1

LOAD FLOW (NEWTON-

RAPHSON METHOD )
10:33
Newton - Raphson Method
Newton Raphson is the most widely used method for solving simultaneous
non-linear algebraic equations.
It is a successive approximation procedure based on an initial estimate of
the unknown and the use of the Taylors expansion.
Consider the solution of the one-dimensional equation given by:
If x
(0)
is an initial estimate of the solution and x
(0)
is a small deviation from
the correct solution, we must have:
Taylor series expansion yields:
c x f = ) (
c x x f = + ) (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
( ) c x
dx
f d
x
dx
df
x f = +
|
|

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ ...
! 2
1
) (
2
) 0 (
) 0 (
2
2
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
10:33
2
Newton - Raphson Method
Assume that x(0) is a small, then the 2
nd
and higher order terms can be neglected.
The second approximation will be:
Successive use of the above procedure yields the Newton Raphson
algorithm.
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 (
|

\
|

+ = + =
dx
df
c
x x x x
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
) ( x
dx
df
x f c c
|

\
|
= =
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
k k k
k
k
k k
x x x
x
dx
df
x f c c
+ =

\
|
= =
+
10:33
Example 1
Use the Newton Raphson technique to find a root of the following equation,
assume initial estimate = 6:
0 4 9 6 ) (
2 3
= + = x x x x f
9 12 3
) (
2
+ = x x
dx
x df Solution:
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 50 4 6 9 6 6 6 0 ) (
2 3 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
= + = = x f c c
45 9 ) 6 ( 12 ) 6 ( 3
)
2
) 0 (
= + = |

\
|
dx
df
11 . 1
45
50
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
=

=
|

\
|

=
dx
df
c
x
8889 . 4 111 . 1 6
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 (
= = + = x x x
10:33
3
Example 1, continue
The subsequent iterations result in:
2789 . 4
037 . 22
4431 . 13
8889 . 4
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
= = + = x x x
0405 . 4
5797 . 12
9981 . 2
2789 . 4
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 (
= = + = x x x
0011 . 4
4914 . 9
3748 . 0
0405 . 4
) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 (
= = + = x x x
10:33
Example 2
Use the Newton-Raphson technique to find the solution of the following
equation, Assume initial solution = 1
0 2 ) (
2
= = x x f
x
dx
x df
2
) (
=
Solution:
( ) [ ] 1 2 1 0 ) (
2 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
+ = = = x f c c
2 ) 1 ( 2
) 0 (
= = |

\
|
dx
df
5 . 0
2
1
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
= =
|

\
|

=
dx
df
c
x
5 . 1 5 . 0 1
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 (
= + = + = x x x
10:33
4
Example 2
( ) [ ] 25 . 2 5 . 1 0 ) (
2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
= = = x f c c
3 ) 5 . 1 ( 2
) 1 (
= = |

\
|
dx
df
0833 . 0
3
25 . 0
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
=

=
|

\
|

=
dx
df
c
x
416 . 1 0833 . 0 5 . 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
= = + = x x x
An then go to the next iteration and so on.
10:33
Newton - Raphson Method
For n-dimensional equations:
n n n
n
n
c x x x f
c x x x f
c x x x f
=
=
=
) ,... , (
.
.
) ,... , (
) ,... , (
2 1
2 2 1 2
1 2 1 1
Writing the Taylors series expansion of the left hand side and neglecting the
higher order terms:
( )
( )
( )
n n
n
n n n
n
n
n
n
n
c x
x
f
x
x
f
x
x
f
f
c x
x
f
x
x
f
x
x
f
f
c x
x
f
x
x
f
x
x
f
f
=
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
=
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
=
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
) ...
.
) ...
) ...
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
2
2
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
1
2
) 0 (
2
1
) 0 (
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
2
1
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
1
1
) 0 (
1
10:33
5
Newton - Raphson Method
Or in matrix form:
( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

) 0 (
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
1
) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
2
2
) 0 (
1
2
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
2
1
) 0 (
1
1
) 0 (
) 0 (
2 2
) 0 (
1 1
.
.. ... .
.
.. ... .
.. ... .
.
.
n
n
n n n
n
n
n n
x
x
x
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
f c
f c
f c
In short form:
) ( ) ( ) ( k k k
X J C =
[ ]
) (
1
) ( ) ( k k k
C J X =

So:
And the Newton-Raphson algorithmbecomes ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( k k k
X X X + =
+
Jacobian Matrix
10:33
Example 3
Use the Newton Raphson method to solve the following system of equations,
assume initial estimate = 1:
6
3 3
11
3 2 3 1 1
3
2
2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
= +
= +
= +
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x
Solution:
(
(
(

+
+ =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

=
2 1 3 3
2 1 2
3 2 1
3
3
2
3
1
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
- 1
3 2
2 2 - 2



x x x x
x x x
x x x
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
J
10:33
6
Example 3 ,continue
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

