Dear student Welcome to the JAA PPL(A) course. The course consists of the following: 1.

At least 45 hours flight time as a pilot of airplanes a. At least 25 hours dual instruction b. At least 10 hours of supervised solo flight time 2. Theoretical knowledge examinations in seven (7) subjects: a. Air Law and Operational Procedures b. Aircraft General Knowledge and Principal of Flight c. Flight Performance and Limitations d. Human Performance and Limitations e. Meteorology f. Navigation g. Communication 3. Practice progress test in each subject prior to taking each JAA PPL theoretical knowledge examination 4. Skill test at Megas Alexandros airport

FLIGHT EXERCISES
FLIGHT
Ex1 Ex1E Ex2 Ex3 Ex4 Ex5 Ex5E Ex6 Ex7 Ex8 Ex9 Ex10A Ex10B Ex11 Ex12 Ex13 Ex12/13E Ex14 Ex15 Ex16 Ex17 Ex18A Ex18B Ex18C Ex19 Ex20

DESCRIPTION
Familiarization with the airplane Emergency drills Preparation for and action after flight Air experience Effects of controls Taxiing Emergencies Straight and level flight Climbing Descending Turning Slow flight Stalling Spin avoidance Take off and climb to downwind position Circuit, approach and landing Emergencies First solo Advanced turning Forced landing without power Precautionary landing Navigation Navigation problems at low levels and reduced visibility Radio navigation Basic instrument flight Night qualification

EGNATIA AVIATION FLYING PROGRAM-MODULE 1

PHASE ONE 13.6 hours DUAL/0.4 hours SOLO 1. Exercise 1-2-3-5 (Familiarization flight) 2. Exercise 2-3-4-5 3. Exercise 5-6-7-8-9 4. Exercise 5-6-7-8-9 5. Exercise 5-6-7-8-9 6. Exercise 10A-10B 7. Exercise 10A-10B-15 8. Exercise 15-16 9. Exercise 12-13 10. Exercise 12-13 (Glide & Short Approach) 11. Exercise 12-13 (EFATO-EFODW) 12. Exercise 12-13 (Circuit Emergencies) 13. Exercise 14 (Stage check/First solo PHASE TWO 3.5 hours DUAL/2.6 hours SOLO 14. Exercise 14 15. Exercise 12-13 16. Exercise 19 17. Exercise 12-13 18. Exercise 18C-19 PHASE THREE 4.5 hours DUAL/2.0 hours SOLO 19. Exercise 10A-10B-11 20. Exercise 10A-10B 21. Exercise 15-16-17 22. Exercise 15-16 23. Exercise 18C-19 PHASE FOUR 4.9 hours DUAL/5.0 hours SOLO 24. Exercise 18A (Short X-Country) 25. Exercise 18A (Short X-Country) 26. Exercise 18A (Stage check/Long X-Country) 27. Exercise 18A (Long X-Country) PHASE FIVE 8.5 hours DUAL 28. Revision for PPL Skill Test 29. Revision for PPL Skill Test 30. Revision for PPL Skill Test 31. Revision for PPL Skill Test 32. MOCK TEST TOTAL DUAL SOLO 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1.2 hours 1.2 hours 1.2 hours 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 0.4 hours DUAL SOLO 1 hour 1.3 hours 1 hour 1.3 hours 1.5 hours DUAL SOLO 1.5 hours 1 hour 1.5 hours 1 hour 1.5 hours DUAL SOLO 1.9 hour 2.0 hours 3.0 hours 3.0 hours DUAL SOLO 1.5 hours 1.5 hours 1.5 hours 2.0 hours 2.0 hours 35 hours 10 hours

LOCAL COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES

The principal of communication technique is based on listening, monitoring, requesting, reporting and reading back. It is your responsibility to study the communication manual provided by your flight school to gain all the knowledge that is required for a pilot at your level. This is a quick reference example to brief you on a basic PPL training flight examining the scenario of going to a training area starting with the first report just after the start up until entering into the training area. Megas Alexandros TWR good morning this is SX-KIS with information _____ received request radio check and I am ready to pass the flight plan. (Flight plans for local VFR flights within TMA of Kavala airport are filed via the radio) ATSU: SX- KIS good morning readability 5 out of 5, ready to copy your flight plan. A/C: There is the possibility to be told standby for your flight plan. In that case you wait until you will be called back from the ATSU to pass your flight plan. The information you need to pass is the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Registration Flight time Endurance Route POB PIC name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. SX- KIS 1 hr flight time 4 hrs endurance North training area 2 POB PIC name

A/C:

As soon as the flight plan is filed the ATSU will either approve or reject your flight plan according to the information you passed, traffic etc. ATSU: SX- KIS flight plan is approved (sometimes you might hear them saying all received) report when ready for taxi. A/C: Report when ready to taxi SX- KIS

Considering after engine started checklist is completed and you are ready to taxi, you request for the taxi clearance. A/C: SX- KIS request taxi. ATSU: SX- KIS taxi via the parallel/apron to holding point D/B runway 23L/05R. A/C: Taxi via the parallel/apron to holding point D/B runway 23L/05R SX- KIS. We have reached the holding point and completed the before takeoff checklist. We are now ready to request the take off clearance. A/C: SX- KIS ready for Departure. ATSU:SX- KIS wind ___/__ runway 23L/05R cleared for take off. A/C: Runway 23L/05R cleared for takeoff SX- KIS. Notice that we do not include wind information in our read back. In many occasions takeoff clearances might include some instruction to follow after departure. i.e. : ATSU: SX- KIS wind ___/__ runway 23L/05R cleared for takeoff after departure climb 1000ft straight ahead, turn left proceed to north training area 3000ft. Remember you are the PIC! If an instruction is applicable and suitable for you and your flight characteristics you accept it. If not reject it. It is good airmanship to make this decision before takeoff. After takeoff your workload will degrade your decision making affecting your safety and possibly creating confusions between you the ATSU and the traffic near you. If in any case you are subjected to a situation like this remember: First Fly The Aircraft! After airborne you will get information about your take off time and next reporting point. ATSU: SX- KIS airborne at ____ report entering north training area. A/C: Report entering north training area SX- KIS. When entering your report has to include the following information: 1. 2. 3. 4. Registration Message (entering north training area) Operating altitudes Time remaining in the area

SX- KIS entering north training area request to operate from 2000 up to 4000ft for 20 minutes. ATSU:Cleared to operate from 2000 up to 4000ft report when leaving north training area. A/C: Report when leaving north training area SX- KIS. A/C:
5

