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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

CONTENTS CERTIFICATE DECLARATION

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE SUMMARY PROJECT PROFILE R.M. conclusion & limitation bibliography

CHAPTER-1

PROJECT PROFILE

MEANING OF 3G
3G refers to the third generation of developments in wireless technology, especially mobile communications. 3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity. Third generation (3G) wireless networks will offer faster data transfer rates than current networks. A general term that refers to technologies that offer increased capacity and capabilities delivered over digital wireless networks.
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Mobile phone technology that includes services and applications with faster access to the web. phones third generation wireless. It represents the fastest data-processing digital available, like having a broadband Internet connection Third Generation: An industry term for digital wirelessdevices on packet witched networks.A term referring to the 3rd generation of digital wireless phones. An updated GSM system that allows high-speed data transfers as well as voice communications. third genehe ration of mobile phone technologies. Devices supporting one of the many 3G technologies, such as WCDMA, HSDPA/HSUPA, or Fomat.on your cellphone

Simplex vs. Duplex

When people use walkie-talkie radios to communicate, only one person can talk at a time (the person doing the talking has to press a button). This is because walkie-talkie radios only use one communication frequency - a form of communication known as simplex:

Simplex: Using a walkie-talkie you have to push a button to talk one-way.

of course, this is not how mobile phones work. Mobile phones allow simultaneous two-way transfer of data - a situation known as duplex (if Omore than two data streams can be transmitted, it is called multiplex):

Duplex: Allows simultaneous two-way data transfers.

The communication channel from the base station to the mobile device is called the downlink, and the communication from the mobile device back to the base station is called the uplink. How can duplex communication be achieved? Well, there are two possible methods which we will now consider: TDD and FDD.

Symmetric Transmission vs. Asymmetric Transmission

Data transmission is symmetric if the data in the downlink and the data in the uplink is transmitted at the same data rate. This will probably be the case for voice transmission - the same amount of data is sent both ways. However, for internet connections or broadcast data (e.g., streaming video), it is likely that more data will be sent from the server to the mobile device (the downlink).

FDD transmission is not so well suited for asymmetric applications as it uses equal frequency bands for the uplink and the downlink (a waste of valuable

spectrum). On the other hand, TDD does not have this fixed structure, and its flexible bandwidth allocation is well-suited to asymmetric applications, e.g., the internet .For example, TDD can be configured to provide 384kbps for the downlink (the direction of the major data transfer), and 64kbps for the uplink (where the traffic largely comprises requests for information and acknowledgements)..

The 3G network might be divided up in hierarchical fashion:

Macro cell - the area of largest coverage, e.g., an entire city. Micro cell - the area of intermediate coverage, e.g., a city centre. Pico cell - the area of smallest coverage, e.g., a "hot spot" in a hotel or airport.

aller regions s(shorter ranges) allow higher user density and faster transmission rates. This is why they arWhy is there this sub-division of regions? It is because sme called "hot spots".

HISTORY

Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting in March 2003 by 3 (Part of Hutchison Whampoa) in the UK and IThe first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan branded FOMA, in May 2001 on a pre-release of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on October 1, 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; broader availability was delayed by apparent concerns over reliability. The second network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by KTF on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators. The first European pre-commercial network was at the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers. These were both on the W-CDMA technology.

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The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO and this network has grown strongly since then. The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as three in April 2003. In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canataly. The European Union Council suggested that the 3G operators should cover 80% of the European national populations by the end of 2005. Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees. In many countries, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies; an exception is the United States where carriers operate 3G service in the same frequencies as other services.

