APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES Tangent and Normal Lines 1. Find slope by evaluating derivative at given point a.

Tangent: slope = derivative b. Normal: slope = negative reciprocal of derivative 2. Evaluate function at given point 3. Apply point/slope formula Position, Velocity, and Acceleration s(t) = particles displacement or position at any time t o total distance traveled from t1 to t2 = |s(t1) s(tc)| + |s(tc) s(t2)| (tc = t when direction changes) v(t) = particles instantaneous velocity at any time t o particle is at rest when v(t) = 0 o particle is moving right when v(t) > 0 o particle is moving left when v(t) < 0 o particle changes direction when v(t) changes sign a(t) = particles instantaneous acceleration at any time t Related Rates 1. Sketch and redefine with variables (ex: radius = r) 2. Symbolize questions ask for specific things a. find ___ is usually a differential quantity (dy/dt) b. when___ is usually a point in time, specified by noting when a variable reaches a certain value c. given___ is usually a differential quantity (dv/dt) 3. Write the equation a. Usually in the form of trigonometric equations, the Pythagorean theorem, or formulas b. Some problems will require you to modify the equation; it must only include the variables in the find___ when___ given___ information listed above 4. Differentiate a. Always with respect to time (rates!) b. Implicit differentiation is needed 5. Solve and Substitute a. Solve the differentiated equation for the find___ variable b. Substitute known information c. May have to solve small side problem to discover values of other variables at the when___ point in time 6. Tips and Tricks a. Substitute at the right time b. Differentiate with respect to time c. Include units d. Rate of change = derivative e. Decreasing quantities should have negative rates f. Remember that the derivative of a constant is 0 First Derivative Test 1. Theorem on increasing and decreasing: a. If f(x) < 0 for all x in (a, b), then f(x) is decreasing on (a, b) b. If f(x) > 0 for all x in (a, b), then f(x) is increasing on (a, b) 2. Determining where a function is increasing or decreasing: a. Find critical numbers f(x) = 0 or f(x) d.n.e. b. Find the sign of f(x) in each of the intervals determined by the critical numbers c. Apply the two rules listed above make the number line, like Mrs. McCarthy showed us 3. First Derivative Test for Extrema: a. x = c is a critical number for f(x)

b. if f(x) changes sign from positive to negative at x = c, then f(x) has a relative maximum at x = c f(x): + - at x = c rel max c. if f(x) changes sign from negative to positive at x = c, then f(x) has a relative minimum at x = c f(x): - + at x = c rel min d. Not all critical numbers are extrema! MUST be justified by f(x) sign change! Second Derivative Test 1. f(x) is concave up on an interval if f(x) is increasing on the interval 2. f(x) is concave down on an interval if f(x) is decreasing on the interval 3. Theorem to test for concavity: a. if f(x) > 0 on an interval, then f(x) is concave up (f(x) is increasing) on that interval b. if f(x) < 0 on an interval, then f(x) is concave down (f(x) is decreasing) on that interval 4. Actually test for concavity: a. Find where f(x) = 0 or f(x) does not exist (sometimes known as second derivative critical #s) b. Find the sign of f(x) in each of the intervals determined by the second derivative critical #s c. Apply the theorem to test for concavity (another number line!) 5. Point of inflection (POI) point at which a function changes concavity a. Find critical numbers f(x) = 0 or f(x) d.n.e. b. Test to see if sign of f(x) changes over critical numbers 6. Second Derivative Test for Extrema: a. f(c) = 0 and f(x) exists in an interval about x = c b. if f(c) < 0, then x = c is a relative maximum c. if f(c) > 0, then x = c is a relative minimum d. if f(c) = 0, the test fails and you should use the first derivative test e. NOTE: you put first derivative critical #s into the second derivative!!! Absolute Extrema and Optimization 1. If a function is continuous on a closed interval, it is guaranteed to have an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum in the interval 2. Some functions may have absolute extrema even when the interval is open, or even when the domain is the set of real numbers 3. You will have to consider endpoints 4. To find absolute extrema: a. Find relative extrema b. If on a closed interval, evaluate f(x) at endpoints and compare to relative extrema Optimization 1. Define variables to represent the quantities in problems; sketch if needed 2. Identify the quantity to optimize (ex: maximize area) 3. Write equation(s): a. Involving the quantity to be optimized b. Involving any constraints, if needed 4. Combine the two equations in step 3 to get an equation that expresses the quantity to be optimized in terms of a single independent variable; find the domain of this independent variable 5. Find the absolute extreme value required by the problem; if the domain is a closed interval, check the function values at the endpoints of the interval 6. Answer the question Rolles Theorem 1. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), and if f(a) = f(b), then there exists at least one number c in (a, b) such that f(c) = 0 2. Basically, as long as the function is continuous, with no sharp turns or vertical tangents, and as long as f(a) = f(b), there is at least one place where f(x) has a horizontal tangent 3. To solve with Rolles Theorem: a. Remember to justify all parts (continuity, differentiability, and f(a) = f(b)