EXERCISE 1 : FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE A/C

1. Aircraft Operating Manual 2. Refueling of your aircraft and oil check 3. Checking out your aircraft (use of Checklist)

Right Wing Left Wing Engine Cowling

Horizontal Stabilizer Elevator

Flap

Flap

Aileron Nose Wheel

Right Main Landing Gear Left Main Landing Gear

Vertical Stabilizer Rudder

ASI AIRSPEED INDICATOR

ALT ALTIMETER

AH ARTIFICIAL HORIZON TC TURN CO-ORDINATOR VSI VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR

DI DIRECTION INDICATOR

EXERCISE 2 : PREPARATION FOR AND ACTIONS AFTER FLIGHT

AIM: To learn the student how to prepare himself and the aircraft for flight and also how to check and secure the aircraft after flight. TOPICS
Student clothing suitability especially footwear. Flight authorization, aircraft acceptance and serviceability documents. External checks including local refueling procedures and fire precautions. Internal checks. Student comfort, harness seat and adjustment. Special precautions door locking and unlocking. Starting and warming up checks. Power checks. Running down and stopping the engine. Leaving the aircraft, noting of defects, security and picketing. Completion of authorization and aircraft service documents, recording of any defects.

IMPORTANT
If it is necessary to move the aircraft on the ground without power, the tow bar is to be used. Moving the aircraft by pressing down on the tail plane is strictly forbidden.

A.R.R.O.W.
A R R O W Airworthiness Radio License Registration Operation Manual Weight and Balance

10

EXERCISE 3 : AIR EXPERIENCE

AIM: To familiarize a prospective pilot with flight in a light aircraft AIRMANSHIP: Seat Safety harness Headset adjustment Emergencies. AIR EXERCISE
Familiarization with the aircraft and the cockpit, including entry and exit. Airfield layout and method of controlling the aircraft on the ground. Airborne : new environment. Familiarization with the aircraft controls, including use. Re-joining and landing.

11

PASSENGER BRIEF
The passenger brief should be performed by the flying pilot (student) after all occupants have boarded the aircraft and prior to starting the engine. The brief is provided so that the passengers are aware of what they should not touch during flight, how to secure and unfasten their seat belts, how to operate the door including the emergency door release, where the fire extinguisher is located and the first aid kit together with life jackets for across water flights. Finally the brief should include what actions the passengers should take in the unlikely event of a forced landing. An example of a passenger brief is shown below: As you can see this is a dual controlled aircraft, can I please ask you not to place your feet on the rudder pedals nor touch the control column, also please do not touch any of the buttons or switches and if you do please let me know what you have touched. The seat belt is secured like this (showing passenger) and unfastened by rotating the belt lock. The main door is opened by pulling the two red levers on the left and right of the canopy, lifting up the red hook and push the canopy upwards to open. There is also an emergency unlock mechanism for the door by pulling to the back stop one of the two red levers and lifting up the red hook. The fire extinguisher and the medical kit of the aircraft are placed behind the seats, in the baggage compartment. In the unlikely event of an emergency, having to land in a field, I will say BRACE, BRACE, BRACE at which time I want you to adopt the following position(showing passenger) and remain in this position until the aircraft comes to a stop. We will then exit the aircraft and move away from the aircraft.

12

EXERCISE 4 : EFFECTS OF CONTROLS (PART 1)

AIM: To learn the effects of the controls on an aircraft in flight AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Handing over and taking over control Orientation / aircraft landmarks Passenger brief. AIR EXERCISE 1. CONTROL a. Elevator
Stick Back Stick Fore b. Aileron Stick Left Stick Right c. Yaw Rudder Left Rudder Right

Primary Effect
Nose pitches up Nose pitches down

Further Effect
Speed reduces Speed increases

Roll left Roll right

Yaw left-More roll-Spiral descent Yaw right-More roll-Spiral descent

Yaw left Yaw right

Roll left-More yaw-Spiral descent Roll right-More yaw-Spiral descent

2. EFFECT OF AIRSPEED (At a constant power setting) a. High speed: Controls firm and effective (sensitive) b. Low speed:
Controls sloppy and not so effective (less sensitive)

3. EFFECT OF SLIPSTREAM (At a constant IAS) a. High power: Rudder / Elevator effective (sensitive) Roll unaffected b. Low power: Rudder / Elevator less effective (less sensitive) Roll unaffected

13

CAPTAINS BRIEF VFR DEPARTURE

The captains brief should be performed by the flying pilot (student) just prior to lining up on the runway for take off. It is a verbal visualization of what actions the pilot (or crew) will take in the event of any emergencies during departure and of the initial route and altitudes to be used. It should normally be performed on completion of the power checks and before calling ready for departure. An example is shown below of a VFR departure from Megas Alexandros airport. This is a VFR departure from runway 05R or 23L Megas Alexandros airport ----Speed calls VR 50 kts, Initial Climb 75 kts, Enroute climb 75 kts and set course to _ _ _ _ _ and then set initial heading of _ _ _ _ _ degrees. If there are any abnormal engine indications or engine failure during the: ---- Take off (T/O) roll, I will call STOP, close the power to idle, smoothly apply brakes and bring the aircraft to a stop on the runway. ---- If airborne and with sufficient runway left available I will call LAND and land back onto the runway (use flaps as necessary). ---- If airborne and with insufficient runway remaining, I will call LAND set the nose down, trim for 70 KIAS, set flaps T/O and look for a suitable field to land 30 degrees either side of centre line. ---- In case of real emergency instructor has control. ---- Runway condition e.g. dry Wind e.g. 210 / 12 Knots Having completed the above and especially if you have come to a stop on the active runway, inform ATC of the situation. When a student is flying with an instructor after having given the Captains brief the student should state that in a real emergency the instructor will assume control of the aircraft.

