Chinas Revolutionary Consequences: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Works Cited

Primary Sources:

"A Letter To The Red Guards Of Tsinghua University Middle School." Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2012. <http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-9/mswv 9_60.htm>. This letter was sent on August 1, 1966. Mao Zedong wrote this letter to the students of Tsinghua University Middle-School, acknowledging them to rebel, and that it is okay to rebel against all the intellectuals, landlords, and bourgeois. Also in this letter, Mao Zedong wanted the students to unite with other students, and to become comrades. This letter allows us to understand how the Red Guards were formed, and realized that Mao's letter to average students inspired them, making their reasons to rebel more important, doing their orders for Chairman Mao. "Carry Out the Cultural Revolution Thoroughly and Transform the Educational System Completely." Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1966/PR1966-26j.htm>. This edition of the Peking Reviews in 1966 showed us the educational change that China was going through during that time. Since the beginning of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a lot of things changed, due to the revolution. As the revolution campaign increased, many schools held many of Mao Tse-Tung's thoughts, and joined in the campaign. As the review continues, it continues to

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explain of why Mao Zedong wanted to get rid of the old education system, and to replace it with the new revolutionized education system. Through this review, we were able to get important information on why Mao Tse-Tung wanted to revolutionize the old education system, and why the education system had totally collapsed. "Chinese Posters." Chinese Posters. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://chineseposters.net>. This website had many propaganda images in which we used to integrate into our website. With these, we could interpret how many Chinese citizens were influenced by the colorful images used to either rally the China as a whole, or destroy public enemies of Mao. We also learned how important the propaganda and the dazibao were to spreading the word and thoughts of Mao. With the captions, translating the Chinese characters to English, we were able to determine what Mao had desired during the time, providing great context. "Comrade Lin Biao's Speech ." Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/lin-biao/1966/10/01.htm>. This is the direct speech by Defense Minister, Lin Biao during the Peking Rally, informing Chinese citizens of the Cultural Revolution. This source made us more aware upon what Mao and his colleagues wanted from the citizens/peasants during the Cultural Revolution. From this, we can interpret what the Chinese Communist Party desired and how they felt about the bourgeoisie authorities, as well as the success of the Chinese Communist Party during its first 17 years and the optimism of the Communist Party of how the Cultural Revolution will turn

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out. Fu, Jie. The Force at the Core Leading Our Cause Forward. Peoples Daily, 1966. MP3. This song is uses the opening statement of the Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung and puts it into musical form. It mentions that the force core or the main cause that will push the country forward will be the theoretical base of Marxism-Leninism in other words, the Chinese Communist Party will be guided by these Communist ideologists. With this source, we can interpret that Mao was Pro-Communist, and that was the base or the cause of the Cultural Revolution, spreading Communism throughout the lands of China, sweeping away all bourgeoisie authorities. Han, Dongping. The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese village. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2008. Print. This book provided a first person standpoint on the Cultural Revolution's turning point towards rural China. Through this book, we had learned of the educational and economical changes the revolution brought forth. This helped us further establish context of how the Cultural Revolution was a turning point in history. "Literature and Art Workers Hold Rally for Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution." Massline.org Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.massline.org/PekingReview/PR1966/PR1966-50b.htm>. This website was made up of more than one important speech that was given by Comrades Zhou Enlai, Chen Po-ta and Jiang Qing. The speeches that were given were speeches about rallying the revolutionary fighters in literature and art, and

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to create the mentality of Mao Zedong's thoughts. Through these speeches, we were able to gain a grasp of why these speeches were given in a certain way, and how these speeches were able to fit into the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. By reading more of these speeches, we were able to tell the main objectives of the Cultural Revolution, and what kind of changes it was holding for the future of China. Lu, Xing. Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: the impact on Chinese thought, culture, and communication. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2004. Print. This book, Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, written by Xing Lu, depicted a lot of systematic and balanced ideas of the Cultural Revolution. As Xing Lu shows us the harmful damage the Cultural Revolution has done, it also showed us the many changes it had brought upon China, backed up by personal recollections of the professor, and many others who were involved during the Cultural Revolution. This book gave us another point of view, and mentality, for it opened up a lot of our questions, but still made more. Through this book, we were able to reflect upon the Cultural Revolution in a more critical way, and had better understanding of the Cultural Revolution. "Memory of the Republic: the National Day of the People's Daily." Ren Min Ri Bao People. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://pic.people.com.cn/GB/15797809.html>. This website had many collections of newspapers that showed the daily headlines of what was happening during the Cultural Revolution and before. It dates back

