Lecture Notes 19july06

Lecture Notes of Dr.
Ramamurti: FEM for Vibrations Lecture 19July, 2006

CYCLIC SYMMETRY NOTES
Consider a 4 truss assembly to which the concept of cyclic symmetry is to be applied as shown in the
figure below. Each of the 4 rods can elongate or compress but may not bend. Each truss element has
only movement in the axial direction i.e 1 d.o.f per node. If you consider the entire assembly there are 2
d.ofs per node i.e 8 d.o.fs in all.
Fig: 4 BAR TRUSS ASSEMBLY(Each element of length L)
Node numbering is considered positive in anti-clockwise direction. In cyclic symmetry we consider the
polar system of coordinates. Hence for our present model the global coordinate system will be the polar
while the local will be the Cartesian system.

u,v(Radial and circumferential coordinates i.e. Polar coordinates): Global co-ordinates
x,y are in Cartesian coordinates.
We need to transform the displacements in the local system(x,y)to the global system(u,v) for
compatibility.
CAE, e-Engineering Solutions, Chennai Center 20 - 1
Lecture Notes of Dr. Ramamurti: FEM for Vibrations Lecture 19July, 2006
Element 1: Transformation and stiffness matrix are as below:
ux
1
cos(45)+uy
1
cos(45) = u
1
ux
1
cos(135)+uy
1
cos(45) = v
1
ux
2
cos(135)+uy
2
cos(45) = u
2
ux
2
cos(225)+uy
2
cos(135) = v
2
(1/2)
1 1 0 0

ux
1
=
u
1
-1 1 0 0 uy
1
v
1
0 0 -1 1 ux
2
u
2
0 0 -1 -1 uy
2
v
2

Transformation matrix-
Element 1
DOF 1 2 3 4
(1/(2))
1 1 1 0 0
2 -1 1 0 0
3 0 0 -1 1
4 0 0 -1 -1

STIFFNESS
MATRIX(ELEMENT 1)
1 2 3 4
(AE/(L))
1 1 0 -1 0
2 0 0 0 0
3 -1 0 1 0
4 0 0 0 0
We know that element stiffness matrix in global coordinates can be calculated using transformation of
coordinates by using the expression [k
1
] = [T
T
][k
1
][T]
Hence using the transformation matrix and stiffness matrix for element 1 in Cartesian coordinates(x,y)
we can write the stiffness matrix of element 1 in the global form(Polar form) as below:

LOCAL STIFFNESS
MATRIX(ELEMENT 1)
1 2 3 4
(AE/(2L))
1 1 1 1 -1
2 1 1 1 -1
3 1 1 1 -1
4 -1 -1 -1 1
The direction of the Cartesian coordinates remains the polar coordinates are rotated in anticlockwise
direction.
ux
2
cos(135)+uy
2
cos(45) = u2
ux
2
cos(225)+uy
2
cos(135) = v2
ux
3
cos(225)+uy
3
cos(135) = u3
ux
2
cos(45)+uy2cos(225) = v3
Representing in matrix form we get,
(1/2)
-1 1 0 0

ux2
=
u2
-1 -1 0 0 uy2 v2
0 0 -1 -1 ux3 u3
0 0 1 -1 uy3 v3

Transformation matrix-Element 2
DOF 3 4 5 6
(1/(2))
3 -1 1 0 0
4 -1 -1 0 0
5 0 0 -1 -1
6 0 0 1 -1

STIFFNESS MATRIX(ELEMENT
2)
3 4 5 6
(AE/(L))
3 0 0 0 0
4 0 1 0 -1
5 0 0 0 0
6 0 -1 0 1
Using the transformation matrix and the local stiffness matrix for element 2 we can derive the stiffness
matrix for element 2 in global coordinates using [k
2
] = [T
T
][k
2
][T] as below:

LOCAL STIFFNESS
MATRIX(ELEMENT 2)
3 4 5 6
(AE/(2L))
3 1 1 1 -1
4 1 1 1 -1
5 1 1 1 -1
6 -1 -1 -1 1
Transformation matrix is derived as per the earlier procedure and the same is given below:

DOF 5 6 7 8
(1/(2))
5 -1 -1 0 0
6 1 -1 0 0
7 0 0 1 -1
8 0 0 1 1

STIFFNESS MATRIX(ELEMENT
3)
5 6 7 8
(AE/(L))
5 1 0 -1 0
6 0 0 0 0
7 -1 0 1 0
8 0 0 0 0
3
] = [T
T
][k
3
][T] as below:

LOCAL STIFFNESS
MATRIX(ELEMENT 3)
5 6 7 8
(AE/(2L))
5 1 1 1 -1
6 1 1 1 -1
7 1 1 1 -1
8 -1 -1 -1 1
Element 4: Transformation and stiffness matrix

DOF 7 8 1 2
(1/(2))
7 1 -1 0 0
8 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
2 0 0 -1 1

STIFFNESS MATRIX(ELEMENT 4)
7 8 1 2
(AE/(L))
7 0 0 0 0
8 0 1 0 -1
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 -1 0 1
4
] = [T
T
][k
4
][T] as below:

LOCAL STIFFNESS MATRIX(ELEMENT 4)
7 8 1 2
(AE/(2L))
7 1 1 1 -1
8 1 1 1 -1
1 1 1 1 -1
2 -1 -1 -1 1
Hence on assembling the stiffness matrix takes the form:
We need to just place the value of stiffness corresponding the the d.o.f e.g for element 4 we have to
insert the first element in the above matrix the corresponding d.o.fs are 7-7.Hence directly substitute
the value of stiffness in K
77
in the global stiffness matrix.Once you have substituted all the values the
global stiffness matrix is of the form shown below:

GLOBAL STIFFNESS MATRIX(8 x 8)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(AE/(2L))
1 2 0 1 -1 0 0 1 1
2 0 2 1 -1 0 0 -1 -1
3 1 1 2 0 1 -1 0 0
4 -1 -1 0 2 1 -1 0 0
5 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 -1
6 0 0 -1 -1 0 2 1 -1
7 1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 0
8 1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 2

DYNAMIC PROBLEM
For eigen value problem, only one repeated sector with 2 degrees of freedom. Use this for solving the
entire cyclic symmetric structure. In the 4 truss assembly the number of sectors, N=4.Hence, the
number of admissible solutions for the same is (N/2+1) = 3. The solutions are as under:
Let z
1
, z
2
, z
3
, z
4
be the displacement vectors for the 4 sectors then,
= 360/4 = 90
Admissible solutions are as below:
=0,90,180,270
= 0 (Solution 1)
= 90 K= e
i
= cos90+isin90 = i(Solution2)
= 270 K= e
i
= cos270+isin270 = - i
= 180 K= e
i
= cos180+isin180 = 0(Solution 3)
For = 90 and = 270 when we consider the overall displacement the complex part vanishes.Hence
for the above case, the number of admissible solutions are 3.
Solution 1:
Displacements for all the sectors are the same i.e.
[z
1
] = [z
2
]= [z
3
]= [z
4
]
The above case represents the axi-symmetric mode.
Solution 2:
[z
2
] = e
i
[z
1
] = (cos90+isin90)[z1] = i[z1] Here = Sector angle= 90
[z
3
] = e
i
[z
2
] = (cos90+isin90)i[z1] = i
2
[z1] = - [z1]
[z
4
] = e
i
[z
3
] = (cos90+isin90)*-[ z1] = -i[z1]
Solution 3:
Displacements for all the sectors are the same i.e.
[z
2
] = e
i
[z
1
] = (cos180+isin180)[z1] = -[z1] Here = Sector angle= 180
[z
3
] = e
i
[z
2
] = (cos180+isin180)i[z1] = [z1]
[z
4
] = e
i
[z
3
] = (cos180+isin180)*-[ z1] = -[z1]
[K]{}=
2
[M]{}
For mode 1: for e
i,
when =0 e
0
=1
1
(displacement vector in sector 1)=
{ } { } { }
4 4 2
1
1

