You are on page 1of 6

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) 000000 Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 360 365

Procedia Engineering
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

International Conference on Advances in Computational Modeling and Simulation

Stress strain analysis of notched specimen based on material property gradient


Ruijie Wanga*, Heming Chengb, Jianyun Lib
a

Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China b Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.

Abstract The stress strain at notch root of round specimen with material property gradient were analysed with elasto-plastic finite element analysis, based on the hardness value obtained from spot welds heat affect zone. Material cyclic strength and fatigue strength coefficient are assumed to be proportional to hardness distribution according Eleiches conclusion. A set of finite element models was established with material gradient, notches in each model were in different material zone. Elasto-plastic analyses were carried for notch stress strain distribution under different loading levels. Material gradient on life prediction were analysed with local stress strain approach.

2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Kunming University of Science and Technology
Keywords: Notched specimen, Material property gradient, Heat affected zone, Elasto-plastic stress strain analysis;

1. Introduction There always exist notch for engineering articles, the existence of notch would cause stress concentration, and change the state of stress concentration at notch root, thus affecting the component strength [1]. Fatigue crack tend to initiate and propagate at notch root area, so the notch problem weighs explicitly for counter-fatigue design. The notch root may experience plastic state due to the existence of notch under practical case. Since the stress strain relationship is so complicated, the notch root is always where fatigue crack initiate, and fatigue life depends highly on notch characteristics [2]. And, the stress state would be multi-axial at notch root; the notched specimen fatigue is a multi-axial fatigue problem.

* Corresponding author.Tel.:+86-13529010398 E-mail address: wrj@kmust.edu.cn.

1877-7058 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1037

Ruijie et al. / Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 360 365 Ruijie WangWang et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) 000000

361

For traditional fatigue analysis of notched specimen with local method, the material property gradient is always not under consideration. Numerous studies had showed that, the fatigue property of a material under different heat treatment state may differ greatly [3]. For spot welds, studies showed that the materials in welded zone and heat affected zone are different from base metal in that the micro structures are different, as well as hardness values. The hardness value in welded zone and heat affected zone are much higher than that of the base metal. Under different fatigue loading, the crack initiation sites are different. Under low cycle regime, the fatigue initiates in the heat affected zone, while at the notch root under high cycle fatigue loading [4]. It can lead to the conclusion that, the material property gradient at notch root has implicit effect on fatigue crack initiation location. In this study, it is assumed that there exist material mechanical property gradient in the round notched specimen in longitude direction. The hardness value and distribution used resemble that obtained for a spot welded specimen. Stress and strain distribution within notch zone is analyzed for under different loading level when the notch locates in different material zone. The effect of hardness value at notch root on life prediction with local approach is further discussed. Nomenclature s b E /2 /2 K n yield strength ultimate strength Youngs modulus poisson ratio total strain amplitude total stress amplitude cyclic strength coefficient cyclic hardening exponent the fatigue strength coefficient the fatigue ductility coefficient the fatigue strength exponent the fatigue ductility exponent the fatigue crack initiation life the mean stress

f
b c N m

2. Establishment of finite element model for notched steel specimen The notch was assumed to be around the round test rod, finite element model of the middle straight stem established is shown in figure 1. The specimen diameter is 8mm, the notch shape is semicircle with radius 0.5mm. There are 36387 nodes, 33780 elements in total, element type is solid 186. Material is low carbon steel, s=412MPa, b=448MPa, E=203.2 GPa,=0.3.

362

Ruijie Wang et al. Engineering / Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) Ruijie Wang et al./ Procedia 00 (2011) 000 000 360 365

Fig. 1. (a) Global elements; (b) Notch local elements

Since there are material property gradient in different material zone, here the periphery of notch zone is discrete to fine elements. The element in different were assumed to have different material property according the hardness value obtained. The notch locates in different material zone for different analysis. As for the relation between material hardness and material strength, numerous studies [5-8] had showed that there exists almost proportional relation. A.M. Eleiche [10] etc showed that, the material cyclic strength coefficient and fatigue strength coefficient increase with hardness, while the material cyclic hardening exponent, fatigue strength exponent and fatigue ductility exponent almost kept unchanged. Multi-linear kinematic hardening model were used in this study for stress strain analysis, the material cyclic stress strain Ramberg-Osgood is,
1 n ) ( 2 2E 2K

(1)

Where, K=524.2MPa; n=0.082. There are five zones distributed symmetrically assumed with the finite element model, as shown in figure 1. Materials in different were assumed to have different mechanical property. Stress strain curve for five different zones are shown in figure 2. Here, the cyclic strength coefficients in different zones are assumed to proportional to hardness, according to A.M. Eleiches research results.
7.50x10 6.00x10 4.50x10 3.00x10 1.50x10
2 2

V IV III II I

/MPa

0.00 0.000

0.015

0.030

0.045

Fig. 2. Cyclic stress strain curves

3. Elasto-plastic stress strain analysis for notched specimen The constraint for the finite element modes is, the left end of the rod is fully constrained, and the tension freedom of the right end is not constrained. And tension loading is applied on the nodes on the right end. Here the loading is symmetric loading, and there is only one loading step. Assume the maximum number the substeps is no more than 50 and no less than 10.

