Handout I

INSTITUT PERGURUAN BAHASA-BAHASA ANTARABANGSA INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTE

Source: American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Australian Centre for Educational Studies.(2004). Referencing procedures. Sydney: Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.

REFERENCING PROCEDURES
CONTENTS

GENERAL COMMENTS IN-TEXT CITATIONS CITATIONS IN REFERENCE LIST OR BIBLIOGRAPHY SOME GUIDELINES

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GENERAL COMMENTS: REFERENCING AND BIBLIOGRAPHY PROCEDURES In academic writing, authors are expected to acknowledge their sources of information. There are several reasons why this is required. Among the reasons: it provides evidence that a thorough examination of the field in which one is writing has been undertaken, it provides support for the arguments one makes, it shows the quality of ones support, it allows one to share ones sources of information, it enables other writers to easily identify, locate and retrieve the sources of information in ones writing, and to prevent plagiarism.

The act of identifying ones sources of information in academic writing is usually referred to as referencing. Generally, one should

differentiate between the skills in writing in-text references (Referencing Skills) and the skills in writing references for the bibliography (Bibliography Skills). In-text referencing refers to the citation of references within the body of the text while bibliography referencing refers to the citation of references in the Reference List or Bibliography at the end of the text. There are several accepted systems for referencing. Students in colleges and universities are generally expected to follow one of these systems in all their formal written work. This document is based on the system as recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA). It provides examples on how to cite sources based on the APA system. While the APA system is not the only referencing procedure accepted internationally, it is noteworthy that the APA style is widely used by educators and other professionals in their publications. In the International Languages Teacher Education Institute (IPBA), the referencing procedures in use run parallel with that as laid out in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) (2001). All students are expected to follow the referencing procedures for all their written work. In addition, at least 20% of all references for all students work should be no later than the previous five years. The referencing procedures are as laid out in the following pages. The contents of this document were sourced from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) by the American Psychological Association (2001) and from the document Referencing Procedures by the Australian Centre for Educational Studies (2004), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. However, it is to be noted that there are one or two differences between the APA system and that practised in IPBA.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS All references to journals, books and other sources are to be identified at an appropriate point in the text by the name of author and year of publication. Several different procedures are available to cover different categories.

Category Single author

Notes If the author's name is in the text:

Example Throughout shown... the study, Wong (2000) has

Category

Notes If the authors name is within brackets:

Example The education system in Malaysia supports independent learning (Choy, 2006).

Two authors

If the authors names are in the text: If the authors names are within brackets: Note the use of the ampersand & in place of and for names in brackets

Reports by Harton and Smith (1995) suggest that... Students in IPBA have been found to be multitalented (Boon & Aeria, 2005).

Three, four or five authors:

If the authors names are in the text:

Wood, Bruner and Ross (1992) (first citation). Wood et al. (1992) (second and subsequent citations). The schools in the Klang Valley out-performed the other schools in Malaysia (Brickwall, Purdue & Mohan, 2003). (first citation) The schools in the Klang Valley are generally schools with a long history (Brickwall et al., 2003). (second and subsequent citations)

If the authors names are within brackets:

Note the use of et al. for second and subsequent citations

More than five authors:

If the authors names are in the text:

Beishuizen et al. (2001) when the reference is actually Beishuizen, Van Putten, Bowmeester, Asscher, Bochner, O'Brien and McLean (2001). IPBA students are better at language games than physical ones (Grady et al., 2005) when the reference is actually (Grady, OHara, Lim, Mustakim, Patrick, Warner & Ronstadt, 2005).

