution is formed. Cathode :- The gas released at cathode is collected using a test tube, - Lighted wooden splinter is place into the mouth of the test tube, - pop sound produce. iii. Half equation at anode and cathode. Anode : 2I- I2 + 2e Cathode : 2H+ + 2e H2 iv. Total ionic equation; 2I- + 2H+ I2 + H2 v. Substance that has been oxidised? Explain. Iodide ions, because the oxidation number of oxygen is increase from -2 to 0. vi. Substance that has been reduced? Explain. Hydrogen ions, because the oxidation number of hydrogen is decrease from +1 to 0.

85

Electrochemical cell
Did you know that in chemical cell

Oxidation process occur at negative terminal and Reduction process occur at positive terminal
Because of that

Negative terminal act as anode and positive terminal act as cathode

Why?

anode is the electrode that releases electron and cathode is the electrode that gains electron

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Study the following reaction; i. Simple chemical cell (Zinc and Copper in copper(II) sulphate solution)

How to carry out the process?

electron
Zinc electrode

Voltmeter (1.1 V)

Copper electrode

beaker

copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4 0.1 mol dm-3

Can you explain the redox process in the chemical cell above? Zinc is higher than copper in the Electrochemical Series, Thus zinc is more electropositive than copper, Zinc will act as terminal/electrode negative/anode, while copper will act as terminal/electrode positive/cathode. Oxidation process; - Oxidation process occur at zinc metal, thus zinc metal is also known as anode. Half equation : Zn Zn2+ + 2e 1 atom zinc releases 2 electron to form 1 zinc ion Oxidation number for zinc increase from 0 to +2 Zinc undergoes oxidation and act as reducing agent Zinc electrode become thinner, thus mass of zinc electrode decrease - The electron will flow from zinc to copper electrode
87

Reduction process; - Reduction process occur at copper metal, copper metal is also known as cathode. Half equation : Cu2+ + 2e Cu - 1 copper(II) ion gains 2 electrons to formed copper - oxidation number for copper decrease from +2 to 0 - copper (II) ion undergoes reduction and act as oxidizing agent. - At copper electrode, brown solid is deposited, - Copper electrode become thicker, mass of copper electrode increase. Observation; The colour of solution is changes from blue become paler and then turn to colourless, or The intensity of blue solution is decrease. Why? The concentration of copper(II) ions is decrease. Electrode negative / anode: Zinc metal is become thinner, mass of zinc decrease Electrode positive /cathode: At copper brown solid is deposited, copper metal become thicker, mass of copper electrode increase

88

ii. Daniell cell Zinc in zinc sulphate solution Copper in copper(II) sulphate solution

How to carry out the process?

electron
Zinc electrode

Voltmeter

Copper electrode Porous pot Copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4 0.1 mol dm-3 (blue)

Beaker Zinc sulphate solution, ZnSO4 0.1 mol dm-3 (colurless)

Explaination same with the above simple chemical cell In Daniell cell, metals is immersed into its salt solution What is the function of porous pot? i. To complete the circuit by let the ions passing through ii. To separate between two solutions so its will not mix together iii. Daniell cell Argentum in argentum nitrate solution Copper in copper(II) sulphate solution
89

How to carry out the process?

electron
Argentum electrode

Voltmeter

Copper electrode Porous pot Copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4 0.1 mol dm-3 (blue)

Beaker Argentum nitrate solution, AgNO3 0.1 mol dm-3 (colourless)

Copper is higher than argentum in the Electrochemical Series, Copper is more electropositive than argentum, thus copper will act as terminal/electrode negative/anode, while argentum will act as terminal/electrode positive/cathode. Oxidation process; - Oxidation process occur at copper metal, thus copper metal is also known as anode. Half equation : Cu Cu2+ + 2e - 1 copper atom releases 2 electron to form 1 copper ion - Oxidation number for copper increase from 0 to +2 - Copper electrode undergoes oxidation and act as reducing agent - Copper electrode become thinner, thus mass of copper electrode decrease - The electron will flow from Copper to argentum electrode
90

Reduction process; - Reduction process occur at argentum metal, Argentum metal is also known as cathode. Half equation : Ag+ + 1e Ag

- 1 argentum ion gains 1 electrons to formed argentum atom - oxidation number for argentum decrease from +1 to 0 - argentum(II) ions undergoes reduction and act as oxidizing agent. - At argentum electrode, silvery solid is deposited, - Argentum electrode become thicker, mass of argentum electrode increase. Observation; The colour of solution is changes from blue to dark blue The intensity of blue solution is increase. Why? The concentration of copper(II) ions is increase. Electrode negative / Anode: Copper metal become thinner, mass of copper decrease Electrode positive / Cathode: Silvery solid is deposited, argentum metal become thicker, mass of argentum electrode increases

91

Now can you state the similarities and difference between electrolysis cell with chemical cell?

Electrolysis cell
Anode

SIMILARITIES
Electrode which OXIDATION process take place Electrode which REDUCTION process take place

Electrochemical cell
Anode

Cathode

Cathode

Electrolysis cell
Positive electrode

DIFFERENCES
Electrode which OXIDATION process take place Electrode which REDUCTION process take place Energy changes

Electrochemical cell
Negative electrode

Negative electrode Electric energy to chemical energy

Positive electrode Chemical energy to eletrical energy

[more easy to describe the similarities and differences using table dont you agree?]

92