UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

COURSE: PRINCIPLES OF CULTURAL TOURISM (AY 215)

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: MR, MUSA

QN. With vivid examples from Tanzania or any other country discus the positive economic, social-cultural, and environmental effect or impacts of cultural tourism.
Macha, Apolinary Matey, Raymond Kalinga, Emmanuel 2011-04-05106 2011-04-03783 2011-04-01420

According to ATLAS and COMOS definitions of cultural tourism cited by Milena Ivanovic (2008), Cultural tourism have defined by technical definition and conceptual definition. In technological definition all movement of person to specific cultural attractions such as heritage sites, artistic, and cultural manifestations, arts and drama outside their normal place of residence (Richard, 1996:23 quoted by Ivanovic 2008:77). In conceptual definition The movement of person to cultural attractions away from their normal place of their residence with the intention to gather new information and experience to satisfy their cultural needs (Richards, 1996:23 quoted by Ivanovic 2008:77). Although the technical definition did not provide any valuable additional to the previous definition, the conceptual definition represents a breakthrough in defining cultural tourism. It identified the following cultural motives of tourism; Educational element of fund or informal learning and Novelty (Authenticity and uniqueness). According to Milena Ivanovic (2008), cited from Melanie Smith (2003); the followings are the main categories of cultural tourism, Heritage tourism, Arts tourism, Urban tourism, Rural cultural tourism, Indigenous cultural tourism, and Contemporary (popular) cultural tourism. According to Bob McKecher and Ducros, H (2008), tourism offers many things to both tourists and the community that hosts tourists and attractions, but according to Horby (2006) defines impacts as the powerful effects that something has on somebody or something; therefore, basing on the above idea of cultural tourism impacts are the effects that cultural tourism has on the host society, country, or destination or local community (Horby, 2006). These impacts can be categorized into environmental, economic, and social cultural impacts, social cultural impacts includes political impacts (Lwoga, 2011). Also weather the impacts is on environment is an environmental, economic, and social-cultural impacts, they can be positive or negative impacts.

For the sake of our question, positive tourism impacts means positive environmental, economic, and social cultural effects (benefits/advantages) that tourism has on the host society or country or destination (Lwoga, 2011) Environmental Impacts; Cultural tourism and environment; the environment whether it is natural or artificial is the most ingredient of tourism product. However as soon as cultural tourism is taking place the environment is nearby changed or modified to facilitate tourism processes (Cooper et al, 2008:160). Environmental preservation and improvement programs are now an integral part of many development strategies and such consideration are much treated currently that how it was in the two-third century ago. Hence cultural tourism having a very growing type of tourism, these programs as they ensure protection of environment, as it make the industry to keep on being productive (EAPs)Environmental action programs in Tanzania. The followings are the positive impacts of cultural tourism in Tanzania basing aspects of environmental impacts Preservation and restoration of both cultural heritage resources, having observed on the role of tourism especially cultural development there this have enhanced the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage resources (Lwoga, 2011) example Bagamoyo, Historical towns, Paleo-anthropological sites example Olduvai Gorge under Ngorongoro Conservation. The increase preservation or restoration of ancient monuments, sites, and historical building such as Kaole ruins, Kunduchi, Isimila archaeological sites, Olduvai Gorge, the action taken to preserve these destination ensure the preservation of the destination surrounding environment to ensure the wellbeing of these attractions for longer tourism activities and its benefits (Cooper et al, 2008:137). The appropriate preservation of asserts can assist the tourists understanding of the needs for the conservation and retention of important cultural heritage asserts in general (Mackercher, Crossm 2008).

Awareness; Development of cultural tourism promotes awareness on community members, site managers on the importance of reserving the built environment (Timothy, 2000 cited by Timothy, 2009:60). Tourists are beginning to demand more sophisticated and in depth interpretive methods which has led to development of more informative accurate and educative interpretation programs (Timothy and Nyaupani, 2009:60) example Mali Hai clubs, Mali Kale projects. Regulation bylaws; cultural tourism also have helped to create regulations and bylaws for protected areas and tourists destination, such as regulation help to conserve the environment and its resources in the particular locality (Lwoga, 2011) example Kunduchi. Cultural tourism also prompts protection of vegetation, forests, water bodies, and land with well management strategies towards the cultural destination area, in Tanzania has helped the protection of Olduvai Gorge Paleontological site due to strong environmental policies and strategies regards the area in Northern Tanzania. Another example is the protection of Bagamoyo Beach or the coast and vegetation have been influenced by the cultural tourists attractions which found German Burial area, Ngome Kongwe and Kaole Ruins. It can provide funds; for heritage resources, cultural and environmental conservation and preservation in areas with such resources, In most developing countries, cultural heritage and natural areas are highly depend on tourism income for their survival, for natural areas and heritage because they lack public and private funds. (Blom, 2000, Cochrane 2006, Traper, 2006, Wilkie, 2002, cited by Timothy & Nyapone, 2009:60). Eaxample UNESCO, provides funds for conservation of Olduvai Gorge under different projects with association with Ngorongoro conservation institute. **************************************************************