14

EXERCISE 4 : EFFECTS OF CONTROLS (PART 2)

AIM: To learn the effect of Power, Trim, Flaps. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Handing over and taking over control Flap limiting speed - Orientation / landmarks Captains brief. AIR EXERCISE 1. POWER
Open throttle Close throttle Increase power Decrease power Nose pitches up Nose pitches down Yaws to left Aircraft climbs Yaws to right Aircraft descends

2. TRIM
Trim is used to relieve forces on the stick when using the elevator.

a. Trim forward: b. Trim rearward: 3. FLAPS

Aircraft pitches down Aircraft pitches up

Flaps are used to provide lift at slower speeds. Example: landing the aircraft

a. Lower flap: b. Raise flap:

Aircraft pitches up Lower IAS Trim changes Aircraft pitches down Higher IAS Trim changes

NOTE: Raise or Lower flaps one at a time

15

NOTES

16

EXERCISE 5 : TAXIING
AIM: To learn how to maneuver the aircraft on the ground safely under its own power. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Liaison ATC Speed Engine and brake handling Rules for taxi Airfield procedures Marshalling signals. GROUND EXERCISE 1. PRE-TAXI CHECKS
a. Brakes on b. Friction nut slackened c. Trim neutral d. Note W/V e. ATC Clearance/Routing f. F.I. to check students feet position

2. INITIAL TAXIING
a. b. c. d. Lookout Route to be followed, and clear Close throttle - Brakes off Increase power sufficiently to move a/c e. Close throttle for brake check f. Resume taxiing g. Check rudder travel h. Controls according to wind direction

3. CONTROL OF SPEED
a. Lookout b. Speed control primarily with throttle and brakes (surface-slope) c. Fast walking speed or as appropriate d. Instruments checks (compass, D.I., T.C., A.H.) e. Smooth and gentle throttle movements f. Never brake against power

4. CONTROL OF DIRECTION AND TURNING

a. Lookout b. Rudder pedals for turning c. Anticipate recovery d. Turning in confined space use differential brake, slow speed,slight increase in power e. Watch wing tips and tail,clear of obstacles follow centerline

5. STOPPING
a. Anticipate inertia b. Close throttle c. Rudder pedals central, nose wheel align d. Toe brakes, as applicable e. When stopped, parking brake f. For parking or power check turn into wind

17

F.R.E.D.A.
F R E D A
Fuel systems check Radio correctly set Engine and systems normal operation Direction indicator aligned correctly and position checked on the map Altitude and altimeter subscale checked (QNH-QFE)

18

EXERCISE 6 : STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT (PART 1)

AIM: To fly the aircraft at a constant altitude, constant direction and in balance. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Clock code F.R.E.D.A. Checks. AIR EXERCISE 1. TO MAINTAIN STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT a. Constant Altitude
Select attitude with elevator Maintain and trim Check V.S.I. & Altimeter NOTE: Correct small errors (100) with elevator, for larger changes correct with power

b. Constant Direction
Select wings level Prevent yaw (rudder) Check external reference point Check A.I. & D.I. To regain heading use co-ordinated aileron and rudder

c. Balance
Maintain ball in the center Ball to right Right rudder Ball to left Left rudder

2. POWER: 2000 RPM MP 24 (95 KIAS ) a. If low power: aircraft descends or speed low adjust pitch up b. If high power: aircraft climbs or speed is too high - adjust pitch down

19

NOTES

20

EXERCISE 6 : STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT (PART 2)

AIM: To learn how to fly straight and level at various power settings, selected airspeeds and with flap. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Orientation F.R.E.D.A. Checks - Vfe. AIR EXERCISE 1. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL AT A HIGHER SPEED
Increase power 26 2000 RPM (maintain attitude aircraft climbs). Prevent yaw. Select lower nose attitude to maintain level flight. Trim for straight and level. Check V.S.I. ALT T.C. Adjust and re-trim if required NOTE: Lower nose attitude, Higher power setting, Higher airspeed

2. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL AT A LOWER SPEED

Decrease power 20 2000 RPM (maintain attitude aircraft descends). Prevent yaw. Select higher nose attitude to maintain level flight. Trim for straight and level. Check V.S.I. ALT T.C. Adjust and re-trim if required NOTE: Higher nose attitude, Poor forward vision, Lower power setting, Lower airspeed.

3. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL WITH FLAP AT 50 KIAS

RPM max - Select power 15. Prevent yaw. Check Vfe (white arc-flap limiting speed). Lower flaps T/O and then LDG position one at a time. Adjust attitude for speed. Adjust power to ~ 20 to maintain level. Trim. NOTE: Improved forward vision.

21

L.E.F.T.
(During climbing every 1000 feet)

L E F T

Lookout Engine instruments all in green Fuel sufficient Check OAT

22

EXERCISE 7 : CLIMBING (PART 1)

AIM: To learn how to put the aircraft in a climb at 75 KIAS and to level off at a selected altitude. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout and above Engine checks Lower nose every 1000. AIR EXERCISE ENTRY

IN THE CLIMB LEVEL OFF

Note attitude and maintain Maintain correct airspeed with elevators Check engine instr. Maintain balance with rudder Weave every 1000 ft for lookout purposes Attitude select Anticipate 50ft before Wait for airspeed to increase to 95 KIAS

Lookout Select reference point RPM max Power full Prevent yaw Check balance Attitude select Climb at 75 KIAS Hold reference point Trim Check IAS Adjust attitude if necessary Re-trim if necessary

Power 24 RPM 2000 Prevent yaw

NOTE: ROC decreases Trim for S&L with altitude Re-check power and airspeed Re-trim if necessary Stall speed Full flap

Vso VNE Never exceed speed

Stall speed ROC: RATE OF CLIMB Vs1 clean ROD: RATE OF DESCENT Vx: BEST ANGLE OF CLIMB

VNo Normal operating limit speed

VFE

SAMPLE A.S.I.
23

Maximum flaps extended speed

Vy: BEST RATE OF CLIMB

NOTES

24

EXERCISE 7 : CLIMBING (PART 2)

AIM: To learn how to climb with varying amount of flap, and how to raise flap during the climb. AIRMANSHIP: LookoutEngine checksApplication go-around. AIR EXERCISE 1. LOWERING FLAP LOWERING FLAP
At 75 KIAS climb speed lower flaps T/O Maintain speed 75 KIAS Raise the nose and select minimum speed for go-around 60 KIAS

EFFECT
Note reduced rate of climb plus lower nose attitude and trim change Climb rate largely restored Attitude and trim change

2. RAISING FLAP RAISING FLAP

Retract flap Climb at 75 KIAS

EFFECT
Attitude and trim change Rate of climb increases plus higher nose attitude as flap is retracted

NOTE: Raise or Lower flaps one at a time

25

NOTES

26

EXERCISE 8 : DESCENDING - GLIDING (PART 1)

AIM: To learn how to glide the aircraft at 70 KIAS and to level off at a selected altitude. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout (especially below) Carburator heat (engine will get colder) Altimeter settings. AIR EXERCISE ENTRY IN THE GLIDE
Note attitude R.O.D. and maintain Maintain correct airspeed with elevators

LEVEL OFF
Anticipate 100before Power 24 RPM 2000 Prevent yaw Flaps UP Carburator heat OFF