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to the 1940's, the time where the Chinese Communist Party was beginning to form. Through these newspapers, we were able to acquire and interpret context and information. We were also able to see the political views amongst the people, and saw the immediate changes it had on China. "Morning Sun | Images." Morning Sun. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2012. <http://www.morningsun.org/images/index.html>. These images showed the destruction the Red Guards brought upon during the revolution. We could observe and interpret from these images that the Red Guards were very violent in achieving their goals. The images provided context during our research, and were great in visually picturing the destruction during the revolution. "Peking Reviews" Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. <http://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/index.htm>. This website had many collections of newspapers that showed the daily headlines of what was happening during the Cultural Revolution and before. It dates back to the 1940's, the time where the Chinese Communist Party was beginning to form. Through these newspapers, we were able to get many historical context and information, even before the Cultural Revolution. We were also able to see the political views amongst the people, and saw the immediate changes it had on China. "Quotations from Mao Tse-Tung." Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. <http://marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/>. This source is an English translation of the Chinese book: "Quotations from

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Chairman Mao Tse-Tung." This provides us with a lot of information about Mao's ideology, learning about what he desired for China's political policies. As well as providing several quotes in which we used to integrate into our website to provide context. "Red Guards Destroy the Old and Establish the New." Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1966/PR1966-36m.htm>. This Peking Review article mentions the Red Guards achievements and milestones to the point of September 2nd, 1966. This mentions the Red Guard's victories throughout the different areas in China, these areas in include Beijing, Shanghai, Tientsin etc. With these we can learn where they are in history. Since we've studied and already know many events, this source provides specifics, including the city and the event, as well as the achievement of the Red Guards. "SHANGHAI PROPAGANDA POSTER ART CENTRE." SHANGHAI PROPAGANDA POSTER ART CENTRE. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. <http://www.shanghaipropagandaart.com/collection_3_2.asp>. This page was full with propaganda images used during the time of the Cultural Revolution. With this, we can understand how many were inspired, and the methods the Central Committee Government manipulated its citizens. The visual images, with the translated Chinese text provide us with an understanding of many methods the Central Committee Government used to inform people, and why people were influenced from such. "Talk At A Meeting Of The Central Cultural Revolution Group." Marxists Internet

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Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2012. <http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-9/mswv 9_71.htm#n3>. This source provided access to Chen Boda's "People's Daily" editorial about the bourgeoisie authority. The editorial "Sweep Away All monsters and Demons", provide context upon the early instances of the Cultural Revolution. It mentions bourgeoisie authorities as "scholars, specialists and venerable masters," showing an early implication of Mao's motive to attack intellectuals. The source gives us the perspective of the people, understanding why the bourgeoisie authorities were threats to China. "Talk At Enlarged Standing Committee Meeting Of The Political Bureau." Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-9/mswv 9_54.htm>. This source helped us interpret the early beginning of the "reactionary bourgeois authority" criticisms, and how Wu Han, writer of the "Hai Rui Ba Guan" fit into the Cultural Revolution. This talk expressed thoughts about Mao Zedong, and why he thought Wu Han was a Kuomintang (KMT), and how Wu Han's writings were "counter-revolutionary". This talk helped get a better understanding of what Mao was feeling at that time, and who his political threats were. "The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Engulfs Pekings Streets." Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1966/PR1966-35k.htm>.

