Chapter 5

Low Density Parity Check Codes (M ha kim tra chn l mt thp)

M ha kim tra chn l mt thp (LDPC), xut ca Gallager trong 1962 [19],v sau c pht hin bi MacKay [18] v Neal xut hin nh l mt lp hc ca m c th mang li hiu sut rt tt trn knh nhiu trng Gaussian (AWGN).M ha LDPC c th t c gii hn ch tiu li gn Shannon vi gii m thc t phc tp trn mt knh AWGN, m turbo tt hn vi cng mt kch thc khi v t l m. 5.1 Gii thiu M ha LDPC l nhng v d c bit ca m khi tuyn tnh. Cu trc ca mt m khi tuyn tnh c m t bi ma trn G hoc ma trn kim tra chn l H. Kh nng sa li k t trong mt t m c xc nh bi khong cch ti thiu dmin. Dmin c nh ngha l khi lng t nht ca cc hng trong ma trn G hoc n c th c nh ngha l s lng t nht cc ct trong H c tng ti 0. T m ca mt m kim tra chn l c hnh thnh bng cch kt hp mt khi cc ch s thng tin nh phn vi mt khi cc ch s kim tra. Nhng ch s kim tra ny c biu din di dng ma trn c gi l ma trn kim tra chn l. Ma trn ny i din cho mt tp hp cc phng trnh tuyn tnh ng nht, v thit lp cc t m l b cc gii php ca cc phng trnh ( )

Trong ma trn ny bn ch s u tin l ch s thng tin v ba ch s cui cng l ch s kim tra. Phng trnh kim tra chn l cho ma trn ny c th c a ra nh: x5= X1 x2 x3 (5.1) x6= X1 x2 x4 (5.2) x7= X1 x3 x4 (5.3) Nhng ma trn kim tra chn l khng phi l rt n gin gii m khi thng tin bn trong l ln, do mt k thut m ha khc c a ra bi Gallager c bit n nh l m ha LDPC. M ha LDPC l m xc nh bi mt ma trn i.e, n cha ch yu l 0s v ch c mt s nh ca 1s. M ha LDPC c th c chia thnh hai loi M ha LDPC c quy tc: S lng ca 1 mi hng v ct l hng s. M ho LDPC bt quy tc: S lng ca 1 mi hng v ct khng c nh. Nhng m bt quy tc cho hiu sut tt hn so vi M c quy tc. Gi s kim tra tnh chn l mt thp ma trn H c N ct v M hng. T l m c cho bi R= 1-(M / N), th hai pha tng ng bao gm N bit node, cc node kim tra M v mt s lng nht nh ca cc cnh. Mi bit node, c gi l "left node", i din cho mt bit ca t m. Mi nt kim tra, c gi l mt "right node" i din cho kim tra chn l ca m. Mt cnh tn ti gia mt bit node v mt node kim tra khi v ch khi c mt 1 trong mc tng ng trong ma trn kim tra chn l. M ha LDPC c quy tc l nhng ma trn m tt c cc node cng loi c cng mt mc , nu mc ca mt node l s cnh cho mt

node ln cn. M A(n, j, k) mt thp l mt m ca chiu di khi n vi s j ca 1s trong mi ct ca ma trn v s k ca 1s trong mi hang ca ma trn. Ma trn kim tra chn l ca m ha LDPC c quy tc (3, 4) c hin th di y. Hnh 5,1 cho thy th hai pha lin quan ca n.
111001100010 111110000001 000001110111 100100011101 010110111000 001011001110

Hnh 5.1 th i din ca mt m LDPC c quy tc (3,6) chiu di 12. Cc left node i din cho cc variable node trong khi cc right node i din cho kim tra cc nt. [20] Cc phng trnh i din bi nhng ma trn lun lun c th c gii quyt cung cp cho cc s kim tra l tng hp r rng ca cc s thng tin. Phn tch mt m mt thp chiu di khi ln l rt kh khn v s lng bao la ca codewords tham gia. N l n gin phn tch mt qun th ton b t m nh vy bi v s liu thng k ca mt qun th cho php mt mc trung bnh trn s lng m khng phi l d x l trong m ring bit.T cc hnh vi qun th ta c th lp bo co thng k v cc thuc tnh ca m ring bit. Cho phn tch mt ma trn ny c chia thnh submatrices j, mi submatric c cha duy nht 1 trong mi ct. 5.2 M LDPC trong MIMO