If the authors names are within brackets:

Category Author is a body (e.g. government agency, corporation):

Notes If the authors name is in the text:

Example Ministry of Education [MOE] (2003) mentioned that Subsequent citation: MOE (2003) advocated

If the authors name is within brackets: Note: Use of abbreviation is encouraged if name is very long; abbreviation to be used in subsequent citations

A number of important issues have been covered, drawing on data from a Government source (Ministry of Education [MOE] , 2005). Subsequent text citation: The education system received a welcome boost (MOE,2005). Implications of KBSR (1989) stated that the implementation of both (Cohort 3 Annual Report ,1989) curriculums

No author Anonymous author

If the authors name is in the text: If the authors name is within brackets: Use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Double quotation marks are used for an article title or chapter; italics are used for the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report

Only a limited number of teachers are thoroughly trained with the skills required in the classroom (Anonymous,2006).

Same surname authors

Include the authors initials in all text citations

H. W. Gomez (1997) and K. Gomez (1990) also found

Citing multiple works at one place in the text:

For citations in the text: For citations within brackets: Separate each citation with a semicolon.

Goromon (2003), Hector (2001) and Victor and Michael (2006) mentioned that As numerous studies on the use of journals have shown (for example, Francis, 1995;

Category

Notes Citations arranged alphabetically rather than chronologically

Example Garmon, 1998; Goon & Koh, 2003)...

Two or more works in the same year by same author(s) Secondary source

Use a, b, c, etc. to differentiate the works

Studies by Abel (1995a; 1995b) showed that

Cite both the primary and secondary sources; however, only secondary source to be cited in Reference List

The Malaysian education system is too examorientated (Man, 1982, as cited in Lim, 1990). According to Man (1982, as cited in Lim, 1990), the Malaysian education system is too examorientated.

Citing same source in one paragraph more than once

For second and subsequent citations, omit the year unless citation is in brackets

Mohana (2001) asserted that the Malaysian economy is fairly robust. However, 1997 was an unusual year (Mohana, 2001). There were other undercurrents at work then. Mohana further adds that. Mohana also noted that Mohana (2001) also mentioned that

Note that for a new paragraph, the year has to be cited again No date Personal Communications (e.g. phone conversations, emails, interviews) Paraphrasing from specific page(s) Use n.d. in place of the date Cite only in the text; do not cite in Reference List; also provide initials and other details Include page numbers apart from the name of author and year

Azhar (n.d.) rebutted the arguments by In a phone conversation with K. Elizabeth (personal communication, July 6, 2006)...

Recent findings on the characteristics of portfolio as a tool for assessment (Teacher

Category

Notes

Example Education Division, 1996, pp. 4-6) show that... Hamachek (1981, as cited in Machargo, 1991, p. 24) explained that...

Quotations

As far as possible, paraphrase rather than quote; All quotations should be accompanied by page number(s) apart from authors name and year

It was concluded (John, Maliki & Van-Huizen, 1998, p. 99) that "high self-concept students are more popular, cooperative, and persistent in class work." Fidelis (1998) reported that "the 'Domino theory', which had been frequently raised was found to be untenable (p. 159). Fidelis (1998) stated that: The "Domino theory", which had been frequently debated in the past has a number of weaknesses. One of the main weaknesses was its inability to explain how any of the countries could easily lose out in a war of attrition. Another was its simplistic nature, not taking into account the various ramifications. (p.159)

Quotations of 40 or more words should be indented 5 spaces from the left margin and left in a free-standing block; no quotation marks to be used Quotations should not be in italics;

Internet, with author Internet, without author

Same as with other sources Same as with other sources: Use the title of the article Same as with other sources: Use n.d.

Kirkland (2005) mentioned that The world is round (Kirkland, 2005). Malaysia Boleh (2004) mentioned that Malaysian sportsmen are getting better by the day (Malaysia Boleh, 2004) Kirkland (n.d.) mentioned that .. Malaysian sportsmen are getting better by the day (Malaysia Boleh, n.d.)