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This website talks about the Peking Reviews, also known as the Beijing Reviews. This newspaper review has many sections, as it talks about one specific term; the Red Guards. It talks about all the dates recorded about how the Red Guards rampaged the streets, causing massive damage everywhere. How they publicly humiliated the political leaders, and tried to purge anyone who were deemed "counter-revolutionary". This review went very in depth in explaining all the people that were affected by the Red Guards, and stated many important movements during these Red Guards campaigns. We learned a lot of new facts, and now know when and how it had happened, due to the accurate primary written during the time of the occasion. "The Sixteen Points: Guidelines for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution." Asia For Educators. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2012. <afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/sixteen_points.pdf>. This was a copy of the Sixteen Points, which was the basic fundamental guide that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had developed, in order to inform Chinese citizens of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. These points were a basic guideline of what was expected during the Cultural Revolution. With these insightful points, we were able to see very important points that had a very large factor during the Cultural Revolution, as well as the "success" of the revolution during its early stages. "The Unknown Cultural Revolution Life and Change in a Chinese Village" Parsiar: A Forum of Progressive Students. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://parisar.wordpress.com/2010/10/25/the-unknown-cultural-revolution-%E2

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%80%93-life-and-change-in-a-chinese%C2%A0village/>. This source was an interview with Dongping Han, a teacher and author in the U.S. who had grew up in China during the Cultural Revolution. From this, we can get perspective. We learn how youths, in this case a third grader had felt about the Cultural Revolution directly. We can learn from this source that many youths obliviously followed Mao and went with the Cultural Revolution. Wen-yuan, Yao. "No Inflation in China: Long-Term Stability of "Renminbi"." Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1975/PR1975-10a.htm>. In this Peking Review, it talks about the social basis of Lin Biao's anti-party clique. This review was written by one of the Gang of Four members, Yao Wen-Yuan, as he attacks Lin Biao, through the media. We learned from reading through this article, that Yao Wen-Yuan wrote this review to support Mao Zedong's thoughts, and to secure Mao's position. By attacking one of Mao's political threats, Lin Biao, and disagreeing publicly through the media, was one sure way that Yao was able to spread the Cultural Revolution. Through this review, we have been able to learn much important information. Most of the Gang of Four was able to control the flow of media, and therefore be able to use the media as leverage against other political leaders and officials, to help spread the Cultural Revolution, and helping Mao to secure his power.

Secondary Sources:

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Alder, Joseph A.. "Confucianism in China Today." Kenyon.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. <www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Confucianism%20Toda y.pdf>. This source mentions the history of Confucianism from the beginning to Modern China. This mentioned how religion was a large impact upon China during the Cultural Revolution, and why the Communists absolutely hated it. This basically was a resource that provided the history of Confucianism and how it impacted China throughout the many years it has existed. Benedict, Carol. "MAO Zedong and the Cultural Revolution." Asian Studies. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2012. <asianstudies.georgetown.edu/files/MAO%20Zedong%20Resource%20Guide.pd f>. This source explained many things in the Cultural Revolution in depth. It mentioned many events during the Cultural Revolution, from the beginning to the end of the "maniac" phase. It explained in depth the main question "why?" responding in depth behind the motives of both Mao and the Red Guards. "China Cultural Revolution 1966-1969." OnWar.com - Wars, Military History, International Relations. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/charlie/china1966.htm>. This source talked about all the armed conflicts and all the minor events that occurred during The Cultural Revolution. It talked about how Mao gained his

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power and support, and how he abused it, down to his corrupted political campaigns and conflicts. It also talked about how Maos ring of close supporters were mainly responsible for assaulting other political leaders, and causing forceful supports by using the Red Guards. This source showed us some of the side events that erupted during The Cultural Revolution, that helped lead to the major events. "Chinese Cultural Revolution." http://iws.punahou.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. <iws.punahou.edu/user/cshigemitsu/worldlit/dialogues/2/ChineseCulturalRevolut ion.htm>. We mainly used this source for the "Occurred Events" tab as well as the "Impact." Through this it had informed us about the Cultural Revolution as a whole, learning about many important events during the 10 year duration. We had also learned about the long-term consequences upon China from this source, this includes economic impact and how it changed China's economics. "Chinese Politics - Gang of Four." Second China Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://secondchina.com/Learning_Modules/POL/content/POL_gang_four.html>. This source informed us of what the Gang of Four had done and accomplished, and what they were responsible for. It showed us of what kind of troubles they brewed, and how they affected The Cultural Revolution. It showed what kind of major impact the Gang of Four made on Chinese History, and how that was relevant to our current topic. "Cultural Revolution." UW Departments Web Server. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9wenge.htm>.