Lookout Select reference point RPM max Power idle Prevent yaw Flaps T/O Carburator heat ON Check balance Attitude Hold attitude for airspeed to decrease, then select lower nose to descent at 70 KIAS Trim Check IAS Adjust attitude if necessary Re-trim if necessary

Maintain balance with rudder Warm engine and weave every 1000 ft for lookout purposes NOTE: Controls, especially the tail surfaces, are less effective

Attitude Select for straight and level flight

Trim for S&L Re-check power and airspeed Re-trim if necessary

27

NOTES

28

EXERCISE 8 : DESCENDING (PART 2)

AIM: To learn how to descent the aircraft at specific speeds and various rates of descent, in various configurations. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout (especially below) Carburator heat (engine will get colder) Altimeter settings - VFE AIR EXERCISE 1. DESCENDING WITH FLAP 2. DESCENDING WITH POWER
Put aircraft into glide Note rate of descent ~ 600'/min Lower flap LDG Maintain attitude Airspeed decreases Lower nose to maintain 70 KIAS Trim NOTE: Lower nose attitude and higher rate of descent Better forward visibility Put aircraft into glide Note rate of descent ~ 600'/min Increase power 17' Maintain attitude Airspeed increases Raise nose attitude to maintain 70 KIAS Trim NOTE: Higher nose attitude and lower rate of descent Repeat power 15'

3. VARYING THE DESCENT

Put aircraft into glide Increase power 17' Raise nose attitude to maintain 70 KIAS Visibility is poor Select flap LDG Visibility improves

a. If too high on descent

Reduce power Lower nose to maintain 70KIAS Trim NOTE: Increased rate of descent

b. If too low on descent

Increase power Raise nose to maintain 70 KIAS Trim NOTE: Decreased rate of descent

29

NOTES

30

EXERCISE 8 : DESCENDING (PART 3)

AIM: To learn how to descent at greater than normal rates of descent without increasing the airspeed. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout (especially below) Anticipate safe recovery by 200 ft AGL Carburator heat (engine will get colder) AIR EXERCISE 1. SIDESLIP a. Entry
From straight glide adopt moderate bank (15) Use opposite rudder to maintain heading Adjust nose attitude to maintain correct airspeed NOTE: Increased rate of descent - T.C. ball out of balance

b. In the slip
Maintain selected bank Use sufficient opposite rudder to maintain direction Hold attitude for correct speed

c. Recovery to glide
Anticipate safe recovery not below 200 ft AGL Level wing simultaneously centralising rudder Re-adjust pitch attitude to maintain airspeed

2. SLIPPING TURN a. Entry

From a gliding turn to the left apply opposite rudder to the turn Maintain bank angle with ailerons Adjust nose attitude to maintain correct airspeed NOTE: Increased rate of descent - T.C. ball out of balance

b. In the turn
Maintain selected bank with sufficient opposite rudder Hold attitude for correct speed

c. Recovery to gliding turn

Apply rudder pressure to the direction of the turn Use ailerons to maintain bank Re-adjust pitch attitude to maintain airspeed

31

NOTES

32

EXERCISE 9 : TURNING
AIM: To learn how to turn the aircraft using bank up to 30 level, climbing and descending and to roll out on specific headings. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Orientation Synchronization of D.I. and compass in the air. AIR EXERCISE 1. LEVEL TURN MEDIUM BANK ENTRY
Lookout all around and

IN THE TURN
Lookout Maintain constant bank constant height in balance NOTE: Slight loss of Airspeed

ROLLING OUT
Lookout Anticipate required heading Roll wings level Rudder to balance Relax back pressure Centralize controls NOTE: IAS restored

above Roll on bank up to 30 on A.H. Rudder to balance Back pressure on stick to maintain height

2. CLIMBING TURNS
Straight climb Roll on bank up to Rate one/15 Maintain speed with elevator NOTE: Rate of climb reduced

2. DESCENDING TURNS
Straight descent Roll on bank up to 30 Maintain speed with elevator NOTE: Rate of descent increased

33

H.A.S.E.L.L.
H A S E L L Height Sufficient to recover from 3000 feet AGL Airframe Flaps and landing gear as required, brakes off, trim Security Hatches and harnesses secure, loose articles stowed Engine RPM max, Normal operation, fuel OK Location satisfactory Away from towns, aircraft, controlled airspace Lookout Inspection turns

34

EXERCISE 10A : SLOW FLIGHT

AIM: To acquaint the pilot with the handling characteristics at speeds close to the stall. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Engine handling - H.A.S.E.L.L. Safe height. AIR EXERCISE 1. LEVEL FLIGHT
Introduce HASELL safety checks Set RPM max Set power 15 Reduce speed at VS1 + 5 KIAS ( 50 KIAS) Select attitude and trim Power required for S & L ~ 20 Maintain attitude, heading and balance NOTE: Sluggish control, high nose attitude and poor forward vision

2. CLIMBING
Lookout Increase power ~ 23 Adjust attitude to maintain 50 KIAS Rate of climb 300/min Maintain heading and balance Stabilize power when R.O.C. achieved Trim

3. DESCENDING
Lookout Reduce power idle Lower the nose to maintain 50 KIAS Rate of descent 500/min Maintain heading and balance Stabilize power when R.O.D. achieved Trim

4. TURNING FLIGHT
Lookout From slow straight and level flight at 50 KIAS enter rate one turn Increase power as required Maintain altitude and airspeed Trim

5. TOLERANCE
Height: 150 feet Heading: 10 Speed: -0/ +5 Knots

6. SLOW FLIGHT FLAP LDG

Repeat slow flight with: Flap LDG Speed VSo + 5 KIAS (45 KIAS) Power required for S & L ~ 23

NOTE: A lot of right rudder required during the exercise

35

NOTES

36

EXERCISE 10B: STALLING (PART 1)

AIM: To examine the symptoms of approaching stall and recovery with minimum height loss. AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. AIR EXERCISE POWER IDLE CLEAN CONFIGURATION a. Entry
Lookout Clearing turns RPM max Power idle Prevent yaw - Maintain height by pitching nose up - Maintain heading - Maintain ailerons neutral

b. Stall approach symptoms

Reducing speed - sloppy controls - stall warning horn - slight buffet

c. Stall symptoms
Heavy buffet sink rate - nose drops wing drops (possible)

d. Recovery without power (elevators only)

Pitch slightly below horizon until buffet stops Speed rises Ease out of dive above 60 KIAS Back to S&L Height loss approx. 300 ft

e. Recovery with power (Standard Stall Recovery)

