Abdicate to give up the throne Affirmative action a government policy that enforces hiring and other goals to combat

at discrimination Agenda a set of goals to achieve Amnesty a pardon for crimes; forgiveness or pardon Analects fragments or literary excerpts Anarchy a situation thats out of control with, in effect, no one in charge Annex to take over Anticlericalism opposition to the involvement of the clergy in secular affairs Anti-Semitism prejudice again Jewish people Apartheid racial segregation Arable able to be farmed Archipelago a large group of islands spread across the sea Aristocrat the nobles or top class Assimilate to become like ones environment; to blend or fit in; to make (something or someone) similar, to absorb, to take in Atheistic believing God doesnt exist Authoritarian requiring absolute obedience Autonomous independent Bilateral between two individual parties Biodiversity- the number and variety of plan and animal species of a place, or of the world as a whole Brain drain the loss of skills and knowledge from a place when its educated people leave British raj- British rule in India Burqa a full-body covering for women Caliph a universal Muslim ruler Caliphate the Arab political unity of Islams golden age, centered in Baghdad Capital money and resources available to invest Capitalism an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned Cartel a group of independent entities that band together to control the price of a commodity Caste hereditary social class Central bank a government body that issues currency, regulates the supply of credit, and holds the reserves of other banks Civil service government employees and institutions Clandestine secret Class struggle the working classes locked in conflict with the oppressive property owning classes Collective farm a farm or a group of farms organized as a unit and managed and worked cooperatively by a group of laborers under state supervision Collectivization the process of putting, something under the ownership or control of the collective a group of people Collusion a secret agreement Commonwealth a self-governing territory voluntarily associated with the United States Communal shared Communism an economic system in which property belongs to everyone and works is organized for the benefit of everyone

Concession a contract granting the right to operate something; a land area under the control of a foreign power Condominium a territory subject to joint rule by two or more powers Confessionalism a system of allocating offices among different religious and ethnic groups Conquistadores conquerors Conscripts draftees Constitutional monarchy a government by a king or queen whose powers are limited by the constitution and laws of the country Contraceptives birth control pills and devices Co-opt to exploit ones own purposes Coup dtat a sudden takeover of a government Covert hidden or secret Creoles people born in Latin America of European parentage Crude another name for oil, especially in its raw or unprocessed state Crusades a series of wars (1095-1291) intended to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule Cult of personality an unhealthy intense personal focus on a leader Culture includes language, ideas, beliefs, customs, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, and ceremonies, among other elements Customs union an association of nations to promote free trade within the union and set common tariffs for nations that are not members De facto accepted as fact even if not based on law Deforestation the removal of trees Defraud to deprive someone of something by lying or cheating Demobilize to take out of military service Demographics a populations makeup in race, ethnicity, and culture, among other characteristics Desertification the process whereby land becomes desert Dtente relaxation of international tension Dialectical materialism the process by which the class struggle leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat, socialism, and then communism Diaspora the scattering of Jews far from their traditional homeland Dictatorship of the proletariat an early stage of socialism, marked by the workers dominance in putting down the resistance of the property-owning classes Disenfranchise to deprive people of their vote Doctrine a body of principles Dual-use technology technology that can be used for civilian or military purposes Economics the study of the production and distribution of goods and services, and their management Edicts proclamations or commands Egalitarian without class divisions Embargo ban on trade Emigrant someone who travels out of one place to settle in another migr - someone who leave his country, especially during war Epidemic the sudden and rapid spread of a disease Equatorial set along the equator Established church a church officially favored by the state and supported by tax revenues

