A STUDY REPORT ON STAR RATING OF AN AIR CONDITIONER

An Industry Oriented Mini Project Report Submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By
B. MOUNIKA REDDY (09881A0310) C. RAJ SEKHAR (09881A0321)

N.SINDHU (09881A0338)

K.SRIKANTH (09881A0339)

Under the guidance of

Mr. N.SRINIVASA REDDY(Ph.D)
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous) (Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE and Accredited by NBA) Shamshabad 501 218, Hyderabad 2012 2013

(Autonomous) (Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE and Accredited by NBA) Shamshabad 501 218, Hyderabad DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that an Industry oriented mini project work entitled A Study Report on Star Rating of an Air Conditioner is the bonafide work done
By B. MOUNIKA REDDY (09881A0310) C. RAJ SEKHAR (09881A0321)

N.SINDHU (09881A0338)

K.SRIKANTH (09881A0339)

at Tecumseh Products India Private Limited , Hyderabad. is submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of B.Tech degree in Mechanical Engineering during 2012-2013.

Project Guide: Prof. N. SRINIVASA REDDY Associate Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad. Viva-Voce held on _________________ Internal Examiner

Head of the Department: Prof. N. SRINIVASA REDDY Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad.

_____________________ External Examiner

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this project report titled A Study Report on Star Rating of

an Air Conditioner is a genuine project work and effort carried out by us in B.Tech
(Mechanical Engineering) degree course of Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University, Hyderabad and has not been submitted to any other course or university for the award of our degree. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged

Signature of the Candidate B. MOUNIKA REDDY (09881A0310)

C. RAJ SEKHAR

(09881A0321)

N.SINDHU

(09881A0338)

K.SRIKANTH

(09881A0339)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task would be put incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success. We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and hearty thanks to Mr. Aditya Vishwanathan for granting us this great opportunity to do our project in this esteemed research facility Tecumseh Products India Pvt. Ltd. despite their own schedule constraints. It was impossible for us to do our project outside our college campus if our beloved principal has not granted us the permission. We, thereby express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to Dr. N. Sambasiva Rao, Principal, Vardhaman College of Engineering. We would also like to express sincere thanks to Prof. N.Srinivasa Reddy, Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his expert guidance and encouragement at various levels of our Project. We are thankful to our guide ___________ , Assistant Professor, for his sustained inspiring Guidance and cooperation throughout the process of this project. His wise counsel and suggestions were invaluable. We cannot forget to recall, with our deepest regards, the power of blessings of our parents, and friends which gave us the courage and confidence to materialize our dream of completing this project.

B. MOUNIKA REDDY C. RAJ SEKHAR N.SINDHU K.SRIKANTH

(09881A0310) (09881A0321) (09881A0338) (09881A0339)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Candidates Declaration Acknowledgement Abstract Nomenclature List of Figures List of Tables List of Plots Table of Contents i ii iii iv vi vii viii ix

CH.NO. NAME OF THE CHAPTER

1. 2. 2.1 2.2 Introduction Literature Survey

PAGE NO
1 3 3 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11

Aerodynamic effects of wing leading edge ice contamination Leading edge bluntness effects on aerodynamic heating and drag of power law body in low density hypersonic flow

3.

Wind Tunnel 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Types of wind tunnel Open circuit subsonic wind tunnel Closed circuit subsonic wind tunnel Components of wind tunnel & their functions Features and capabilities of HAL wind tunnel Instrumentation Wind tunnel balance 11 Wind generation system Model support system 12

12

3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 4. 5.

Transducer strain gauge type balance Signal conditioning amplifier 13 Analog to digital converters 13 Data processing computer connected to ADC Data acquisition system

13

13 14 15 18 18

Models and their Design, Material & Fabrication Boundary layer and Sensitiveness of leading edge 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 Boundary Layer Boundary layer control 18 Methods of Boundary layer control 19 5.2 Sensitiveness of Leading Edge

19 21 22 25 26

6. 7. 8. 9.

Testing Results and Discussions Conclusion and Future Scope Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
Right from the Flyer-I to the latest state-of-the-art airplanes, rotorcrafts, missiles, space launch vehicles and other innovative aircrafts WIND TUNNELS are being used to solve the basic aerodynamic problems. Testing newly designed aircraft in appropriate real-time weather conditions are needed in order to properly asses its capabilities during real time flying, which is achieved in a most accurate, rapid and economical way by using wind tunnels. The quantum leap in computer technology in the 20th century has led to the development of techniques such as CFD, CFX and other hi-tech simulation software for the analysis of aerodynamic problems and generation of useful data for the design and development of aircrafts, but still wind tunnels are considered as the most reliable source for gathering required data and information necessary for the design of an aircraft. Hence wind tunnels need to be calibrated to achieve this reliability. The Wright Brothers built a wind tunnel, first a simple one and then a large and a more sophisticated tunnel with 16x16 sq. in a test section which was successful with the addition of rudder to counteract the adverse yaw from the wrapped wing roll control. The value of wind tunnel in aerodynamic design was conclusively demonstrated in 1903. It is a research tool used in aerodynamic research to study the effects of air moving past solid objects. Wind tunnels are often the most rapid, economical and accurate means for conducting aerodynamic research and obtaining aerodynamic data to support design decisions. The aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft is achieved by the force and moment measurements using a six component strain gauge balance and the quality of these forces and moments mainly depend on the quality of flow in test-section, instrumentation and model design and consideration. The test section flow condition can be qualitatively seen by tufting the entire test section and observe fluctuations or disturbances.

