rogram/Scheme

Year of Launch

Aim/Objective

Agriculture & Rural Debt Relief Scheme (ARDRS)

1990

to exempt Bank loans up to Rs. 10,000 for rural artisans and weavers

Scheme of Urban wage Employment (SUWE)

1990

for urban poor

National Housing Bank Voluntary Deposit Scheme

1991

to use black money by constructing low cost housing for the poor

National Renewal Fund

1992

for the employees of the public sector

Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)

1993

to provide employment of at least 100 days in a year in villages

Members of parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)

1993

for development works

Scheme for Infrastructural Development in Mega Cities (SIDMC)

1994

for water supply, sewage, drainage, urban transportation, land development and improvement slums projects in metro cities

District Rural Development Agency (DRDA)

1993

for financial assistance to rural people by district level authority

Mahila Samridhi Yojna

1993

to encourage rural women to deposit in Post office schemes

Child labour Eradication Scheme

1994

to shift child labor from hazardous industries to schools

Prime Minister Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program (PMIUPEP)

1995

to eradicate urban poverty

Mid day Meal Scheme

1995

for providing nutrition to students in primary schools to improve enrolment, retention and attendance

Group Life Insurance Scheme

1996

for rural areas to provide insurance cover in rural area at low premium

Swaran Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojna

1997

for urban employment

Bhagya Shree Bal Kalyan Policy

1998

for upliftment of female children

Annapurna Yojna

1999

for 10 kg food grains to elderly people

Swaran Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna

1999

for self employment in rural areas

Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojna

1999

for village infrastructure

Jan Shree Bima Yojna

2000

to provide insurance cover to BPL people

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojna

2000

to fulfill the basic needs of rural people

Antyodaya Anna Yojna

2000

to provide food security to poor

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna

2000

to connect all villages with nearest pukka road

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna

2001

for employment and food security of rural people

Universal Health Insurance Scheme

2003

to provide health insurance to rural people

National Food for Work Program

2004

for giving supplementary wage as foodgrains for work

Janani Suraksha Yojna

2005

to provide care to pregnant women

Bharat Nirman

2005

for development of India through irrigation, water supply, housing, road, telephone and electricity

National Rural Health Mission

2005

for providing accessible, affordable, accountable, quality health services to the poorest of the poor in remotest areas of the country

Rajeev Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna

2005

for extending electrification of all villages and habitations and ensuring electricity to every household

Jawahar Lal Nehru national Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

2005

to development the infrastructure in urban areas

National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (late Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme)

2006

to provide100 days wage employment for development works in rural areas

Rastriya Swasthya Bima Yojna

2007

to provide health insurance to all workers in unorganized area living below poverty line

Aam Aadmi Bima Yojna

2007

to provide insurance cover to the head of the family of rural landless households in the country

Rajiv Awas Yojna

2009

to make India slum free in 5 years

Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) or SABLA Scheme

2010

for empowering adolescent girls in the age group 11- 18 years by bringing improvement in their nutritional and health status

Major Indian Rivers S. No. Name of the River

Origin

Length (km)

1.

Indus

Mansarovar (Tibet)

2880

2.

Ganga

Gangotri (UttaraKhand)

2525

3.

Yamuna

Yamunotri (UttaraKhand)

1375

4.

Brahmaputra

Chemayungdung Glacier (Tibet)

2900

5.

Sabarmati

Aravalli Hills (Rajasthan)

416

6.

Luni

Aravalli Hills (Rajasthan)

450

7.

Mahi

Dhar (Madhya Pradesh)

560

8.

Narmada

Amarkantak (Madhya Pradesh)

1057

9.

Tapi

Betul (Madhya Pradesh)

724

10.

Brahmani

Ranchi (Jharkhand)

705

11.

Mahanadi

Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

858

12.

Godavari

Nasik (Maharashtra)

1465

13.

Krishna

Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra)

1327

14.

Pennar

Kolar (Karnataka)

597

15.

Cauvery

Coorg (Karnataka) 805

Indus River System

The Indus originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range in Tibet near Lake Manasarovar. It follows a north-westerly course through Tibet. It enters Indian territory in Jammu and Kashmir. It forms a picturesque gorge in this part. Several tributaries - the Zaskar, the Shyok, the Nubra and the Hunza join it in the Kashmir region. It flows through the regions of Ladakh, Baltistan and Gilgit and runs between the Ladakh Range and the Zaskar Range. It crosses the Himalayas through a 5181 m deep gorge near Attock, lying north of the Nanga Parbat and later takes a bend to the south west direction before entering Pakistan. It has a large number of tributaries in both India and Pakistan and has a total length of about 2897 km from the source to the point near Karachi where it falls into the Arabian Sea. The main tributaries of the Indus in India are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.

