MAINSKI FAKULTET U SARAJEVU

DIPARTIMENTO DI MECCANICA ED AERONAUTICA

2. Fundamental Equations of Fluid and Heat/Mass Flow (Field Description)

Conservation laws for control volume in differential form Source terms and Constitutive relations Classification of equations Boundary conditions Reynolds decomposition and RANS equations

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Conservation Laws for Dynamic and Thermodynamic Systems

All conservation laws for a Closed System (Control Mass ) can be expressed in a general mathematical form

where:

( )ms = ms

or, as a time rate

d = lim = & dt ms t 0 t

is a conservable quantity (extensive property) in a mass system, and is the source/sink (cause of change) of .

Note:

where:

= dm = dV
m V

is the intensive property in the (closed mass) system , and m and V denote the mass and volume of the considered close system, resp.

Summary of conservation laws:

mass momentum energy

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0 (or r)

m M=mv E=me

& r &
F & & Q W
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v e

Ft Q-W

Concept of Control Volume

Closed System (Control Mass) Open System (Control Volume)

Outflow

Inflow

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Elementary (differential) control volume

z
( vx )
x

( vx )

x + x

z
P( x, y, z)

y x x

V = x yz

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Elementary (differential) control volume

( vx )

z
x

( vx )

x + x

z
P( x, y, z)

y x

y
V = x yz

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Elementary (differential) control volume

Intake (10 Tilt)
0

Exhaust (10 Tilt)

( vx )

z
x

( vx )
Z Y

x + x

z
X

P( x, y, z)

y x

y
V = x yz

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Conservation Laws (CL) for a Control Volume (CV)

We now need to account for inflow and outflow of the variable through all open parts of the Control boundary -identifiable inlets (is) and exists (es)

d CV & & + & = i e dt i e

Since we are interested in the differential form of the CL, recall that

= dm = dV
m V

& & = dm & = dV

m V

= dm = dV m V r r & = v.dA dm

& = & dm = & dV m V r r & = v.dA dV

Note: at a particular time instant we can choose the control volume to coincide with the mass system so that mass system = control volume but,

d d dt mass system dt control volume

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Transformation of conservation equations for a control volume (CV)

We replace the extensive properties in the generic formulation by volume/surface integrals in terms of intensive properties

r vex
CV
r Aex

( dV ) d CV d = dV = CV CV dt dt t r r r r & = & = i e A v .dA v .dA

i i

Ae

)
r

r Ain

r vin

& & = i e ACV ( v .dA) = CV .( v )dV

i e

r r

The conservation equation is now written as

CV
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( dV ) t

CV

r .( v )dV +

CV

&dV
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Conservation equation for a control volume (CV) in a generic differential form

Vector notations Strong Strong conservative form Index notations (for Cartesian coordinates)

( ) t

r = .( v ) + &

( ) t

( v j ) + & xj

Weak Weak conservative form

r D = + ( v .) = & Dt t

D = +vj Dt xj t

= &

Note: for mass conservation =m, =/m=1 and =0 D/Dt is the material (substantial) derivative.
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Source terms and Constitutive relations

& = & dV = & dV + & dA = m A
V V A CV

( &m + .& A )]dV

where

&m

& A

= an internal source per unit mass (e.g. of heat due to chemical reaction, electric or magnetic heating in energy eqn, and gravitational or other body forces in momentum equation) = a surface source, i.e. diffusion flux through the Control Surface e.g. heat conduction in energy equation, viscous and pressure forces in momentum equation

The surface sources is a molecular transfer and can often be expressed in terms of the gradient of the property (Constitutive relations):

& A = L
where

L is the molecular transport coefficient

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Basic constitutive relations

Conduction flux (Fourier Law), L= = thermal conductivity:

& A = q = T
r

or

qi =

T xi

Species (mass) molecular diffusion (Fick Law), L=D = mass diffusivity:

& A = m " = D C

or

mi" = D

C xi

Momentum flux (pressure and viscous stress) (Newton-Poisson Law) L= = dynamic viscosity:

2 r or 3 v 2 vk 1 ij = p ij + i + ij = p ij + 2 Sij Skk ij 3 x j xi 3 xk

& A = T = pI + v + ( v ) .v I
T

r v j

where
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Sj =

1 vi v j + 2 x j xi

is the mean rate of strain.

