International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and TechnologyRESEARCH (IJARET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED IN 6480(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET)

ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 2 March April 2013, pp. 191-196 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8376 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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PREDICTION OF SLIP VELOCITY IN THE PNEUMATIC CONVEYANCE OF SOLIDS IN THE HORIZONTAL CONDUIT
Satya Narayan*and Om Prakash* *Deptt. of Chemical Engg., B.I.T. Sindri, Dhanbad

ABSTRACT In designing the pneumatic conveying system, estimation of pressure variation along the length of the conduit is essential which is again greatly influenced by the slip velocity (us) in the line, which in a multiphase flow system is defined as the variation in the solid particle velocity (up) from the fluid velocity (uf). A correlation for us/uf has been developed. The coefficient of correlation for which has been found to be 0.9041 and the standard error of estimate (Syx) is 0.0487. The correlated and experimental values are in good agreement. INTRODUCTION Pneumatic conveyance system is used for transporting granular materials in pipe lines. It has been used for transporting catalysts in continuous flow process(1). It is considered as one of the most efficient methods for transporting materials like grains, coal, sand, cement, ash, dust, minerals, fertilizers, catalysts, etc. The pneumatic conveyance is a complex phenomenon and its flow behavior depends on the dimensions and the nature of the conduit, characteristics of the materials to be conveyed, such as, size, shape, density, concentration, surface roughness and properties of the fluid like density, viscosity, pressure, temperature and their interactions. For designing a pneumatic conveyor, a prior estimation of pressure differential and velocities of the fluid required to keep the suspension flowing is necessary. It is well known that the solid particles are introduced at almost zero axial velocities in the passage of the horizontally flowing fluid. The particles are accelerated before a steady velocity is reached. Thus the entire conveying length is divided into two zones namely accelerating zone and established flow zone. The flow pattern of particles in the two zones are different and so the conventional methods of correlating the pressure drop in the two zones together, are not with the actual phenomenon. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the pressure drops generated in the length of the pipe in which acceleration occurs and in the length in which flow is established.
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

CORRELATION OF SLIP VELOCITY Many workers like, Gil, A.(2), Sany M. El. Behry, Mofresh H. Hamed, M.A. El. Vadi, K.A. Ibrahim(3), Iyer, P.V.R., Mani, B.P. and Rao, D.S(4) have worked on slip velocity. While estimating the slip velocity, the particle velocity, up has been calculated by using different correlations proposed by Hinkle(5), Wen(6), Hitchcock and Jones(7), Hariu and Molsted(8), Rose and Duckworth(9), Reddy and Pei(10) and Yang(11) and a comparative study has been made and seen that there are wide deviations in some cases. Only the equations of Hinkle(5) and Wen(6) gave identical values. In estimating the up values using Wen(6) and other correlations, an iterative procedure was followed. In view of this difficulty, the equation proposed by Hinkle(5) has finally been chosen and calculations made accordingly. Also Hinkle(5) developed the equation by observing the particle velocities photographically and empirically correlating them for conveyance of solids in horizontal ducts. The slip velocities (us) for different systems and for different air flow rates have been estimated by using the formula us = uf - up .(1)

The prediction of slip velocity is a complex phenomenon which depends on various parameters such as physical properties of solids, fluid and the characteristics of the duct. A dimensionless relation of the following form has been proposed us / uf = A[(s/ f )a (Gs/Gf)b (dp3 f 2g / f2)c]B . (2) us / uf = A[Product]B (3)

The exponents a, b and c have been determined and found to be equal to 0.5, 0.0006 and 0.1 respectively by computational technique (curve fitting). The coefficient A and the overall exponent B have been estimated by the least square method using computational technique and are found to be equal to 6.0 x 10-3 and 1.0 respectively. It is also evident from the exponent of the group Gs/Gf that slip ratio is almost independent of solid loading ratio for the dilute phase employed and so, the group Gs/Gf is insignificant. Consequently, the final correlation for the prediction of slip velocity may be written as us / uf = 6.0 x 10-3 [(s/ f )0.5 (dp3 f 2g / f2)0.1]1.0

. (4)

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE

25 cm 1.Blower 2.By pass valve 3 Air control valve 4.Orifice meter 7 100cm 5.Ejector 6.Solid control valve 7.Hopper 8.Test pipe 9.Diffuser 10.Cyclone separator 11.Discharge Control Valve 12.Collector

30cm

6 3 2 4 5 9 8 10 1400cm

1 11 12

Fig.1. Experimental Set-up

The experimental set-up (Fig.1) consists of a horizontal conveying duct made of galvanized iron pipe of 5 cm internal diameter and 14 m long. A flow control valve fitted in the conveyance before the solids feeding point has been used to measure the air flow rate. A mixture nozzle has been employed for inducing suction necessary for feeding the solids into the duct. The other accessories include a blower driven by a 10 H.P. induction motor, the feed hopper made of 20 gauge galvanized iron sheet, a cyclone separator and a manometer panel to measure the pressure drop at 40 different points. To start with the experiment, the blower is put on and the control valve regulated so as to get the desired flow rate of air. All manometers readings are noted so that pressure drops for the flow of air alone can be known. The feed control valve is then opened partly to allow low flow rates of solids. Various feed rates have been used for each run and pressure readings were recorded. Data are taken for various air flow rates and solid feed rates. The particulars of systems investigated are given in Table 1.