Pitch slightly below horizon until buffet stops Power max Prevent yaw Speed rises to safe speed 60 KIAS Stop R.O.D. Back to S&L Height loss approx. 150 ft

f. Recovery from wing drop

Confirm power idle Apply sufficient opposite rudder to prevent further yaw Simultaneously pitch down until buffet stops Power max Prevent yaw As speed rises to safe speed 60 KIAS, roll wings level and climb away

37

NOTES

38

EXERCISE 10B: STALLING (PART 2)

AIM: To examine the aircraft stalling in various configurations of power and flap and to recover with minimum height loss. AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - VFE AIR EXERCISE 1. POWER IDLE FLAP LDG (GLIDE APPROACH STALL) ENTRY RECOVERY (S.S.R.)
Lookout Select visual reference point RPM max Power idle Prevent yaw Select flap T/O Maintain altitude by pitching nose up Speed reduces flap LDG (white arc) Glide 70 KIAS Descent ~200 Pitch up Stall approach symptoms Recover at incipient stage Stall worn horn Pitch slightly below horizon Power max Prevent yaw Flap T/O Speed rises Above safe speed 60 KIAS Nose just above horizon Positive R.O.C. Flap up Regain starting altitude

2. BASE TO FINAL TURN STALL ENTRY RECOVERY (S.S.R.)

Lookout Select visual reference point RPM max Power 15 Prevent yaw Maintain altitude by pitching nose up Select flap T/O When speed 65 KIAS Descent ~200 Pitch up and turn (gently) 25-30 bank Stall approach symptoms Recover at incipient stage Stall worn horn Pitch slightly below horizon Power max Prevent yaw Speed rises Wing level Above safe speed 60 KIAS Nose just above horizon Positive R.O.C. Flap up Regain starting altitude

3. STALL ON FINAL APPROACH ENTRY RECOVERY (S.S.R.)

Lookout Select visual reference point RPM max Power 15 Prevent yaw Maintain altitude by pitching nose up Select flap T/O Speed reduces flap LDG (white arc) When speed 60 KIAS Descent ~ 200 Pitch up Stall approach symptoms Recover at incipient stage Stall worn horn Pitch slightly below horizon Power max Prevent yaw Flap T/O Speed rises Above safe speed 60 KIAS Nose just above horizon Positive R.O.C. Flap up Regain starting altitude

39

NOTES
No spinning allowed for PPL level Just entry recovery demonstration

40

EXERCISE 11: SPIN AVOIDANCE

AIM: To recognize the symptoms of an approach to a spin and to recover with safety. AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - Lookout AIR EXERCISE 1. ENTRY
Lookout Enter as normal stall Apply full rudder to the direction of spin Stick back pressure Ailerons neutral Wing level Wing drops to the side of rudder or spin

2. RECOVERY
Delay until wing drops between 45 and 60 Power idle Stick neutral Full opposite rudder until rotation stop Rudder neutral Level the wings Smoothly pitch up Ease out of dive Above horizon Apply power max Recover to climb Reduce speed to 75 KIAS Regain starting altitude

NOTES: a. Prompt recovery is essential

b. High rate of descent during dive out of spin

41

CIRCUIT PATTERN DV-20 KATANA CIRCUIT PATTERN DV-20 KATANA

DOWNWIND CHECKS CASHIF POWER 24 RPM MAX TRIM Clearance Airframe Security Height Instruments Fuel

POWER 15 START DESCENT

POWER 17 FLAPS T/O

1000'

DESCENT

BASE LEG

1.5 NM

CIRCUIT TRAFFIC PATERN

SPEED 65 KTS ROD 500' / MIN

42
VR=50 KTS INITIAL CLIMBING V = 75 KTS

POWER FULL SPEED 75KTS

CROSSWIND LEG CLIMB

CLIMB UPWIND LEG AT 400' POWER FULL RPM MAX FLAPS UP SPEED 75 KTS LDG LIGHT OFF 500'

FINAL

DESCENT

POWER 20 FLAPS LDG SPEED 60KTS CASH CHECKS

EXERCISE 12 & 13: TAKE-OFF AND LANDING

AIM: To learn the technique of take-off, climb to a downwind position, approach and landing. AIRMANSHIP: Vital actions Lookout Pre-landing checks Orientation Judgement. AIR EXERCISE 1. BEFORE TAKE-OFF CHECKS
Taxy checks - Take-off checks - R/T call

2. TAKE-OFF
Line up Use center of runway Reference point Check magnetic compass D.I. runway heading Check W/V Apply full power smoothly Control direction with rudder Ailerons according to wind direction Ease stick back Lift off at 50 KIAS Select climbing attitude Check drift

3. CLIMB
Wings level - Climb at 75 KIAS At 400 feet A.G.L.: Flap up Trim Landing lights OFF Check engine instruments At 500 feet A.G.L.: Lookout Rate one turn onto crosswind leg Allowance for drift Trim - Level off 1000 feet A.G.L Reduce power 24 Trim Position to turn downwind

4. DOWNWIND
Lookout - Maintain 1000 feet AGL Parallel track with the runway Allowance for drift C.A.S.H.I.F. checks Abeam threshold: Reduce power 17 Flap T/O Trim

5. BASE LEG
When threshold falls behind wingtip 45 - Turn to base leg max 30 bank Descent at 65 KIAS R.O.D. 500/min Trim Allowance for drift

6. APPROACH AND LANDING

When threshold at 15 to aircraft - Turn to final 500 feet A.G.L. Flap LDG C.A.S.H. checks Maintain speed 60 KIAS Trim Allowance for drift

7. GO-AROUND
Decision height min 200 feet A.G.L. Power full RPM max Prevent yaw Carb. heat OFF Flap T/O Climbing attitude R/T call Speed rises above 60 KIAS Positive rate of climb At 400 feet flap up Climb away Trim Resume normal climb out Continue in circuit
43

C.A.S.H.I.F. ( On downwind )
C A S H I F Clearance R/T call Airframe RPM max, flaps and landing gear as required, trim, landing light on Security Hatches and harnesses secure Height 1000 feet AGL Instruments Check within limits (green indications) Fuel Sufficient Emergency fuel pump ON

C.A.S.H. ( On final )
C A S H Clearance R/T call Airframe Flaps and landing gear as required, trim No brakes Speed 60 KIAS Height 500 feet AGL

44

EXERCISE 12 & 13 : CROSSWIND TAKE OFF, APPROACH AND LANDING

AIM: To learn the procedure and control technique to take-off and land safely during crosswind conditions. AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations Aircraft DV-20 max. crosswind component 15 KT Solo PPL student 10KT. AIR EXERCISE 1. PRE-TAKE OFF
Calculate crosswind component Line up Stick into wind

