2.

FOUNDATIONS

By- Kokebe Yifru -Adama University Department of Civil Engineering & Arc- 20010/2011

2. FOUNDATIONS
2.1 Introduction | All engineered construction resting on the earth must be carried by some kind of interfacing element called a foundation.
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The foundation is the part of an engineered system that transmits to, and into, the underlying soil or rock the loads supported by the foundation and its self-weight.

2. FOUNDATIONS
2.1 Introduction
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The term superstructure is commonly used to describe the engineered part of the system bringing load to the foundation, or substructure.

2. FOUNDATIONS
A building has two basic parts | Sub-structure | Super-structure
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A FOUNDATION is a part of a building which is in direct contact with the ground to support the weight of the building and other loads and transmits the loads to underlying soil or rock.

What are the Loads on a building?

2. FOUNDATIONS

2.2 FUNCTION OF FOUNDATION

2.2 FUNCTION OF FOUNDATION

Foundations have the following purposes:
1.

Even distribution of load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring the intensity of loading within the safe bearing capacity of the foundation soil. To Load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal settlement

2.

2.2 FUNCTION OF FOUNDATION

purposes:3 . For Lateral stability of the structure 4. For Provision of level and firm bed 5. To Increases the stability of the structure as a whole.

2.3 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD FOUNDATION

2.3 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD FOUNDATION

Good Foundations:1.

Shall be constructed to Sustain the loads ( dead & imposed ) and to transmit to the sub soil safely.

2.

The base should be rigid to prevent differential settlements.

2.3 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD FOUNDATION

Good Foundations:3. Should be taken sufficiently deep to guard the building against damage or disaster caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub-soil. 4. Should be erected in an exact position & well built to withstand unexpected natural calamities.

2.3 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD FOUNDATION CONT

The selection of foundation type depend on a number of factors which include:
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Nature of the soil Size and weight of the structure Variation of ground water level (due to season); and Building laws

2.4 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

2.4 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Foundations may be broadly classified
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Shallow foundations, and Deep foundations.

A foundation is Shallow if its depth is equal to or less than its width. Deep foundations, the depth is greater than its width. (Terzaghi)

2.4 TYPES OF FOUNDATION SHALLOW FOUNDATION

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A shallow foundation is known as an open foundation as they are constructed by open excavation. Those foundations which have depth even greater than its width, but constructed by way of open excavation also come under Shallow foundation. A shallow foundation is often selected when the structural load will not cause excessive settlement of the underlying soil layers.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS CONT..

Type of SF from the design point of view 1) Combined footing 2)Spread footing
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Strip Footing for wall

Pad Footing-isolated for column

3) Strap footing 4) Mat foundation

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
CONT..
1)

Combined Footing

Reinforced concrete combined footings carry more than one column load . Are often Rectangular or trapezoidal (for unequal load) in plan view.
1)

Combined footing

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
CONT..
2)Spread footing (open trench foundation)
a)

Strip Footing for wall

Used for load-bearing walls. | Are usually long reinforced concrete members of uniform width and shallow depth.
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SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
CONT..
2)Spread footing
b) Pad Footing-isolated for column | ~ Spread footings are often square in plan view, are of uniform reinforced concrete thickness, and are used to support a single column load located directly in the center of the footing.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
CONT..
3) Strap footing (cantilever footing)
If two independent footings of two columns are connected by a beam | May be used where the distance b/n the columns is so great that a combined footing is not used. | And, Near property line N.B- strap beam does not remain in
Contact with soil. But, serve to transfer the column loads with equal and uniform soil pressure under both footings.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS CONT..

4) Mat foundation
A large and thick reinforced concrete foundation, often of uniform thickness, that is Continuous and supports the entire structure.
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Suitable where the ground conditions are very poor and bearing capacity of the soil is so low that individual spread footings can not be provided.
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FOUNDATIONS
Assignment 1. Name the different types of foundations you recommend under different situations and the soil. Explain them briefly. (max 10 pages) Summary By Group 2

Thank You!!