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This source stated the impact of music and theater impacted and influenced the Cultural Revolution. The main feature of this article was it's mentioning of women in China, and their importance. As well as showing impacted youths (Red Guards) in direct result from the Cultural Revolution educationally and economically. "Cultural Revolution Overview - China 1972 Image Database." Wellesley College Wellesley College. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/China1972/brief-intro.html>. This source mentions the Cultural Revolution as a whole, stating some important, minor events along the way. It mentioned Mao's motives behind the Cultural Revolution, mentioning the way he disliked the way the Soviet Union was moving politically. It also mentioned the many phases of the revolution, going from Red Guards taking action, to the Liberation Army taking action as well as the political tug-of-war between the Gang of Four and the Xiaoping/Enlai alliance. This also critically stated Deng Xiaoping's important economic plans which introduced Free Market reformations after Mao's death, bringing China out of the socio-economic turmoil the Cultural Revolution brought them into. "Discovering China: The Cultural Revolution." ThinkQuest : Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. <http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/economy.html>. This source informed us about the economical state China was in during the Cultural Revolution in comparison to the year 1959. Through this we had learned the economic decline China had to endure during the years of the Cultural

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Revolution. As well as learning the long-term economic impacts the ten year event had caused. "Discovering China: The Cultural Revolution." ThinkQuest : Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. <http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/preface.html>. This secondary source showed us great insight of how before and after effects The Cultural Revolution had on China. It also showed us the preface of Mao Tse-Tungs life, and how it all lead to the climactic peak of his failed political plan, his insecure position as the Communist leader, and how the Cultural Revolution came into play. This gave us a great resource to use and learn from so that we could put our inherited knowledge onto our website. "Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution :: Cultural Revolution." ibiblio - The Public's Library and Digital Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/03pol/c03s10.html>. This website contained much insightful information about the Cultural Revolution. It contained many well composed facts and had many parts about the Cultural Revolution. Since the Cultural Revolution did not have one thing that led to the revolution, this website used the Cultural Revolution as a body, and branched out many facts about the Cultural Revolution; Why it had started, historical context, impacts during the Cultural Revolution, and the aftermath. This website had helped condense the 10 year plan, to only that was very important to the Cultural Revolution. Haiping Zheng. "Gang of Four Trial." UMKC School of Law. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec.

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2012. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/gangoffour/Gangof4.html>. Through this source, we had learned the fate of the Gang of Four. With this source we had new information upon the "conclusion" of the Cultural Revolution. This informed us how the Gang of Four turned out and how that is important to China. Learning about Jiang Qing's evil deeds and her influence and part during the Cultural Revolution, as well as the summary and ending of the trial, and learning why and how they were persecuted. Lan, Si. "Higher Education Reform During the Cultural Revolution A Milestone in the Advancement of Our Society." Frontlines of Revolutionary Struggle. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://revolutionaryfrontlines.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/on-the-revolutionary-t ransformation-of-education-during-chinas-cultural-revolution/>. This source showed us the 43rd anniversary of Chairman Mao's Directive speech on education. It also had some context upon why he had created his speech that wanted youths to have more formal education, where he recited the speech, and to which group or people he had spoken in front of. We also got to know why he wanted the youths to have more education, as well as which areas Mao wanted the youths to study in. "Mission Network News." Mission Network News. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://mnnonline.org/article/17227>. This source informed us about the Christian presence in China, and how that was all destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. This marked the beginning of everyone becoming Atheist, socially affecting future generations of Chinese