'
v
u
taking the first two rows from the global stiffness matrix
=
( )
'
1
]
1
'
1
]
1
+ + +
+ + + + +
1
1 2
1
1
1 0
0 1
) 1 0 1 2 ( ) 1 0 1 0 (
) 1 0 1 0 ( 1 0 1 2
2 v
u
m
v
u
l
AE
=
1
]
1
'
1
]
1
1
1 2
2
1
0 0
0 4
2 v
u
m
v
u
l
AE
1
2
1
4
2
u m u
l
AE

lm
AE 2
2

MODE 1(AXI-SYMMETRIC MODE)
Observation: All 4 rods are either in tension or compression simultaneously. Radial component alone
is present while the circumferential component is zero.
Solution 3: Mode shape 3
For mode 3
1
=180
0
3
=(cos180+isin180)=-1
CAE, e-Engineering Solutions, Chennai Center

Undeformed position
Compression
Tension
20 - 9
Observation: Nature of deformation of 4 truss assembly is compression-tension-compression-tension.
Here the circumferential component alone is present, the radial component is zero.
Solution 2: Mode shape 2
For mode 2 when =90
0
e
i
=cos90+isin90=i
2
=i
1
3
=i
2
1
=-
1
4
=i
3
1
=-i
1
Deformed shape
Compression
Tension
Undeformed
shape
Substituting in basic equation
=
( )
{ }
'
1
]
1
1
]
1
+
+ +
1
1 2
1
1 0
0 1
) 2 ( ) (
) ( 2
2 v
u
m
i i i i
i i i i
l
AE

which can be simplified to
(AE/l-
2
m) i(AE/l) u
1
=
0
(-iAE/l) (AE/l-
2
m)
v1
0
Solving we get,
(AE/l-
2
m)
2
- (AE/l)
2
= 0
which implies
2
= (2AE/ml)
Mode shapes
Substituting the value of
2
in the determinant we get
(AE/l-
2
m)u
1
+ i(AE/l)v
1
= 0 where
2
= (2AE/ml)
we get , u
1
= iv
1
Let v
1
= 1
z
1
=
i
1
z
2
=
i
2
i
z
3
=
(-i)
-1
z
4

i
(-i)
Simultaneous iterative Scheme for conventional problems
[k]{}=m
2
{} - Non standard Eigen value problem
[A]{}={} - Standard Eigen value problem
For distributed elasticity the natural frequencies are lower one or closely placed, otherwise
the spacing is quite wide.
Compression
Tension
For most engineering problem the first 30 Eigen pairs will be below 100cps
Steps involved in SIM (simultaneous Iterative Method)
Choleskey factorization of [k]
(nxb)
[k]=[L][L]
T
Iteration I: -
[m]
2
{}=[k]{} 1
[L][L]
T
{}=
2
[m]{} 2
Let [L]
T
{} ={q}
Then {}=[L]
-T
{q}
Substitute in 2
[L]{q}=
2
[m][L]
-T
{q}
Pre multiply by [L]
-1
on both sides
[L]
-1
[L]{q}=
2
[L]
-1
[M][L]
-T
{q}
If (1/
2
=)
{q}=[A]{q} where [A]= [L]
-1
[M][L]
-T
Where is the Eigen value and {q} is the Eigen vector
Iteration logic: complete problem in real domain
Iteration II: Assume {q1}
q1 =
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
,b n
[q][q]
T
=[I]
Pre multiply by [A]
[L]
-1
[m][L]
-T
{q}
This equation consist of three parts
1. Forward substitution
2. Straight forward multiplication
3. Back substitution
Let [A]{q}={}
(n,m)
IInd iteration
Orthonormalization by [r]
(m,m)

Let [D]=[L][L]
T
;
Let [r]=[L]
-T
Then {q
2
}={
2
}
(n,m)
{r}
(m,m)
{q
2
}={
2
}[L]
-T
{ }
( )
[ ]
( )
{ }
( ) m n
T
m m m n
L q
, 2 , , 2

Iteration logic: Complex numbers
Assume {q}
n
For computing [A] involves [L]
-1
[m][L]
-T
, consider the developed program.

Lecture Notes 19july06

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Lecture Notes of Dr.

Ramamurti: FEM for Vibrations Lecture 19July, 2006

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