DATAWAREHOUSING&DATAMINING

STAnns College of Engineering & Technology

ABSTRACT

One may claim that the exponential growth in the amount of data provides great opportunities for data mining. In many real world applications, the number of sources over which this information is fragmented grows at an even faster rate, resulting in barriers to widespread application of data mining. support queries. Data warehousing is the process of extracting and transforming operational data into informational data and loading it into a central data store or warehouse. The idea behind data mining , then is the non trivial process of identifying valid, novel , potentially useful, and ultimately understandable patterns in India Data mining is concerned with the analysis of data and the use of software technique for finding patterns and regularities in sets of data. Data mining potential can be enhanced if the appropriate data has been collected and stored in data warehouse Data warehousing provides the means to change raw data into information for making effective business decision the emphasis on information , not data. The data A data warehouse is designed especially for decision

warehouse is the hub for decision support data. This paper also explains partition algorithm to discover all requirements sets from the data warehousing using the data mining. Also explained relation between operational data , data warehouse and data marts.

DATA WAREHOUSE & DATAMINING

Every day organizations, both large and small, genetic billions of bytes of data related all aspects of their business. But locked up variety of systems, most of this data is extremely difficult to access. Only a very small part of data captured, processed and stored is available to decision markers. INTRODUCTION What is data warehouse? A data warehouse in its simplest perception , is in more than a collection of the key pieces of popular outcome. A large amount the right information is the key to survival in todays competitive environment. And this kind of information can be available only if theres a totally integrated enterprise data warehouse. A data warehouse is repository of integrated information, available for queries and analysis. For such a repository, data and information extracted from heterogeneous resources and consolidated in a single source. This makes it much easier and efficient to query the data. There are two fundamentally different types of information systems in enterprises: operational systems and informational systems Operational systems run daily enterprises information like ERP(enterprises resource planning). Information systems analyze the data make decision on how enterprise will be operate, not only information systems have different focus from operational ones, they often have a different scope altogether. There are some specific rules that govern the basic warehouse , namely that such a structure should be: information used to manage the and direct business for the most

Time dependent: that is containing information collected over time, which implies there must always be connection between the information in the warehouse and time when it was entered.

This is one of the most important aspect of warehouse as its relates to data mining, because information can then be stored according to period. Non-volatile: that is data in a data warehouse never updated but used only for queries. Thus such data only located from other database such as the operational database. End- users we want to update data must use operational databases, as only latter can be updated, changed and deleted. This means that a data warehouse will always be filled with historical data. Subject oriented: that is, built all existing applications of the operational data. Not all the

information in operational database is useful for data warehouse, since the data warehouse is designed specially for decision support while the operational database information containing day-to-day. Integrated: that is, it reflects the business information of organization. In an operational data environment you will find many types of information being used in variety of applications and some applications will be using different name for same entities. However in a data warehouse is essential to integrate this information and make it consistent; only one name must exist to describe each entity. A data warehouse is designed especially for decision support queries, therefore only data that is needed for decision support extracted from operational data and stored and stored in warehouse. Need for DATA WAREHOUSE 1. To summarize the large volumes of data. 2. To integrate datas from different sources. 3. Make decision makers to access past data. 4. Enable people to make informed decision.

Users From the definition we can infer that the data warehouse users are as follows

1. This persons job involves drawing conclusions from, and making decision Based on large masses of data. 2. This person doesnt want to get involved with finding and organizing the Data for this purpose. 3. This person also doesnt want to access a database highly technical fashion. STRUCTURE OF DATA WAREHOUSE Data warehousing is one of the hottest industry trends for good reason. The structure of a data warehouse consist as follows. Physical data warehouse Logical data warehouse Data marts

Physical data marts in which all the data for the data warehouse are stored, along with meta data and processing for scrubbing , organizing , packing and processing detail the data. Logical marts also contain as physical database but does not contain actual data. Instead it contains the information necessary to access the data wherever they reside. Data mart is subset of an enterprise wide data warehouse, which potentially supports an enterprise element. DATA MARTS Data marts are partitions of the overall data warehouse. It contains overlapping data. The task of implementing a data warehouse can be a very big effort, taking a significant amount of time. One feasible option is to start with a set of data marts for each component of departments. One can have a stand alone data mart or dependent data mart. A set of smaller, manageable, database is called data marts. Stand alone data mart - a data mart with minimal or no impact on the enterprise operational databases.

Dependent data mart similar to stand alone data mart, Except that management of data source by enterprise data base is required. These data sources include operational databases and external source of data. DATA WAREHOUSE-ARCITECTURE The architecture of an information system refers to the way its pieces are laid out , what types of tasks allocated to each piece of hoe pieces interaction with each other and how they interact with outside world. The architecture of data warehouse is shown in fig.