According to Pletcher (2008:129); it is the economic benefit that provide the main driving force for tourism development. Tourists expenditure has a supportive effect throughout the most economy, this begin with tourists expenditures as they visit cultural destinations or establishment of hotels, restaurants, and taxes hence boost the economy (Cooper, Fletcher, et al 2008:137). The generation of economic activities brought by these subsequent round of expenditure (accountants, foods and beverage suppliers, electricity and water are considered as the indirect effect, which goes to the local people in form of wages, distributed profits and interests (Cooper 2008:137). It has been a source for generating fund to the government through tourism business taxes, license and in hence attraction to the sites such as Heritage sites or Archaeological sites. Example in Ngorongoro and even in Bagamoyo cultural tourists pays for entering to see historical and archaeological sites, this benefit the government and local people who have small business around the destination. Generation of income to the community through their enterprises and employment which can cause further development to other economic sectors. Example in Tourists areas like Arusha, Money is earned from tourism through informal employment (e.g. street vendors, informal guides, rickshaw drivers). Generate foreign exchange earning to the country. Example in Tanzania this benefits Bureaus as a source of income and improve owners and life standards. It has stimulated investment necessary to finance growth into other economic sectors, also construction of tourism based services provisional facilities (Cooper, Fletcher, et al 2008:137) example Hotels, Restaurants near to the attraction Centre in Arusha and Bagamoyo.

It has stimulated location and construction of infrastructures such as roads and social facilities such as Educational Centre and Health Centre. It has stimulated the development and and growth of local inductries such as Hand craft industries like in Masai, Ngoni and Makonde products. Opportunities can arise to develop local communities to be more entrepreneurial and self-reliant (Meckecher :62). *********************************************************** The positive impacts of cultural tourism on socio-cultural can be examined through looking tourism impacts studies, host guests interactions, cultural tourism systems and tourists behaviors (Cohen, 1984). There are some general positive social cultural impacts associated with cultural tourism; It fosters local pride; culture tourism can inspire pride in a destinations heritage. This happen severally when people may have not valued something (attraction), but when tourists are attracted is when we revalue our culture through that heritage (Cooper, et al, 2008:205). Cultural tourism promotes pride of the aboriginal and local communities or local culture and traditions (Lwoga, 2011). Example Olduvai Gorge have fostered the pride for Tanzania nation and its people. Sometimes Ceremonies and other cultural practices may have lost their value to the local community but through cultural tourism values of these practices may come alive once more example museum of Tanzania which is still reserving Tanzania Old traditions and cultural materials where by tourists value them and enforce Tanzanians to revalue their heritage. Encourage social-cultural awareness and peace; because the work involve taking people to a new place, with cultural destination hence tourists understanding and get knowledge through culture and environment. This kind of education may lead to awareness, sympathy and admiration

of other society (Cooper, et al, 2008). The cultural exchange between tourists and local residents can foster peace between communities, within or outside the nation. Cultural tourism provide shared infrastructure, When cultural tourism is developed in a destination the local infrastructure is often enhanced to meet the needs of this development. The local community can find that the quality of their lives is significantly enhanced through being able to enjoy this improvement of infrastructures. Example improvements in water supply, sewage treatments, new sporting venues example new National Stadiums, entertainment facilities, restaurant and better range of food and beverage available for consumption, are positive side effects of cultural tourism to a local community (Cooper, 2008). Improves foreign language, learning and understanding friendship for easy prevision of services in the cultural sites and local community (Lwoga, 2011). Example in Tanzania now days in order to learn tourism, understanding more than one language is recommended, and it is better to understand international languages like French, English and Spanish in order to guide tourists in case of International Tourists, this is necessary because it enable our tour guides to understand more languages and being capable for translation and promote friendship to International visitors. Despite many positive impacts that can be generated through cultural tourism especially in developing countries like Tanzania, still the industry have been facing many challenges which have prompted to have poor performance in the world of tourism, some of these challenges are shortage of funds to support its development, little participation of local or domestic tourism to the cultural destination also poor management and implementation of policies are still challenges to cultural tourism Industry.

REFERENCES. Cooper, C et al. (2008), Tourism; Principles and Practice, Pearson Education Ltd, Edinburgh. Ivanovic, M. (2008), Cultural Tourism. Juta & Company, Cape Town Lwoga, N. (2011); Tourism; Theory Practice and History, Nairobi McKecher, B & H, Du Cros; (2002). Cultural Tourism: The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management. Haworth Press Inc, USA.