Section A: Principles of Chemistry

1 a) c) e) 2 a) electron proton and neutron neutron metals; non-metals; lost, gained; high; high 2.8.2; 2.8.7 ii) 2.8; 2.8.8 b) d) electron proton and electron

b) i) 3 a) c) 4 a)

Starting states B; B; A; C Finishing states A; C; C; A element; mixture; mixture; compound Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. It is essential to include the word atom in your answer. Alternative answer Atoms with same atomic number but different mass numbers, or atoms of the same element with different masses. Chemistry Revision Guide
1

b) B

b) i) ii) c)

First row 37; 48 Second row 37; 87

(85 ! 71) + (87 ! 28) = 85.6 100

They have the same electronic configuration. Do not mention protons or neutrons in your answer. Chemical reactions involve only electrons. Alternative answer Both have same number of electrons in the outer shell, or both have one electron in the outer shell.

d) i) ii)

Rb2O; RbCl Any two from: rubidium fizzes or bubbles or moves around rubidium disappears or dissolves rubidium melts or forms a ball rubidium catches fire or explodes or flame is produced

iii) 2Rb + 2H2O 2RbOH + H2 5 a) Electrons within the structure are free to move.

b) Ions cannot move until the lead(II) bromide is a liquid.

c)

First reaction B and reduction Second reaction A and oxidation Amount of Pb = 0.05 mol; Amount of Br2 = 0.05 mol Mass of bromine = 0.05 x 160 g = 80 g (39 + 16 + 1) = 56
14.0 = 0.25 mol 56 0.25 ! 1000 = 1.0 mol/dm 3 250

d) i) ii) 6 a) i) ii) iii) b) i) ii) Chemistry Revision Guide iii) 7 a)

200 ! 2.0 = 0.40 mol 1000 1 ! 0.40 = 0.20 mol 2

0.20 ! 24 = 4.8 dm 3

Allotropy Allotropy is no longer on the specification.

b) Covalent. The attraction of each of the two nuclei for a shared pair of electrons. c) d) Cutting or drilling.

e)

Both are giant structures containing lots of covalent bonds that have to be broken. It requires a lot of energy to break these bonds.

a)

The force of attraction between two nuclei and a pair of electrons shared between them.

b) simple; weak; molecules; low.

c)

i)

ii)

a)

A magnesium atom loses two electrons to form a magnesium ion. A fluorine molecule/ two fluorine atoms gain two electrons to form two fluoride ions.

b) Magnesium; loss of electrons is oxidation. c) i) ii) Na+ and F Chemistry Revision Guide
3

NaF

d) Yellow 10 a) NaCl(s) and H2O(l) Dilute nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate. White precipitate. ii) c) i)

b) i)

iii) Diffusion.

ii) 11 a)

(Simple) distillation.

(56 2) + (16 3) = 160

320 ! 1000 = 2000 160

b) i) ii) c) i) ii)

2 2000 = 4000 It restricts the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen. 5000 24 = 120000 dm3

iii) 4000 56 = 224000 g = 224 kg

d) Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

e)

i) ii)

Silicon dioxide (silica/sand) CaCO3 CaO and CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3

12 a)

By heating. Diffusion Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) A red; B blue ii) iv)

b) i)

iii) Ammonia particles move more quickly 13 a) c) e) Chemistry Revision Guide 14 a) Distillation Filtration / decantation Fractional distillation i) ii) iii) iv) b) i) ii) iii) iv) v) (1 + 80) = 81
1.62 = 0.02 81 0.02 ! 1000 = 0.08 250

b) Evaporation d) Chromatography

0.08 x 81 = 6.48 HBr + NaOH NaBr + H2O OR H+ + OH H2O A proton is transferred from HBr to NaOH / OH
20.0 ! 0.20 = 0.004(00) 1000

20.0 2 = 40.0 cm3 Methyl orange red to orange (allow yellow), OR Phenolphthalein colourless to pink (allow red)

15 a)

i) ii)

Giant lattice of positive ions with delocalised electrons. Can be beaten or hammered into shape.

iii) The layers of ions can slide over one another. b) The two fluorine nuclei are attracted to a shared pair of electrons. c) d) i) 2.7 ii) 2.8

16 a)

i) ii)

Left-hand electrode ; right-hand electrode + H+; it is gaining electrons

iii) Horizontal line in right-hand tube halfway between the line given and the top of the tube. The same number of moles of electrons produce twice as many moles of hydrogen as oxygen. b) i) ii) c) i) ii)
0.40 = 0.20 2

(0.20 24) = 4.8 dm3

0.80 = 0.20 4

(0.20 32) = 6.4 g

Chemistry Revision Guide

5