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General form of Differential Conservation Laws

r D = + ( v . ) = &m + .& A Dt t

D & A = + vj = &m + Dt t x j { x j { { { 1 4 24 3 mass material time

derivative rate of change convection source

surface source

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Momentum (NavierNavier-Stokes) equations

= v vi

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Energy equation
in terms of static enthalpy

Dh h r & g + . h = + ( v . ) h = q cp Dt t h h h Dh &g + = +vj = q t x j x j Dt c p x j

= h = c pT

in terms of temperature

=T

&g r DT T q = + ( v . ) T = + . ( T ) Dt t cp

&g T q DT T = + vj + = x j c p x j Dt t
where
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T x j

=/( cp)

is the temperature diffusivity.

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Species concentration equation

=C

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Classification of equations
Conservation equations can often be simplified for specific problems (some terms can be neglected), making it possible to solve equations analytically, or by using a simple numerical integration. In some cases the truncation leads to the well established forms of equations known under separate names We consider equation classification using two criteria
Physical criteria (based on physical meaning of the terms in equations) Mathematical criteria (types of equations, method of solution)

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Classification of equations
Physical criteria (based on physical meaning of each term)

r D &m + . ( L ) = + ( v . ) = 4 24 3 { 1 4 24 3 Dt { t 1 { S C D L M

M= material (substantial) derivative (the total change along a streamline) L = local time rate of change (felt by an observer at a fixed position in
an inertial coordinate frame)

C = convection (rate of change feltrby the observer moving with the fluid
particle with the local velocity

v)

S = source of D = diffusion (flux of through the surface of the elementary control volume)
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Special forms of Conservation equations

Stationary transport ( / t = 0 ) without flowing ( v = 0, solids, stationary liquids) with constant material properties (L=const) and without internal source; M=L+C=0, S=0, Laplace (potential) equation

2 = 0
Non-stationary (transient) transport without flowing and without source (L=const) and without internal source; Diffusion (conduction) equation C=0, S=0,

= L2 t

Stationary transport with flowing, but without internal source (L=const) and without internal source; Convection-diffusion equation: L=0, S=0,

( v . ) = L2
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Classification of equations: Mathematical criteria

Partial differential equations can be written as (for 2-dimensional problem)

Au xx + 2 Bu xy + Cu yy + Du x + Eu y + Fu = 0
where subscripts denote differentiation, i.e. u x

= u / x, u xy = 2u / xy ,

Elliptic:

B 2 4 AC < 0
e.g. Laplace eqn

u xx + u yy = 0 Au xx + u y = 0

Parabolic:

B 2 4 AC = 0
e.g. Diffusion eqn

Hyperbolic:

B 2 4 AC > 0

e.g. Wave propagation eqn (momentum eqn for supersonic flows)

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Boundary and Initial conditions

Transport processes are described by (nonlinear) partial differential equations of the second order in space and first order in time; Hence two boundary conditions required for each dependent variable for time-dependent problems, the initial conditions are required Two types of boundary conditions can be used (depending on the problem): Dirichlet b.c.: values of is defined on the boundary, i.e. b= b(x,y,z) Neuman b.c.: a flux of related to / xn normal to the boundary

b = L

For momentum eqn the no-slip b. c. at a solid wall: v |b = 0 Convective flux:

= f ( x, y , z, b ) n b

r (or vb = vw )

For energy eqn, heat flux at a solid wall can be defined in two ways:

r T q = = f ( x, y , z, Tb ) = ( x, y , z )(Tb T0 ) n b
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Radiative flux:

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r T q = = f ( x, y , z, Tb ) = G ( x, y , z ) (Tb4 T04 ) n b

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Turbulence realisations: needs for statistical description

Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations are believed to describe exactly the motion of a fluid element in the differential form irrespective of whether fluid motion laminar or turbulent; but

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Turbulence realisations: features

Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations are believed to describe exactly the motion of a fluid element in the differential form irrespective of whether fluid motion laminar or turbulent; A time history of velocity (temperature, pressure) at a point in a steady turbulent flow shows irregular, non-repeatable fluctuations, despite the fact that the time-averaged flow rate is constant;

Time recording of the axial velocity U1(t) at a point on the axis of a turbulent jet (Tong and Wahrhaft 1995)
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Time recording of temperature in the bottom corner of a side-heated cube, y/H=0.1, (x/H)Ra1/4=0/7 (Opstelten 1994)
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Turbulence realisations: statistical averaging