DATA

INFORMATION

DECISION

OPERATIONAL DATA

L O A D M A N A G E R DETAILED INFORMATION INFORMATION SUMMARY INFO

Q U E R Y M A N A G E R

DATA DIPPERS

EXTERNAL DATA

META DATA

OLAP

WAREHOUSE MANAGER
FIG. DATA WAREHOUSE ARCHITECTURE

TOOLS

The architecture consist of following components 1. Load Manager 2. Warehouse manager 3. Query manager Each component has some specific process.

Load Manager It is constructed using a combination of off-the- shelf tools, spoke coding,

C programs and shell scripts. Extract the data from the source systems. Fast load the extracted data into temporary data source. Perform simple transformation into a structure similar to the one in the data warehouse. Warehouse Manager It is constructed using a combination of third party systems management software, bespoke code, C programa and shell scripts. Support warehouse management process , such as transforming data, backup and archives into data warehouse. Query Manager It is constructed using a combination of user access tools, specialist data warehousing monitoring tools, native database facilities, bespoke coding , C programs and shell scripts. Direct queries to appropriate table. Schedule the execution of user queries.

DATA WAREHOUSE AND BACKEND PROCESS

DATA EXTRACTION

- which gather data from multiple heterogeneous, external source.

DATA CLEANING

which detects errors in the data and rectifies them when possible.

DATA TRANSFORMATION

- which converts data from legacy or host format to data warehouse format.

LOADING

- which sorts, summarizes , consolidates, computes, views, checks integrity and builds idicces and partition.
REFRESH

Refresh- which propagate the updates from the data sources to the Warehouse. DESIGNING A DATA WAREHOUSE Designing a data warehouse requires specialist knowledge of data design because the data model consisting of data needed by user who want access at high speed, and so the data design for warehouse can be differently from that of operational databases. In a data warehouse , an end-user may want to make joins from many tables and this can be place tremendous demands on the system. For that reason , the data warehouse requires a high speed machine and a wide variety of optimization process. META DATA In setting up a data warehouse, the end user and the administrator must have access to all the information in the tables and attributes. They will want to know a number of things , such as where the data is located, what data exists, what data type or format it is in , hoe this data related to other data in other databases, where the data is from and to , whom data belongs to. For these reason, another database containing the so called Meta data is needed , which describes of structure of contents of the databases. Meta data can exist in any of three forms: 1.
2. 3.

Human meta data

computer based meta data for people to use computer based meta data computer to use

Human meta data:

People always have some sort of meta data in their heads or in their files .

Computer based meta data for people to use:

Data warehouse developers often store the descriptive Data in its own. This provides a comprehensive guide to the data resource

Computer based meta data for Computer to use: If the meta data items people to use is stored in a well, structured computer readable form , they can be read by a DBMS. This smooth between users and warehouse.
BACK FLUSHING

DATA WAREHOUSE Cleaning Reforming

DATA META DATA

OLAP DSS EIS

DATA BASES

DATA
MINING

Other Data Inputs/ New Data Acquisition data for the warehouse involves the following steps The data must be extracted from multiple and heterogeneous sources. Data must be formatted for consistency within the warehouse. Names ,meaning and domain of data from unrelated sources must be reconciled. The data must be cleaned to ensure validity . For input data , Cleaning must occur before the data are located into the warehouse. Recognizing erroneous and incomplete data is difficult to automatic and cleaning that requires automatic error correction can be even together. They will be likely want to upgrade their data with the cleaned data. The process of returning cleaning data to the source is called backflushing.

The data must be fitted into data model of the warehouse. Data from the various sources must be installed in the data model warehouse. Data may have converted from relational, object oriented or legacy databases to multidimensional madel.

The must be located in the data warehouse. The sheer volume of data in the warehouse makes loading the data a significant task. The basis techniques are used to build data warehouse, known the top down

approaches. In the top down approach, we first build a data warehouse from that we select needed information to design a data mart. In bottom up approach first data marts are designed from that we can design a data warehouse. The relationship between operational data, a data warehouse and data marts
OPERATIONAL DATA DATA WAREHOUSE DATA MARTS

EXTRACT FROM SEVARAL DATA BASES

Functionality: The data warehouse access component support enhanced spreadsheet functionality, effect queries processing, structured queries and hoc queries, data mining and materialized views. In particular enhanced spreadsheet functionality includes support for state of the art spreadsheet application as well as for OLAP application program. These offers three programmed functionalitys such as the following: ROLL-UP: Data is summarized with increasing generalization DRILL-DOWN : increasing levels of details are revealed PIVOT: cross tabulation SELECTION: data is available by value or range DERIVED ATTRIBUTES: attributes are computed by operations derived values. on sorted and