Brahmaputra River System

The Brahmaputra originates in the Mansarovar lake, also the source of the Indus and the Satluj. It is slightly longer than the Indus, but most of its course lies outside India. It flows eastward, parallel to the Himalayas. Reaching Namcha Barwa (7757 m), it takes a U-turn around it and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh and known as dihang. The undercutting done by this river is of the order of 5500 metres. In India, it flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, and is joined by several tributaries.

Ganga River System

The Ganga (Ganges) rises from the Gangotri Glacier in the Garhwal Himalayas at an elevation of some 4100 metres above the sea level under the name of Bhagirathi. This main stream of the river flows through the Himalayas till another two streams the Mandakini and the Alaknanda join it at Dev Prayag, the point of confluence. The combined stream is then known as the Ganga. The main tributaries of the Ganga are Yamuna, Ram Ganga, Gomati, Ghaghara, Son, Damodar and Sapt Kosi. The river after traversing a distance of 2525 kms from its source meets the Bay of Bengal at Ganga Sagar in West Bengal.

Yamuna River System

The River Yamuna originates from the Yamunotri glacier, 6387m above mean sea level (msl), at the Banderpoonch peak in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. The catchment of the river extends to states of Uttar Pradesh,Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and the entire union territory of Delhi. The river flows 1367 km from

here to its confluence with the River Ganga at Allahabad. The main tributaries joining the river include the Hindon, Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken. The annual flow of the river is about 10,000 cumecs. The annual usage is 4400 cumecs, irrigation accounting for 96% of this.

Narmada River System

The Narmada or Nerbudda is a river in central India. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India, and is a total of 1,289 km (801 mi) long. Of the major rivers of peninsular India, only the Narmada, the Tapti and the Mahi run from east to west. It rises on the summit of Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh state, and for the first 320 kilometres (200 miles) of its course winds among the Mandla Hills, which form the head of the Satpura Range; then at Jabalpur, passing through the 'Marble Rocks', it enters the Narmada Valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, and pursues a direct westerly course to the Gulf of Cambay. Its total length through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat amounts to 1312 kilometres (815 miles), and it empties into the Arabian Sea in the Bharuch district of Gujarat.

Tapti River System

The Tapi is a river of central India. It is one of the major rivers of peninsular India with the length of around 724 km; it runs from east to west. It rises in the eastern Satpura Range of southern Madhya Pradesh state, and flows westward, draining Madhya Pradesh's historic Nimar region, Maharashtra's historic Khandesh and east Vidarbha regions in the northwest corner of the Deccan Plateau and South Gujarat before emptying into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea, in the State of Gujarat. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range starts south of the Tapti River near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The Tapi River Basin lies mostly in northern and eastern districts Maharashtra state viz, Amravati, Akola, Buldhana, Washim, Jalgaon, Dhule, Nandurbar, Malegaon, Nashik districts but also covers Betul, Burhanpur districts of Madhya Pradesh and Surat district in Gujarat as well. The principal tributaries of Tapi River are Purna River, Girna River, Panzara River, Waghur River, Bori River and Aner River.</p>

Godavari River System

The river with second longest course within India, Godavari is often referred to as the Vriddh (Old) Ganga or the Dakshin (South) Ganga. The name may be apt in more ways than one, as the river follows the course of Ganga's tragedy. The river is about 1,450 km (900 miles) long. It rises at Trimbakeshwar, near Nasik and Mumbai (formerly Bombay) in Maharashtra around 380 km distance from the Arabian Sea, but flows southeast across south-central India through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, and empties into the Bay of Bengal. At Rajahmundry, 80 km from the coast, the river splits into two streams thus forming a very fertile delta. Some of its tributaries include Indravati River, Manjira, Bindusara and Sabari. Some important urban centers on its banks include Nasik, Bhadrachalam, Rajahmundry and Narsapur. The Asia's largest

rail-cum-road bridge on the river Godavari linking Kovvur and Rajahmundry is considered to be an engineering feat.

Krishna River System

The Krishna is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). It originates at Mahabaleswar in Maharashtra, passes through Sangli and meets the sea in the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi in Andhra Pradesh. The Krishna River flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The traditional source of the river is a spout from the mouth of a statue of a cow in the ancient temple of Mahadev in Mahabaleshwar. Its most important tributary is the Tungabhadra River, which itself is formed by the Tunga and Bhadra rivers that originate in the Western Ghats. Other tributaries include the Koyna, Bhima, Mallaprabha, Ghataprabha, Yerla, Warna, Dindi, Musi and Dudhganga rivers.