The license fees in some European countries particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions,

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and initial excitement over 3G's potential. Other delays were due to the expenses of upgrading equipment for the new systems. By June 2007 the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched first - Japan and South Korea - 3G penetration is over 70%. In Europe the leading country is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G migrations include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A confusing statistic is counting CDMA 2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G customers. If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber base would be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide. Still several major countries such as Indonesia have not awarded 3G licenses and customers await 3G services. China delayed its decisions on 3G for many years. China announced in May 2008, that the telecoms sector was re-organized and three 3G networks would be allocated so that the largest mobile operator, China Mobile, would retain its GSM customer base. China Unicom would retain its GSM customer base but relinquish its CDMA2000 customer base, and launch 3G on the globally leading WCDMA (UMTS) standard. Finally in January 2009, Ministry of industry and Information Technology of China have awarded licenses of all three standards -SCDMA to China Mobile, WCDMA to China Unicom and CDMA2000 to China Telecom. In November 2008, Turkey has auctioned four IMT 2000/UMTS standard 3G licenses with 45, 40, 35 and 25 MHz top frequencies. Turk cell has won the 45MHz band with its 358 million offer followed by Vodafone and Avea

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leasing the 40 and 35MHz frequencies respectively for 20 years. The 25MHz top frequency license remains to be auctioned.

The first African use of 3G technologies was a 3G video call made in Johannesburg on the Vodacom network in November 2004. The first commercial launch of 3G in Africa was by EMTEL in Mauritius on the WCDMA standard. In North African Morocco in late March 2006, a 3G service was provided by the new company Wana.

Rogers Wireless began implementing 3G HSDPA services in eastern Canada early 2007 in the form of Rogers Vision. Fido Solutions and Rogers Wireless now offer 3G service in most urban centers.

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Implementation

Evolution of First Generation

US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (79) & US (83) 800 MHz band two 20 MHz bands TIA-553 Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

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Still widely used in US and many parts of the world Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland Launched 1981; now largely retired 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900) Total Access Communications System (TACS) British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985 Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe

Evolution from 2G to 3G
2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Due to rapid changes in user expectation, they do not meet today's wireless needs. Evolution from 2G to 3G can be sub-divided into following phases:

From 2G to 2.5G (GPRS)

The first major step in the evolutio to 3G occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). So the cellular services combined with GPRS became' 2.5G.'

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GPRS could provide data rates from 56 Kbit/s up to 114 Kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state.

GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain Quality of Service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused Time division multiple access (TDMA) channels. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other

standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the
GSM standard, so that GSM is and newer releases. It was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)., .m

From 2.5G to 2.75G (EDGE)

GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission

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rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE can be considered a 3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition, but is most frequently referred to as 2.75G. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The specification achieves higher data-rates by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots. .

From 2.75G to 3G (pure 3G)

From EDGE networks the introduction of UMTS networks and technology is called pure 3G. 3G Bandwidth 5 MHz

Data rates

The ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum speed of 2Mbit/s and maximum of 14.4Mbit/s for stationary users, and 348 Kbit/s in a moving vehicle, the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates
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or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G intended to meet customers expectations of broadband speed. It is often suggested by industry sources that 3G can be expected to provide 384 Kbit/s at or below pedestrian speeds, but only 128 Kbit/s in a moving car. While EDGE is part of the 3G standard, some phones report EDGE and 3G network availability as separate functionality.

Network standardization
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the demands for 3G mobile networks with the IMT-2000 standard. An organization called 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has continued that work by defining a mobile system that fulfills the IMT-2000 standard. This system is called Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).

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Empowering Communities Worldwide through 3G

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the worlds leading consumer product. In its relatively short lifetime, the reach of technology has already spurred tremendous changes in the way people interact and has redefined relative distances. As a central component of ICT, wireless technology, in particular, has proven to have intrinsic social and economic benefits, and its convergence with other sectors entertainment, Internet, navigation has brought about a new level of access and convenience to people all over the world.
The wireless industrys commitment to worldwide The developed world is

already accustomed to the advantages of advanced and readily available ICT, to the point that technologys pervasive presence renders it expected and commonplace. But for countries still struggling to develop socially and economically, the ways that proliferating wireless access can positively impact populations and economies are inspiring. In the last few years, mobile phones have become more than just a tool of convenience in emerging nations; they now have the capability to empower people worldwide through immediate connectivity that eliminates isolation and enables learning and growth. We are at the early stages of a world that benefits from providing ubiquitous connectivity to its entire people. The vision our industry shares is one of a fully connected society, a global community that has access to information and one another, regardless of location or economic position. More times than not, powerful visions such as these are easier to conceive than to implement. However, if there is one thing Ive witnessed during my career,