b. Often, you can simplify to f(a) = f(b) = 0 to find the max number of zeros guaranteed; if the closed interval is given, just plug the endpoint into f(x) and see if they equal each other c. If it is required, solve f(x) = 0 to find the coordinates of the horizontal tangent Mean Value Theorem 1. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), then there exists at least one number c in the ( ) ( ) interval such that ( ) 2. Basically, as long as the function is continuous, with no sharp turns or vertical tangents, there is at least one place where the graph as a tangent line that is parallel to the line through the endpoints 3. To solve with the Mean Value Theorem: a. Remember to justify all parts (continuity and differentiability) ( ) ( ) b. Find the number guaranteed by solving ( ) for x 4. NOTE: this is NOT the average value theorem! If you want to find the average value of a function, you have to use integrals! Differentials 1. Differentials are used to approximate a change in a function without using a calculator 2. The basic formula for differentials is: y dy = f(x)dx 3. To solve: a. Identify the function f(x) b. Find the derivative f(x) c. Find dx = x (usually the very small increase, ex: as x increases from 1 to 1.002 (dx = .002)) d. Find x (given in the problem, ex: as x increases from 1 to 1.002 (x = 1)) e. Find the change by plugging and chugging f. NOTE: this is the change in the value of f(x); if it asks you to find the value of f(x) at an odd point (ex: f(1.002)), then you add the change to the value of f(x) 4. Differentials can be used to approximate functions like square roots (ex: find the value of sqrt(4.001)) 5. Differentials can also be used to approximate propagated error: a. Set up as previously instructed b. Make sure that the error is noted as ( error) and that your answer is too c. Work through the problem as usual LHopitals Rule 1. LHopitals rule is useful when direct substitution in a limit yields indeterminate forms ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. If or , then ( ) ( ) ( ) 3. 4. 5. 6. This works for the limit at a constant, at a constant from right/left side, and positive and negative infinity Infinity here means all possible combinations (+/+, +/-, -/+, -/-) You can apply LHopitals rule again and again and again! Dont over-apply: LHopitals rule can only be used if its hypothesis is satisfied (1/0 and 0/0 are not the same thing!) 7. If you can algebraically manipulate a limit to fit LHopitals rule, then you can use it INTEGRAL CALCULUS Antiderivatives 1. Definition: if g(x) = f(x), then f(x) is an antiderivative of g(x) 2. If f(x) is an antiderivative of g(x), then any function of the form f(x) + C, where C is any constant, is a member of the family of antiderivatives of g(x); f(x) + C is the general antiderivative of g(x) ( ) 3. ( ) g(x) is the integrand, and dx is the differential 4. Finding antiderivatives is antidifferentiation or integration 5. The antiderivative is also called the indefinite integral ( ) 6. ( ) and ( ) ( ) Integration Rules

1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

13. ( ) Chain Rule for Antiderivatives 1. ( ( )) ( ) ( ( )) , where g is an antiderivative of f 2. You can do this by forcing the integrand to look like the end result of a derivative chain rule 3. Remember to use the constant property of integrals for this! 4. NEVER introduce a variable! 5. U-substitution may make this easier, and, in some cases, is required: a. Substitute a function with u b. Find du/dx c. Solve du/dx for du d. Make adjustments so that you can fit du into the integral and integrate as usual e. Make sure to switch functions back in Exponential Antiderivatives 1. 2. 3. Trig Integrals 1. When one of the powers of sine or cosine is odd and the other is even, factor out one of the odd function and convert the rest with a Pythagorean identity 2. When both powers of sine and cosine are even, use the power-reducing identities to change the integrand to odd powers of cosine 3. For problems involving tangents and/or secants, remember the integral rules and trig identities for those functions; it may require some trial and error 4. When the problem involves sin and cosine to the power of one, but with different functions inside, use the product-sum identity Inverse Trig Antiderivatives 1. 2. 3. 4. When there is a radical in the denominator, you may have to complete the square on the radicand to fit it into the form of an inverse trig antiderivative 5. If the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator, divide first Integration by Parts 1. Integration by parts is generally used when the chain rule doesnt work 2. 3. Let u equal the part that has the simpler derivative or that simplifies better through differentiation

