SECOND EDITION

AERODYNAMICS, AERONAUTICS, AND FLIGHT MECHANICS

Barnes W. McCormick, Ph.D.
The Pennsylvania State University Department of Aerospace Engineering

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York Chichester Brisbane

Toronto

Singapore

CONTENTS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
A Brief History 1 Airplane Geometry 6 Instrument Panel 13 Airplane Performance 15
f

Problems References Chapter 2

20 21 22 22

FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid Statics and the Atmosphere Fluid Dynamics 26 Potential Flow 40 Elementary Flow Functions 43 Summary 54 Problems References Chapter 3 54 55

LIFT

56

Wing Geometry 56 Airfoils 58 Airfoil Families 66 Modern Airfoil Developments 68 Thin Airfoil Theory 73 Maximum Lift 85 The Lifting Characteristics of a Finite Wing 109 The Lifting Line Model 112 Lifting Surface Model 119 The Maximum Lift of a Finite Wing 121 Basic and Additional Lift 124 Uncertainties in the Calculation of CLmax 125 Airfoil Characteristics at Low Reynolds Numbers 139 Problems References 146 148

Chapter 4

DRAG//

JI

Skin Friction Drag 152 Form Drag 156 Drag of Streamlined Shapes Interference Drag 165 Induced Drag 168

160

ix

CONTENTS

Drag Breakdown and Equivalent Flat-Plate Area Drag Counts 176 Average Skin Friction Coefficients 176 Example Estimates of Drag Breakdown 178 Trim Drag 181 Cooling Drag 183 Drag Reduction 186 Drag Cleanup 206 Total Airplane Drag 207 Problems References Chapter 5 209 210

175

LIFT AND DRAG AT HIGH MACH NUMBERS 212

212

Qualitative Behavior of Airfoils as a Function of Mach Number Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics 218 Transonic Airfoils 232 Supersonic Airfoils 236 Linearized Compressible Potential Flow 240 Three-Dimensional Wings 245 Supersonic Wings 259 Effect of Mach Number on the Zero-Lift Drag of Two- and ThreeDimensional Shapes 268 Problems References Chapter 6 281 282 OF THRUST

THE PRODUCTION

284

A Brief History of the Piston Engine 284 Piston Engine Characteristics 285 Propeller Analysis 291 Propeller Selection 316 Design of a New Propeller 317 A Brief History of the Turbojet 319 Description of the Gas Turbine Engine 320 Engine Ratings 324 Some Considerations Relating to Gas Turbine Performance 325 Qualitative Comparison of the Performance of Turbojet, Turbofan, and Turboprop Engines 328 Specific Engine Characteristics and Performance 331 Trends in Aircraft Propulsion 350 Problems References 355 /356

Chapter 7 AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE

Introduction 357 Takeoff 357 Rate of Climb, Time to Climb, and Ceilings Range 378 Maximum Endurance 385

357_

369

CONTENTS

XI

Descent 386 Landing 386 Range Payload 389 Operating Limitations 394 Energy Methods for Optimal Trajectories Stealth 402 The Art of Estimating and Scaling 405 Problems - 408 References 409 Chapter 8

399

HELICOPTERS AND V/STOL AIRCRAFT

410

'

Helicopters 410 Helicopter Performance 428 V/STOL 432 Basic V/STOL Aerodynamics Summary 470 Problems 470 References 471 Chapter 9

442

STATIC STABILITY AND CONTROL 473

473

Introduction 473 Coordinate System: Forces, Moments, and Velocities Longitudinal Static Stability 474 Longitudinal Control 484 Lateral-Directional Static Stability and Control 513 Problems 534 References 537 Chapter 10

OPEN-LOOP DYNAMIC STABILITY AND CONTROL

538

Introduction 538 Equations of Motion 538 Longitudinal Motion 542 Lateral-Directional Motion 560 Flying Qualities 571 Spinning . 577 Problems 582 References 586 Chapter 11 CONTROLLED MOTION AND AUTOMATIC STABILITY y Response to a Control Input 588 Transfer Functions / 588 Impulsive Admittance 589 Indical Admittance 591 Convolution Integral (Duhamel's Integral) 591 Frequency Response 592 Automatic Stability 595 Feedback 596 588

XII

CONTENTS

Lateral Motion with Feedback 597 System and Parameter Identification Summary 600 Problems References 600 601

600

Appendix* THE SI SYSTEM

603

Appendix B STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 605 Appendix C CHEROKEE 180 DA TA 607 Appendix D SOLUTION OF NTH-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS 610 Appendix E THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION 614 Appendix F AIRPLANE DA TA 616 Appendix G NOMENCLATURE, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS 628 INDEX 639