What is a Stall?

A stall is a condition in aerodynamics and aviation where in the angle of attack increases beyond a certain point such that the lift begins to decrease. The angle at which this occurs is called the critical angle of attack. This critical angle is dependent upon the profile of the wing, its planform, its aspect ratio, and other factors, but is typically in the range of 8 to 20 degrees relative to the incoming wind for most subsonic airfoils. The critical angle of attack is the angle of attack on the lift coefficient versus angle-of-attack curve at which the maximum lift coefficient occurs. What is critical angle of attack ? The critical angle of attack is the angle of attack which produces maximum lift coefficient. This is also called the "stall angle of attack". Below the critical angle of attack, as the angle of attack increases, the coefficient of lift (Cl) increases. What is Reynolds Number? Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. It is used to differentiate flow between laminar and turbulent flow.

What is advantage of Winglets? a) b) c) d) Increased Range and Directional Stability Reduces strength of wing tip vortices which trail behind the plane Decrease in fuel consumption Increases lift and decreases drag

What are the different types of Winglets? Blended Winglets:- Here the winglets have a smooth cure from the wing tips reducing Interference drag from occurring (eg: Boeing 737 series) Sharklets:- Airbus version of Blended winglets are called Sharklets(eg: - Airbus NEO) Wingtip Fences:- Wingtip fences are extensions at the wingtip both in above and below of wing structure( eg: Old Airbus A319) Raked Wingtips:- Raked wingtips are extensions in wing tip along the wing with a sweep which increases the aspect ratio of wing without increasing wing span.Its advantage is that it eliminates drag and helps redistribute wing along wing structure. Generally used in ULTRACRUISE aircraft ( eg Airbus A350 and Boeing 787) What is wing loading? Wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing. Bigger aircraft have low wing loading and smaller aircraft have high wing loading. The smaller the wing loading better the rate of climb, cruising performance, better turn and lower landing speed

What is meant by Canard Wing? A horizontal surface mounted ahead of the main wing to provide longitudinal stability and control. It may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces. It is a wing configuration of fixedwing aircraft in which the forward horizontal surface is smaller than the rearward one, the former sometimes being known as the "canard" or foreplane, while the latter is the main wing. Advantage Canard configuration is unstallable. This is because as the angle of attack increases and approaches a "stall" condition, the canard stalls before the main wing. If the canard stalls it loses lift and thus the nose drops thus decreasing angle of attack and breaking the stall What are the disadvantages of a canard wing? 1) A canard design tends to be less controllable than a conventional design because ailerons on the main wing may be subject to turbulence from the canards that varies widely at different angle of attack, leading to conditions of deep stall. 2) Canards are often said to have poor stealth characteristics because they present large, angular surfaces that tend to reflect radar signals. 3) Fuel center of gravity lies farther behind aircraft c.g. than in conventional designs. This means that a large c.g. range is produced or that the fuel must be held elsewhere (e.g. strakes near the wing root.) What are the different types of Canard Wing? 1) Lifting-canard:- Here the weight of the aircraft is shared between the main wing and the canard wing. It may be described as an extreme conventional configuration (eg: Rutan Long EZ) 2) Control-canard:- Control-canard, most of the weight of the aircraft is carried by the main wing and the canard wing is used primarily for longitudinal control during maneuvering. Thus, a control-canard mostly operates only as a control surface and is usually at zero angle of attack, carrying no aircraft weight in normal flight. Combat aircraft of canard configuration typically have a control-canard.(eg RAF Typhoon F2) 3) Close-coupled canard:- In the close-coupled canard, the foreplane is located just above and forward of the main wing. At high angles of attack the canard surface directs airflow downwards over the wing, reducing turbulence which results in reduced drag and increased lift. A close-coupled canard is very useful for a supersonic delta wing design which gains lift in both transonic flight (such as for super cruise) and also in low speed flight (such as take offs and landings). (eg:What is meant by Aspect Ratio? The aspect ratio of the wing is the span (measured from tip to tip) divided by the mean chord. 2 Mathematically, A.R=b /S Why do aircraft have low aspect ratio wings? 1) Structural: A high A.R wing has higher bending stress for a given load. These bending stresses and may interfere with aileron movement. 2) Maneuverability:- A high AR wing will have difficulty in maneuvering 3) Parasitic Drag: - High A.R wings have higher parasitic drag. 4) Practicality: - High A.R wings cannot have much internal volume. For housing fuel tanks this will be a problem 5) Airfield size: - High A.R wings need higher airfield size.

What is meant by supercruise? Supercruise is sustained supersonic flight of an aircraft with a useful cargo, passenger, or weapons load performed efficiently and without the use of afterburners (reheat). Eg Concorde and Dassault Rafale) Advantage:1)

2)

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Most military aircraft use afterburners (or reheat) to travel at supersonic speeds. Afterburners are inefficient compared to conventional jet engine operation due to the low pressures typically found in the exhaust section. An aircraft that can supercruise has generally greater endurance at supersonic speeds than one which cannot. Supercruise is also an advantage for stealth aircraft, as an afterburner plume both reflects radar signals and creates a significant infrared signature.