Let dv be the part that can be integrated more easily Occasionally, you may need to do integration by parts more than once This gives the important antiderivative: Sometimes, you can obtain the original integral on both sides of the equation; just move it over and solve Integration by Partial Fractions 1. Integration by partial fractions is generally used when the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator, and the numerator is not the derivative of the denominator 2. Begin by factoring the denominator into linear factors 3. For each linear factor present in the denominator, write a fraction with the unknown numerator as a variable (ex: + ), and set it equal to the original integrand 4. Multiply both sides of the equation by the original denominator in its factored form, thus eliminating the fractions 5. Solve the resulting equation to find A and B and plug into the equation with the fractions 6. Integrate! Improper Integrals 1. Integrals are improper when: a. They are taken from a constant to + or infinity b. They are taken from + or infinity to a constant c. They are taken from infinity to + infinity or vice versa d. They have an infinite discontinuity at either the upper or lower bound of integration e. They have an infinite discontinuity between the bounds of integration 2. Improper integrals with infinite bounds of integration: a. ( ) ( ) ( ) b. ( ) c. If both bounds are infinite, the integral is split into two pieces by choosing a value c (frequently taken as 0 or 1) and then applying both of the limits above ( ) ( ) i. ( ) ( ) ( ) d. Not all improper integrals exist, because the limits above do not always exist i. If the limit exists, the improper integral converges ii. If the limit does not exist, the improper integral diverges 3. Improper integrals with infinite discontinuities: a. Generally, you should convert to the limit expression, replace the discontinuity with another variable, and take the one sided limit as that variable approaches the constant where the discontinuity occurs b. Infinite discontinuity at right boundary (x=b): ( ) ( ) c. Infinite discontinuity at the left boundary (x=a): ( ) d. Infinite discontinuity between the boundaries (x=c, a<c<b): i. ( ) ( ) ( ) e. Sometimes a combination of these is required ( ) ( ) ( )

4. 5. 6. 7.

APPLICATIONS OF ANTIDERIVATIVES AND DEFINITE INTEGRALS Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ( ) 1. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b], then ( ) ( ), where g(x) = f(x) 2. Find the antiderivative of f(x), then evaluate g(b) g(a) Definite Integrals ( ) 1. Aunder curve = (you can find the area with lots of tiny rectangles) ( ) Riemann Sums

1. Where the curve is f(x), you are evaluating from a to b, and n is the number of rectangles you use 2. From the left (inscribed): 3. From the right (circumscribed): 4. From the middle: Trapezoidal Rule ( ) 1. ( ) Area Between Curves ( ) 1. ( ) ( ( ( ) )) ( ) ( ) ( ( ( ( ( ( )) ))
( )

( ( )) ) ( (

)) )) ( ( ) ))

( )

( ) 2. ( ) 3. To solve: a. Determine where the curves intersect b. Write integrals, keeping in mind restrictions (ex: problem may say first quadrant only) c. Make sure to use the most logical integrals (if it can be done with x or y integration, pick the one that can be done with the least amount of work) Four Properties of the Definite Integral 1. ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3.

4. ( ) ( ) Property for Even and Odd Functions ( ) 1. f(x) is even ( ) 2. f(x) is odd Variable Bounds 1. ( ) ( )

( )

2. Average Value Property 1. Average value of continuous function f(x) on [a, b] = ( Volume 1. Disc method: ( )

( )

2. Washer method: ( ) 3. To set up the integrands: a. Sketch original area b. Sketch solid of revolution identify solids and empty spaces c. Determine if you should use disc or washer d. Determine whether the integral should be dx (horizontal axis or revolution) or dy (vertical axis of revolution) e. Identify the parts of the integrand (which equation is R, which equation is r) and express them in terms of x or y; substitute from the original equation so that all parts are in terms of x or y only f. Determine the bounds of integration by examining the extent of the original area along the x- or y- axis g. Set up the integral using the correct method h. Integrate and substitute 4. With known cross sections:

)( ) a. ( b. Sketch the base of the solid in the regular xy-coordinate plane c. Sketch or envision the solid d. Determine whether the integral should be in terms of x or y (if the cross section is perpendicular to x-axis, use dx; perpendicular to y-axis, use dy) e. Use geometry and the given equation(s) to find an expression for the area of the cross section f. Set up the integral according to the pattern above g. Integrate and substitute Differential Equations with Integrals 1. Move the dx to the side with x variables 2. Move the dy to the side with y variables 3. Integrate as usual 4. Combine the Cs