Ethnic cleansing the organized elimination of an ethnic group or groups from a region or society by deportation, forced emigration, or genocide Ethno-linguistic group a group of people who share a common language and culture Eurasia the landmass that includes Europe and Asia Euroskeptics people who oppose further EU integration Evangelizing recruiting Expropriation 0 seizure of a foreign firms assets, with no compensation paid Extradition the legal process by which one country surrenders a criminal or criminal suspect to another for punishment or trial Faction group Famine a drastic, wide-ranging food shortage Fertile Crescent a crescent-shaped area reaching from the Nile Valley through the eastern shore of the Mediterranean to Mesopotamia Feudalism the political, economic, and social system that prevailed in medieval Europe and relied on a relationship among lords, vassals, and serfs Figurehead a person supposedly in charge Fissionable can be split to make nuclear explosions Foreign direct investment what occurs when a company establishes a physical presence in a foreign country Forfeiture the governments seizure of property involved in criminal activity Free enterprise private companies owned by individuals Genocide the mass killing of one kind of people Geopolitical how a countrys geography as well as its natural resources affects its relations with other nations Glasnost open public discussion of problems Graft the illegal use of power to get more power, money, and property Griot an African storyteller, especially one from West Africa Gross national product the sum total of a countrys output of goods and services Guest worker a migrant worker who works abroad temporarily and then returns home Gunboat diplomacy the threat, or limited use, of naval force to reach a foreign policy goal Guru teacher or priest Habitat a creatures natural home Hacienda an estate Hard currency money that can be converted to other currencies Hereditary rule passing down titles, like chief or king, and genes from family member to family member Homogeneous to be of one kind, to be similar Human trafficking forcing, defrauding, or coercing someone into labor or sexual exploitation Ideology a core shared belief Indian subcontinent a term used to refer to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka Indigenous native Industrialize to develop and build a modern manufacturing base (factories) in a country or region Infidels nonbelievers Infrastructure roads, rail lines, power lines, communications cables, and water and sewer lines Insurgency an organized rebellion trying to overthrow a government

Interim temporary International terrorism terrorism that involves the citizens or territory of more than one country Intifada uprising Irrigate water Isolationism a policy of avoiding alliances and other forms of international relations Isthmus a narrow strip of land, with water on either side, with connects two larger bodies of land Junta a group of military officers ruling a country after seizing power Karma the total effect of someones actions and conduct throughout his or her life Knesset the Israeli parliament Koran the holy book of Islam Liberation theology an activist movement of Roman Catholic priests who make direct efforts to improve the lot of the poor Lingua franca a common language used by the speakers of other languages Linguist someone who studies languages Madrassa religious schools Mandate a commission, or an assignment, from the League of Nations authorizing a member nation to administer a territory Maquiladoras export-reprocessing centers Maritime of or relating to the sea Market share the percentage, or amount, of overall sales of any particular product a company controls Martial law military rule Marxism the political and economic theories of Karl Marx, a founder of socialism and communism Mercantilism the doctrine that the government of a nation can strengthen its economic interests by protecting its home industries, increasing foreign trade, and ensuring that the nation exports more than it imports Metropolitan a church leader, like an archbishop in the West Monotheistic to adhere to the idea of one God Muster out to discharge Narcotic an addictive drug that alters mood or behavior and usually induces sleep Nascent developing Nationalize to put under state control Nation-state an autonomous political entity that is home to a more or less homogeneous group of people Navigable capable of carrying ships or boats Normalization a return to normal relations without tensions Nuclear nonproliferation preventing the spread and increase of nuclear weapons Offshoring moving factories or work from the United States to other countries Oil reserves the supply of crude oil that a country can retrieve Onus the burden or the responsibility Outsourcing the procurement of goods and services from an outside supplier Pan-Arabism a movement for greater cooperation among Arab states Pandemic a widespread or even global disease, affecting high numbers of people worldwide