+
+ =
0 1 0
3 3 1
2 2 - 2
) 1 ( 1) ( - 1) ( ) 1 ( 1
3 2(1) 1) ( 1) (
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 - ) 1 ( 2
) 1 (
J
( )
( )
( )
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
5
4
10
) 1 ( 6
) 1 ( 3
1 11
) 0 (
3 3
) 0 (
2 2
) 0 (
1 1
) 1 (
f c
f c
f c
C
[ ]
(
(
(

= =

25 . 5
00 . 5
75 . 4
) 1 (
1
1 ) 1 (
C J X
And
(
(
(

= + =
25 . 6
00 . 6
75 . 5
) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 (
X X X
And the process continues till the error is within certain limits.
10:33
Example 4
Use the Newton Raphson method to solve the following system of equations,
assume initial estimate = 1:
0 4 ) (
0 8 2 ) (
2 1
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
1 1
= + =
= + =
x x x x x f
x x x f
Solution:
(

+
+
=
(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

=
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2 2
2 4


x x x x
x x
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
J
(

=
(

+
=
1 - 3
2 4
2(1) - 1 1 1) ( 2
) 1 ( 2 - ) 1 ( 4
) 1 (
J
10:33
7
Example 4-continue
( )
( )
(

=
(
(

=
3
5
) 0 (
2 2
) 0 (
1 1 ) 1 (
f c
f c
C
(

=
(

=
(

0.4 - 0.3
0.2 0.1
4 3 -
2 1 -
6 4
1
1 - 3
2 4
1
1 ) 1 (
J
[ ]
(

= =

3 . 0
1 . 1
) 1 (
1
1 ) 1 (
C J X
And
(

= + =
3 . 1
1 . 2
) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 (
X X X
And the process continues till the error is within certain limits.
10:33
Newton - Raphson Method for power system
As previously derived:

=
=
n
p
ip p i p ip i i
) ( cos | V | | Y | | V | P
1

=
=
n
p
ip p i p ip i i
) ( sin | V | | Y | | V | Q
1

These two equations constitute a set of nonlinear algebraic equations in term
of independent variables:
a) Voltage magnitude in per unit.
b) Phase angle in radian.
We have two equations for each load bus and one equation for each
voltage controlled bus.
(1)
(2)
10:33
8
Newton - Raphson Method for power system
Expanding the previous equations using Taylors series and neglecting all
higher order terms results in the following:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

) (
) (
2
) (
) (
2
) ( ) (
2
) ( ) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
2
) ( ) (
2
) ( ) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
2
) (
) (
2
) (
) (
2
.
.
.
.
.. ... .. ...
. . . .
. . . .
.. ... .. ...
.
.. ... .. ...
. . . .
. . . .
.. ... .. ...
.
.
.
.
k
n
k
k
n
k
k
n
n
k
n
k
n
n
k
n
k
n
k k
n
k
k
n
n
k
n
k
n
n
k
n
k
n
k k
n
k
k
n
k
k
n
k
V
V
V
Q
V
Q Q Q
V
Q
V
Q Q Q
V
P
V
P P P
V
P
V
P P P
Q
Q
P
P

(3)
(

=
(

V J J
J J
Q
P
4 3
2 1


Or in short
10:33
Newton - Raphson Method for power system
The terms P
i
and Q
i
are the difference between the scheduled and
calculated values. Therefore:
The new estimates for bus voltages are:
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
k
i
sch
i
k
i
k
i
sch
i
k
i
Q Q Q
P P P
=
=
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
V V V + =
+ =
+
+

Note:
For voltage controlled buses, the voltage magnitudes are known. Therefore,
if m buses of the system are voltage controlled, m equations involving Q
and V and the corresponding columns of the Jacobian matrix are
eliminated.
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
10:33
9
Newton - Raphson Method for power system
The procedure for power flow solution by the Newton-Raphson
method is as follows:
1. For load buses, voltage magnitudes and angles are set. For voltage
regulated buses, only the voltage angles are set.
2. For load buses, P and Q and for voltage controlled P are calculated
from the equations 4 and 5.
3. The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated.
4. The linear equations are solved by optimally ordered triangular
factorization and Gaussian elimination.
5. The new voltage magnitudes and phases are computed using equations 6
and 7.
6. The process is continued until:

) (
) (
k
i
k
i
Q
P
10:33
G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
04 . 1 | V |
3
= == =
MVAR
250
MW
400
MW
200
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
Example 5:
The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base. Using Newton
Raphson method find the power flow solution of the system.
G
10:33
10

=
=
3
1
2 2 2 2 2
) ( cos | | | | | |
p
p p p p
V Y V P
) cos( ) cos( ) cos(
23 3 2 23 3 2 22 22
2
2 21 1 2 21 1 2 2
+ + = Y V V Y V Y V V P

=
=
3
1
3 3 3 3 3
) ( cos | | | |
p
p p p p
V Y V P
) cos( ) cos( ) cos(
33 31
2
3 32 2 3 32 2 3 31 1 3 31 1 3 3
+ + = Y V Y V V Y V V P

