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Lecture 1: Introduction
James Matthews and John Toner
Course Layout
Topics to be covered: Memory Attention Mental Imagery Language Problem Solving & Expertise Reasoning, Decision Making & Judgements Consciousness Knowledge
Course Completion
Christmas Exam
Format to follow.
Class presentation
Each student will have to give one 10 minute presentation over the course of the 12 weeks based on a set article.
Course Completion
Class presentation
Short: 10 mins, 10 - 15 slides Everyone expected to read the article over the course of the week Presentation should simply summarise the main methods (where relevant) and arguments of the article Presentation should finish with a points for discussion slide bringing in their own thoughts and facilitating debate
Article Search
http://www.ucd.ie/library/
Electronic Resources List of Library Databases PsychInfo
Cognition
The word cognition is derived from the Latin word cognoscere, meaning to know or to come to know. Cognition is therefore the activities and processes concerned with the acquisition, storage, retrieval and processing of knowledge.
http://gigglesugar.com/349186
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Concerned with the cognitive functioning of those who have suffered brain damage Damage to region X disrupts ability Y People who have lost ability Y also have problems with ability Z From studying people with brain injuries we make assertions about healthy brain function
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Sample Case: Frontal Lobe damage People with frontal lobe damage often show little cognitive deficit when given IQ tests However they have extreme difficulty with things like
Socially acceptable behaviours Cognitive flexibility Abstract thinking
Frontal lobes are the area which differ to the greatest extent between human and ape brains
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Some limitations: Ethically we cannot cause brain damage in humans so we have to work with what we find. This damage is rarely clean Interpretation of findings in relation to those suffering damage to several areas is very difficult If ability Y is disrupted by damage to region X, it does not tell us what role X has in Y. Is it the functional centre, or simply a vital stage? There are 50 billion interconnected neurons. What was cog. functioning before injury?
Cognitive Neuroscience
Using brain imaging and brain anatomy to study live cognitive functioning in healthy individuals As the technology improves, these studies are becoming more influential and potentially useful Methods include: (Details to follow!)
Single Unit Recording Event Related Potentials (ERPs) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (Functional) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI, MRI) Magneto-encephalography (MEG) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Some Limitations Techniques are of questionable use with high-order functioning which might not be organised in a concise way If data from several individuals is averaged the interpretations become accordingly blunt Tendency for research to be conducted for the sake of research. Papers can often be lacking any theoretical basis, and result in ad hoc hypotheses Threshold levels need to be set to disregard noise. These levels are a contentious issue!
Cognitive Neuroscience
Event Related Potentials (ERPs)
Electrical brain activity (EEG) is measured on the scalp Several readings for the same stimuli are averaged to counteract spontaneous background activity
Cognitive Neuroscience
Event Related Potentials (ERPs)
Pros: Best detail of the timeline of cognitive events Cons: Only useful with simple, low-level stimuli Skull and scalp distort emerging electrical waves
Cognitive Neuroscience
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Radioactive substance injected into the body and observed as it gathers in blood vessels of brain Activity levels are determined as (very mild) radioactivity levels are measured by subtracting activity levels at rest from activity levels during a particular task
Cognitive Neuroscience
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Pros: Maps wide range of cognitive activities including complex tasks Reasonable location of active areas (3-4 millimeters)
Cons: Scans indicate total amount of activity over 60 seconds. Not sensitive to rapid changes in activity How closely are changes in distribution of radioactive water related to neural activity?
Cognitive Neuroscience
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Radio waves produce neural activity picked up by a large magnet. If used to scan anatomy of brain for tumors etc. it is MRI. If used during tasks to detect brain function it is fMRI.
Cognitive Neuroscience
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Pros: No biological risks Provides anatomical and functional information
Cons: Poor temporal resolution of a few seconds How closely are changes in oxygenated haemoglobin related to neural activity?
Reading
Eysenck & Keane: Chapter 1 Contact: conor.omalley@ucd.ie