Cauveri River System

The Cauveri (also spelled Kavery) is one of the great rivers of India and is considered sacred by the Hindus. This river is also called Dakshin Ganga. The headwaters are in the Western Ghats range of Karnataka state, and flows from Karnataka through Tamil Nadu. It empties into the Bay of Bengal. Its waters have supported irrigated agriculture for centuries, and the Cauveri has been the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of South India. The source of the river is Talakaveri located in the Western Ghats about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level. It flows generally south and east for around 765 km, emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths. Its basin is estimated to be 27,700 square miles (71,700 km), and it has many tributaries including Shimsha, Hemavati, Arkavathy, Kapila, Honnuhole, Lakshmana Tirtha, Kabini, Lokapavani, Bhavani, Noyyal and Famous Amaravati.

Mahanadi River System

The Mahanadi River system is the third largest in the peninsula of India and the largest river of Orissa state. The basin (80308650 E and 19202335 N) extends over an area approximately 141,600 km2, has a total length of 851 km and an annual runoff of 50X109 m3 with a peak discharge of 44740 m3 s-1. The basin is characterized by a tropical climate with average annual rainfall of 142 cm (NWDA, 1981) with 90% occurring during the SW-monsoon. The river begins in the Baster hills of Madhya Pradesh flows over different geological formations of Eastern Ghats and adjacent areas and joins the Bay of Bengal after divided into different branches in the deltaic area. The main branches of River Mahanadi meet Bay of Bengal at Paradip and Nuagarh (Devi estuary). The tidal estuarine part of the river covers a length of 40 km and has a basin area of 9 km2. Based on physical characteristics, the estuary has been characterized as a partially mixed coastal plain estuary.

Andhra Pradesh

Nagarjunasagar Dam Sriamasagar Dam Srisailam H.E.Project Somasila Kandleru[U/C] Pulichintala Project[U/C]

Assam

Subansiri Lower HE Project(NHPC[U/C]

Chhattisgarh

Manimata (Hasdeo) Bango

Gujarat

Ukai Kadana Karjan Sardar Sarovar[U/C]

Himachal Pradesh

Bhakra Dam Pong Dam Chamera Kol (NTPC)[U/C]

Jammu & Kashmir

Salal Baglihar

Jharkhand

Maithon Dam Panchet Hill Tenughat Icha at Kuju[U/C]

Chandil North Koel[U/C]

Karnataka

Krishnarajasagar Tungabhadra Bhadra Dam Linganamakki Dam Malaprabha Hidkal Hemavathy Project Supa Lakhya Almatti

Kerala

Kakki Dam (KSEB) Idukki Dam (KSEB) Cheruthoni (KSEB) Kulamavu Dam (KSEB) Idamalayar (KSEB)

Madhya Pradesh

Gandhisagar Tawa Bargi (R.A.B.S.Project) Indira Sagar

Maharashtra

Koyna Paithan (Jayakwadi) Ujjani Isapur Totladoh (Pench Hydel) Bham[U/C]

Odisha

Hirakud

Rengali Upper Kolab Indravati (Upper Indavati project) Kapur (Upper Indravati project) Muran (Upper Indravati project) Podgada(Upper Indravati project)

Punjab

Thein (Ranjit Sagar)

Rajasthan

Ranapratapsagar Mahi Bajaj Sagar Bisalpur

Tamil Nadu

Mettur Dam Sholayar Dam

Tripura

Gumtihydro Dam

Uttaranchal / Uttarakhand

Ramganga Tehri (THDC)

Uttar Pradesh

Rihand Dam Matatila Dam Rajghat Dam

West Bengal

Kangsabati

Economic development

Different from Economic Growth. Though, closely related to economic growth as development and growth often go together. Related to human development The increase in the standard of living of the people of a country along with sustained growth. Improvement in economic, political, and social well-being of people. Development from a simple, low-income economy to a modern, high-income economy. Process and Policies of government are main factors. Typically involves improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates.

Economic growth

Differs from Economic Development as it does not take into account other aspects such as living standard, environmental quality, freedom, or social justice. Long term growth or increase of per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or other measures of aggregate income. Primarily driven by improvements in productivity. Productivity involves producing more goods and services with the same inputs of labor, capital, energy and materials. An increase in GDP of a country greater than population growth is generally taken as an indicator of sustained growth and improvement in the standard of living of the population.

Economic indicators

Statistics about the economy. Allow analysis of economic performance. Sources of predictions of future performance. Include various indices, earnings reports, and economic summaries.

Most important are:

Human Development Index (HDI) Used by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in its annual Human Development Report (HDR). The best known indicator of well-being of the population of a country. A composite statistic used to rank countries by level of human development. Collected at the national level. Separates developed (high development), developing (middle development), and underdeveloped (low development) countries.