Aerodynamicists use wind tunnel to test the models of proposed aircrafts and engine components. The main aerodynamic objective for most wind tunnels is to obtain a flow in the test section that is as near as possible to a parallel steady flow with uniform speed through out the test section. During the test, the model is placed in the test section of tunnel and air is made to flow past the model

LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WING LEADING EDGE ICE CONTAMINATION:
The cleanliness of leading edge is very important factor for an aircraft and has a great impact on its performance. The most significant effect of snow or ice on the wing surface is its influence on the smooth flow of air over the surface contour. Changes in the contour shape and roughness of the surface will cause the airflow to begin to separate from the wing at lower angle of attack than normal and cause a reduction in the lift which will normally be developed by a wing at a given angle of attack and a given airspeed. Both the maximum lift, which can be developed, and the angle of attack at which it will be developed will be reduced significantly. Stall buffet and stall will be encountered at higher than normal airspeeds.

LIFT AND DRAG EFFECTS OF WING CONTAMINATION:

Ice contamination of an aircraft wing also has a significant detrimental effect on the aircrafts total drag, that is, the force that resists the aircrafts forward motion through the air. The total drag has two components, parasite drag and induced drag. Induced drag is that drag which is produced by the generation of the lift. Induced drag increases as the angle of attack increases. Therefore, since a contaminated wing must fly at higher angle of attack at a given airspeed will be higher than the induced drag of an uncontaminated wing. Furthermore, since ice contamination causes the airflow to separate earlier from the upper surface of the wing, its results in a higher induced drag value at any angle of attack. The increase in parasite drag as a result of ice contamination is small in comparison to the increase in induced drag. The leading edge portion of the wing is most sensitive to contamination. The effects of the contamination decrease as the forward most extent of the contamination moves farther aft of the

leading edge. Glaze ice accretions, which occur at temperatures just below freezing, provide the largest aerodynamic penalty. Ice accumulation, in particular, the detrimental effects on lift and drag associated with wing surface roughness has been identified as a casual factor in a number of take-off accidents involving jet transport aircraft.

EFFECTS OF ICING ON ROLL CONTROL:

Ice on the wings forward of the ailerons can affect roll control. Wings on general aviation aircraft are designed so that stall starts near the root of the wing and progresses outward, so the stall does not interfere with roll control of the ailerons. However, the tips are usually thinner than the rest of the wing, so they are the part of the wing that most efficiently collects ice. This can lead to a partial stall of the wings at the tips, which can affect the ailerons and thus roll control. If ice accumulates in a ridge aft of the boots but forward of the ailerons, this can affect the airflow and interfere with proper functioning of the ailerons. If aileron function is impaired due to ice, slight forward pressure on the elevator may help to reattach airflow to the aileron.

WING STALL:
The wing will ordinarily stall at a lower angle of attack, and thus a higher airspeed, when contaminated with ice. Even small amounts of ice will have an effect, and if the ice is rough, it can be a large effect. Thus an increase in approach speed is advisable if ice remains on the wings. How much of an increase depends on both the aircraft type and amount of ice. Stall characteristics of an aircraft with ice-contaminated wings will be degraded, and serious roll control problems are not unusual. The ice accretion may be asymmetric between the two wings. Also, the outer part of a wing, which is ordinarily thinner and thus a better collector of ice, may stall first rather than last. [7]

2.2

LEADING EDGE BLUNTNESS EFFECTS ON AERODYNAMIC HEATING AND DRAG OF POWER LAW BODY IN LOW DENSITY HYPERSONIC FLOW

A numerical study is reported on power law shaped leading edge situated in a rear field hypersonic flow. The sensitivity of the heat flux and drag coefficient to the shape variation of such leading edge is calculated. Calculations shows that the stagnation point heating on power law leading edge with finite radius of curvature follows the same relation for classical blunt body in continuous flow. It scales inversely with the square root of the curvature radius at the nose. Those leading edge with zero or infinity radii of curvature, the heat transfer behavior is in surprising agreement with that for classical blunt body far from the nose of leading edge. [8]

REFERENCES

1. 2. 3.

HAL- ARDC Wind Tunnel reference material. Canadian Aviation Safety Board, Majority report. W. F. N. SANTOS JOURNAL, Combustion and Propulsion Laboratory, National Institute for Space Research

4.

ALAN POPE, WILLIAM H. RAE, Jr and JEWEL B. BARLOW: LOW SPEED WIND TUNNEL TESTING Third ed., John Wiley and sons Inc. New York-USA.

5.

JOHN D. ANDERSON, Jr (2007) : FUNDAMENTALS OFAERODYNAMICS Fourth ed., Mc Graw-Hill Inc. Singapore.

6. 7. 8.

L. J. CLANCY (1975) : AERODYNAMICS First ed., Pitman Publishing Corporation. A C KERMODE: MECHANICS OF FLIGHT Eighth ed., New Delhi http://windtunnelengr.ucdavis.edu/research UC DAVIS AERONAUTICAL WIND TUNNEL FACILITY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, CALIFORNIA, USA.