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people. This also mentioned the presence of Christian Bibles in China after the Cultural Revolution, mentioning it as a "religious minority" having only a few Chinese people following the path of Christ. "Office of the Historian - Milestones - 1945-1952 - The Chinese Revolution of 1949...." Office of the Historian. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/ChineseRev>. This source showed us the development of the PRC, the Peoples Republic of China, and how the other group the Kuomintang, had a civil war with each other. Because of the success by the Communist Party, it had a long term effect on the Cultural Revolution. It leads to the long term governmental upheaval for The Cultural Revolution, and how it set the fundamental outlines of Chairman Mao Tse-Tungs life. This in which provided great context for us to interpret and understand, we learned that the establishment of Communism in China was major in the role of The Cultural Revolution. "Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: History of the Cultural Revolution." Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/ordinarylife/history.htm#pop>. This website was a good brief outlook upon the Cultural Revolution, as well as having lots of good propaganda images in which we could use to interpret and display. We read this when we already had a good basis of information for the Cultural Revolution. The key thing we learned from this exhibit was that the political plays of lady Mao were innovative, in which brought many other future plays in China, a genre of musical talent. This being relevant to our topic, turning

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points in history as it showed change into future plays and performances in China. "People's Republic of China: III." Chaos at Maryland. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://www.chaos.umd.edu/history/prc3.html>. In this website, it was more of a timeline. It showed a transition between the phases of the Cultural Revolution, while briefly, yet precisely, explaining the Cultural Revolution, and the important time phrase, such as the development of the PRC, how the Ninth Congressional Party came into play, showed us some insight of how Lin Biao tried to deploy his ambition, and how the Cultural Revolution ended. All of this was explained in three important phases, and gave us critical analysis on the time phases to focus on, that were necessary on our topic, rather than a broad view to study on. "Religion in Modern China." index.html. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. <http://bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu/REL260/24.ReligionInModernChina.html>. This source mentioned the religious presence in China during the time of the Cultural Revolution. They mentioned how Mao ironically established organized religion within China. Through this, we learned that Red Guards worshiped Mao as a living deity, through their promotion of the Cult of Mao. Schoenhals, Michael. China's Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969: not a dinner party. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. Print. This source is about the cynical version of how the Cultural Revolution played out, and how much politics comes into play, rather than greed and power impacts the revolution. It talks about the motivation and causes behind Mao Tse-Tungs

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impulsive acts during the Cultural Revolution, and how great the dynamics are of Maoism and Chinas pattern of political and social order. This showed us how Maos greed overcame his political views and how it impacted his campaign of the Cultural Revolution. "The Cultural Revolution." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Aug. 2012. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/cultural_revolution.htm>. This website was a great starter towards learning about the Cultural Revolution. It provided a good synopsis towards the Cultural Revolution, in which we later used to summarize the Cultural Revolution throughout our website. Another interesting thing we interpreted from this source was when it stated Liu Shaoqi marked the end of the Cultural Revolution, making a good comparison of what other sources had said about the end. Wei, George. "The Culture Revolution and Its Impact on the Fourth Generation of the Communist Leadership." University of Louisville [US] . N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <https://louisville.edu/music/AS-asian-democracy/about-us/archived-website/con ferences/links-and-images/04-wei.pdf>. This source was used mainly to inherit knowledge upon the political impacts The Cultural Revolution had given China. Through this, we had learned about the Cultural Revolution's impact on future generations of the Chinese Communist Party. As well as changing the political landscape in China for future generations. This source helped us understand these things to further state our knowledge upon the impacts of the Cultural Revolution.

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"What was the impact of the Cultural Revolution on China?." gcsehistory.org.uk - content for teachers and students following a gcse history course. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://gcsehistory.org.uk/modernworld/maos_china/culturalrevolution_impact.h tm>. This source was really good in understanding Mao's motives behind the Cultural Revolution. With this source, we had learned that Mao felt that his power was threatened, as well as being worried for China's path and future. This is important in our research mainly because it provides context, it answered the big question "Why?" Providing this, we can understand the cause and effect relationship in terms of the Cultural Revolution. Yao, Xinzhong. "Success or Failure? Christianity in China | History Today." History Today | The World's Best History Writing. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2013. <http://www.historytoday.com/xinzhong-yao/success-or-failure-christianity-chin a>. This article written by Xinzhong Yao who is an author and editor of the Encyclopedia of Confucianism. This paper mentions how Christianity is growing in China today, and how the Cultural Revolution indirectly caused this gradual increase. From this, we can understand how the Religion was one of the impacts of the Cultural Revolution.