HDI for states, cities and villages also calculated by different organizations/institutions/bodies. Composed from data on life expectancy, education and per-capita GNI. Combines three dimensions or indices: Life Expectancy Index (LEI), Education Index (EI) and Income Index (II).

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

Developed by Morris David Morris in the mid-1970s for the Overseas Development Council. An attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is the average of three statistics: basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one. All equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale.

Gender-related Development Index (GDI)

Indication of the standard of living in a country Developed by the United Nations Organization (UNO). One of the five indicators used by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in its annual Human Development Report. Presents the inequalities between men and women in long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW) Also known as Net Economic Welfare (NEW). Adjusted measure of total national output. Includes only the consumption and investment items that contribute directly to economic well-being. Calculated as additions to Gross National Product (GNP).

Life expectancy

Expected number of years of life remaining at a given age. Index of population health and longevity. Denoted by x. Technically means the average number of complete years of life remaining, excluding fractions of a year. Has a symbol with a small circle over the e.

Education Index

Measured by the Adult Literacy Rate (ALR) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER). ALR has two-thirds weightage and combined GER has one-third. ALR is an indication of the ability to read and write. GER is an indication of the level of education from beginning to PG.

Green Accounting

Concerned with a businesss environmental impact. Popular term used for environmental and natural resource accounting. First brought into common use by Pro. Peter Wood in the 80s. A type of accounting that attempts to factor environmental costs into the financial results of operations. Incorporates environmental assets and their source and sink functions into national and corporate accounts.

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

One of the five indicators used by the United Nations Development Program in its annual Human Development Report. Measure of inequalities between mens and womens opportunities in a country. Combines inequalities in three areas: political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and power over economic resources. Green Index (GI) Launched by the private sector arm of the World Bank on 10 December, 2009. Allows investors to track the carbon efficiency of companies doing business in emerging economies. Meant to encourage carbon-based competition among emerging-market businesses. Gives carbon-efficient companies access to long-term investors. Aims at reducing the carbon footprint of investors portfolios.

Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW)

Created by Herman Daly, John Cobb, and Clifford Cobb in 1989. Created to replace the flawed GNP. Called for ecological and economic sustainability to coincide. Takes into account costs that are naturally unsustainable.

Kuznets curve

Graphical representation of Simon Kuznetss hypothesis.

Kuznets said that economic inequality increases over time while a country is developing, and then after a certain average income is attained, inequality begins to decrease. Also apply on environment. Environmental health indicators, such as water and air pollution, show the inverted U-shaped curve.

Happy Planet Index

Introduced by the New Economics Foundation (NEF) in July 2006. Index of human well-being and environmental impact. Designed to challenge well-established indices like GDP and HDI. Aims to measure the happiness of the people of a country.

Prosperity Index

Also known as the Legatum Prosperity Index. Developed by the Legatum Institute. An annual ranking of 110 countries. Ranking depends upon factors like wealth, economic growth, personal wellbeing and quality of life. Norway was first in the list of the 2010 report. National Highway NH-1 NH-1A NH-2 NH-3 NH-4 NH-5 NH-6 NH-7 NH-8 Jalandhar Uri New Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-Amritsar Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-Allahabad-VaranasiKolkata Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai Thane and Chennai via Pune and Belgaun Kolkata - Chennai Kolkata Dhule Varanasi Kanyakumari Delhi-Mumbai-(vai Jaipur, Baroda and Ahmedabad) Route Distance 663 456 1465 1161 1235 1533 1949 2369 1428

NH-9 NH-10 NH-11 NH-12 NH-13 NH-15 NH-17 NH-22 NH-28 NH-31 NH-37 NH-44 NH-49 NH-52 NH-58 NH-65 NH-75 NH-76 NH-78 NH-86 NH-91 NH-150 NH-200 NH-205 NH-209 NH-211

Mumbai-Vijaywada Delhi-Fazilka Agra- Bikaner Jabalpur-Jaipur Sholapur-Mangalore Pathankot-Samakhiali Panvel-Edapally Ambala-Shipkitr Lucknow-Barauni Barhi-Guwahati Panchratna (near Goalpara) Saiknoaghat Shillong-Sabroom Cochin-Dhanshkodi Baihata-Junction NH-47 (near Saikhoaghat) Delhi-Mana Ambala-Pali Gwalior-Ranchi Pindwara-Allahabad Katni-Gumla Kanpur-Dewas Ghaziabad-Kanpur Aizawl-Kohima Raipur-Chandikhal Ananthapur-Chennai Dindigul-Bengaluru Solapur-Dhule

841 403 582 890 691 1526 1269 459 570 1125 680 630 440 850 538 690 955 1007 559 674 405 700 740 442 456 400

NH-217 NH-220

Raipur-Gopalpur Kollam (Quilon)-Teui

508 265