Differentiate between Range and Endurance? Range - Max distance an aircraft can fly between take off and landing for the given amount of fuel. Endurance - Maximum time an aircraft can cruise for the given amount of fuel What are the different types of Drag? Induced Drag:- Induced drag is an unavoidable by-product of lift and it increases as the angle of attack () increases . Up to a critical angle of attack (critical at which CLmax occurs) both lift and induced drag increases . Since there are two types of lift (dynamic & induced lift) , there are two types of drag also ; dynamic drag and induced drag . Above critical ,lift will decrease and drag will overcome the thrust causing reduction of speed and altitude. Skin friction drag:-Drag caused by the shear force (viscous flow) in the boundary layer is called skin friction drag. Pressure drag:-The drag caused by the pressure variation over and below the surface of the wing is called pressure drag. It is caused by flow of high pressure air from under the wing to over the wing Interference Drag:- Interference drag comes from the intersection of airstreams that creates eddy currents, turbulence, or restricts smooth airflow. For example, the intersection of the wing and the fuselage at the wing root has significant interference drag. Air flowing around the fuselage collides with air flowing over the wing, merging into a current of air different from the two original currents. The most interference drag is observed when two surfaces meet at perpendicular angles. Fairings are used to reduce this tendency. Form Drag :- Form drag is the portion of parasite drag generated by the aircraft due to its shape and airflow around it. Examples include the engine cowlings, antennas, and the aerodynamic shape of other components. When the air has to separate to move around a moving aircraft and its components, it eventually rejoins after passing the body. How quickly and smoothly it rejoins is representative of the resistance that it creates which requires additional force to overcome. Parisitic Drag:- Parasite drag is comprised of all the forces that work to slow an aircrafts movement. As th e term parasite implies, it is the drag that is not associated with the production of lift. This includes the displacement of the air by the aircraft, turbulence generated in the airstream, or a hindrance of air moving over the surface of the aircraft and airfoil. There are three types of parasite drag: form drag, interference drag, and skin friction. Wave Drag: - wave drag is a component of the drag on aircraft, blade tips and projectiles moving at transonic and supersonic speeds, due to the presence of shock waves. Wave drag is independent of viscous effects. What is skin friction line? Skin friction lines are used to visualize flows on 3D-surfaces. They are obtained by calculating the streamlines of a derived vector field on the surface, the wall shear stress. Skin friction arises from the friction of the fluid against the "skin" of the object that is moving through it and forms a vector at each point on the surface. What are the different types of ceiling? Service Ceiling: - The service ceiling is the maximum usable altitude of an aircraft

Absolute Ceiling: - The absolute ceiling is the highest altitude at which an airplane can sustain level flight. This is the maximum altitude of aircraft and above this aircraft will stall. Combat Ceiling: - Combat ceiling is the altitude above which a plane cannot climb faster than a given rate Static Ceiling: - Static ceiling is the altitude at which the aircraft can fly for a prolonged period of time at a steady speed. Dynamic Ceiling: - Dynamic ceiling, which is higher than static ceiling, is the altitude that can be attained for a short period of time in a decelerated flight. What are the flight conditions or maneuvers that produce unbalance yawing moments those are to be overcome by rudder? (a) the adverse yaw moment (b) slipstream rotation Cross wind during take-off and landing. (d) spinning recovery by rudder (e) antisymmetric power flight ,when one of the multi-engines of airplane fails What is meant by Spiral instability? A condition that exists when the static directional stability of the airplane is very strong as compared to the effect of its dihedral in maintaining lateral equilibrium. What is Dynamic Stability?
The property of an aircraft that causes it, when disturbed from straight-and-level flight, to develop forces or moments that restore the original condition of straight and level.

What are the various advantages and disadvantages of Delta Wing? Advantages With a large enough angle of rearward sweep, the wings leading edge will not contact the shock wave boundary formed at the nose of the fuselage as the speed of the aircraft approaches and exceeds transonic to supersonic speed. The rearward sweep angle vastly lowers the airspeed normal to the leading edge of the wing, thereby allowing the aircraft to fly at high subsonic, transonic, or supersonic speed, while the over wing speed of the lifting air is kept to less than the speed of sound. The delta plan form gives the largest total wing area (generating useful lift) for the wing shape, with very low wing per-unit loading, permitting high maneuverability in the airframe. As the delta's platform carries across the entire aircraft, it can be built much more strongly than a swept wing, where the spar meets the fuselage far in front of the center of gravity. Generally a delta will be stronger than a similar swept wing, as well as having much more internal volume for fuel and other storage as the angle of attack increases, the leading edge of the wing generates a vortex which energizes the flow, giving the delta a very high stall angle. A normal wing built for high speed use is typically dangerous at low speeds, but in this regime the delta changes over to a mode of lift based on the vortex it generates. simplicity of manufacture, strength, and substantial interior volume for fuel or other equipment. Disadvantages Loss of total available lift caused by turning up the wing trailing edge or the control surfaces (as required to achieve a sufficient stability) and the high induced drag of this low-aspect ratio type of wing. This causes deltawinged aircraft to 'bleed off' energy very rapidly in turns, a disadvantage in aerial maneuver combat and dog fighting. It also causes a reduction in lift at takeoff and landing until the correct angle of attack is achieved, this means that the rear undercarriage must be more strongly built than with a conventional wing. A canard-delta suffers from a smaller shift in the center of lift with increasing mach number than a wing and tail configuration, but requires a stronger wing in order to provide control inputs that a canard is less effective than a tail at providing.