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it is that our industry has risen to meet the tremendous challenges set before us. Who could have imagined that the bulky, expensive cellular phones of the early days, which could only be used by the wealthiest people, would morph into the tiny devices of USD 20 that are spreading voice and data communications throughout places like rural India? connectivity is employed with an eye towards global improvement, especially in developing countries that are lacking basic necessities. Significant initiatives have been executed in the categories of education, health care, public safety, the environment and entrepreneurship, setting up a solid base for continued development. Through Qualcomms Wireless Reach initiative, I have experienced how the industry can work together with local and global partners to bring wireless technology to communities in need to develop better health care, improve education and provide new business opportunities. While a mobile phone can never substitute for a well-trained teacher or doctor, the capabilities it offers to communities that have neither are significant.

Empowering Entrepreneurs
The role of wireless technology in furthering economies and businesses is increasingly critical and an important economic stimulus. Research has established a strong correlation between ICT development and overall economic growth. Improvements in either mobile phone or Internet penetration are strongly correlated with significant improvements to a countrys GDP: A

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1 percent increase in Internet penetration in developing countries is correlated with an increase of 10.5 percent of average per capita income. i

I have experienced how the industry can work together with local and global partners to bring wireless technology to communities in need to develop better health care, improve education and provide new business opportunities. While a mobile phone can never substitute for a well-trained teacher or doctor, the capabilities it offers to communities that have neither are significant.

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Whether it is found in a mobile phone, fixed wireless phone, wireless modem or data card, 3G is the most affordable way to provide voice and data access to rural areas where landline access is limited or simply doesnt exist. For governments, wireless broadband is a fundamental way of increasing their countries teledensity and Internet penetration rates. For citizens, 3G may represent their first (or only) experience in accessing the Internet, primary way of making a phone call or vital tool to improve their economic condition.

Just as I have seen 3G make a fundamental difference in the way children learn and are taught, I have seen 3G empower entrepreneurs in developing communities that had limited or no telecommunications access. In Neglasari, a small village on the island of Java in Indonesia, Mrs. Halimah serves her community as a Village Phone Operator. Members of the community recognize Mrs. Halimah and trust her to give them affordable mobile phone services.

Mrs. Halimahs important role in connecting her neighbors with their families is a result of her being able to leverage micro-financing to purchase a business in a box consisting of a wireless 3G CDMA-based phone, marketing materials, tariff posters, business cards and training. These entrepreneurs can operate their businesses in rural areas where telecommunication services did not previously exist, renting the use of their phones within their communities on a per-call basis. From communication prices with relatives, of to updates new on commodity and knowledge
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business

opportunities, the information that these villagers now have available to them is making a very real impact on their lives.

Enabling Health Care

In the southern province of Phang Nga, in Thailand, beautiful limestone rock formations jut out of the Andaman Sea. There, people have built floating villages, creating the habitable islands of Koh Panyee and Koh Yoa Yai. But this beautiful and peaceful scene can easily become the backdrop for a difficult situation when villagers from this remote region face health emergencies that require assistance from the closest hospital, which is at least 45 minutes away by boat. The challenge of providing adequate health care to remote and rural areas of the population is an ideal example of how 3G technologies have proved to be effective. Koh Panyee and Koh Yao Yai have been equipped with EVDO high-speed wireless services, in collaboration with Thailands CAT Telecom. Two remote health clinics are now connected to the mainland hospital with telemedicine equipment, by which staff can send diagnostic data in graphs and images. We can significantly contribute to the development of rural communities by joining forces with other organizations from outside the wireless industry that also are committed to making a difference in the world. Together, we are already creating sustainable projects that empower these communities to enjoy an improved quality of life.