2. TAKE OFF
Progressively centralize stick as speed increases to maintain lateral level Keep straight with rudder Lift off speed 50 KIAS Immediate allowance for drift

3. CLIMB AND CIRCUIT

Maintain extended runway center-line on climb out, if there is a headwind component Normal circuit pattern plus allowance for drift

4. APPROACH AND LANDING

Approach as normal Flap as required Allow for drift Round out as normal Just before touchdown yaw aircraft into centerline direction Stick into wind to counteract any roll After touchdown lower nose immediately (gently) to assist with directional control Keep stick into wind during ground roll

45

NOTES

46

EXERCISE 13: FLAPLESS APPROACH AND LANDING

AIM: To learn the technique of approach and landing without flap. AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations. AIR EXERCISE 1. DOWNWIND LEG
Fly a little further downwind due to flatter angle of approach

2. BASE LEG
Level turn up to 30 bank onto base leg Descent using less power than normal No flap Airspeed 70 KIAS Trim

3. FINAL APPROACH
Aim to be lined up with runway by 500 feet Airspeed 65 KIAS Trim Flatter approach path Higher nose attitude Cross the hedge at 60 KIAS

4. LANDING
A shallower round out will be required Higher touchdown speed Longer landing distance

NOTE: This approach is used in high crosswind conditions but must have sufficient
runway

47

NOTES

48

EXERCISE 13: GLIDE APPROACH AND LANDING

AIM: To learn how to complete a successful approach and landing from a pre-determined position without the use of power. AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations Engine handling. AIR EXERCISE 1. DOWNWIND LEG
As for normal circuit but earlier turn onto base leg No flap Select aiming point upwind of the intended point of touchdown

2. BASE LEG
Power idle Glide 70 KIAS Trim Flap T/O Allowance for drift Look at selected aiming point and assess: If very high Lower flap LDG If high - Turn away 10 approx If low - Turn towards runway 10 approx

3. FINAL APPROACH
Maintain 60 KIAS Lower flap LDG as required reaching intended landing point

4. LANDING
Initiate round out in good time due to high rate of descent and large attitude change

NOTE: This exercise forms the basis for forced landing procedure
If undershooting on this exercise do not Stretch The Glide

49

NOTES

50

EXERCISE 12 & 13: SHORT FIELD/SOFT FIELD TAKE-OFF AND LANDING

AIM: To learn take-off and landing techniques where the field length is restricted or is soft due to grass, mud, snow, slush etc. AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations Consult A.F.M. for performance. AIR EXERCISE 1. SHORT FIELD a. Take off
Take off checks complete Align aircraft with selected path using max run available Flap T/O Full power against the brakes RPM max Lift off 50 KIAS Maintain Vx=58 KIAS until clear of obstacles

b. Landing
Initial approach as for standard circuit - Select flap LDG on final Adjust attitude for 55 KIAS Power as required Position aiming point as close to the threshold as practicable Maintain power until the round out Power idle just before main wheels contact the ground Lower the nose and apply brakes gently Retract flap

2. SOFT FIELD a. Take off

Take off checks complete Align aircraft with selected path using max run available Flap T/O Full power During the take off run hold stick well back to maintain nose wheel off ground Aircraft will lift off earlier Fly into ground effect until normal speed

b. Landing
Initial approach as for standard circuit Select flap LDG on final Adjust attitude for 55 KIAS Power as required During the landing roll hold nose up as long as possible

51

VFR CIRCUIT JOINING PROCEDURE

Pontolivado

Maintain 1500 ft if over flying the circuit

Keramoti
Aircraft taking off, going around or making touch and go landings are to remain at below 500 ft QNH until the upwind end of the runway in use has been passed

Join crosswind overhead the upwind end of the runway at circuit height 1000 ft

52

EXERCISE 14: CONSOLIDATION FLIGHT

AIM: To prepare the student for local flights away from the base aerodrome following circuit consolidation. AIRMANSHIP: Relevant documentation Local landmarks. AIR EXERCISE 1. PROCEDURES FOR LEAVING AND JOINING THE CIRCUIT
Local procedures Signals area Re-join procedures Radio and non-radio ATC liaison

2. ORIENTATION IN LOCAL TRAINING AREA

Awareness of training area boundaries, and local features Ability to estimate compass headings to return to base, plus knowledge of compass turning errors Knowledge of SSR equipment, for routine and emergency use Need to equip with kneeboard, navigation and radio data Knowledge of lost or uncertain of position procedures Practice Pan call to be made

53

NOTES

54

EXERCISE 15: ADVANCED TURNING (PART 1)

AIM: To learn how to turn the aircraft at angles of bank between 30 and 45 in level flight and to improve the pilot co-ordination and competency. AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - Orientation. AIR EXERCISE STEEP LEVEL TURN (45) FROM S & L FLIGHT ENTRY
Lookout Enter 30 bank turn Increase bank to 45 Rudder for balance Increase stick back pressure to maintain altitude Increase power as required to maintain airspeed

IN THE TURN
Lookout Maintain 45 bank with aileron Maintain constant height with elevators Maintain constant speed with power Balance with rudder

ROLL OUT
Lookout Anticipate heading Roll wings level Reduce stick back pressure Balance with rudder Reduce power Check for S&L flight

NOTE: For small variation of ROC / ROD vary your bank by max. 10
Gain height: Reduce bank Loosing height: Increase bank

55

NOTES

56

EXERCISE 15: ADVANCED TURNING (PART 2)

AIM: To learn how to make descending and climbing steep turns. AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - Orientation. AIR EXERCISE 1. DESCENDING STEEP TURNS ENTRY
Lookout RPM 2000 Reduce power 12 Carburator heat ON Descent 75 KIAS Increase bank to 45 Rudder for balance Increase stick back pressure to maintain airspeed

IN THE TURN
Lookout Maintain 45 bank with aileron Maintain constant speed with elevators Balance with rudder

ROLL OUT
Lookout Anticipate heading Roll wings level Reduce stick back pressure Balance with rudder Maintain descending attitude

NOTE: Repeat exercise: RPM max Power idle Flaps T/O 70 KIAS (Glide) 45
bank

2. CLIMBING STEEP TURNS ENTRY

Lookout RPM max Increase power max Climb 75 KIAS Increase bank to 45 Rudder for balance Reduce climbing attitude to maintain airspeed

IN THE TURN
Lookout Maintain 45 bank with aileron Maintain constant speed with elevators Balance with rudder

