TEST REQUIREMENTS foresee in Consist of design storage hoppers, the following material properties are need ed: Internal

friction coefficient Wall friction coefficient Permeability Compressibility Other factors that should be considered include temperature and moisture content along with phase diagrams if caking may be a problem. One of the more common test apparatus is the Jenike Shear Tester. The Jenike She ar Tester has similarity to the Triaxial shear tester mentioned in Chapter 4. Th e powder sample is placed in a sample holder. The movement of the sample holder causes shear between a powder sample and a sample of the hopper wall as in Figur e 10-5(a) to determine the wall friction coefficient. Or, the movement causes a shear internally in the powder sample as in Figure 10-5(b) to determine the inte rnal coefficient of friction. The friction tests are simple application of physics to determine the friction c oefficients as discussed in Chapter 4 where the shearing force is related to the normal force N by the coefficient of friction. Other shear test devices are available commercially, such as the rotating disk t est called Peschl Tester, developed by I.A.S.Z. Peschl of The Netherlands, which operates by placing a sample between two circular disks and rotating the disks about their center axis relative to one another. This has an advantage over the Jenike Shear tester because the shearing can occur for longer periods of time, giving the particles opportunity to compact. However friction between the moving parts of the sample holder can c ause doubt about the accuracy of the measured results and there are some doubts about the assumed zero stress at the center of the rotating disks. Another test that has been around for many years is the annular shear cell. As w ith the rotating disk tester, the annular shear cell has infinite travel. The sa mple is placed in the annular space between two cylinders. A cover is placed on top of the sample to hold the powder in the annular space and to apply the desir ed normal force. The cover is rotated relative to the rest of the assembly, caus ing shearing of the sample. This device is good for elastic materials and for pa stes. The measured results have not been fully tested for use in bin design and sealing powders can be a problem. 10.3.3 STRESSES IN HOPPERS AND SILOS Consider the equilibrium of forces acting on a differential element, , in a stra ight sided cylindrical silo (Figure 10-6). In the stationary situation the surro unding fluid (air) pressure acts uniformly on all solid particles throughout the silo. dz However, there are compressive normal stresses, , acting on the cross sectional area, A, due to the overburden of material above the volume element. There are a lso shear stresses, PvtR, of the solid phase acting on the silo walls. We list t he various components contributing to the force in the z-direction.