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A Brighter, Connected Future

The ICT industry is poised to affect monumental change in industries and geographies worldwide, but its potential to initiate immediate and impact socio-economic development in developing countries is especially significant. The improvements that can be achieved in education, health care and burgeoning entrepreneurship will not only progress the future of countries and their communities, but also give testament to the robust promise and strength of the technology. Through continued industry collaboration and open innovation, we can help drive real growth and advancement for citizens globally. If we continue our history as an industry that spreads innovative new devices, networks and applications worldwide, the ability to improve the lives of millions around the world is no further away than our fingertips.

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EXPANDING EDUCATION 3G Internet access has the

unique ability to instantly and effectively bring knowledge and resources to schools that
are under-funded and under-served.

sI have seen how 3G can transform lives by enhancing the ways by which people learn. With 3G access,
teachers and students can explore the world like never before via the Internet. Weve witnessed newfound success in schools equipped with 3G wireless Internet access on computers and Smartphones. The technology has opened up an entirely new world. Teachers are amazed bys how quickly they can download and access materials on the Internet, while students are able to visit faraway lands virtually or join classroom discussions and receive lesson plan assistance when away from school.

During a project launch in Guatemala, another Qualcomm executive was showing an elementary school student how to access the Internet from a computer. He asked the girl about her favorite animal, a rabbit, and immediately brought up a picture of a rabbit with a world map that identified all the countries where those rabbits lived including Guatemala. As he continued to tell her about the power of the Internet, she began looking around the room and under the desk. After all, 3G networks go beyond the delivery of voice connectivity to address issues of public importance such as Internet connectivity, education, entrepreneurship, health care and public safety in a sustainable, efficient and cost effective manner.

Issues

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Although 3G was successfully introduced to users across the world, some issues are debated by 3G providers and users:

Expensive input fees for the 3G service licenses & agreements Numerous differences in the licensing terms Large amount of debt currently sustained by many telecommunication companies, which makes it a challenge to build the necessary infrastructure for 3G Lack of member state support for financially troubled operators Expense of 3G phones Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for the new 3G wireless services Lack of coverage, because it is still a new service , including Internet High prices of 3G mobile services in some countries access. Current lack of user need for 3G voice and

data services in a hand-hed d

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Security

3G networks offer a greater degree of security than 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block crypto instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end to end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

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CHAPTER-2 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

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RESEARCH
It refers to a search for knowledge. A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. It is systematic efforts to gain new knowledge. Research comprises defining and redefining problems; formulating hypothesis or suggest solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making decision & reaching calculation.

Characteristic of Research
1) Problem solving 2) Systematic or Critical investigation 3) Conclusive research 4) Adopts Scientific method 6) Objective and logic oriented 7) Based on experiences

Objectives of Research
1) Research extends knowledge of human beings social life & environment. 2) It finds certain answers: - What, Where, When, How and Why to various phenomena & enlighten us. 3) To develop new ideas, product, service or concept. 4) To increase the productivity. 5) To increase employee performance. 6) To increase company profit. 7) To decrease production cost. 8) To understand consumer behavior. 9) To make marketing policies, strategies.

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Research process
1)Formulation of the research probl 2)Extensive literature survey 3)collection of Data 4)Execution of project 5)Analyzing of data 6)Hypothesis testing 7)GeneralizDevelopment of working hypothesis 8)Preparing the Research Design 9)Determining sample design 10)Colleation & interpretation 11)Preparation of report or the thesis
f

Review concepts and theories Defining research problem Review previous research findings Formulate hypothesis

Defining research (Includin g sample design)

Collect data execution

Analyse data (test hypothesis if any)

Interpet and report

1) Formulation of the research problem: -

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Nature of the problem (a) Overt difficulties (Open) (b) Latent difficulties (Hidden) (c) Unnoticed difficulties (Opportunities)

Steps involved in defining a problem:-a) b) c) d) e) Statement of the problem in a general way. Understanding the nature of the problem. Surveying the available literature. Developing the idea through discussion. Rephrase the research problem into a working condition.

2) Extensive literature survey: - Summarizing the problem. 3) Development of working hypothesis:-Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its or empirical consequences. Working hypothesis use following approaches:(I)Discuss the topic of the problem with experts and colleagues. (II) Examination of data & records if available. (III)Review of similar studies in the area.