Trong cc h thng MIMO, chuyn tip m ha sa li l iu cn thit cho kt ni cht lng cao. Cc thut ton VBLAST c s dng trong h thng MIMO cho php x l tuyn tnh thng tin. Cc vn gp phi vi mt lp thut ton l s hin din ca li truyn v lp c pht hin u tin, m thng c singnal-to-noise ratio (SNR) do mt tn hiu in nulling tuyn tnh, c nhiu kh nng c gii m khng chnh xc. Ti u ha sng v tuyn l mt gii php c tho lun trong chng trc. nng cao hn na tin cy ca lin kt v chng li lin k t l vn Forward thc hin c chng trnh sa li LDPC. Cc th tc m ha c bn d liu truyn vi mt s bit bo v gip nhn bit xem c li xy ra trong qu trnh truyn. M ha LDPC l rt hiu qu (i vi m ha v gii m phc tp) . S dng m ha LDPC gip thc hin tt tim nng ca h thng MIMO mt cch hiu qu. 5. 3 m ha M LDPC l m tuyn tnh. Do ,n c th c th hin nh khng gian ca mt ma trn chn l kim tra , v d, l mt t m khi v ch khi H xT= 0T (5.4) Sa i "mt thp" p dng cho ma trn nn n gin. V d,nu c kch thc [(n / 2) x n], trong n l chn, sau n c th c yu cu cho H c 3 ct v 6 hng. Chng ta tham kho cc m lin kt nh l mt m LDPC c quy tc. S n gin ca H cho php hiu qu (ti u) gii m, trong khi tnh ngu nhinvm bo (theo ngha xc sut) mt m tt .[20]

Hnh 5.2 (a) Mt ma trn kim tra-chn l tng ng trong hnh tam gic thp hn. (b)ma trn kim tra chn l tnh gn ng hnh tam gic thp hn 5.3.1 M ha hiu qu da trn khong tam gic thp hn Hiu qu ca cc b m ha pht sinh t cc ma trn kim tra chn l H v thut ton c th c p dng cho bt k (n gin)H. Cc hng ca H l c lp tuyn tnh. Chng ta xem xt mt ma trn kim tra chn l H m x n trn mt lnh vc Galva F (GF (2)). M lin quan bao gm cc thit lp ca n-tuples x hn F nh H xT= 0T (4.5)

i vi cc m t c cng sut knh, v c thi gian x l tuyn tnh chng ta a ra ma trn kim tra chn l c a ra trong hnh tam gic thp hn bng cch s dng thut ton Greedy.iu ny c th c thc hin n gin vi hon v hng v ct. Chng ta s dng thut ton Greedy A ,a ma trn bt u mt hnh tam gic thp hn.

0) [Khi to] Bt u vimt ma trn A, k khai mi ct c lp c bit n vi sc xut 1- . Hy A '= A

1) [Stop hoc m rng] Nu A cha khng phi l mt ct c bit n cng khng phi l hng ca bc mt, sau u ra ma trn tng t. mt khc thc hin bc m rng ng cho

2) [Khai bo bin nh bit] Bt k ct A 'c kt ni vi bc hang mt c khai bo c bit n. sau i n bc 1.

Hnh 4.3 S i din ca thut ton Greedy Ct li ca thut ton l bc ng cho m rng. Thut ton Greedy A bt u vi ma trn (1-r)l x l; A nh hnh 4.4 (a). Trong bc khi to, d kin phn nh (1 ) ca tt c cc ct c phn loi nh c bit n v phn cn li c phn loi l xa. Ln u tin cc thut ton thc hin mt bc ny (1 )l ct c bit n c sp xp li hnh thnh cc ct u ca ma trn A hin th nh trong hnh 4.4 (b). Gi s rng cc ma trn cn li c hng bc mt, ct kt ni vi cc hng bng-mt c xc nh trong bc th hai. Hy cc ct ny l c1..... ck v cho r1 .... rk c bc mt hng nh vy m ci c kt ni vi ri. Trong ln th hai p dng bc mt cc ct mi ny c

bit n v hng lin quan ca n c sp xp dc theo mt ng cho nh trong Hnh 4.4 (c). Hn na, trong mi ln lp b sung ny ng cho c m rng hn na. Nu th tc ny khng ch dng li trc sau cc ng cho kt qu d kin chiu di l v, do , khong cch hng d kin c kch c (1-r-)l v khong cch ct kch thc (1 -)l nh th hin trong hnh. 4.4 (d)