=
=
3
1
2 2 2 2 2
) ( sin | | | | | |
p
p p p p
V Y V Q
) sin( ) sin( ) sin(
23 3 2 21 3 2 22 22
2
2 21 1 2 21 1 2 2
+ + = Y V V Y V Y V V Q
) sin( ) sin( ) sin(
23 3 2 21 3 2 22 22
2
2 21 1 2 21 1 2 2
+ = Y V V Y V Y V V Q
The expressions for the real and reactive power are as follows:
10:33
Elements of the Jacobian matrix can be calculated as follows:
) sin( ) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2 1 2 21 21 1 2
2
2

+ + + =

Y V V Y V V
P
) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2
3
2

+ =

Y V V
P
) cos( ) cos( 2 ) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 22 22 2 1 2 21 21 1
2
2
+ + + + =

Y V Y V Y V
V
P
The other Jacobian elements will be calculated to finalize the Jacobian
matrix
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=



2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
V
Q Q Q
V
P P P
V
P P P
J



The Jacobian Matrix
10:33
11
Classification of buses:
Bus 2: Load Bus (PQ bus)
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
known are Q and P
2 2
unknown are and V
2 2

Bus 1: Slack Bus G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
04 . 1 | V |
3
= == =
MVAR
250
MW
400
MW
200
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
G
pu
MVA Base
) Q Q ( j ) P P (
S
d , 2 g , 2 d , 2 g , 2
sch , 2
+ ++ +
= == =
pu
100
) 250 0 ( j ) 400 0 (
S
sch , 2
+ ++ +
= == =
pu 5 . 2 j 4 S
sch , 2
= == =
Bus 3: Voltage Controlled Bus (PV bus)
known are P and | V |
3 , g 3
unknown are and Q
3 sch , 3

pu 0 . 2 P
sch , 3
= == =
10:33
Using N-R method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
0 1 V
o
2
= == =
o o
0
2
=
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == = 04 . 1 | V |
3
= == =
86 . 2 ) 14 . 1 ( 0 . 4
) 0 (
2 2
) 0 (
2
= = = P P P
sch
4384 . 1 ) 5616 . 0 ( 0 . 2
) 0 (
3 2
) 0 (
3
= = = P P P
sch
220 . 0 ) 28 . 2 ( 5 . 2
) 0 (
2 2
) 0 (
2
= = = Q Q Q
sch
o o
3
0 = == =
10:33
12
We are ready now to use the N-R technique:
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
2



V
V
Q Q Q
V
P P P
V
P P P
Q
P
P

(
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

) 0 (
2
) 0 (
3
) 0 (
2
9.72 4 6.64 1 27.14
16.64 6.04 6 33.28
4.86 2 33.28 4.28 5
22 . 0
4384 . 1
86 . 2
V

045263 . 0
) 0 (
2
= 045263 . 0 ) 045263 . 0 ( 0
) 1 (
2
= + =
007718 . 0
) 0 (
3
= 007718 . 0 ) 007718 . 0 ( 0
) 1 (
3
= + =
026548 . 0
) 0 (
2
= V 97345 . 0 ) 026548 . 0 ( 1
) 1 (
2
= + = V
This is the end of the fist iteration, the process will be repeated for the second iteration and so on.
10:33
Example 6:
For the two bus power system shown below, use the Newton-Raphson power
flow to determine the voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Assume
that bus one is the slack and SBase = 100 MVA.
Line Z = 0.1j
One Two 1.000 pu 1.000 pu
200 MW
100 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
10:33
13
Example 6-solution:
2
2
10 10
10 10
bus
j j
V j j

( (
= =
( (

x Y

=
=
n
p
ip p i p ip i i
) ( cos | V | | Y | | V | P
1

=
=
n
p
ip p i p ip i i
) ( sin | V | | Y | | V | Q
1

=
=
2
1
2 2 2 2 2
) ( cos | | | | | |
p
p p p p
V Y V P
) ( cos | | | | | ) ( cos | | | | |
22 2 2 2 22 2 21 1 2 1 21 2 2
+ = V Y V V Y V P
0 ) ( sin | 10 | |
2 2 2
= = V P

=
=
2
1
2 2 2 2 2
) ( sin | | | | | |
p
p p p p
V Y V Q
) ( sin | | | ) ( sin | | | | |
22 2 2 22
2
2 21 1 2 1 21 2 2
+ = Y V V Y V Q
0 10 | | ) ( cos ) 10 ( | |
2
2 2 2 2
= + = V V Q 10:33
Example 6-solution:
(
(
(
(

=


2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
V
Q Q
V
P P
J

The Jacobian Matrix

(
(

+
=
V 20 10cos s V 0 1
0sin 1 cos V 0 1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2


in
J
(

=
1
0
) 0 (
X
(

=
0 1 0
0 0 1
) 0 (
J
(

=
(
(

0 ) 1 0 (
0 ) 2 0 (
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
2
Q
P
(

=
(

+
(

9 . 0
2 . 0
1
2
10 0
0 10
1
0
1
) 1 (
X
This is the end of the fist iteration, the process will be repeated for the second iteration and so on. 10:33