Internet, no date

Category

Notes

Example

Asian names

Malay name Chinese name Indian name

Mohd. Ali (2005) stated that The party was weak then (Mohd. Ali, 2005). Lim (2006) asserted that The prime minister has the final say (Lim, 2006). Krishnan (2003) verified that The political party has forged ahead (Krishnan, 2003). Reference List: Mohd. Ali Mohd. Bakar. (2005). The perils of one party rule. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Intelek Sdn. Bhd. Lim, C. B. (2006). Political hegemony. Kuala Lumpur: Arus Bakti Sdn. Bhd. Krishnan Thambipillay. (2003). Where to go? Kuala Lumpur: Maha Publications.

In the Reference List, the full name of the author is provided for Malay and Indian names; for Chinese names only the surname and initials are provided. Note that the APA system does not cater specially for Asian names;

CITATIONS IN REFERENCE LIST OR BIBLIOGRAPHY Special attention should be paid to the use of italics and periods. The second and subsequent lines should be indented five spaces from the left margin. Reference List should be arranged alphabetically by author and should not be separated according of the type of source of reference. Please note that some of the entries below are fictitious and merely serve as examples. Category Book, one author Examples Arends, R. I. (2001). Learning to learn. Boston: Notes Title of book in italics; all small

Category

Examples McGraw-Hill.

Notes caps except first letter. Note use of the periods. Note use of ampersand

Book, two or more authors:

Matthews, K., Bologna, S., & Franks, S., Jr. (2003). Educational psychology for learning and teaching mathematics. Southbank VIC: Prentiss. Richard, J., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (2000). Second language teacher education handbook. New York: Cambridge University Press. Judge, J., & Harrison, A.K. (1986). Informed teaching processes (Rev. ed.). Sydney: Prentice-Hall. Bailey, K. L. (1990). The use of diary studies in teacher education programs. In J. Richard & D. Nunan (Eds.), Second language teacher education handbook (pp. 281-295). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Edited papers

Note use of Eds.

Book, revised edition

Note Rev. ed. not in italics

Chapter in an edited book:

Title of book is italicized, not the article; use of the word In. Initials of authors of book come before their names; page numbers should be provided; use of comma after (Eds.)

Book, Bahasa Melayu or language other than English Book, specific edition

Fatimah Wagiman. (2006). Bagaimana mengajar imbuhan [How to teach prefixes and suffixes]. Kuala Lumpur: Preston Bakti Sdn. Bhd. Hill, W. F . (1994). Learning through observation (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Translation in square brackets is needed; Translation is not italicized.

Category Secondary source

Examples Woodward, H. (1998). Reflective journals and portfolios: Learning through assessment and evaluation. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 23, 415-423.

Notes In the text you wrote: Lowe (1993, as cited in Woodward, 1998) mentioned that In Reference List you cite only Woodwards not Lowes work.

Journal article

Young, J. P., Mathews, S. R., Kietzmann, A. M., & Westerfield,T. (1997).Getting disenchanted adolescents to participate in school literacy activities: Portfolio conferences. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 40 (5), 348360. Chua, L. P. (2005). Gaya pembelajaran pelajar IPBA [Learning styles of students in IPBA]. Jurnal Akademik IPBA, XI, 23-35. Kang, W.C. (1995). The effects of internet sessions on students attitudes towards the internet: A case study. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Suseela Malakolunthu. (1994). A study of teacher stress and its correlates. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Teacher Education Division. (l997). Curriculum policy and examination system. Kuala Lumpur:

Title of journal is italicized, not the title of the article; use of caps in title of journal but not title of article; italics used for volume no. but not issue no.; page nos.

Journal article in Bahasa Melayu

Translation required for title of article not title of journal.

Theses, doctoral

Title of thesis italicized

Theses, masters

Government Department

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Category

Examples Ministry of Education, Malaysia.