4) Preparing the Research Design:-research design is the conceptual structure

within which research should be conducted. It specifies the methods & procedures for conducting a particular study. (a) Exploratory research (b) Descriptive research (c) Casual research Basis of selection (i) Means of obtaining information. (ii) Skills of researcher & his staff. (iii) Explanation of the way. (iv)Time available for research. (v)Cost factor.

5) Determining sample design:-Sampling may be defined as the selection of some part of an aggregate or totality on the basis which a judgment or inference about the aggregate.
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Principles of sampling:a) Law of statistical regularity. b) Law of inertia of large numbers. c) Principle of persistence. d) Principle of optimization. e) Principle of validity. jeof good sampling:-

1) Characteristics Adequacy 2) Independence 3) Measurability 4) Practicality 5) Goal oriented 6) Collecting the data: -

6) Homogeneity Sources of data

Internal External [Data generated from internal activities] outside the firm] [Inventory, payoff of staff, reward etc.] and secondary data]

[Data obtained from [It include primary

Primary:-Primary source itself collect data. It includes the following techniques:1. Direct personal interview b)Indirect personal interview c) Information through corresponding d) Mailed questionnaire e)Questionnaire f) Survey g) observation h) Telephonic interview i) Through schedules

Secondary:-It is a source which is already available and does not require more time and money. It is classified into two parts:32

(1)Published -Govt. publication - Publication of international org. -Private publication stock Co. -Report on committees &sub-committees -Semi official publication

(2) Unpublished - Professional trade bodies - Research institution - Annual report of joint - Journals &Newspapers

- Articles, market

review & report

6)

Execution of project: - The researcher should see that the proct is executed
in a systematic manner and in time.

7) Analyzing of data: - Researcher should classify the raw data into some
purposeful and usable categories like coding, editing, tabulation. For analyzing these data the researcher use following techniques:- Measurement of central tendency - Measurement of dispersion - Measurement of cross tabulation - Correlation & regression - Multivariate analysis

8) Hypothesis testing:-For checking the hypothesis testing first we formulate

null and alternative hypothesis then we can use chi square, T test, Z test and F test according to the problem solution. Then we decide that null hypothesis is accepted or rejected.

9) Generalization & interpretation: - with After hypothesis testing result

repetition we should be interpreting result reasons and give suggestion to solve the problems.

10)

Preparation of report or the thesis: - After finding the suggestion

and conclusion we have formulate the report for future forecasting or pre planned solution.

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CHAPTER-4
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: 1: PHILIP COTLER 2 M.K.JAIN 3.P.K. AGARWAL 4.MUGS OR BUFFA

WEBSITE: 1WWW..BSNL.com 2.WWW.AIRTEL.co.in 3.WWW.M.T.S.com

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References
1.Clint Smith, Daniel Collins. "3G Wireless Networks", page 136. 2000 2."The history of UMTS and 3G development".

http://www.umtsworld.com/umts/history.htm. 3."World's first 3G launch on 1st October severely restricted (hktdc.com)". http://info.hktdc.com/imn/01100401/info14.htm 4."broadbandmag.co.uk/3G grinds to a start".

http://www.broadbandmag.co.uk/analysis/3G/3G.html. 5."DoCoMo Delays 3G Launch".

http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2001/04/43253. 6.http://www.plus8star.com/?p=123 Plus 8 Star presentation, "Is 3G a Dog or a Demon - Hints from 7 years of 3G Hype in Asia" 7."Cellular Standards for the Third Generation". ITU. 2005-12-01. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/imt-2000/technology.html#Cellular%20Standards %20for%20the%20Third%20Generation.

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Chapter-3 Conclusion & limitations

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Conclusion of 3G
1.its a new technology but has vast unexploited market and revenue base 2.it increase communication skill 3.3G anywhere any time connectivity 4.challenges makes everything perfect 5.coming 4G and beyond 6.it not end,way a head

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Limitation of 3G 1.Voice centric Design mainly for telephony application Circuit switched Highber 2.too many standards globally GSM,CDMA,PDC,PHS etc. 3.isolated network MAP based IS-41 based Difficult to roam between these network

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