A sequence of instantaneous distributions of velocity across a pipe cross-section shows a bunch of non-repeatable wriggled curves (realizations); Fortunately, we are primarily interested in the averaged (mean) field and effects (forces on structures, friction, heat and mass transfer);

Instantaneous velocity field: velocity profiles in a pipe for a number of shots

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Time-averaged (mean) velocity profiles in a pipe for laminar and turbulent flows
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Statistical description of turbulence: Reynolds decomposition and time averaging

decomposed into a mean and fluctuation Instantaneous property

'

= + '
If the flow is stationary (or slowly varying with time) the mean property is the time-averaged (time mean) property, defined as

= ( x ) = lim 1 ( x , t ) dt i i

so that

' = lim

'( xi , t ) dt = 0
0

Hence, for stationary turbulent flows, it is more appropriate to write the (time) decomposition as

( x , t ) = ( x ) + '( x , t ) i i i

Note that an overbar over a variable denotes that the variable has been subjected to an operator (normalised time integration)
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Reynolds decomposition: ensemble and phase averaging

If the flow varies in time with a time scale comparable to the turbulence time scales, the time averaging makes little sense: here we can apply ensemble averaging and define ensemble mean:

( xi , t ) = lim

1 ne ne

j ( xi , t )
j =1

ne

In the case of a periodic flow with a period of the phase averaging over np periods

p it is convenient to use

( xi , t ) = lim

1 n p n p

( xi , t + j p )
j =1

np

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Reynolds decomposition: some rules

Irrespective of the type of averaging, we can now decompose all properties of interest:

fluid velocity: r $ U = U + u' v i i i temperature: = T + ' T

Note:

pressure: = P + p' P enthalpy: = H + h' H

density: = +' kinetic energy: = K +k' K etc.

Multiplication with a constant makes no effect on averaging, i.e.

= C = C C
Differentiation and integration commute with averaging, i.e.

= = s s s

ds = ds = ds
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Reynolds decomposition: rules involving two variables

Consider two instantaneous variables in a turbulent flow:

= + '

= + '

Addition and subtraction: no effect of averaging

= =
Multiplication: because of nonlinear character of the N-S equations, the product of two fluctuating variables is usually non-zero, ' ' 0 thus

= ( + ' ) ( + ' ) = ' + ' + ' ' = + { {

0 0

= + ' '
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ReynoldsReynolds-averaged conservation equations ( (RANS equations equations)

Apply Reynolds averaging to the instantaneous conservation equations:

The new term in the box is a new unknown variable (a correlation), which conceals the information lost due to averaging!
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ReynoldsReynolds-averaged conservation equations, cont.

For incompressible flows

'/ t = 0 and the continuity eqn reduces to: ' r r u j v ' = div v ' = =0 x j

Hence, the term in the box can be written as

The term has a character of diffusion and represents transport of by uj and can be lumped with the molecular diffusion so that RANS eqn becomes

& Replacing , ' and

by appropriate variables leads to the RANS equations.

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ReynoldsReynolds-averaged ( (RANS RANS) equations

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RANS equations: physical interpretation of new new flux terms

t ui' u 'j = ij

turbulent stress tensor (turbulent flux - transport of momentum ' ' per unit volume ui by velocity fluctuation u j )

c p 'u 'j = qtj

turbulent heat flux vector (turbulent transport of enthalpy per ' unit volume h ' = c p ' by velocity fluctuation u j )

c 'u 'j = m "tj

turbulent mass flux vector (turbulent transport of mss 'of a species per unit volume c ' by velocity fluctuation u j )

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RANS Approach Advantages and Limitations

Advantages:
Averaged RANS conservation equations reduce to a form manageable by the available computational codes for laminar flows (Navier-Stokes Code) Details of fluctuating motions (not recoverable by RANS) are usually not needed for computing mean-flow properties for industrial applications

Disadvantages:
Statistical averaging brings about a loss of information (the appearance of superfluous variables that need to be provided); this is called the Closure Problem. A set of additional semi-empirical algebraic and/or differential equations that provide the unknown (superfluous) variables is referred as a Turbulence urbulence Model Model Conventional RANS models cannot capture any spectral features of turbulence such as interactions among eddies of different sizes or effects associated with well-organized coherent eddy motion.
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