ROLL OUT
Lookout Anticipate heading Roll wings level Increase stick back pressure Balance with rudder Maintain climbing attitude

57

NOTES

58

EXERCISE 15: ADVANCED TURNING (PART 3)

AIM: To learn how to recover from unusual flight attitudes. AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. Orientation. AIR EXERCISE 1. NOSE HIGH ENTRY
Lookout Adopt steeply banked attitude Nose high Low airspeed

RECOVERY
Ease (gently) forward on stick RPM max Full power Wings level Return to straight and level flight

2. NOSE LOW ENTRY

Lookout Adopt steeply banked attitude Nose low Increasing airspeed

RECOVERY
Power idle Wings level Ease (gently) out of the dive Return to straight and level flight

59

PRACTICE FORCED LANDING

COMBINED METHODS
a) High key Low key technique b) 1000 ft AGL close base leg technique

60

EXERCISE 16: FORCED LANDING (WITHOUT POWER)

AIM: To learn how to carry out a safe descent, approach and landing in the event of complete or partial engine failure in flight. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Engine considerations Not fly below 500 feet above ground level. AIR EXERCISE 1. ACTION TO TAKE
Instructor set RPM max power idle and say Simulated forced landing, you have control Carburator heat ON Glide attitude 70 KIAS Flaps T/O Trim Check wind direction Select landing area

2. SELECTING A FIELD
Size adequate Surface wind firm Free of obstructions Landing run available Approach and overshoot areas clear Close to civilisation

3. PLAN DESCENT PATH

Check height available Select proper approach technique: 1000 AGL base leg or high-low key point Keep field in sight Check wind strength Use of flap

4. DISTRESS CALL 7700

May day - May day - May day Megas Alexandros SX-KIS DV 20 Engine failure Forced landing Kalambaki Passing 3000 feet 180 PPL 2 POB

5. RESTART CHECKS
Maintain airspeed 70 KIAS Fuel quantity - CHECK Fuel valve Open Electric fuel pump - ON RPM max Power lever IDLE Choke (if the engine is cold) - ON If the prop is windmilling - Ignition BOTH If the prop has stopped Engine starter ON

6. CRASH CHECKS
Airspeed 70 KIAS Seat belt Tighten Electrical equipment OFF Fuel valve CLOSED Ignition switch OFF Battery OFF

61

MAYDAY CALL

MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY STATION AIRCRAFT IDENT AIRCRAFT TYPE NATURE OF EMERGENCY INTENTIONS POSITION HEIGHT HEADING QUALIFICATIONS POB

MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY MEGAS ALEXANDROS TOWER SX-KIS DV-20 ENGINE FAILURE FORCED LANDING KALAMBAKI PASSING 3000 FEET 180 PPL 2 POB

PAN CALL
PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN STATION AIRCRAFT IDENT AIRCRAFT TYPE NATURE OF EMERGENCY INTENTIONS POSITION HEIGHT HEADING QUALIFICATIONS POB PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN MEGAS ALEXANDROS TOWER SX-KIS DV-20 HIGH OIL PRESSURE POWER FORCED LANDING KALAMBAKI PASSING 3000 FEET 180 PPL 2 POB

62

EXERCISE 17: FORCED LANDING (WITH POWER)

AIM: To learn how to make an emergency / precautionary landing away from a normal aerodrome when power is available. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Engine considerations Not fly below 500 feet above ground level. AIR EXERCISE 1. INITIAL PROCEDURE
A forced landing with power is usually made necessary due to deteriorating weather, the approach of darkness or a low fuel state Seek assistance by R/T if possible Fly downwind for max coverage Note W/V and select field if no aerodrome is available Over fly the area at 65 KIAS and flap T/O Note landing direction on D.I.

2. INSPECTION PROCEDURE
First circuit 500 feet AGL: Over fly landing area in the landing direction examining for any obstructions Second circuit 300 feet AGL: On final to the landing area descent 300 feet AGL examining again for any obstructions and drift Third circuit 50 feet AGL: On final to the landing area descent 50 feet AGL examining again for any obstructions, drift and the suitability of the surface for landing

3. APPROACH AND LANDING

On final to the landing area select flap LDG Aim to land one third way into field

4. AFTER LANDING
Release seat belts when aircraft comes to rest Normal shut down - Do not taxi the aircraft until ground inspected Move aircraft as necessary for shelter Tie down Protect from damage by people and livestock Inform Base Police - Landowner Do not take off again
63

NOTES

64

EXERCISE 18A: PILOT NAVIGATION

AIM: To learn all aspects of pilot navigation. AIRMANSHIP: Good flight planning Weather appreciation Good cockpit management in flight Lookout F.R.E.D.A. AIR EXERCISE 1. PLANNING
Met information Notams Route planning and marking Drift lines from departure and destination Time Distance markers Log preparation Use of computer Safety altitudes Regional QNH Station frequency Route study Controlled airspace, dangerous areas ATC notification Fuel requirements for flight Apply compass deviation to heading before starting engine

2. ROUTE PROCEDURE
Set course at selected point of departure Log departure time Calculate ETA Fly accurate heading Check D.I. synchronization Instrument checks Fuel handling Log keeping Map reading Map orientation Distance estimation Identification of turning point Turning over turning point Check D.I. synchronization when steady on new heading

3. DESCENT JOINING AT DESTINATION AIRFIELD

Knowledge of cruise descent Calculate rate of descent Information of destination airfield available Altimeter settings Circuit direction Parking Security of aircraft Refueling Booking in

4. REVISION OF HEADING
Note position and time on log Estimate track error (TE) Regain track by doubling TE Turn toward track Adjust heading by TE when track regained Check time Revise ETA

65

NOTES

66

EXERCISE 18C: RADIO NAVIGATION

AIM: To learn the use of Radio Navigation equipment in the aircraft. AIRMANSHIP: Pre-flight AIP references Notams check Equipment to be set up-checked after start up and in the air. AIR EXERCISE ADF
AIP: Availability - Frequencies After start and in the air: Select Identify Check display Orientation Method of obtaining QDM QDR Homing to a beacon Station passage Tracking from beacon Obtaining fix if other aids available

VOR
AIP: Availability - Frequencies After start and in the air: Select Identify Check display Orientation TO FROM indications Intercepting and maintaining Radials VOR passage Obtaining a fix

VDF
AIP: Availability frequencies R/T procedures Orientation Obtaining QDM - QDR

DME
AIP: Availability Frequencies After start and in the air: Select Identify Check display Orientation Method of obtaining: time to beacon and ground speed Station passage Obtaining fix if other aids available