Hnh 5.4. (A) cho ma trn A. (b) Sau khi ng dng u tin ca bc mt, (1 -)l ct c bit nc sp xp li to thnh u tin (1 - )l ct ca ma trn A. (c) Sau khi ng dng th hai ca bc mt, k mi c bit n ct v cc hng lin quan ca h c sp xp li to thnh mt ng cho ca chiu di k. (D) Nu th tc khngchm dt sm ( ) ( )sau ng cho c m rng cchiu di l v, do , khong cch hng l bng (1-r -)l v khong cch ct bng (1 -)l. [20] Nu, mt khc, th tc chm dt trc khi tt c cc ct kt thc sau chng tinhn c mt tam gic gn ng bng cch sp xp li cc ct cn li bn tri.Gi s rng cc phn cn li ca ct bng l sau d kin kt qukhong cch hng bng (1 - r -+)l v kt qu khong cch ct d kin s l bng (1 - +)l. Sau khi s dng thut ton greedy v a ma trn c a ra trong tam gic di hnh thc, bt u m ha.Ma trn kim tra chn l l H =( )

Trong A l (mg) x (nm), B (mg) xg, T l (mg) x (mg), C l gx (nm), D c gxg, v cui cng E l gx (mg). Tt c nhng ma trn tha tht v T l tam gic thp hn vi nhng ng dc theo ng cho. Nhn ma trn ny t cnh tri ( ) (5.7)

Tip theo ma trn thu c ( ) (5.8)

= (s, p1, p2) Ni s biu th phn h thng, p1 v p2 kt hp biu th phn chn l, p1 c chiu di g, v p2 c chiu di (m-g). Vic xc nh phng trnh H xT= 0T chia tch thnh hai phng trnh, c th l Nh
X

AsT + Bp1T + Tp2T = 0 (5.9) T -1 T (-ET A+C)s + (-ET A+D)p1 = 0

-1

(5.10)

Xc nh =(-ET-1A+D) v gi nh cho thi im ny l nonsingular. Sau ,t (5.10) p1T= --1[(-ET-1A + C) sT] (5.11) Sau xc nh AsT v Bp1T v thm chng ti nhn kt qu T-1 p2T= -T-1[AsT+ Bp1T] (5.12) Bc tin x l v thc t m ha
Bctin x l: u vo:Non-singular kim tra ma trn chn l H. Output: Mt ma trn tng ng ca hnh thc ( ) nh vy
-ET-1B + D l non-singular 1.Tam gic: Thc hin cc hng v ct hon v mang kim tra chn l ma trn H vo khong hnh tam gic thp hn 2. ( )

vi g bng khong cch nh nht c th. Hnh thc thp hn tam gic t c bng cch s dng thut ton Greedy v cng c khong cch l gim. 2. Kim tra hng: S dng Gaussian loi b hiu qu thc hin php nhn ( ) ( ) = ( )
trc kim tra xem l non-singular , thc hin tip tc ct hon v, m bo c tnh ny. Encoding: u vo: - chn l kim tra ma trn ca cc hnh thc ( -ET-1B + D l non-singular v vector s Fn-m . Output: - vector x= (S, p1, p2) , p1Fg, p1Fm-g nh vy HxT= 0T ) nh vy