Parasite a creature that grows and feeds off another organism without contributing to the wellbeing of the ghost Parastatal owned partly or wholly by the government Partition to divide Perestroika restructuring of the economy Plebiscite a direct vote of the entire electorate Pogrom organized persecutions or massacres Polities organized political units Polygamy having more than one spouse at a time Polytheistic worshipping many gods Primogeniture the right of first-borns sons to inherit all their fathers property Principality a territory ruled by a prince Proletariat the working classes Proselytizing efforts to win converts to a religion Protectionism the policy or practice of restricting imports to protect home industries Protectorate a relationship of protection and partial control that a superior power assumes over a dependent country or region Provisional temporary Proxy a stand-in Purdah the veiling and seclusion of married women Quisling a traitor who serves as the puppet of the enemy occupying his or her country Quotas limits Reactionary opposed to progress Reconciliation an end to disagreement Referendum a vote by the people Regent one who rules for a lawful monarch who is too young for the throne Rehabilitation restoring ones good reputation Remittance a sum of money a worker abroad sends back home to his or her family Renounce to give up or turn away from Reparation the act of making amends for an injury, often through payments to the injured party Repatriated returned to their homeland Republic a form of government run by the people generally through elected representatives Reserve currency a currency that governments keep on hand to pay international debts Resource nationalism policies or efforts to nationalize a countrys natural resources Sabotage acts of deliberate destruction to hinder an operation or cause Sacraments religious rites Safe haven a space that provides a secure base for extremist action Samurai the warrior aristocrats of Japan Savanna flat grassland of tropical or subtropical regions Scapegoat one who is forced to take the blame for others failings Schism a break or split within a group Secretariat the offices that manage a countrys or an organizations affairs Sectarian relating to religious or other strongly held beliefs Secularization a movement away from religion in general Sedition words or deeds meant to stir up rebellion against the government

Self-determination the principle that the people of a particular territory should decide how it is to be governed Separatist a member of a movement to break away from a larger body Sharia Islamic religious law Shoguns military governors Simony the practice of buying and selling church offices Social mobility the ability of individuals or groups to move up or down within a class structure according to changes in income, education, or occupation Social stratification division of a society into layers Socialism a form of rule in which the government controls everything from businesses to how much land people may own Soviet a Russian word that means council Status quo antebellum the state of things before the war Steppes vast treeless grass-covered plains Stigma symbol of disgrace Subjugate to conquer or subdue Sub-Saharan Africa that part of Africa south of the Sahara Desert Subsidy government money used to keep prices artificially low for goods such as food and oil Subsistence farming a type of farming in which the farmers and their families eat most of what they produce and sell very little Sultan a ruler Superpowers militarily superior countries Sustainable development economic progress that doesnt harm the environment Syncretism a combination of different forms of religious belief or practice Taiga coniferous (cone-bearing) forest Taliban an Islamic fundamentalist militia that governed Afghanistan for several years Terrorism premeditated, politically motivated against noncombatants by subnational groups or clandestine agents, generally to influence an audience Terrorist cell a small group of usually three to five terrorists who work together separate from other groups nearby Terrorist group any group that practices terrorism or has a subgroup that does Theory of comparative advantage holds that countries should specialize in the goods and services where they have a relative edge Totalitarian featuring absolute government control of every aspect of life Trade the buying and selling of goods and services Transatlantic crossing the Atlantic Ocean Transcendental a supernatural world beyond the human here and now Transnational to be active across international borders Tribute a tax Trusteeship an arrangement for one country to govern another under international control Tundra a vast treeless area between the tree line and the Arctic icecap, with permanently frozen subsoil Universal franchise when everyone gets to vote, particularly when all races and ethnicities get to vote Urbanization the movement of population from rural areas into cities Vernacular the language people actually speak

Viable able to survive Vicious circle a situation where one trouble leads to another that aggravates the original problem Visa a document that fives the bearer permission to travel to a particular country Wahhabism an austere form of Sunni Islam, a so-called reform movement that began 200 years ago to rid Islamic societies of practices and teaching acquired over the centuries Warlords rulers who exercise both military and civil authority in the absence of a strong central government Warm-water port a port that does not ice up during the winter Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons that can kill large numbers of people in one use White paper a statement of government policy Yishuv the Jewish community in Palestine before statehood Zionism a movement to establish a home in Palestine for the worlds Jews