PARTITION ALGORITHM TO DISCOVER ALL REQUIREMENT SETS FROM THE DATA WAREHOUSING USING THE DATA MINING

INTRODUCTION DATA MINING Data mining or knowledge discovery in data bases is the nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful information from the data. This

encompasses a number of technical approaches, such as clustering , data summarization, finding dependency networks, classification analyzing changes , and detecting anomalies. Data mining search for the relationship and global patterns that exists in large databases byt are hidden among of data ,such as the relationship between patient data and medical diagnosis. The relationship represents valuable knowledge about the databases, and objects in the database, it the database is a faithful mirror of the real word registered by the database. If refers to using a variety of techniques to identify nuggets of information or decision making knowledge in the database and extracting these in such a way that they can be put to use in areas such as decision support , prediction ,forecasting and estimation . In particular , finding associations between items in a database of customer transaction. Market basket analysis technique used to group items together. A rule may contain more than one ,item in the antecedent and the consequent of the rule. In this paper . we concentrate on finding association, but with different slant (i.e) by using partition algorithm. In the next section , we review the basis concepts of association rule. BASICS Let A = { l1,l2,l3,.lm} be a set of items Let T, the transaction in the database, be a set of transaction, where each transaction t is a set of items. Thus, t is subset of A . A

transaction t is said to support an iteml1, if l1 is present in t. t is said to supports each item l in X. An item set X . A has a support in T , denoted by S(X)T, is s% of transaction in T support X. Support can also be defined as a fraction supports, which means the proportion of

transaction supporting X in T. For a given transaction database T, an association rule is an

expression of the form X Y, where X and Y are subsets of A and X Y holds with confidence, if % of information in D that support X also support Y. The rule X Y has support in the transaction set T if % of transaction in T support X U Y. ANN NN. Each rule has a left hand side and right hand side . The left hand side is also the antecedent and right hand side is also called the consequent. In general, both the left hand side and right hand side containing multiple items. Confidence (or

predictability) measures how much a particular item is dependent on another. Support does not depend on the direction(or implication) of the rule, it is only dependent on the set of items in the rule. The discovery of association rules in the most well studied problem in data mining. There are many interesting algorithm proposed recently and we shall discuss about the partition algorithm for making association. The features of any efficient algorithm are(a)

reduce the I/o operations, and (b) at the same time be efficient in computing. PARTITION ALGORITHM Partition algorithm is based on the observation on the frequent sets are normally very few in number compared to the set of all item sets. The partition algorithm uses two scans of databases to discover all frequent sets by scanning the database once. This set is super set of all frequent item sets i.e it may contain false positives. The algorithm executes in two phases. In the first phase, the partition algorithm logically divides the database into a number of non-overlapping partitions. The partitions are considered one at a time and all frequent item sets for that partition are generated. Partition algorithm as follows. P = Partition-database(T); n = Number of partitions For I = 1 to n begin read-in-partition(Ti in P) L1=generate a1 frequent items set of T using a priori method in main memory End //Phase 1

For (k=2 ; LIK = 1,2,.,n,k++) do begin CGK = U I =l n LIK end For I =1 to n do begin read_in_partition(T1 in P) for all candidates C CG compuate S(C ) Ti end LG = { C CG/ S ( C ) T1 >= } Answer = LG EXAMPLE:

// Merge Phase

//Phase 2

Let us take the database T, and let us partition, for the sake of illustration, T into three partitions T1,T2,T3, each containing 5 transactions. The first partition T1 contains transactions 1 to 5, T2 contains transactions 6 to 10, similarly, T3 contain transactions 11 to 15. We fix the local support as equal to given support, that is 20%. Thus ,Any item set that appears in just one of the transaction in any partition is local frequent set in the partition. A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 0