BNG II Tm tt ca th tc Encoding xut. N i hi hai bc: Mt tin x l Bc V Bc m ha thc t

5.4 Gii m: Cc thut ton gii m c s dng cho m ha LDPC c gi l thut ton qua tin nhn, v cc thut ton c lp i lp li. L do cho tn ca chng mi vng ca cc thut ton truyn thng c truyn t nt truyn thng kim tra cc nt, v kim tra cc nt tr li cc nt truyn thng. Cc thong ip t cc nt truyn thng kim tra cc nt c tnh da trn gi tr quan st ca nt truyn thng v mt s cc thng ip truyn t cc nt ln cn kim tra nut tryn thng. Mt kha cnh quan trng m thng ip c gi n mt nt tryn thng v kim tra node c khng phi a vo ti khon truyn thng c gi vng trc t c n v. iu ny cng ng i vi thng ip truyn t cc nt kim tra n cc nt truyn thng . Mt lp quan trng ca thut ton qua truyn thng l thut ton truyn s tin cy. Thut ton ny c mt trong nghin cu ca Gallager [19], Cc thong ip thng qua cng cc cnh trong thut ton ny l xc sut, hay tin cy. Chnh xc hn, cc thng ip qua t mt node thong ip v kim tra nt c l xc sut m v c mt gi tr nht nh ca nt truyn thng, v tt c cc gi tr truyn t v trong vng trc t kim tra s c cc nt v khc hn c. Mt khc, cc thng ip truyn t c n v l xc sut m v c mt gi tr nht nh cho tt c ccthng ip truyn cho c trong trc vng t cc nt thng bo khc hn v[21]. i vi mt bin ngu nhin nh phn x L (x) = Pr [x = 0] / Pr [x = 1] l kh nng ca x. Cho mt bin y ngu nhin, kh nng iu kin ca x k hiu L (x| y) c nh ngha l Pr [x = 0| y] / Pr [x = 1| y] Tng t nh vy kh nng ng nhp ca x l ln L(x) v c iu kin kh nng ca x cho y l lnL (x| y). Nu x l bin ngu nhin c xc sut ngang nhau, sau L (x| y) = L (y| x) vi quy tc Bayes. V vy nu y1 ......... yd l ngu nhin c lp bin, sau chng ta c lnL(x |y1.yd)= ( ) (5.13) By gi gi s rng x1....... xi l bin nh phn ngu nhin v y1...... yi l cc bin ngu nhin. Ngoi ra k hiu F bi . Sau tnh ton ln L(x1... x`| y1; :::; Yl). Nu p= 2 Pr [x1= 0| y1] -1v q = 2Pr [x2= 0| y2] -1,sau 2Pr [x1 x2= 0| y1; Y2] -1 = pq.Do , 2PR [x1 ...x` = 0| y1...... y`] -1 = ( ) khi Pr [xi= 0| yi] = L (xi|yi) = (1 + L(xiyi)), chng ta c 2Pr[xi= 0 yi] -1 = (L - 1)=(L + 1) = tanh(l /2), ti L = L(xiyi) v l = lnL. V vy, chng ta c c

Ti li = lnL (xi j yi). Cc thut ton truyn tin cy cho M LDPC c th c bt ngun t hai quan st. Trong vng 0, cc nt kim tra gi cng tt c cc ilog-kh nng xy ra iu kin trn gi tr quan st ca h. V d, nu cc knh c s dng l BSC vi xc sut li p, sau cc tin nhn u tin c gi n tt c cc nt kim tra tip gip vi mt nt thng ip l ln (1 - p) - ln p nu gi tr ca nt l s khng, v l khng ng ca gi tr ny nu gi tr ca nt l mt. Trong tt c cc vng tip theo ca cc thut ton mt nt kim tra c gi n mt nt tin nhn lin k thng qua kh nng theo n (5.14). Mt thng bo nt v gi n nt kim tra c ca n, iu kin loglikelihood trn gi tr quan st ca n v trn n ng nhp kh nng xy ra t cc nt kim tra lin k khc hn c s dng cc mi quan h (513). Cho m(l)vc l thng ip thng qua tin nhn t nt v kim tra nt c ti vng th lth ca thut ton. Tng t nh vy, xc nh m(l)cv. Ti vng 0, m(0)vc l kh nng ng nhp node v tin nhn c iu kin v gi tr quan st ca mnh, l c lp ca c. Chng ti biu th gi tr ny bi. Sau cc phng trnh cp nht c th c m t nh

trong Cv l tp hp ca cc nt kim tra s c nhn nt v, v Vc l tp hp cc nt tin nhn, s c kim tra nt c.Vic tnh ti cc nt kim tra c th c n gin ha hn na bng cch thc hinchng trong t ng ng nhp min. V gi tr ca tanh (x) c th bc b, n l cn thit tip tc theo di cc du hiu ca n mt cch ring bit. Hy l mt bn t cc s thc [-,] F x [0,] c xc nh bi (x): = (sgn (x), - tanh ( | x| / 2)) (set sgn (x) = 1 nu x1 v sgn (x) = 0 khc.) R rng l nh x, do , c tn ti mt chc nng nghch o -1.Hn na,(xy) =(x) +(y), trong addition l thnh phn chnh xc trong F v trong [0,]. Sau , n l rt d dng cho thy rng(4) tng ng vi

truyn tin tng c th c thc hin cho mt s lng ti a vng.