Ruijie et al. / Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 360 365 Ruijie WangWang et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) 000000

363

Finite element analysis implied, the stress strain have the maximum value at notch root. The von Mises stress strain distributions across the notch are shown in figure 3. Stress concentration located at the notch root, where fatigue crack always initiate.

Fig. 3. (a) Mises stress

(b) Mises strain

Apparently, notch is where stress strain concentration locates, but since the material properties at notch root are asymmetric, then the notch root may be not where the structures is the most weak. And the maximum values of stress and strain would not always exactly locate at the notch root. Figure 4 to 6 showed the stress strain distribution under three different loading levels. For analysis of stress strain near notch root, the notches are assumed to be in different material zones.
800
V IV III II I

0.005 0.004 0.003


V IV III II I

600

Stress /Mpa

400

Strain
-0.25 0.00 Location /mm 0.25 0.50

0.002 0.001 0.000 -0.50

200 -0.50

-0.25

0.00 Location /mm

0.25

0.50

Fig. 4. (a) Mises stress

(b) Mises strain

Figure 5 and 6 showed, the stress values at the larger hardness value side are explicitly larger. And, the maximum stress node does not always locate at the notch root. The stress values at the material of large hardness value are much larger, and the maximum stress node may locate at some distance to the notch root. It can be seen that the maximum strain value node always locate at the notch root. It is apparently that, the node experiences the maximum stress maybe not where the strain is maximum.
1000
V IV III II I

0.0075
V IV III II I

800
Stress /Mpa

0.0050
Strain

600

0.0025
400

200 -0.50

-0.25

0.00 Location /mm

0.25

0.50

0.0000 -0.50

-0.25

0.00 Location /mm

0.25

0.50

Fig. 5 (a) Mises stress

(b) Mises strain

364

Ruijie Wang et al. Engineering / Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) Ruijie Wang et al./ Procedia 00 (2011) 000 000 360 365

1000
V IV III II I

0.0100
V IV III II I

800
Stress /Mpa

0.0075

600

Strain

0.0050

400

0.0025

200 -0.50

-0.25

0.00 Location /mm

0.25

0.50

0.0000 -0.50

-0.25

0.00 Location /mm

0.25

0.50

Fig. 6

(a) Mises stress

(b) Mises strain

4. Effect of notch material property gradient on life prediction with local approaches For fatigue evaluation of notched specimen, three approaches were usually used: nominal stress method, local stress strain method and energy method. Usually, material property gradient was not under consideration when local method was utilized. However, the above analysis indicated that the maximum stress and maximum strain do not always fall on the same point when there is material property gradient at notch root. Thence, which point should be selected for life prediction would remain a problem. One damage equation used frequently is the Morrow modified Manson-Coffin damage equation,

As for the fatigue strength coefficient, Eleiches study had showed which increase with material hardness. Thus for life prediction, if stress strain on several different nodes is selected, the node with the shortest life predicted may not always fall on the same node. If the shortest predicted life of the several nodes can be treated as fatigue life prediction results, as well as fatigue crack initiation site, then conclusion can be drawn that for notched specimen with material gradient at notch root, the node with the maximum stress value may be not where the maximum strain locate. Above analysis indicates that, fatigue life and fatigue crack initiation point may be dependent on material property gradient. 5. Conclusions 1. For notched specimen, the local maximum stress site don not always locate at where the strain is maximum when there exist material property gradient. 2. There material property gradient would have explicit effect on fatigue crack initiation site and fatigue life.

f m (2 N )b f (2 N )c 2 E

(2)

Ruijie et al. / Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 360 365 Ruijie WangWang et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) 000000

365

6. Acknowledgements It is a project supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51065012) and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20105314120013). References
[1] Taylor D. A mechanistic approach to critical-distance methods in notch fatigue. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures; 2001, 24(4): 215-224. [2] Tipton SM., Nelson DV. Advances in Multiaxial fatigue Life Prediction for Components with Stress Concentrations. International Journal of Fatigue, 1997, 19(6): 503~515. [3] Lin CK, Chang CW. Influence of heat treatment on fatigue crack growth of austempered ductile iron. Journal of Materials Science. 2002 37(4): 709-716. [4] Wang G, Barkey ME. Fatigue Cracking and Its Influence on Dynamic Response Characteristics of Spot Welded Specimens. Experimental Mechanics. 2004, 44(5): 512~521. [5] Lee KS, Song JH.. Estimation Methods for Strain-Life Fatigue Properties from Hardness. International Journal of Fatigue. 2006, 28(4): 386~400 [6] Lee H, Kim N, Lee TS. Overload Failure Curve and fatigue Behavior of Spot-Welded Specimens. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2005, 72, 1203~1221 [7] Cahoon JR., Broughton WH, Kutzak AR. The Determination of Yield Strength form Hardness Measurements. Metal trans 1971, 2: 1979~1983 [8] Zhou M, Hu JS, Zhang H. Critical Specimen Sizes for Tensile-Shear Testing of Steel Sheets. Welding Res Suppl. 1999, 78(9): 305s~313s [9] Eleiche AM, Megahed MM, Abd-Allah NM. Low-Cycle Fatigue in Rotating Cantilever under Bending II: Experimental Investigations on Smooth Specimens. International Journal of Fatigue. 1996, 18(8): 577~59

You might also like