SSR
Warm up in the Standby position during the taxi Select a four figure number Set Function Button ALT position just prior to take-off Press Ident button only if it is requested from the radar controller to Squawk Ident

67

NOTES

68

EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT (PART 1)

AIM: To learn how to control the aircraft in straight and level flight by sole reference to instruments. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Orientation Selective & Full radial scan AIR EXERCISE ACHIEVING
Select 2000 RPM - Power 24 Set miniature airplane against the horizon line of the AH Hold the attitude and allow airplane to stabilize Selective radial scan: AH-ALT-AH-DI-AH Trim Full radial scan: AH-ALT-AH-DI-AH-TCAH-VSI-AH-ASI-AH

MAINTAINING
For small errors in altitude use pitch change For larger errors re-adjust power For small errors in heading use small bank angles

NOTE: Repeat exercise in straight and level flight for fast cruise, slow cruise, with flap
Scan will be as above but power indicator will be involved

69

NOTES

70

EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT (PART 2)

AIM: To learn how to control the aircraft in climbing and descending flight by sole reference to instruments. AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Orientation Selective & Full radial scan AIR EXERCISE 1. CLIMBING ACHIEVING
RPM max - Full power Prevent yaw Select attitude for climb on AH Airspeed 75 KIAS Selective radial scan: AH-ASI-AH Trim

MAINTAINING
Full radial scan: AH-ALTAH-DI-AH-TC-AH-VSIAH-ASI-AH-Engine instruments

LEVEL OFF
Anticipate by 10% of R.O.C Set miniature airplane against the horizon line of the AH Selective radial scan: AH-ALT-AH RPM 2000 Reduce power 24 Trim Full radial scan

2. DESCENDING ACHIEVING
RPM 2000 Power 17' Prevent yaw Select attitude for descent on AH Airspeed 95 KIAS R.O.D. 500/min Selective radial scan: AH-ASI-AH-VSI-AH Trim

MAINTAINING
Full radial scan: AH-ALTAH-DI-AH-TC-AH-VSIAH-ASI-AH-Engine instruments

LEVEL OFF
Anticipate by 10% of R.O.D Increase power 24' Set miniature airplane against the horizon line of the AH Selective radial scan: AHALT-AH Trim Full radial scan

71

NOTES
COMPASS ERRORS 1. ACCELERATION ERROR
Accelerate heading north decelerate heading south Demonstration: Fly on compass heading 270 and push the nose down to accelerate Compass is reading closer to north ~ 290 Raise the nose to decelerate, compass is reading closer to south ~ 250 NOTE: No error on 360 and 180 compass heading

2. TURNING ERROR
Zero on 90 and 270 compass heading max on 360 and 180 compass heading 360 330 030 Roll out early Roll out before Undershoot North 060

300

270

090

240 Roll out late Roll out after Overshoot South 210 180
72

120

150

EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT (PART 3)

AIM: To learn how to turn in level, climbing and descending flight by sole reference to instruments. AIRMANSHIP: All normal instruments flying aspects apply AIR EXERCISE 1. RATE ONE LEVEL TURN ENTRY IN THE TURN
Enter 15 bank turn on AH Rudder for balance Increase stick back pressure to slightly raise index aircraft to maintain height Selective radial scan: AHVSI-AH-TC-AH Maintain rate one turn As recovery heading is reached: Selective radial scan: AH-VSI-AH-TC-AHDI-AH

ROLL OUT
Anticipate recovery by the bank angle Roll wings level Reduce stick back pressure Balance with rudder Check for S&L flight Full radial scan

2. RATE ONE CLIMBING TURN ENTRY IN THE TURN

Straight climb at 75 KIAS Enter 15 bank turn on AH Rudder for balance Lower index aircraft to maintain correct speed Selective radial scan: AHASI-AH-TC-AH Maintain rate one turn As recovery heading is reached: Selective radial scan: AH-ASI-AH-TC-AHDI-AH

ROLL OUT
Anticipate recovery by the bank angle Roll wings level Balance with rudder Maintain climbing attitude Full radial scan

3. RATE ONE DESCENDING TURN ENTRY IN THE TURN

Straight power descent Enter 15 bank turn on AH Rudder for balance Lower index aircraft to maintain correct speed Selective radial scan: AHASI-AH-TC-AH-VSI-AH Maintain rate one turn As recovery heading is reached: Selective radial scan: AH-ASI-AH-TC-AHVSI-AH-DI-AH

ROLL OUT
Anticipate recovery by the bank angle Roll wings level Balance with rudder Maintain descending attitude Full radial scan

73

NOTES

74

EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT (PART 4)

AIM: To learn how to recover from unusual flight attitudes by sole reference to instruments. AIRMANSHIP: All normal instruments flying aspects apply. AIR EXERCISE 1. NOSE HIGH ENTRY
Adopt on AH steeply banked attitude - nose high low airspeed TC shows full deflection Controls sloppy

RECOVERY
Ease (gently) forward on stick to set miniature airplane against the horizon line of the AH RPM max Full power As speed increases, wings level Return to straight and level flight

2. NOSE LOW ENTRY

Adopt on AH steeply banked attitude - nose low increasing airspeed TC shows full deflection Controls heavy

RECOVERY
Power idle Wings level Ease (gently) out of the dive - set miniature airplane against the horizon line of the AH Return to straight and level flight

75

NOTES
DV-20 is approved for flights by day in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC Day)

76

EXERCISE 20: NIGHT QUALIFICATION

AIM: To learn all the aspect and main differences about night flights AIRMANSHIP: Lookout Orientation Human factor for night environment Night adaptation and illusions AIR EXERCISE Night Vision
Photopic vision for daytime with Cones receptors (7 million receptors) Scotopic vision for nighttime with Rods receptors (120 million receptors) Dark adaptation as key factor for night environment. About 30 minutes adaptation Illusions Optical illusions and disorientation problems

Instrument flight
Use of basic instrument scan to support the external visual references Selective and full radial scan through the standard instrument panel

Lighting
Aircraft lights legal requirements Aerodrome lights and signals Obstacles illumination

Preflight Procedures
Walkaround: Lights check and aircraft inspection using a hand torch Internal checks: Cockpit equipments Start-up clearance

Taxy
Taxyway lights, direction & speed check during taxy

Night Circuits
Technique to fly the circuits and different references to use during the approach to land

Navigation
Planning according the reduced visual references and different available ground features

Emergencies
Radio failure - Electrical failure Lighting failure Engine failure

77