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Table 1: Physical properties of materials used Sl. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Materials Mustard seed Mustard seed Sago Sago Sand Sand Wheat Shape Spherical Spherical Spherical Spherical Spherical Spherical Ellipsoidal Diameter 2.2240 1.6760 1.6760 0.6970 1.6760 0.4255 3.4265 Sp.Gravity 1.157 1.157 1.320 1.320 2.680 2.680 1.412 Shericity 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8

RESULT AND DISCUSSION For slip velocity Equ. 2 has been developed. The group Gs/Gf is insignificant so the final equation has been obtained in the form of Equ.4. The correlation coefficient r and the standard error of estimates Syx are found to be 0.9041 and 0.0487 respectively. Fig. 2 shows the us/uf values plotted with respect to the system variables and found to be in very good agreement. Also the slip ratio with respect to solid density and solid dia. almost increases as shown in Table No. 2 and Table No.3. Thus it follows from Tables (2 and 3) that physical property of solids play a very important role in predicting the slip ratio.

Table No. 2: Variation of Slip ratio with solid density Particle Particle density Kg / m3 1.157x103 1.32x103 2.68x103 1.412x103 us /uf

Mustard seed Sago Sand Wheat

0.313 0.378 0.366 0.428

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Table No.3: Variation of Slip ratio with solid dia Particle Particle dia. M 1.676x10-3 2.224x10-3 Sago 1.676x10-3 2.614x10-3 6.97x10-4 2.426x10-3 Us /uf

Mustard seed

0.313 0.341 0.334 0.378 0.366 0.428

Sand Wheat

us / u f 0.1 10 100

[(Gs/Gf) 0.0006 (s/ f) 0.50(dp3 f2 g / f2)0.1] Fig. 2 Correlation for the prediction of slip velocity

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

NOMENCLATURES A, B, a b c dp Gf Gs g Gs/Gf r Syx uf up us us/uf correlation constant overall exponent empirical constant empirical constant empirical constant diameter of the solid particle , m mass velocity of fluid (air), kg/m2s mass velocity of solids, kg/m2s acceleration due to gravity, m/s2 Solids loading ratio, dimensionless correlation coefficient standard error of estimate Velocity of fluid, m/s Velocity of solid particles, m/s Slip velocity, (uf up), m/s Slip ratio, dimensionless

GREEK NOMENCLATURE f s f fluid density, kg/m3 solid particle density, kg/m3 viscosity of fluid, kg/m s

REFERENCES 1. Matsumoto, S., Hara, M., Saito, S., and Maeda, S., Minimum Transport Velocity For Horizontal Pneumatic Conveying, Jr. of Chem. Engg. of Japan, 7,6,(1974),425. 2. Gil, A., et. al.,Gas-particle flow inside cyclone diplegs with pneumatic extraction, Powder Technology 128 (2002) 78-91. 3. Sany M. El. Behry, Mofresh H. Hamed, M.A. El. Vadi, K.A. Ibrahim; C F D prediction of air solid flow in 180o curved duct, Powder Technology, 2008. 4. Iyer, P.V.R., Mani, B.P. and Rao, D.S., Ind. Inst. Chem. Engrs.(1980),77. 5. Hinkle, B.L., Ph.D. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology (1953). 6. Wen, C.Y. and Galli, A.F., Dilute Phase System Fluidzation Davidson and Harrison, Acd. Press, N.Y. (1971). 7. Hitchcock, J.A. and Jones, C., Brit. Jn. of Appl. Physics, 9,218-212 (1958). 8. Hariu, O. H. and Molsted, M. C., Ind. Eng. Chem., 41, 1148 (1949). 9. Rose, H.E. and Duckworth, R.A., The Eng. 227(5903)(1969), 392: 227(5904)(1969), 430: 227(5905)(1969),478. 10. Reddy, K.V.S. and Pei, D.C.T., Ind. Engg. Chem. (Fundamental), 8,490 (1969). 11. Yang, W.C., A.I.Ch.E., J., 20 (3), 605 (1974)

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