5.5 T l LDPC lin tc v bin LDPC: T l m hoc t l thng tin ca mt m sa li chuyn tip (FEC), ging nh m khi tuyn tnh, trng thi ca tng lng thng tin l hu ch (khng d phng). Nu m t l l k / n, cho mi k bit thng tin hu ch, cc coder to ra n bit d liu chung,trong n-k l tha. Nu R l net bitrate(bitrate hu ch), gross bitrate ( bitrate raw) l R * n / k. Hng s t l ca m ny c ngha l tt c cc b m ha LDPC trong mng Laser my pht c mt t l tng t ca vic gi d liu. T l m bin thin l mt trong nhng t l m ti thng tin c gi tip tc thay i hnh thc mt mng Laser my pht khc. thit k t l m bin thin Puncturing [22] c th c s dng. Cc m b nh thng bng cch xa mt ca nhng k t chn l. Mt m (n, k) s tr thnh mt m (n-1, k). Trong on code t l c nh c thit k t l m l R = 1/2, thng 1 bit ra ca 18 thay i t l m R = 2/3.[22] 5.5.1 Thit k ca LDPC t l khc: d l yu t thit k v W e chiu di ca phn chn l ca t m. [23] i vi bt k 0 <lm-g, xc nh cc ma trn con H (d ) ca H nh hnh 5.5. T l m ( ) R (d) ca m c to bi H (l) c th c tnh nh sau: ( ) (5.18)

5.6 Kt qu m phng: Hnh di y so snh hiu sut BLER ca h thng MIMO co v khng c m ha

Fig5.6 So snh BLER v SNR ng cong cho VBLAST uncoded v tc lin tcLDPC m haVBLAST V hnh 4.6 cho thy hiu sut ca thut ton pht hin VBLAST ci thin khi m ha LDPC c s dng. Cho BLER ca 10-11 c mt c m ha ca 2dB c thc hin,do ci thin tin cy ca thng tin lin lc, nng cao sc mnh hiu qu ca h thng cho iu kin sng mnh. T l LDPC c s dng l . 5.6.1 Simulation Kt qu cho t l khng i LDPC Biu m phng di y cho thy vic so snh cc VBLAST khng m ha vi VBLAST Ti u ha v t l khng i LDPC, vi R =

Fig5.7 So snh BLER v SNR ng cong cho VBLAST uncoded, LDPC tc khng i mVBLAST v VBLAST uncoded s dng Ti u ha n t hng Hnh 4.7, cho thy LDPC m ha VBLAST cho s ci thin ca 1dB so vi ti u ha sp xp VBLAST QR cho BLERf 10-11. C hai M ha v trt t phn loi c s dng chng li truyn li trong thut ton VBLAST 5.6.2 M phng kt qu cho LDPC tc khng i v t l bin LDPC Cc LDPC tc khng i c t l , m l t l li sut thay i tip tc thay i bng cch s dng m ha tng t. Hiu sut BLER ca c hai c th hin trong hnh bn di,

Fig5.8 So snh BLER v SNR ng cong cho VBLAST uncoded, LDPC t l lin tc m haVBLAST v t l bin LDP C m VBLAST. Trong sung 4,8, c th thy rng m ha ca 3 dB t c so vi Uncoded thut ton VBLAST, v ci thin 1 dB so vi t l khng i M LDPC c t c bng cch s dng m LDPC t l bin cho BLER ca 10-11 5.6.3 M phng kt qu cho LDPC tc khng i v bin t l LDPC mnh s hn lon v bt n yu.

Hnh 5.9 So snh cc BLER v SNR ng cong, t l khng i LDPC VBLAST m ha v bin t l LDPC VBLAST m ha, cho yu bt n v iu kin xo trn mnh m Hnh 5.9 cho thy trong iu kin sng yu, m ha c cung cp bi m LDPC l tt hn nhiu so vi cc iu kin sng mnh, tc khng i LDPC mt BLER ca 10-11 ti SNR l 0,75 dB ch di iu kin hn lon yu, m l iu kin sng mnh m SNR ca 1,75 dB l cn thit.