Notes

Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Documents

Samuelson, R. L. (1982). Cognitive conceptions of learning (Report No.CSOS-R-387). Baltimore. MD:Johns Hopkins University, Centre for Social Social Organisation of Schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 197482). Kamal Ismail. (1996). The effectiveness of computer instruction. In K. W. Lim (Ed.), Proceedings of the National Symposium on Computer Education (pp. 546-576). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Council for Education in Computers. Shirley Marimuthu. (2004, February). Early childhood experiences. Paper presented at the meeting of the Malaysian Society for Child Care, Kuala Lumpur. Paandiyan, M.V. (2006, June 13). Using satellite technology to enhance life. The Star, p. N8. Malaysian Examination Council. (1999). SPM performance for all subjects for 1998. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Examination Syndicate. Yasmin Ahmad. (Producer/Writer/Director). (2006). Sepet [Motion picture]. Malaysia: MHz Film Production. Title of newspaper italicized Name of Proceedings italicized; page numbers provided.

Conference Papers

Unpublished paper presented at a meeting

Newspaper article

Government Report

Motion picture

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Category

Examples

Notes

Video Recording

Loganathan Subramaniam., & Chin, Y. K. (1995). Free at last [Videorecording]. Kuala Lumpur: Sarikata Productions. Malaysian encarta [CD-ROM]. (2005). Kuala Lumpur: MHI Productions in association with Ministry of Education, Malaysia. Ee, L.T. (2006, June 1). Quality education.The Star Online. Retrieved June 16, 2006, from http://thestar.com.my Title of newspaper in italics

CD-ROM

Internet newspaper article

Internet periodical

Owston, R.O. (1997, March 7). The world wide web: A technology to enhance teaching and learning? Educational Researcher, 26 (2). Retrieved June 16 , 2006, from http://links.jstor.org/ journals/0013189x.html

Title of periodical in italics Break URL at appropriate oblique /, if the URL is too long

Internet document

Trochim, W. M. K. (1996). Evaluating websites. Retrieved November 11, 1997, from http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/webeval/ webintro.htm

Internet document,

Constructivism bares its head. (n.d.). Retrieved

Title of article in italics

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Category no author, no date

Examples January 16, 2004, http://www.constructivist.com.my from

Notes

Internet document, chapter or section

IPBA. (2005, June 6). Action research. In Research for all IPBArians (chap. 3). Retrieved August 16, 2006 from http://www.ipba.com.my Mohd. Firdaus Mohd. Amin (2002, June 30). Who is responsible for the economic ruckus? [Msg 234]. Message posted to news://soc.culture.malaysia James, K. L., & Williams, P. D. (1995). The dissection of the human mind. Journal of Psychic Psychology, 256, 567-590. Retrieved February 16, 2003, from the PsychicARTICLES database

Message posted to a newsgroup

Internet Database

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SOME GUIDELINES ON WRITING ASSIGNMENTS As far as possible, there should be at least three different sources of references, for example, web-sites, theses, books and journals Use font size 12, Arial or Times New Roman Double spacing should be used with an extra double-spaced blanked line between paragraphs Avoid having paragraphs which are too long or too short; perhaps a useful gauge is to have two paragraphs per page. Use subheadings to organize your writing There should be uniformity in all formatting throughout the writing Leave a left, right, top and bottom margin of at least 3 cm. Right justify your work; however ensure that there are no strange spacing between words Use quotations sparingly Avoid breaking (i.e., hyphenate) words at the end of a line, unless the word is hyphenated one Your References List should begin on a new page at the end of your text, with a centred underlined heading labeled References; the References List entry should begin aligned with the left-hand margin while the second and subsequent lines should be indented five spaces All tables and figures should be numbered and titled at the top; the source for the table or figure can be written as a footnote at the bottom; the title should be brief but self-explanatory; avoid using vertical lines in tables

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Use italics for statistical tests, for example, t-test, r, p. When using abbreviations, always give the full name the first time the abbreviation is cited; for example, Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)

Visit the APA website at: http://www.apastvle.org/elecref.html

Prepared and compiled by: Dr. Boon Pong Ying Dr. Lawrence Aloysius Aeria Institute of Teacher Education, International Languages Campus, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur.

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