0 1

1 1

0 0

1 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

0 1

L= { {1}, {2},{3},{4},{5},{6},{7},{8},{9}, {1,5},{1,6,},{1,8}, {2,3},{2,4}, {2,8},{4,5},{4,7},{4,8},{5,6},{5,7},{5,8},{6,7},{6,8}, {1.6,8},{1,5,6}, {1,5,8},{2,4,8},{4,5,7},{5,6,8},{5,6,7},{1,5,6,8}} similarly L={{2},{3},{4},{5},{6},{7},{8},{9},{2,3},{2,4},{2,7},{2,9},{3,4},{3,5},{3,7}, {5,7},{6,7},{6,9},{7,9},{2,3,4},{2,6,7},{1,5,8},{2,6,9},{2,7,9},{3,5,7},{2,6,7,9}} L= { {1}, {2},{3},{4},{5},{6},{7},{8},{9}, {1,3},{1,5,},{1,7}, {2,3},{2,4}, {2,6},{2,7},{2,9},{3,5},{3,7},{3,9},{4,6},{4,7},{5,6},{5,7},{5,8},{6,7},{6,8}, {1,3,5},{1,5,7},{2,3,9},{2,4,6},{2,4,7},{3,5,7},{4,6,7},{5,6,8},{2,4,6,7}} In phaseII , we have candidatesset as C=LULUL L={{1},{2},{3},{4},{5},{6},{7},{8},{9},{1,3},{1,5},{1,6,},{1,7},{1,8},{2,3},{2,4},{2,6}, {2,7},{2,8},{2,9},{3,4},{3,5},{3,7},{3,9},{4,5},{4,6},{4,7},{4,8},{5,6},{5,7},{5,8},{5,7}. {6,7},{6,8},{6,9},{7,9},{1,3,5},{1,3,7},{15,6},{1,5,7,},{1,5,8,},{1.6,8},{1,5,8},{1,6,8}, {2,3,4},{2,3,9},{2,4,6},{2,4,7},{2,4,8},{2,6,7},{2,6,7},{2,6,9},{2,7,9},{3,5,7},{4,5,7},{4,6,7}, {5,6,8},{5,6,7},{1,5,6,8}{2,6,7,9}{1,3,5,7},{2,4,6,7}} ADVANTAGES - Data warehouse are free from the restrictions of the transactional there is an increased efficiency in query processing. Artificial intelligence techniques, which may include genetic algorithm And networks, are used classification and neural environment

are employed to discover knowledge from

the data warehouse that may be unexpected or Difficult to specify queries.

APPLICATONS Data warehousing can be a key differentiator in many industries . At present , some of the most popular Data warehouse application include: Sales and marketing analysis across all industries. Inventory turn and product tracking in manufacturing. Category management ,vendor analysis , and marketing , program effectiveness analysis in retail Profitability analysis or risk assessment in banking. Claims analysis or fraud detection in insurance.

Data mining has many and varied fields of applications such as: a. Retail/Marketing Identify buying patterns from customers Find associations among customers demographic characteristics. Predict response to mailing campaigns. Market basket analysis.

b. Banking c. Detect pattern of fraudulent credit card use Identify loyal customer. Determinine credit card spending by customer groups Find hidden correlation between different financial indicators.

Medicine Characterize patient behavior to protect office visits Identify successful medical therapies for different illness.

d. Transportation

Determine the distribution schedule among outlets Analyze loading patterns

e. Insurance and Health Care Claim analysis i.e which medical procedure are claimed Together. Predict which customer will buy new polices. Identify behavior pattern of risky customers Identify fraudulent behavior

*HOW DATA WAREHOUSE& DATAMINING IS USEFUL IN GOVERNMENT

A large number of data warehouse can be identified from existing data sources with in the central government ministers. Let us examine potential areas on which data

warehouse may be developed and also in future.

CECNSUS DATA, AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH PLANNING, EDUCATION, COMMERCE AND TRADE. OTHER SECTORS:

Tourism, Programme implementation, Revenue, Economic affairs, Audit and Accounts. CRITICAL ISSUES Data ware housing helps business makes informed decisions. But there are a few critiacal issues that must be faced a head on while designing and implementation a data warehouse. These issues are as follows. Capacity planning Security backup and recovery Service level agreement Performance tuning

Testing Implementation obstacle

CONCLUSION: Data warehousing provides the means to change raw data into information for making effective business decision the emphasis on information, not data. The data warehouse is the hub for decision support data. Comprehensive data warehouse that integrate operational data with customer, supplier, and market information have resulted in an explosion of information. Completion requires timely and sophisticated analysis on an integrated view of the data . Data mining tool can enhance inference process. Speed up design cycle, but con not be

substitute for statistical and domain expertise. Data mining allows for the creation of a self learning organization. So the future of data warehouse lies in their accessibility from the internet. Successful implementation of a data warehouse and data mining requires a high performance; scalable combination of hardware and software which can integrate easily within existing system, so customer can use data warehouse to improve their decision makingand their competitive advantage A good data warehouse provides the RIGHT datato the RIGHT PEOPLE at the RIGHT time RIGHT now! While data warehousing organizes data for business analysis, internet has emerged as the standard for information sharing.

REFERENCES: Data mining technologies Arun K Pujari Data warehousing, Data mining and OLAP Berson & Smith, Mc-Graw Hill. Data mining techniques, tools and trends Bhavani Thuraisingam

Data Base Systems Elmasri, Tata Mc-Graw Hill